Adam Savage of Myth Busters on Why Science Matters
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"content": "\u003cp>Mosquitoes aren’t just annoying– they are big time killers spreading terrible diseases. Remember the Zika outbreak last year? That was spread primarily by the mosquito species—Aedes aegypti. And this species is pretty nasty it also transmits dengue fever and chikungunya. And to top it all off– it’s really hard to control their populations– they thrive in residential areas and can breed in super small amounts of water. So any still water sitting in your yard can act as a breeding ground for these bugs. Traditional control methods include using pesticides, larvicides and reducing breeding grounds– which often means eliminating any small puddles of water that have accumulated like on buckets left outdoors, play structures, and other items found around a yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to control these mosquito populations and reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases some scientists at the British company OXITEC have turned to genetic engineering. They have engineered the mosquitoes to over-produce a certain protein which in turn causes the mosquitoes to die. Here’s how it works. The modified male mosquitoes are released into the wild since the males don’t bite. They then mate with the wild female mosquitoes and pass their killer genetics onto their offspring. Once their offspring hatch they die young, before they are able to reproduce and bite you. As their offspring die off, the population decreases. And as for the genetically modified male that was released into the wild, he dies in a couple of days after being released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These modified mosquitoes have been released in Brazil, Cayman Islands, and Panama– and they have indeed ended up reducing the mosquito populations there. And now OXITEC and the mosquito control board in the Florida Keys wants to do a trial release in Florida to see if it’ll work there. But there’s a vocal group of residents there that are opposed to this idea. Check out the video to explore the science and policy around the release of these mosquitoes in Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEngineering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/UCM514698.pdf\">FDA’s Environmental Assessment for the Investigational Use of Aedes aegypti OX513A\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEngineering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/UCM514699.pdf\">FDA’s Findings of No Significant Impact\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/files/60-day-notice-of-intent-for-mosquito-suit_38745.pdf\">Letter of Intent to Sue\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.oxitec.com/our-solution/technology/the-science/\">OXITEC’s explains the science\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003864&type=printable\">Field Trial In Brazil\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Mosquitoes aren’t just annoying– they are big time killers spreading terrible diseases. Remember the Zika outbreak last year? That was spread primarily by the mosquito species—Aedes aegypti. And this species is pretty nasty it also transmits dengue fever and chikungunya. And to top it all off– it’s really hard to control their populations– they thrive in residential areas and can breed in super small amounts of water. So any still water sitting in your yard can act as a breeding ground for these bugs. Traditional control methods include using pesticides, larvicides and reducing breeding grounds– which often means eliminating any small puddles of water that have accumulated like on buckets left outdoors, play structures, and other items found around a yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an effort to control these mosquito populations and reduce the spread of mosquito-borne diseases some scientists at the British company OXITEC have turned to genetic engineering. They have engineered the mosquitoes to over-produce a certain protein which in turn causes the mosquitoes to die. Here’s how it works. The modified male mosquitoes are released into the wild since the males don’t bite. They then mate with the wild female mosquitoes and pass their killer genetics onto their offspring. Once their offspring hatch they die young, before they are able to reproduce and bite you. As their offspring die off, the population decreases. And as for the genetically modified male that was released into the wild, he dies in a couple of days after being released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These modified mosquitoes have been released in Brazil, Cayman Islands, and Panama– and they have indeed ended up reducing the mosquito populations there. And now OXITEC and the mosquito control board in the Florida Keys wants to do a trial release in Florida to see if it’ll work there. But there’s a vocal group of residents there that are opposed to this idea. Check out the video to explore the science and policy around the release of these mosquitoes in Florida.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEngineering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/UCM514698.pdf\">FDA’s Environmental Assessment for the Investigational Use of Aedes aegypti OX513A\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AnimalVeterinary/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/GeneticEngineering/GeneticallyEngineeredAnimals/UCM514699.pdf\">FDA’s Findings of No Significant Impact\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.centerforfoodsafety.org/files/60-day-notice-of-intent-for-mosquito-suit_38745.pdf\">Letter of Intent to Sue\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.oxitec.com/our-solution/technology/the-science/\">OXITEC’s explains the science\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003864&type=printable\">Field Trial In Brazil\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the United States, the gun debate has been raging for decades. Gun rights advocates think there are enough — or maybe too many — laws restricting their second amendment right to bear arms. Those wanting more gun control believe that to protect people’s safety, we need the government to regulate who can have a gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens when technology is one step ahead of the laws? That’s the case with 3-D printed guns. It’s always been legal for adults to make their own guns at home, but traditionally, that required specialized tools and a lot of skill. 3-D printing, however, is changing that, making it significantly easier to make a gun from scratch. This has sparked both interest from gun enthusiasts and concerns about public safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do gun laws need to change to keep up with this new technology?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about the history of the debate surrounding gun control in the United States, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/07/26/americas-loaded-history-with-guns/\">this article\u003c/a> from KQED’s The Lowdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2013/05/05/meet-the-liberator-test-firing-the-worlds-first-fully-3d-printed-gun/#32752a24511e\">Meet The ‘Liberator’: Test-Firing The World’s First Fully 3D-Printed Gun\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2016/06/24/americas-loaded-history-with-guns/\">A Brief History of Gun Control In America\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://3dprinting.com/what-is-3d-printing/\">What is 3D printing?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://phila.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=1479457&GUID=8BFF8519-E1D9-4626-A9A1-02C930028F5F&Options=ID%7cText%7c&Search=printer\">Philadelphia Bans 3D Printed Guns\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://www.sacbee.com/news/politics-government/capitol-alert/article91330022.html\">Jerry Brown signs bill to restrict, register homemade guns\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the United States, the gun debate has been raging for decades. Gun rights advocates think there are enough — or maybe too many — laws restricting their second amendment right to bear arms. Those wanting more gun control believe that to protect people’s safety, we need the government to regulate who can have a gun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what happens when technology is one step ahead of the laws? That’s the case with 3-D printed guns. It’s always been legal for adults to make their own guns at home, but traditionally, that required specialized tools and a lot of skill. 3-D printing, however, is changing that, making it significantly easier to make a gun from scratch. This has sparked both interest from gun enthusiasts and concerns about public safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do gun laws need to change to keep up with this new technology?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For more information about the history of the debate surrounding gun control in the United States, check out \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/07/26/americas-loaded-history-with-guns/\">this article\u003c/a> from KQED’s The Lowdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In today’s digital world, privacy is something that is getting harder and harder to protect. But what if simply scanning your face provides enough information to track you and learn your habits?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is facial recognition? It is a biometric method of identifying an individual by comparing a digital image data with the stored record for that person. And it is creeping more and more into our daily lives. Facebook and Google use it for auto-tagging photos. Snapchat uses it to create hilarious filters. And Apple’s new iPhone will allow you to use your face to unlock your phone. But this same technology can be used by governments and companies to learn as much as they can about you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Governments and law enforcement are using facial recognition right now. In the US, there are an estimated 60 million surveillance cameras, meaning there’s a pretty good chance that our faces are being digitally captured every day. In US airports, facial scans are checked against photos stored in police databases. In fact, if you’re an adult in the US, there is a 50/50 chance that your photo is stored in a police database, even if you’ve never been arrested or charged with a crime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Facial recognition is also about making money. When you and your friends are auto-tagged when you upload a photo to Google or Facebook, that’s one more data point that companies can use to track what you do online, what you like, and what you buy. Companies are willing to pay BIG money for this info.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Get your students in the discussion on \u003ca href=\"https://learn.kqed.org?utm_source=kqed-edu&utm_medium=blog&utm_campaign=atn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">KQED Learn\u003c/a>, a safe place for middle and high school students to investigate controversial topics and share their voices.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.salon.com/2017/04/22/facial-recognition-is-increasingly-common-but-how-does-it-work_partner/\">Facial recognition is increasingly common, but how does it work?\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/06/26/534131967/facial-recognition-may-boost-airport-security-but-raises-privacy-worries\">Facial Recognition May Boost Airport Security But Raises Privacy Worries\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.law.georgetown.edu/news/press-releases/half-of-all-american-adults-are-in-a-police-face-recognition-database-new-report-finds.cfm\">Half of All American Adults are in a Police Face Recognition Database\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2017-06-china-shames-jaywalkers-facial-recognition.html\">China Shames Jaywalkers Through Facial Recognition\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-28/moscow-deploys-facial-recognition-to-spy-on-citizens-in-streets\">Moscow Deploys Facial Recognition to Spy on Citizens in Streets\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1708.09317v1.pdf\">Disguised Face Identification (DFI) with Facial KeyPoints using Spatial Fusion Convolutional Network\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/21/facebook-and-google-ad-youtube-make-advertising-in-2017.html\">Facebook and Google predicted to make $106 billion from advertising\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/retailwire/2017/07/27/walmarts-facial-recognition-tech-would-overstep-boundaries/#473627c745f8\">Walmart’s Facial Recognition Tech Would Overstep Boundaries\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://news.vice.com/article/facial-recognition-technology-is-big-business-and-its-coming-for-you\">Facial Recognition Technology Is Big Business — And It’s Coming For You\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>When you’re in high school, it can seem like being popular is the most important thing in the world. But what happens to people who are popular in high school after they graduate? What we found out might not be what you would expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being popular in high school tends to have adverse outcomes once someone enters early adulthood. But it all depends on what type of popularity someone has because it turns out there are two types. They are status and likability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is status?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nStatus refers to people who have a lot of power and influence over others. People who have status tend to have a lot of admirers and loose friendships. It’s the kind of popularity you have likely seen in classic teen movies like Mean Girls and High School Musical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who have a lot “status” in high school actually face more social anxiety later in life. They are also more likely to suffer from depression or addiction and have problems with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is likability?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLikability refers to, unsurprisingly, how well liked someone is. People who are likable tend to have a handful of strong, close friendships. It is this type of popularity that tends to serve people well later in life. Psychologists believe that people who have a few strong friendships in high school have the ability to maintain similar patterns in adulthood, which results in a higher sense of self worth and better professional, social, and romantic relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Therefore, it’s not the quantity of your friendships in high school that seems to matter later in life. It’s the quality. So having a few, strong friendships in high school will benefit you more later in life than having a ton of acquaintances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28913676\">The Cost of Being Cool: How Adolescent Pseudomature Behavior Maps onto Adult Adjustment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cracking-the-popularity-code/\">Cracking the Popularity Code\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/12/health/high-school-friends-health-study/index.html\">A downside to being popular in high school, study says\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140612085341.htm\">What happens to ‘cool’ kids? New study sheds light\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201708/high-school-popularity-might-backfire-later-in-life\">High School Popularity Might Backfire Later in Life\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you’re in high school, it can seem like being popular is the most important thing in the world. But what happens to people who are popular in high school after they graduate? What we found out might not be what you would expect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Being popular in high school tends to have adverse outcomes once someone enters early adulthood. But it all depends on what type of popularity someone has because it turns out there are two types. They are status and likability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is status?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nStatus refers to people who have a lot of power and influence over others. People who have status tend to have a lot of admirers and loose friendships. It’s the kind of popularity you have likely seen in classic teen movies like Mean Girls and High School Musical.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People who have a lot “status” in high school actually face more social anxiety later in life. They are also more likely to suffer from depression or addiction and have problems with the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is likability?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nLikability refers to, unsurprisingly, how well liked someone is. People who are likable tend to have a handful of strong, close friendships. It is this type of popularity that tends to serve people well later in life. Psychologists believe that people who have a few strong friendships in high school have the ability to maintain similar patterns in adulthood, which results in a higher sense of self worth and better professional, social, and romantic relationships.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Therefore, it’s not the quantity of your friendships in high school that seems to matter later in life. It’s the quality. So having a few, strong friendships in high school will benefit you more later in life than having a ton of acquaintances.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>SOURCES:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28913676\">The Cost of Being Cool: How Adolescent Pseudomature Behavior Maps onto Adult Adjustment\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cracking-the-popularity-code/\">Cracking the Popularity Code\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2017/09/12/health/high-school-friends-health-study/index.html\">A downside to being popular in high school, study says\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/06/140612085341.htm\">What happens to ‘cool’ kids? New study sheds light\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201708/high-school-popularity-might-backfire-later-in-life\">High School Popularity Might Backfire Later in Life\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Can Algorithms Help Wind Down Mass Incarceration?",
"headTitle": "Can Algorithms Help Wind Down Mass Incarceration? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gi4YeRqfb24\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Algorithms and Criminal Justice Reform\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s no big secret that the United States has a prison problem. We lock up people at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/07/07/yes-u-s-locks-people-up-at-a-higher-rate-than-any-other-country/?utm_term=.5099387ba1d9\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">higher rates \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">than any other nation, and there are huge racial disparities in who we lock up. According to a study from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Sentencing Project\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, African Americans are incarcerated in state prisons five times more than whites. There are lots of reasons for why we may see these racial disparities, including \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Reducing-Racial-Disparity-in-the-Criminal-Justice-System-A-Manual-for-Practitioners-and-Policymakers.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">law enforcement practices, inequitable access to resources, and punitive sentencing policies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Keeping so many people in prison is also really expensive– it costs roughly \u003ca href=\"https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/articles/2016-04-28/white-house-americas-prisons-more-costly-than-helpful\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$80 billion a year\u003c/a>, far more than we spend on many other essential public services. California, for instance, spends more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/PolicyAreas/CJ/6_cj_inmatecost\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$70,000 per inmate\u003c/a> but less than \u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2017/how-does-california-rank-in-per-pupil-spending-it-all-depends/577405\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$12,000 per k-12 student\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Teach with the Do Now Archive\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-527117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-160x40.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-240x60.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-375x94.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This article is part of our archived \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/collections/do-now/\">Do Now activity series\u003c/a>. Use the Above the Noise discussion guide and student worksheet to start a classroom conversation around the prompt:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What do you think does a better job of predicting someone’s risk of committing a future crime — data-driven algorithms or human judgement?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Classroom-Guide.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Classroom Discussion Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Student-Viewing-Notes.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Student Viewing Notes Handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As a result, there’s lots of momentum to reform our prison system. One popular strategy that has been gaining traction as part of this reform effort is the use of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44087.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">risk assessment tools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Like Netflix, these tools use algorithms to make predictions about behavior. While Netflix uses data to predict what videos you would like to watch, risk assessment tools use data to predict whether a person will commit a future crime. Depending on how the tools are used, they could help reduce prison and jail populations. For example, people who are less likely to commit a future crime could be released out of prison early, receive shorter prison sentences or avoid jail time in the first place. Rehabilitative programs and services could also be prioritized for those that are at a higher risk of committing future crimes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Assessment Tools\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the tools may vary in purpose and how they are used, they all essentially work by assessing an individual’s risk factors. A risk factor is a characteristic that is associated with an increase in the likelihood of future criminal behavior. They are typically presented as questionnaires, and range in complexity including more simple questions about age, criminal history, education level to more complicated questions about personality and criminal attitudes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The tools compare an individual’s answers to a database of past offenders that have been tracked over time to see if and when they re-commit a crime. Based on the actions of past offenders that share that individual’s risk factors, the tool predicts if that person is likely to re-commit a crime. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Without the use of these tools, judges and parole boards often take into account many of the same considerations when making decisions about sentencing and parole– considering things like criminal history, employment status, the nature of the crime, and a person’s attitude toward their crime.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While not new, the tools have been receiving more and more \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/prison-reform-risk-assessment/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">media\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> attention over concerns about their \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/when-it-comes-justice-algorithms-are-far-infallible\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">fairness, accuracy and reliability\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One concern stems from how the tools are tested and validated. Not all risk assessment tools in use in the United States have been independently \u003ca href=\"https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Risk-Assessment-Instruments-Validated-and-Implemented-in-Correctional-Settings-in-the-United-States.pdf\">reviewed\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In some cases the companies that make the tools are the ones evaluating how good it is at predicting if someone is likely to reoffend. \u003ca href=\"http://risk-resilience.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/journal-articles/files/annurev-clinpsy-021815-092945.pdf\">Experts point out\u003c/a> it’s important to validate tools in local settings in order to ensure they work for that setting. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are also concerns about how these tools may affect \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/politics/sent-to-prison-by-a-software-programs-secret-algorithms.html?_r=0\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">racial disparities\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> already seen in the criminal justice system. While race is not explicitly considered as a risk factor in the tools, critics caution that some risk factors, like a person’s neighborhood, may serve as a stand in for race. For the most part, many of these tools have not been extensively studied to see if they exhibit racial bias, or how they may impact racial disparities already seen in our criminal justice system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As risk assessment tools gain popularity in prison reform efforts, many are advocating for greater testing, validation and transparency in order to build public trust and ensure they do not further contribute to racial inequality in the prison system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Learn More….\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/06/01/can-algorithms-predict-criminal-behavior/\">How Algorithms Are Used in the Criminal Justice System\u003c/a> (The Lowdown/KQED)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/politics/sent-to-prison-by-a-software-programs-secret-algorithms.html?_r=0\">Sent to Prison by a Software Program’s Secret Algorithms\u003c/a> (The New York Times)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/10/17/can-an-algorithm-be-racist-our-analysis-is-more-cautious-than-propublicas/?utm_term=.5c0f1cab0e9f\">A Computer Program Used for Bail and Sentencing Decisions Was Labeled Biased Against Blacks. It’s Actually Not That Clear. \u003c/a>(The Washington Post)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE\u003c/strong>: \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://engineering.stanford.edu/news/exploring-use-algorithms-criminal-justice-system\">Exploring the Use of Algorithms in the Criminal Justice System\u003c/a> (Stanford Engineering)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>ABOVE THE NOISE\u003c/strong>, a new YouTube series from KQED, follows young journalists as they investigate real world issues that impact young people’s lives. These short videos prompt critical thinking with middle and high school students to spark civic engagement. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Join hosts Myles Bess and Shirin Ghaffary for \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/abovethenoise\">new episodes published every Wednesday\u003c/a> on YouTube.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Gi4YeRqfb24'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Gi4YeRqfb24'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Algorithms and Criminal Justice Reform\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s no big secret that the United States has a prison problem. We lock up people at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/07/07/yes-u-s-locks-people-up-at-a-higher-rate-than-any-other-country/?utm_term=.5099387ba1d9\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">higher rates \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">than any other nation, and there are huge racial disparities in who we lock up. According to a study from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/color-of-justice-racial-and-ethnic-disparity-in-state-prisons/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Sentencing Project\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, African Americans are incarcerated in state prisons five times more than whites. There are lots of reasons for why we may see these racial disparities, including \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Reducing-Racial-Disparity-in-the-Criminal-Justice-System-A-Manual-for-Practitioners-and-Policymakers.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">law enforcement practices, inequitable access to resources, and punitive sentencing policies\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Keeping so many people in prison is also really expensive– it costs roughly \u003ca href=\"https://www.usnews.com/news/blogs/data-mine/articles/2016-04-28/white-house-americas-prisons-more-costly-than-helpful\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$80 billion a year\u003c/a>, far more than we spend on many other essential public services. California, for instance, spends more than \u003ca href=\"http://www.lao.ca.gov/PolicyAreas/CJ/6_cj_inmatecost\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$70,000 per inmate\u003c/a> but less than \u003ca href=\"https://edsource.org/2017/how-does-california-rank-in-per-pupil-spending-it-all-depends/577405\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">$12,000 per k-12 student\u003c/a>.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Teach with the Do Now Archive\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-527117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-160x40.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-240x60.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-375x94.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This article is part of our archived \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/collections/do-now/\">Do Now activity series\u003c/a>. Use the Above the Noise discussion guide and student worksheet to start a classroom conversation around the prompt:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>What do you think does a better job of predicting someone’s risk of committing a future crime — data-driven algorithms or human judgement?\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Classroom-Guide.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Classroom Discussion Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Student-Viewing-Notes.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Student Viewing Notes Handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As a result, there’s lots of momentum to reform our prison system. One popular strategy that has been gaining traction as part of this reform effort is the use of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44087.pdf\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">risk assessment tools\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. Like Netflix, these tools use algorithms to make predictions about behavior. While Netflix uses data to predict what videos you would like to watch, risk assessment tools use data to predict whether a person will commit a future crime. Depending on how the tools are used, they could help reduce prison and jail populations. For example, people who are less likely to commit a future crime could be released out of prison early, receive shorter prison sentences or avoid jail time in the first place. Rehabilitative programs and services could also be prioritized for those that are at a higher risk of committing future crimes.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Assessment Tools\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While the tools may vary in purpose and how they are used, they all essentially work by assessing an individual’s risk factors. A risk factor is a characteristic that is associated with an increase in the likelihood of future criminal behavior. They are typically presented as questionnaires, and range in complexity including more simple questions about age, criminal history, education level to more complicated questions about personality and criminal attitudes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The tools compare an individual’s answers to a database of past offenders that have been tracked over time to see if and when they re-commit a crime. Based on the actions of past offenders that share that individual’s risk factors, the tool predicts if that person is likely to re-commit a crime. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Without the use of these tools, judges and parole boards often take into account many of the same considerations when making decisions about sentencing and parole– considering things like criminal history, employment status, the nature of the crime, and a person’s attitude toward their crime.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While not new, the tools have been receiving more and more \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/prison-reform-risk-assessment/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">media\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> attention over concerns about their \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/when-it-comes-justice-algorithms-are-far-infallible\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">fairness, accuracy and reliability\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One concern stems from how the tools are tested and validated. Not all risk assessment tools in use in the United States have been independently \u003ca href=\"https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Risk-Assessment-Instruments-Validated-and-Implemented-in-Correctional-Settings-in-the-United-States.pdf\">reviewed\u003c/a>. \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In some cases the companies that make the tools are the ones evaluating how good it is at predicting if someone is likely to reoffend. \u003ca href=\"http://risk-resilience.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/journal-articles/files/annurev-clinpsy-021815-092945.pdf\">Experts point out\u003c/a> it’s important to validate tools in local settings in order to ensure they work for that setting. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There are also concerns about how these tools may affect \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/politics/sent-to-prison-by-a-software-programs-secret-algorithms.html?_r=0\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">racial disparities\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> already seen in the criminal justice system. While race is not explicitly considered as a risk factor in the tools, critics caution that some risk factors, like a person’s neighborhood, may serve as a stand in for race. For the most part, many of these tools have not been extensively studied to see if they exhibit racial bias, or how they may impact racial disparities already seen in our criminal justice system. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">As risk assessment tools gain popularity in prison reform efforts, many are advocating for greater testing, validation and transparency in order to build public trust and ensure they do not further contribute to racial inequality in the prison system.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Learn More….\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/06/01/can-algorithms-predict-criminal-behavior/\">How Algorithms Are Used in the Criminal Justice System\u003c/a> (The Lowdown/KQED)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/01/us/politics/sent-to-prison-by-a-software-programs-secret-algorithms.html?_r=0\">Sent to Prison by a Software Program’s Secret Algorithms\u003c/a> (The New York Times)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/10/17/can-an-algorithm-be-racist-our-analysis-is-more-cautious-than-propublicas/?utm_term=.5c0f1cab0e9f\">A Computer Program Used for Bail and Sentencing Decisions Was Labeled Biased Against Blacks. It’s Actually Not That Clear. \u003c/a>(The Washington Post)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE\u003c/strong>: \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://engineering.stanford.edu/news/exploring-use-algorithms-criminal-justice-system\">Exploring the Use of Algorithms in the Criminal Justice System\u003c/a> (Stanford Engineering)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>ABOVE THE NOISE\u003c/strong>, a new YouTube series from KQED, follows young journalists as they investigate real world issues that impact young people’s lives. These short videos prompt critical thinking with middle and high school students to spark civic engagement. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Join hosts Myles Bess and Shirin Ghaffary for \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/abovethenoise\">new episodes published every Wednesday\u003c/a> on YouTube.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ieB3ukWB3tQ\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>What is gerrymandering?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fair elections are at the heart of American democracy, but many people argue that politicians have been undermining this American ideal through the practice of what is called gerrymandering. Gerrymandering has been described as the process of politicians picking their voters instead of the voters picking their politicians. In order to really understand this concept, you need to know how voting districts work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Teach with the Do Now Archive\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-527117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-160x40.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-240x60.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-375x94.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This article is part of our archived \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/collections/do-now/\">Do Now activity series\u003c/a>. Use the Above the Noise discussion guide and student worksheet to start a classroom discussion around the prompt:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How does gerrymandering make you feel about voting in the future? What do you think we should do about gerrymandering?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Classroom-Guide.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Classroom Discussion Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Student-Viewing-Notes.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Student Viewing Notes Handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Essentially states are split into different voting districts. For example, there are congressional voting districts– where voters from each district elect a person to represent them in the U.S. House of Representatives. These \u003ca href=\"http://redistricting.lls.edu/where.php\">voting districts are based on population size\u003c/a>, and every 10 years after the US census, voting districts are redrawn to make sure that each district has the same number of people. Otherwise, it wouldn’t be fair if one district has twice as many people as all the other districts, but still only gets one representative in the House. There are lots of different ways a state can be divided up into districts, so how do you decide where to draw the district lines?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of gerrymandering, politicians from the party in power use census and voting data to make predictions about how people are likely to vote, and they draw districts in a way that ensures their political party will win the most voting districts overall. This allows political parties to win more districts even if they have fewer overall votes. For example, gerrymandering is probably the reason why in the\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/19/gerrymandering-supreme-court-us-election-north-carolina\"> 2016 election in North Carolina\u003c/a>, democrats won 47% of the vote, but only ended up with 23% of the seats. Both republicans and democrats do it, and who draws the lines depends on which party is in power.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the most part, gerrymandering for political purposes is allowed, but racial gerrymandering is illegal. According to the Voting Rights Act, you can’t draw districts in a way that disadvantages minority racial groups. But many people, from both political parties feel that gerrymandering undermines the democratic process and they want to find ways to stop it. Some favor \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/redistricting-technology-obama-gerrymendering/\">allowing computers to take over the redistricting\u003c/a>— by programming algorithms to prioritize size and neat and tidy district shapes. Some states, like California have independent bipartisan commissions in charge of redistricting. Since these commissions are bipartisan, they don’t have an incentive to gerrymander.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Learn More…\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LESSON PLAN: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/03/07/redistricting-how-the-maps-of-power-are-drawn-with-lesson-plan/\">Redistricting: How the Maps of Power Are Drawn \u003c/a>(The Lowdown/KQED)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2012/06/13/the-strange-geometry-of-gerrymandering-redistrictings-dark-side/\">The Strange Geometry of Gerrymandering \u003c/a>(The Lowdown/KQED)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/03/01/this-is-the-best-explanation-of-gerrymandering-you-will-ever-see/?utm_term=.6218e9b5ad18\">Gerrymandering, Explained\u003c/a> (The Washington Post)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>ABOVE THE NOISE\u003c/strong>, a new YouTube series from KQED, follows young journalists as they investigate real world issues that impact young people’s lives. These short videos prompt critical thinking with middle and high school students to spark civic engagement. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Join hosts Myles Bess and Shirin Ghaffary for \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/abovethenoise\">new episodes published every Wednesday\u003c/a> on YouTube.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/ieB3ukWB3tQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/ieB3ukWB3tQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>What is gerrymandering?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fair elections are at the heart of American democracy, but many people argue that politicians have been undermining this American ideal through the practice of what is called gerrymandering. Gerrymandering has been described as the process of politicians picking their voters instead of the voters picking their politicians. In order to really understand this concept, you need to know how voting districts work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000000\">Teach with the Do Now Archive\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cdiv>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-527117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1.jpg 450w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-160x40.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-240x60.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2016/09/DoNow-1-375x94.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>This article is part of our archived \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/collections/do-now/\">Do Now activity series\u003c/a>. Use the Above the Noise discussion guide and student worksheet to start a classroom discussion around the prompt:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How does gerrymandering make you feel about voting in the future? What do you think we should do about gerrymandering?\u003c/span>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Classroom-Guide.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Classroom Discussion Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Student-Viewing-Notes.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Student Viewing Notes Handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Essentially states are split into different voting districts. For example, there are congressional voting districts– where voters from each district elect a person to represent them in the U.S. House of Representatives. These \u003ca href=\"http://redistricting.lls.edu/where.php\">voting districts are based on population size\u003c/a>, and every 10 years after the US census, voting districts are redrawn to make sure that each district has the same number of people. Otherwise, it wouldn’t be fair if one district has twice as many people as all the other districts, but still only gets one representative in the House. There are lots of different ways a state can be divided up into districts, so how do you decide where to draw the district lines?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In the case of gerrymandering, politicians from the party in power use census and voting data to make predictions about how people are likely to vote, and they draw districts in a way that ensures their political party will win the most voting districts overall. This allows political parties to win more districts even if they have fewer overall votes. For example, gerrymandering is probably the reason why in the\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/19/gerrymandering-supreme-court-us-election-north-carolina\"> 2016 election in North Carolina\u003c/a>, democrats won 47% of the vote, but only ended up with 23% of the seats. Both republicans and democrats do it, and who draws the lines depends on which party is in power.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the most part, gerrymandering for political purposes is allowed, but racial gerrymandering is illegal. According to the Voting Rights Act, you can’t draw districts in a way that disadvantages minority racial groups. But many people, from both political parties feel that gerrymandering undermines the democratic process and they want to find ways to stop it. Some favor \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailydot.com/layer8/redistricting-technology-obama-gerrymendering/\">allowing computers to take over the redistricting\u003c/a>— by programming algorithms to prioritize size and neat and tidy district shapes. Some states, like California have independent bipartisan commissions in charge of redistricting. Since these commissions are bipartisan, they don’t have an incentive to gerrymander.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Learn More…\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>LESSON PLAN: \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/2017/03/07/redistricting-how-the-maps-of-power-are-drawn-with-lesson-plan/\">Redistricting: How the Maps of Power Are Drawn \u003c/a>(The Lowdown/KQED)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Social Media and Your Brain\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ever have an argument with someone, and no matter how many facts you provide, you just can’t get that person to see it your way? One big reason for this is cognitive bias, which is a limitation in our thinking that can cause flaws in our judgement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if we can’t use facts to defeat confirmation bias, what else can we do? The first step is to recognize that when it comes to your own beliefs, you have this bias, too. It’s also important to recognize that you may not fully understand something as well as you think you do. When it comes to controversial topics, researching the other side of the issue may make you realize that YOUR understanding of the issue might be incomplete. \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/science-choice/201504/what-is-confirmation-bias\">Confirmation bias\u003c/a> is a certain type of cognitive bias that motivates us to seek out information we already believe and ignore or minimize facts that threaten what we believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Bring \u003ci>Above the Noise\u003c/i> into your middle or high school classroom with \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cvoM5y869lyPxXt0FKQtqso7ONvJRq1TAZG6spm-UZI/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free lesson plans\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1D_jiOUzJRBvbesKNgxRAcW6ZqEPX5O2UuX5yvC3um5I/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">viewing guide\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lvhgxSaZA-E6oxHRw9p5stsx8RTeK5cPENuEwZHuuU0/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">glossary of terms\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QPzQwB04P40Dw9cJ0Vv2ZDUOFiFhmM1naR2jXs0k5YQ/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcripts\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Learn More…\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"http://www.salon.com/2017/02/05/this-is-your-brain-on-fake-news-whats-behind-the-human-willingness-to-swallow-alternative-facts/\">This Is Your Brain On Fake News\u003c/a> (Salon)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds\">Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3538401/\"> \u003c/a>(The New Yorker)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE:\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170131-why-wont-some-people-listen-to-reason\"> How To Get People To Overcome Their Bias\u003c/a> (BBC)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>ABOVE THE NOISE\u003c/strong>, a YouTube series from KQED, follows young journalists as they investigate real world issues that impact young people’s lives. These short videos prompt critical thinking with middle and high school students to spark civic engagement. Join hosts Myles Bess and Shirin Ghaffary for \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/abovethenoise\">new episodes published every Wednesday\u003c/a> on YouTube.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Social Media and Your Brain\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ever have an argument with someone, and no matter how many facts you provide, you just can’t get that person to see it your way? One big reason for this is cognitive bias, which is a limitation in our thinking that can cause flaws in our judgement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if we can’t use facts to defeat confirmation bias, what else can we do? The first step is to recognize that when it comes to your own beliefs, you have this bias, too. It’s also important to recognize that you may not fully understand something as well as you think you do. When it comes to controversial topics, researching the other side of the issue may make you realize that YOUR understanding of the issue might be incomplete. \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/science-choice/201504/what-is-confirmation-bias\">Confirmation bias\u003c/a> is a certain type of cognitive bias that motivates us to seek out information we already believe and ignore or minimize facts that threaten what we believe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>TEACHERS: Bring \u003ci>Above the Noise\u003c/i> into your middle or high school classroom with \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1cvoM5y869lyPxXt0FKQtqso7ONvJRq1TAZG6spm-UZI/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">free lesson plans\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1D_jiOUzJRBvbesKNgxRAcW6ZqEPX5O2UuX5yvC3um5I/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">viewing guide\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lvhgxSaZA-E6oxHRw9p5stsx8RTeK5cPENuEwZHuuU0/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">glossary of terms\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1QPzQwB04P40Dw9cJ0Vv2ZDUOFiFhmM1naR2jXs0k5YQ/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcripts\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Learn More…\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"http://www.salon.com/2017/02/05/this-is-your-brain-on-fake-news-whats-behind-the-human-willingness-to-swallow-alternative-facts/\">This Is Your Brain On Fake News\u003c/a> (Salon)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE: \u003ca href=\"http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/why-facts-dont-change-our-minds\">Why Facts Don’t Change Our Minds\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3538401/\"> \u003c/a>(The New Yorker)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ARTICLE:\u003ca href=\"http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170131-why-wont-some-people-listen-to-reason\"> How To Get People To Overcome Their Bias\u003c/a> (BBC)\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>ABOVE THE NOISE\u003c/strong>, a YouTube series from KQED, follows young journalists as they investigate real world issues that impact young people’s lives. These short videos prompt critical thinking with middle and high school students to spark civic engagement. Join hosts Myles Bess and Shirin Ghaffary for \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/abovethenoise\">new episodes published every Wednesday\u003c/a> on YouTube.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In a special episode of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\">Above the Noise\u003c/a>, host Shirin Ghaffary asked the host of the popular TV show \u003ca href=\"http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/mythbusters/\">MythBusters\u003c/a>, Adam Savage, about why he participated in the \u003ca href=\"https://marchforsciencesf.com/\">March for Science in San Francisco\u003c/a> on April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Classroom Resources\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Use the Above the Noise discussion guide and student worksheet to start a conversation in your classroom!\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Classroom-Guide.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Classroom Discussion Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Student-Viewing-Notes.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Student Viewing Notes Handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Savage, who considers himself a scientist despite having only a high school diploma, is a passionate advocate for science. He says that much of the current opposition to science in this country comes from the belief that it’s an “elitist, provocative way of looking at the world. When in fact, it’s just an attempt to look at the world clearly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He chose to speak at the march last Saturday because “it feels like science is in trouble, ” he said. “That’s terrifying to me. The hostility to facts is super dangerous not just in the short-term of how we listen to our leaders, but in the long-term in the ways in which we treat each other moving forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to supporting scientists, Savage says it’s also crucial to teach media literacy so that young people learn how to separate fact from fiction in the media. “One of the sad things about all of this fake news and the bombardment of stories that have come down the pike over the last year is that it exploits this uncritical reading that so many of us do on the web,” he says. “But it’s really vital as citizens, as good citizens of both our world, our country, our culture and our families, that we don’t read things or absorb things uncritically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Savage feels that the scientific method is “what makes us the most successful species that have ever existed.” Gathering empirical data, testing results and asking good questions, he says, is what keeps us learning and improving — “it isn’t some mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Watch \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pU52T1HFy6k\">our coverage of youth voices\u003c/a> at the march in San Francisco:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pU52T1HFy6k&t=66s\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\">subscribe to \u003cem>Above the Noise\u003c/em>\u003c/a> for new episodes every other Wednesday!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In a special episode of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\">Above the Noise\u003c/a>, host Shirin Ghaffary asked the host of the popular TV show \u003ca href=\"http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/mythbusters/\">MythBusters\u003c/a>, Adam Savage, about why he participated in the \u003ca href=\"https://marchforsciencesf.com/\">March for Science in San Francisco\u003c/a> on April 22.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>Classroom Resources\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Use the Above the Noise discussion guide and student worksheet to start a conversation in your classroom!\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Classroom-Guide.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Classroom Discussion Guide\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/education/wp-content/uploads/sites/38/2017/07/Above-the-Noise-Student-Viewing-Notes.pdf\" target=\"new\" rel=\"noopener\">Student Viewing Notes Handout\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Savage, who considers himself a scientist despite having only a high school diploma, is a passionate advocate for science. He says that much of the current opposition to science in this country comes from the belief that it’s an “elitist, provocative way of looking at the world. When in fact, it’s just an attempt to look at the world clearly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He chose to speak at the march last Saturday because “it feels like science is in trouble, ” he said. “That’s terrifying to me. The hostility to facts is super dangerous not just in the short-term of how we listen to our leaders, but in the long-term in the ways in which we treat each other moving forward.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to supporting scientists, Savage says it’s also crucial to teach media literacy so that young people learn how to separate fact from fiction in the media. “One of the sad things about all of this fake news and the bombardment of stories that have come down the pike over the last year is that it exploits this uncritical reading that so many of us do on the web,” he says. “But it’s really vital as citizens, as good citizens of both our world, our country, our culture and our families, that we don’t read things or absorb things uncritically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Savage feels that the scientific method is “what makes us the most successful species that have ever existed.” Gathering empirical data, testing results and asking good questions, he says, is what keeps us learning and improving — “it isn’t some mystery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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