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"content": "\u003cp>Federal immigration authorities are looking for a potential new detention center in Northern California, an effort that alarms advocates and some Democratic state lawmakers as President-elect Donald Trump gears up to unleash his mass deportation plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) issued a request for information to identify additional detention bed space in the state as other federal agencies intensified border enforcement. The effort began in the wake of the Biden administration’s sweeping asylum ban, implemented in June, for migrants caught crossing the U.S.-Mexico border outside designated entry points. Under the ban, border agents can deport such migrants within hours or days without considering their asylum claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates say an expansion of detention space would give Trump a runway to carry out more mass deportations in California. Immigrants in counties with more detention space are more likely to be arrested and detained, according to research by advocacy groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in Texas, where state officials are offering up land to the Trump administration to facilitate mass deportations, California tried to ban new federal immigrant detention centers from opening during the first Trump administration. The court blocked that, ruling that the state was unconstitutionally overstepping on federal immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Rob Bonta told CalMatters that the state may be powerless to stop the possibility of a new facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>ICE’s expansion plans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Federal documents show ICE issued the request for information on Aug. 14. Such requests can pave the way for federal contracts, in this case to obtain “available detention facilities for single adult populations (male and female)” in Arizona, New Mexico, Washington, Oregon, and California. Its request says the facilities should each have from 850 to 950 detention beds and “may be publicly or privately owned and publicly or privately operated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the facilities should be within a two-hour drive of the San Francisco field office, the documents state. The request also seeks facilities near field offices in Phoenix, El Paso, and Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ICE has identified a need for immigration detention services within the Western U.S. area of responsibility,” ICE spokesman Richard Beam wrote in an email to CalMatters. “The proposed services are part of ICE’s effort to continually review its detention requirements and explore options that will afford ICE the operational flexibility needed to house the full range of detainees in the agency’s custody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='Related Coverage' tag='immigration']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, ICE detains roughly 38,000 people every day in about 120 immigration jails across the country. In California, that number is just under 3,000 detainees each day, held in six facilities, according to the most recently available immigration data maintained by the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the third-largest population of detained immigrants in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ICE, the federal agency responsible for immigration enforcement, owns and operates a very small number of facilities nationwide, it mostly contracts with private prison operators such as CoreCivic, GEO Group, and Management and Training Corp. Their detention facilities house 80% of ICE’s detainees. Stock for CoreCivic and GEO Group soared upon Trump’s win last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, private, for-profit prison companies run all six ICE detention facilities – the Golden State Annex and Mesa Verde detention facilities in Kern County; the Adelanto Detention Facility and Desert View Annex, both in San Bernardino County; the Otay Mesa Detention Center in San Diego County; and the Imperial Regional Detention Facility in Imperial County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across all six, the federal government has the capacity to detain up to 7,188 people statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015881\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12015881 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1696\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-2048x1357.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1920x1272.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former US President Donald Trump speaks about immigration and border security near Coronado National Memorial in Montezuma Pass, Arizona, Aug. 22, 2024. \u003ccite>(Olivier Touron/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State Sen. María Elena Durazo, a Democrat from Los Angeles, said she was concerned about the potential economic impacts of ICE having an increased capacity for detention and, therefore, deportations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The expansion of detention in California concerns everyone in our state. Expanding detention correlates with increased ICE raids and family separation, all of which has devastating social and economic impacts for California,” she said. “In addition, these facilities are run by private for-profit companies that consistently place their bottom-line profit above the health and safety of those who work in or are detained in these facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates argue that detention expansions lead to human rights abuses and undermine community safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An expansion of ICE detention operations within the Bay Area and Northern California is going to be part of a reign of terror on our communities the Trump administration is threatening,” said Bree Bernwanger, a senior staff attorney on the Immigrants’ Rights team at the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California. “We already know from existing facilities within California that ICE does not and cannot maintain safe and or healthy standards of confinement for people inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACLU is suing to learn more about the federal agency’s expanded detention plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernwanger was referring to issues like complaints of sexually abusive pat downs. Also, in 2023, ICE allegedly retaliated against hunger strikers by storming into their cells, violently dragging them, threatening them with forced feedings, and then providing food that was not appropriate for breaking a 21-day fast, prompting a medical condition in at least one inmate, according to a claim filed by the inmate, who was represented by two advocacy groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the civil liberties organization released a 34-page report detailing 485 grievances filed by detainees across six immigration detention facilities in California between 2023 and June 2024. Those grievances included allegations of hazardous facilities, inhumane treatment, medical neglect, and retaliation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ICE declined to comment on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California failed to ban for-profit federal detention centers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In December 2019, California passed a law that would have banned private immigration detention centers. It was part of a wave of resistance by California Democrats to the first Trump administration. It also prohibited the state from using for-profit prisons for any inmates starting in 2028. The for-profit facilities “contribute to over-incarceration” and “do not reflect our values,” Gov. Gavin Newsom said in a statement when signing the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days before the law was set to go into effect, ICE signed new contracts for its facilities in California. The federal 9th Circuit Court of Appeals later overturned the state’s ban on private prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12013478 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney General Rob Bonta speaks with KQED politics reporters Marisa Lagos and Scott Shafer for Political Breakdown at the KQED offices in San Francisco on Nov. 7, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bonta, who wrote the unsuccessful ban as an Oakland Assembly member, told CalMatters in November that the state might not be able to stop ICE from opening another detention facility outside of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a matter of federal jurisdiction,” Bonta said. “It’s federal. I disagree, but my office’s disagreement was considered, and the court determined that it was a federal issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Federal immigration authorities are looking for a potential new detention center in Northern California, an effort that alarms advocates and some Democratic state lawmakers as President-elect Donald Trump gears up to unleash his mass deportation plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) issued a request for information to identify additional detention bed space in the state as other federal agencies intensified border enforcement. The effort began in the wake of the Biden administration’s sweeping asylum ban, implemented in June, for migrants caught crossing the U.S.-Mexico border outside designated entry points. Under the ban, border agents can deport such migrants within hours or days without considering their asylum claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates say an expansion of detention space would give Trump a runway to carry out more mass deportations in California. Immigrants in counties with more detention space are more likely to be arrested and detained, according to research by advocacy groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike in Texas, where state officials are offering up land to the Trump administration to facilitate mass deportations, California tried to ban new federal immigrant detention centers from opening during the first Trump administration. The court blocked that, ruling that the state was unconstitutionally overstepping on federal immigration enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California Attorney General Rob Bonta told CalMatters that the state may be powerless to stop the possibility of a new facility.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>ICE’s expansion plans\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Federal documents show ICE issued the request for information on Aug. 14. Such requests can pave the way for federal contracts, in this case to obtain “available detention facilities for single adult populations (male and female)” in Arizona, New Mexico, Washington, Oregon, and California. Its request says the facilities should each have from 850 to 950 detention beds and “may be publicly or privately owned and publicly or privately operated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the facilities should be within a two-hour drive of the San Francisco field office, the documents state. The request also seeks facilities near field offices in Phoenix, El Paso, and Seattle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ICE has identified a need for immigration detention services within the Western U.S. area of responsibility,” ICE spokesman Richard Beam wrote in an email to CalMatters. “The proposed services are part of ICE’s effort to continually review its detention requirements and explore options that will afford ICE the operational flexibility needed to house the full range of detainees in the agency’s custody.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Currently, ICE detains roughly 38,000 people every day in about 120 immigration jails across the country. In California, that number is just under 3,000 detainees each day, held in six facilities, according to the most recently available immigration data maintained by the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s the third-largest population of detained immigrants in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While ICE, the federal agency responsible for immigration enforcement, owns and operates a very small number of facilities nationwide, it mostly contracts with private prison operators such as CoreCivic, GEO Group, and Management and Training Corp. Their detention facilities house 80% of ICE’s detainees. Stock for CoreCivic and GEO Group soared upon Trump’s win last month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, private, for-profit prison companies run all six ICE detention facilities – the Golden State Annex and Mesa Verde detention facilities in Kern County; the Adelanto Detention Facility and Desert View Annex, both in San Bernardino County; the Otay Mesa Detention Center in San Diego County; and the Imperial Regional Detention Facility in Imperial County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across all six, the federal government has the capacity to detain up to 7,188 people statewide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015881\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12015881 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1696\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-800x530.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1020x676.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-2048x1357.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-2167160569-1920x1272.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Former US President Donald Trump speaks about immigration and border security near Coronado National Memorial in Montezuma Pass, Arizona, Aug. 22, 2024. \u003ccite>(Olivier Touron/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State Sen. María Elena Durazo, a Democrat from Los Angeles, said she was concerned about the potential economic impacts of ICE having an increased capacity for detention and, therefore, deportations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The expansion of detention in California concerns everyone in our state. Expanding detention correlates with increased ICE raids and family separation, all of which has devastating social and economic impacts for California,” she said. “In addition, these facilities are run by private for-profit companies that consistently place their bottom-line profit above the health and safety of those who work in or are detained in these facilities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates argue that detention expansions lead to human rights abuses and undermine community safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“An expansion of ICE detention operations within the Bay Area and Northern California is going to be part of a reign of terror on our communities the Trump administration is threatening,” said Bree Bernwanger, a senior staff attorney on the Immigrants’ Rights team at the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California. “We already know from existing facilities within California that ICE does not and cannot maintain safe and or healthy standards of confinement for people inside.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ACLU is suing to learn more about the federal agency’s expanded detention plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bernwanger was referring to issues like complaints of sexually abusive pat downs. Also, in 2023, ICE allegedly retaliated against hunger strikers by storming into their cells, violently dragging them, threatening them with forced feedings, and then providing food that was not appropriate for breaking a 21-day fast, prompting a medical condition in at least one inmate, according to a claim filed by the inmate, who was represented by two advocacy groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In August, the civil liberties organization released a 34-page report detailing 485 grievances filed by detainees across six immigration detention facilities in California between 2023 and June 2024. Those grievances included allegations of hazardous facilities, inhumane treatment, medical neglect, and retaliation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ICE declined to comment on the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>California failed to ban for-profit federal detention centers\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In December 2019, California passed a law that would have banned private immigration detention centers. It was part of a wave of resistance by California Democrats to the first Trump administration. It also prohibited the state from using for-profit prisons for any inmates starting in 2028. The for-profit facilities “contribute to over-incarceration” and “do not reflect our values,” Gov. Gavin Newsom said in a statement when signing the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Days before the law was set to go into effect, ICE signed new contracts for its facilities in California. The federal 9th Circuit Court of Appeals later overturned the state’s ban on private prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12013478 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney General Rob Bonta speaks with KQED politics reporters Marisa Lagos and Scott Shafer for Political Breakdown at the KQED offices in San Francisco on Nov. 7, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bonta, who wrote the unsuccessful ban as an Oakland Assembly member, told CalMatters in November that the state might not be able to stop ICE from opening another detention facility outside of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a matter of federal jurisdiction,” Bonta said. “It’s federal. I disagree, but my office’s disagreement was considered, and the court determined that it was a federal issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump is promising to enact mass deportations of people in the U.S. without documents. Scott is joined by KQED’s senior editor for immigration Tyche Hendricks to talk about how those policies could play out, how immigrant communities and legal advocacy groups are preparing and the extent to which so-called “sanctuary” laws can protect undocumented immigrants from deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read more: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12016037/california-is-a-sanctuary-state-how-much-protection-will-that-give-immigrants-from-trumps-deportation-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Is a Sanctuary State. How Much Will That Protect Immigrants From Trump’s Deportation Plans?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-elect Donald Trump is promising to enact mass deportations of people in the U.S. without documents. Scott is joined by KQED’s senior editor for immigration Tyche Hendricks to talk about how those policies could play out, how immigrant communities and legal advocacy groups are preparing and the extent to which so-called “sanctuary” laws can protect undocumented immigrants from deportation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read more: \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12016037/california-is-a-sanctuary-state-how-much-protection-will-that-give-immigrants-from-trumps-deportation-plans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Is a Sanctuary State. How Much Will That Protect Immigrants From Trump’s Deportation Plans?\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Throughout the 2024 campaign, President-elect Donald Trump promised \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12014017/what-to-know-about-tom-homan-the-former-ice-head-returning-as-trumps-border-czar\">mass deportations as part of his immigration policy,\u003c/a> a strategy he says will include declaring a national emergency and deploying the U.S. military. While these promises have received significant media attention, immigration analysts say that Trump is actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/01/nx-s1-5164531/deportations-local-police-sheriff-trump-border-immigrants\">more likely to lean on local police\u003c/a> and sheriffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Nov. 5 election, California officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013535/california-and-the-bay-area-took-on-trump-before-theyre-ready-to-do-it-again\">have vowed to push back against the Trump administration\u003c/a>. “I can promise to the undocumented community in California that I and my team have been thinking about you for months and the harm that might come from a Trump administration 2.0,” state Attorney General Rob Bonta said \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/video/california-donald-trump-donald-trump-es-government-regulations-u-s-republican-party-20c24862a8114940a6ec2cbf76cb46ac\">at a press conference in San Francisco two days after the election\u003c/a>. “We have planned for you. We have prepared for you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple cities in California, including San Francisco, Oakland and San José, have in place what are commonly called “sanctuary laws”: policies designed to protect immigrants from deportation by limiting law enforcement cooperation with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). And other cities are bolstering local protections in anticipation of Trump’s pledge of mass deportations. In Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/sanctuary-city-trump-deportations-immigrants-los-angeles-836cf68a756c64800bbeb0270e8a965c\">city officials unanimously passed a sanctuary ordinance \u003c/a>on Nov. 19, and in the Bay Area, Redwood City is currently debating a similar move. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the clock ticks down to a second Trump term, what do we know about existing sanctuary laws in cities like San Francisco, along with policies at the state level? And what are some ways these policies do — and do not — protect immigrants from deportation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What is a sanctuary policy?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s no single definition of a “sanctuary law,” but most policies require that state and local law enforcement resources not be used for immigration enforcement. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcityattorney.org/2018/10/05/herrera-wins-ruling-that-san-franciscos-sanctuary-policies-comply-with-federal-law/\">Courts have upheld the legal premise of many of these laws\u003c/a>, pointing out that immigration law is an area of federal responsibility, and local governments don’t get to control how it’s enforced. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, successive administrations have worked to recruit local authorities to assist ICE in identifying and detaining immigrants who the federal agency considers “deportable.” Collaboration could include information-sharing, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/identify-and-arrest/criminal-apprehension-program\">agreements that give agents access to prisons and jails\u003c/a>, and a program that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/identify-and-arrest/287g\">deputizes police and sheriffs to function as immigration agents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>ICE, under both Democratic and Republican presidents, has tried to coerce, pressure and encourage local law enforcement to become their ‘force multipliers,’ because there are many more police, sheriff and probation officers than there are ICE agents,” says Angela Chan, who leads immigrant advocacy efforts at the San Francisco Public Defender’s office and helped draft the sanctuary laws for both San Francisco and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Why have sanctuary policies?\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>The sanctuary movement began in the 1980s, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kalw.org/show/crosscurrents/2018-03-06/hey-area-a-history-of-san-franciscos-contested-sanctuary-city-status\">with church activists protecting undocumented Salvadorans and Guatemalans escaping civil wars\u003c/a> at a time when the U.S. was denying their asylum claims and backing the repressive governments they had fled.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_12014436,news_11989910,news_12015773\"]In response, Berkeley adopted a sanctuary resolution in 1971, the first city in the country to do so, and it’d be almost two decades later that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sf.gov/information/sanctuary-city-ordinance\">San Francisco enacted its sanctuary ordinance in 1989\u003c/a> after years of organizing \u003ca href=\"https://eltecolote.org/content/en/sf-fights-to-protect-sanctuary-city-status/\">led by the city’s Central American communities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, dozens of Democratic-led cities and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/state-map-immigration-enforcement-2024\">more than a dozen states\u003c/a> have followed with their own sanctuary policies, emphasizing that public safety depends on trust. At the state level, California has passed a trio of sanctuary laws — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_4_bill_20130916_enrolled.htm\">TRUST Act\u003c/a> in 2013, the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2792\">TRUTH Act\u003c/a> in 2016 and the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB54\">California Values Act\u003c/a> in 2017 — that govern how law enforcement can interact with ICE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrants, the bills’ backers argue, need to feel safe going to the police to report crimes and speak up as witnesses, just like everyone else. But the \u003ca href=\"https://cmsny.org/us-undocumented-population-increased-in-july-2023-warren-090624/\">nearly 12 million unauthorized immigrants\u003c/a> and their family members, who live in communities across the country, could be unlikely to cooperate with police if they fear they’ll be reported to ICE.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nIt’s worth noting that most unauthorized immigrants \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/13/key-facts-about-the-changing-u-s-unauthorized-immigrant-population/\">have lived in the U.S. for at least a decade\u003c/a>. But under current immigration laws, an overwhelming majority don’t have any way to legalize their status, so they’re stuck in limbo.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What does California’s sanctuary law do?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When the California Values Act (\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB54&showamends=false\">SB 54\u003c/a>) took effect in 2018, the first Trump administration was working on ramping up deportations nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law says that state and local resources in California shall not be used to “investigate, interrogate, detain, detect, or arrest persons for immigration enforcement purposes” or transfer people to ICE custody without a judge’s warrant.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nThere are, however, some major exceptions: SB 54 permits law enforcement to notify ICE about immigrants with any of a long list of serious convictions on their records. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the law makes another big exception for state prisons. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) automatically flags immigrants in custody for ICE and turns them over after they complete their sentences. Even longtime legal residents with green cards are transferred, because they can be deportable based on their criminal record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a press conference in late November, Attorney General Bonta affirmed that law enforcement in California would continue to enforce criminal laws. However, he says he would uphold SB 54’s restrictions that prevent state officials from participating in civil immigration enforcement, even if the incoming Trump administration pressures the state.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“The federal administration is welcome to do their job, but they cannot commandeer or conscript law enforcement in California to do their job for them,” he says. “cooperation under SB 54 on civil immigration enforcement will not be forthcoming because it would violate the law if it were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12013478\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney General Rob Bonta speaks with KQED politics reporters Marisa Lagos and Scott Shafer for Political Breakdown at the KQED offices in San Francisco on Nov. 7, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Don’t sanctuary laws prevent ICE from operating in California?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not exactly. State laws restrict what state and local authorities can do. However, ICE is a federal agency with agents based throughout California. In addition to taking custody of immigrants handed over by prisons, they can and do track down people they believe are deportable. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nUnder President Joe Biden, ICE was guided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/news/guidelines-civilimmigrationlaw.pdf\">enforcement priorities\u003c/a> that focused on removing immigrants who posed a threat to national security, a threat to public safety or a threat to border security. The policy, based on an Obama-era directive, emphasized that agents would use their discretion in a way that would protect the civil rights of immigrants, even those who could be deported. In 2023, \u003ca href=\"https://www.aila.org/library/featured-issue-prosecutorial-discretion\">the Supreme Court upheld the legality of these enforcement guidelines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Nov. 5 election, however, President-elect Trump has said he would toss out the priorities of the previous administration and that any immigrant here illegally would be subject to deportation. However, experts say the next administration will also have to set priorities because they won’t be able to remove 11 or 12 million people at once. Trump’s pick for the new role of “border czar,” Thomas Homan, who’s spent a career in immigration enforcement, has indicated he would focus first on immigrants with criminal histories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis by the conservative American Action Forum estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanactionforum.org/daily-dish/the-reality-of-mass-deportation/?utm_source=American+Action+Forum+Emails&utm_campaign=8fb2baf00b-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_04_23_07_19_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_64783a8335-8fb2baf00b-300300517\">it would cost $400 billion to $600 billion to remove 11.2 million people\u003c/a>, and it would take two decades, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us/\">leaving a significant dent in the U.S. workforce\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nDoris Meissner, a senior fellow at the nonpartisan Migration Policy Institute, says she expects that “significant” deportations are coming, along with a pervasive message that immigrants are unwelcome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There may not be mass deportations depending on how one defines that,” she says. “But there will surely be a significant climate of fear and hostility toward people that are in the country recently or people that are seen to be ‘invaders.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Do local authorities ever work with ICE? \u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A number of more conservative cities and counties in California \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/justice/2018/05/rebelling-against-californias-sanctuary-law-from-inside-california/\">have come out in opposition of the California Values Act since it took effect in 2018\u003c/a>, but they are bound by it and prevented, in most cases, from giving ICE access to county jails or information on the whereabouts of undocumented immigrants.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nHowever, some local law enforcement leaders do find ways around state and local sanctuary laws. That’s true right now, even in progressive San Francisco. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nOver the past year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/san-francisco-da-jenkins-promises-fentanyl-dealer-crackdown-withdraws-plea-deals/\">as part of a multi-agency crackdown on fentanyl dealing in the city’s Tenderloin neighborhood\u003c/a>, the San Francisco district attorney’s office has been building cases against suspected dealers, many of them young Honduran immigrants, then handing them off to the U.S. Attorney and dropping the local charges. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with much stiffer federal penalties for drug crimes, defendants typically plead guilty, allowing federal authorities to hand them over to ICE for deportation, something San Francisco officials can’t do under sanctuary policies. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco District Attorney Brooke Jenkins says she supports the city’s sanctuary law and abides by it. But she’s unapologetic.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“The spirit of Sanctuary City is not to embolden criminal behavior,” \u003ca href=\"https://omny.fm/shows/kqed-segmented-audio/hendricks-sf-fentanyl-sanctuary\">she told KQED earlier this year.\u003c/a> “It is not to embolden selling people death.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Trump has cast undocumented immigrants as brutal criminals “attacking” and “invading” the U.S., research has repeatedly shown that immigrants — \u003ca href=\"https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/undocumented-immigrant-offending-rate-lower-us-born-citizen-rate\">including undocumented immigrants\u003c/a> — are \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/debunking-myth-immigrants-and-crime\">less likely than other people to commit crimes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What are California and local governments doing ahead of Trump’s second term?\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California has been successful before in withstanding legal challenges from the Trump administration against the state’s sanctuary laws. In 2020, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.courthousenews.com/supreme-court-rejects-trump-challenge-of-california-sanctuary-laws/\">U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a Trump administration challenge to SB 54\u003c/a>, allowing the law to stand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to limiting what local and state law enforcement can do, SB 54 says public schools, libraries, hospitals, courthouses and other public facilities are supposed to have policies that define how they will limit interaction with ICE. And the state Attorney General’s office is required to offer model policies they can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Public Defender’s Angela Chan says now is the time, ahead of a second Trump term, for those local entities to take a look at their policies, clarify them and make sure staff members understand them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They should do an honest assessment of the many ways they might inadvertently — or purposely — assist ICE,” she says. “They should especially look at their data privacy policies and see how the data they collect from their residents is used and shared with other agencies. If you share data with one federal agency, it can make it very difficult to prevent — especially under a Trump administration — that federal agency from sharing it with another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Throughout the 2024 campaign, President-elect Donald Trump promised \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12014017/what-to-know-about-tom-homan-the-former-ice-head-returning-as-trumps-border-czar\">mass deportations as part of his immigration policy,\u003c/a> a strategy he says will include declaring a national emergency and deploying the U.S. military. While these promises have received significant media attention, immigration analysts say that Trump is actually \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/01/nx-s1-5164531/deportations-local-police-sheriff-trump-border-immigrants\">more likely to lean on local police\u003c/a> and sheriffs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Nov. 5 election, California officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013535/california-and-the-bay-area-took-on-trump-before-theyre-ready-to-do-it-again\">have vowed to push back against the Trump administration\u003c/a>. “I can promise to the undocumented community in California that I and my team have been thinking about you for months and the harm that might come from a Trump administration 2.0,” state Attorney General Rob Bonta said \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/video/california-donald-trump-donald-trump-es-government-regulations-u-s-republican-party-20c24862a8114940a6ec2cbf76cb46ac\">at a press conference in San Francisco two days after the election\u003c/a>. “We have planned for you. We have prepared for you.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Multiple cities in California, including San Francisco, Oakland and San José, have in place what are commonly called “sanctuary laws”: policies designed to protect immigrants from deportation by limiting law enforcement cooperation with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). And other cities are bolstering local protections in anticipation of Trump’s pledge of mass deportations. In Los Angeles, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/sanctuary-city-trump-deportations-immigrants-los-angeles-836cf68a756c64800bbeb0270e8a965c\">city officials unanimously passed a sanctuary ordinance \u003c/a>on Nov. 19, and in the Bay Area, Redwood City is currently debating a similar move. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the clock ticks down to a second Trump term, what do we know about existing sanctuary laws in cities like San Francisco, along with policies at the state level? And what are some ways these policies do — and do not — protect immigrants from deportation?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What is a sanctuary policy?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>There’s no single definition of a “sanctuary law,” but most policies require that state and local law enforcement resources not be used for immigration enforcement. \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfcityattorney.org/2018/10/05/herrera-wins-ruling-that-san-franciscos-sanctuary-policies-comply-with-federal-law/\">Courts have upheld the legal premise of many of these laws\u003c/a>, pointing out that immigration law is an area of federal responsibility, and local governments don’t get to control how it’s enforced. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, successive administrations have worked to recruit local authorities to assist ICE in identifying and detaining immigrants who the federal agency considers “deportable.” Collaboration could include information-sharing, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/identify-and-arrest/criminal-apprehension-program\">agreements that give agents access to prisons and jails\u003c/a>, and a program that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/identify-and-arrest/287g\">deputizes police and sheriffs to function as immigration agents\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>“\u003c/b>ICE, under both Democratic and Republican presidents, has tried to coerce, pressure and encourage local law enforcement to become their ‘force multipliers,’ because there are many more police, sheriff and probation officers than there are ICE agents,” says Angela Chan, who leads immigrant advocacy efforts at the San Francisco Public Defender’s office and helped draft the sanctuary laws for both San Francisco and California.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Why have sanctuary policies?\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>The sanctuary movement began in the 1980s, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kalw.org/show/crosscurrents/2018-03-06/hey-area-a-history-of-san-franciscos-contested-sanctuary-city-status\">with church activists protecting undocumented Salvadorans and Guatemalans escaping civil wars\u003c/a> at a time when the U.S. was denying their asylum claims and backing the repressive governments they had fled.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In response, Berkeley adopted a sanctuary resolution in 1971, the first city in the country to do so, and it’d be almost two decades later that \u003ca href=\"https://www.sf.gov/information/sanctuary-city-ordinance\">San Francisco enacted its sanctuary ordinance in 1989\u003c/a> after years of organizing \u003ca href=\"https://eltecolote.org/content/en/sf-fights-to-protect-sanctuary-city-status/\">led by the city’s Central American communities\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, dozens of Democratic-led cities and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/state-map-immigration-enforcement-2024\">more than a dozen states\u003c/a> have followed with their own sanctuary policies, emphasizing that public safety depends on trust. At the state level, California has passed a trio of sanctuary laws — the \u003ca href=\"http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/13-14/bill/asm/ab_0001-0050/ab_4_bill_20130916_enrolled.htm\">TRUST Act\u003c/a> in 2013, the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2792\">TRUTH Act\u003c/a> in 2016 and the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB54\">California Values Act\u003c/a> in 2017 — that govern how law enforcement can interact with ICE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigrants, the bills’ backers argue, need to feel safe going to the police to report crimes and speak up as witnesses, just like everyone else. But the \u003ca href=\"https://cmsny.org/us-undocumented-population-increased-in-july-2023-warren-090624/\">nearly 12 million unauthorized immigrants\u003c/a> and their family members, who live in communities across the country, could be unlikely to cooperate with police if they fear they’ll be reported to ICE.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nIt’s worth noting that most unauthorized immigrants \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2021/04/13/key-facts-about-the-changing-u-s-unauthorized-immigrant-population/\">have lived in the U.S. for at least a decade\u003c/a>. But under current immigration laws, an overwhelming majority don’t have any way to legalize their status, so they’re stuck in limbo.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What does California’s sanctuary law do?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When the California Values Act (\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=201720180SB54&showamends=false\">SB 54\u003c/a>) took effect in 2018, the first Trump administration was working on ramping up deportations nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The law says that state and local resources in California shall not be used to “investigate, interrogate, detain, detect, or arrest persons for immigration enforcement purposes” or transfer people to ICE custody without a judge’s warrant.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nThere are, however, some major exceptions: SB 54 permits law enforcement to notify ICE about immigrants with any of a long list of serious convictions on their records. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, the law makes another big exception for state prisons. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) automatically flags immigrants in custody for ICE and turns them over after they complete their sentences. Even longtime legal residents with green cards are transferred, because they can be deportable based on their criminal record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a press conference in late November, Attorney General Bonta affirmed that law enforcement in California would continue to enforce criminal laws. However, he says he would uphold SB 54’s restrictions that prevent state officials from participating in civil immigration enforcement, even if the incoming Trump administration pressures the state.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“The federal administration is welcome to do their job, but they cannot commandeer or conscript law enforcement in California to do their job for them,” he says. “cooperation under SB 54 on civil immigration enforcement will not be forthcoming because it would violate the law if it were.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013478\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12013478\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney General Rob Bonta speaks with KQED politics reporters Marisa Lagos and Scott Shafer for Political Breakdown at the KQED offices in San Francisco on Nov. 7, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Don’t sanctuary laws prevent ICE from operating in California?\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Not exactly. State laws restrict what state and local authorities can do. However, ICE is a federal agency with agents based throughout California. In addition to taking custody of immigrants handed over by prisons, they can and do track down people they believe are deportable. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nUnder President Joe Biden, ICE was guided by \u003ca href=\"https://www.ice.gov/doclib/news/guidelines-civilimmigrationlaw.pdf\">enforcement priorities\u003c/a> that focused on removing immigrants who posed a threat to national security, a threat to public safety or a threat to border security. The policy, based on an Obama-era directive, emphasized that agents would use their discretion in a way that would protect the civil rights of immigrants, even those who could be deported. In 2023, \u003ca href=\"https://www.aila.org/library/featured-issue-prosecutorial-discretion\">the Supreme Court upheld the legality of these enforcement guidelines\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the Nov. 5 election, however, President-elect Trump has said he would toss out the priorities of the previous administration and that any immigrant here illegally would be subject to deportation. However, experts say the next administration will also have to set priorities because they won’t be able to remove 11 or 12 million people at once. Trump’s pick for the new role of “border czar,” Thomas Homan, who’s spent a career in immigration enforcement, has indicated he would focus first on immigrants with criminal histories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An analysis by the conservative American Action Forum estimated \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanactionforum.org/daily-dish/the-reality-of-mass-deportation/?utm_source=American+Action+Forum+Emails&utm_campaign=8fb2baf00b-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2019_04_23_07_19_COPY_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_64783a8335-8fb2baf00b-300300517\">it would cost $400 billion to $600 billion to remove 11.2 million people\u003c/a>, and it would take two decades, \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us/\">leaving a significant dent in the U.S. workforce\u003c/a>.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nDoris Meissner, a senior fellow at the nonpartisan Migration Policy Institute, says she expects that “significant” deportations are coming, along with a pervasive message that immigrants are unwelcome. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There may not be mass deportations depending on how one defines that,” she says. “But there will surely be a significant climate of fear and hostility toward people that are in the country recently or people that are seen to be ‘invaders.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>Do local authorities ever work with ICE? \u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A number of more conservative cities and counties in California \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/justice/2018/05/rebelling-against-californias-sanctuary-law-from-inside-california/\">have come out in opposition of the California Values Act since it took effect in 2018\u003c/a>, but they are bound by it and prevented, in most cases, from giving ICE access to county jails or information on the whereabouts of undocumented immigrants.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nHowever, some local law enforcement leaders do find ways around state and local sanctuary laws. That’s true right now, even in progressive San Francisco. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nOver the past year, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/san-francisco-da-jenkins-promises-fentanyl-dealer-crackdown-withdraws-plea-deals/\">as part of a multi-agency crackdown on fentanyl dealing in the city’s Tenderloin neighborhood\u003c/a>, the San Francisco district attorney’s office has been building cases against suspected dealers, many of them young Honduran immigrants, then handing them off to the U.S. Attorney and dropping the local charges. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with much stiffer federal penalties for drug crimes, defendants typically plead guilty, allowing federal authorities to hand them over to ICE for deportation, something San Francisco officials can’t do under sanctuary policies. \u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\nSan Francisco District Attorney Brooke Jenkins says she supports the city’s sanctuary law and abides by it. But she’s unapologetic.\u003cbr>\n\u003cbr>\n“The spirit of Sanctuary City is not to embolden criminal behavior,” \u003ca href=\"https://omny.fm/shows/kqed-segmented-audio/hendricks-sf-fentanyl-sanctuary\">she told KQED earlier this year.\u003c/a> “It is not to embolden selling people death.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Trump has cast undocumented immigrants as brutal criminals “attacking” and “invading” the U.S., research has repeatedly shown that immigrants — \u003ca href=\"https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/undocumented-immigrant-offending-rate-lower-us-born-citizen-rate\">including undocumented immigrants\u003c/a> — are \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/debunking-myth-immigrants-and-crime\">less likely than other people to commit crimes\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cb>What are California and local governments doing ahead of Trump’s second term?\u003c/b>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>California has been successful before in withstanding legal challenges from the Trump administration against the state’s sanctuary laws. In 2020, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.courthousenews.com/supreme-court-rejects-trump-challenge-of-california-sanctuary-laws/\">U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear a Trump administration challenge to SB 54\u003c/a>, allowing the law to stand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to limiting what local and state law enforcement can do, SB 54 says public schools, libraries, hospitals, courthouses and other public facilities are supposed to have policies that define how they will limit interaction with ICE. And the state Attorney General’s office is required to offer model policies they can use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Public Defender’s Angela Chan says now is the time, ahead of a second Trump term, for those local entities to take a look at their policies, clarify them and make sure staff members understand them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They should do an honest assessment of the many ways they might inadvertently — or purposely — assist ICE,” she says. “They should especially look at their data privacy policies and see how the data they collect from their residents is used and shared with other agencies. If you share data with one federal agency, it can make it very difficult to prevent — especially under a Trump administration — that federal agency from sharing it with another.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "'What's Going to Happen to My Kids?': California Prepares to Resist Trump Deportations",
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"headTitle": "‘What’s Going to Happen to My Kids?’: California Prepares to Resist Trump Deportations | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>When he was 18, Chanthon Bun recalled, he was the lookout during a Los Angeles robbery in which no one was hurt. He was sentenced to 50 years in state prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incarcerated for 23 years, he was paroled in 2020 at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bun had come to the United States as a refugee at age 6. He was born during the \u003ca href=\"https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/cambodia\">Cambodian Genocide\u003c/a> when millions of people were put into work camps, separated from their families and killed by the communist group Khmer Rouge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he’s a legal permanent resident of the United States, the 46-year-old is among the thousands of Californians who live in constant fear of deportation because of a past criminal conviction. That threat became even more serious earlier this month when Donald Trump was reelected. The president-elect has vowed to launch the biggest militarized mass deportation in U.S. history, and his team has since doubled down on those threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry about what’s going to happen to my kids,” Bun said. “It’s like you’re not even here. Your mind is in such fear that you can’t even enjoy breathing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigration experts warn of an indiscriminate dragnet that could put almost anyone at risk, but some are in more immediate jeopardy than others. Those include noncitizens who have had contact with the criminal justice system, some 1.3 million people nationwide who have already received final orders of removal, and undocumented people who may live or work close to the other two groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks who have had contact with the criminal legal system will be of high priority,” said Nayna Gupta, the policy director at the left-leaning Washington think tank American Immigration Council. “Under current immigration law, that includes people who might have convictions from decades prior. There’s no statute of limitations on when the government can remove someone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communities closer to the border may be at greater risk early in the next Trump administration because that’s where more Customs and Border Protection agents and Border Patrol officials are located. Trump has said he plans to use those agencies to carry out his mass deportation plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For months, advocates have been planning ways to fight back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He doesn’t own our states,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/bio/naureen-shah\">Naureen Shah\u003c/a>, deputy director of government affairs at the American Civil Liberties Union. “And our states will be the frontline in the defense of our civil liberties and our civil rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, which has the country’s largest immigrant population, already has strong state laws to protect immigrant communities from mass deportations, although not as strong as Oregon and Illinois, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/state-map-immigration-enforcement-2024\">Immigrant Legal Resource Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those two states have comprehensive laws restricting transfers of people to ICE, whereas California state prison employees regularly contact the federal immigration enforcement agency about inmates in their custody, including United States citizens, public records show. Immigrant Legal Resource Center, a national nonprofit that provides legal training and does pro-immigrant policy work in California and Texas, estimates 70% to 75% of ICE arrests in the interior of the U.S. are handoffs from another law enforcement agency, such as local jails or state or federal prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s first term, California led in resisting federal deportation of undocumented immigrants by becoming the first “sanctuary state” that \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2018/03/how-california-went-from-anti-immigration-to-sanctuary-state/\">curbed local agencies’ cooperation\u003c/a> with Immigration and Customs Enforcement. But before that law was signed, it was weakened to allow state prisons to continue their coordination with ICE and to give federal immigration agents access to interview people in prisons and jails. Protections that limited police agencies sharing data with ICE were also weakened \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/california-s-sanctuary-state-bill-protecting-immigrants-closer-approval-n801976\">to allow for information to be provided\u003c/a> if a person has been convicted of one of some 800 crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after Trump’s second election, Gov. Gavin Newsom summoned the Legislature, dominated by his fellow Democrats, to a special session starting Dec. 2 — vowing to “protect California values” as the state braces for renewed clashes with the incoming administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘There is no price tag’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trump’s political ascent was fueled by racist and xenophobic rhetoric about immigrants: At a December 2023 campaign rally in New Hampshire, for instance, he said they were “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-says-immigrants-are-poisoning-blood-country-biden-campaign-liken-rcna130141\">poisoning the blood of our country\u003c/a>.” He’s promised to expend massive federal resources on raids and sweeps in immigrant communities, especially in ‘sanctuary cities.’ One goal is to discourage future illegal immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a question of a price tag. It’s not — really, we have no choice,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-says-no-price-tag-mass-deportation-plan-rcna179178\">he recently told NBC\u003c/a>. “When people have killed and murdered, when drug lords have destroyed countries, and now they’re going to go back to those countries because they’re not staying here. There is no price tag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A majority of registered voters — 56% — agree with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/09/RE_2024.09.27_Voters-on-Immigration_REPORT.pdf\">enforcing mass deportations (PDF)\u003c/a> of immigrants living in the country illegally, according to the Pew Research Center. In a separate survey by Data for Progress, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2024/10/25/mass-deportation-is-actually-very-unpopular\">67% of voters say they supported\u003c/a> deporting an undocumented person who has a criminal record for a non-violent offense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, immigrant advocates want the state to step up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking to California to provide leadership,” said Alex Mensing with the California Collaborative for Immigrant Justice. “We fully expect California to stand up to ICE’s terror as a state. We fully expect the state to put as much creativity and as many resources as possible toward supporting a response that defends immigrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with CalMatters, Attorney General Rob Bonta said Friday his office is preparing legal challenges and bracing for “a full frontal assault on our immigrant communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are ready to file,” he added. “We have been thinking about and preparing and readying ourselves for the possibility of this moment for months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta said his office has been carefully watching and listening to what the president-elect and his team say they are planning, “and, thankfully, he’s telling us what he’s going to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Trump administration 1.0 told us one thing: that Trump is unable to not break the law. It’s his brand. He does what he wants to do, when he wants to and how he wants to, regardless of the Constitution or federal law. And by doing that, he breaks the law,” Bonta said. “That’s why our job is so important to be there when he does and to stop him from doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s attorney general office spent about $10 million a year in legal expenses fighting Trump during the last administration, Bonta acknowledged, but “you can’t put a price on freedom, on rights, on democracy. It is always the right time and the right thing to protect those rights.” During the last Trump administration, California’s attorneys successfully defended protections for people who were brought to the U.S. illegally as children, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, the Golden State has been increasing protections for immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, California passed a law that will allow county health workers to inspect inside federal immigration detention centers where there has been a long documented history of medical neglect and worker safety violations. In 2023, the state fined the for-profit prison operator Geo Group \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/ords/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=1609228.015\">$100,000 for six workplace violations\u003c/a>, including lacking a plan to control COVID-19 spread and failure to provide information and training on hazardous chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015794\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12015794\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detainees exercise at the Adelanto ICE Processing Center in Adelanto on Aug. 28, 2019. The expansion of such facilities would be necessary for President-elect Donald Trump to carry out his immigrant deportation plans. \u003ccite>(Chris Carlson, AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Advocates say more could be done, such as strengthening data protections in local police agencies and preventing state prison staff from coordinating with ICE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor could pardon immigrants with old criminal records, shielding them from deportation. Newsom has done it when certain refugees faced removal due to old cases, like Bun’s, but Newsom’s clemency rate has been lower than that of other governors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gov. Newsom has pardoned far fewer people than Gov. Brown,” said Angela Chan, assistant chief attorney of the San Francisco public defender’s office. “Thus far, in his six years in office, Gov. Newsom has granted \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/11/11/governor-newsom-grants-executive-clemency-11-11-24/\">186 pardons\u003c/a>, an average of 31 per year. By contrast, Gov. Brown issued \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2018/12/governor-jerrry-brown-pardon-record-number/\">1,332 pardons\u003c/a> during his third and fourth terms as governor, an average of 166 pardons per year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are limits to what California can do. Lots of legal issues remain unresolved and will be battled out in court. Most sanctuary laws have a caveat that says local law enforcement cannot cooperate with immigration authorities “unless required by a valid court order.” Experts said what constitutes a valid court order might become an issue for the courts. The U.S. Supreme Court let California’s sanctuary law stand in 2020 by not hearing a Trump challenge to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also can’t do much about military troops entering California. The president can \u003ca href=\"https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10121\">federalize the National Guard\u003c/a>. In 2018, Trump sent nearly 6,000 active-duty service members to the border, authorizing them to perform “military protective activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to have to be fought out in the courts,” said Shawn VanDiver, a national security expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the avenues Trump is exploring to deploy the military, such as the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, would require an invasion by a foreign government, some lawyers say. Lee Gelernt, a lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union who argued challenges to immigration restrictions during Trump’s first term, said the president-elect’s plan to use the military is illegal, and the civil liberties organization was already preparing legal challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label='More Immigration Coverage' tag='immigration']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trump is going to do everything that he can get away with,” Mensing said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there are limits to what Trump can do, too, particularly based on the resources he’d need to deliver on some of his campaign promises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president-elect has said he plans to carry out a million deportations a year. The highest number of deportations in a single fiscal year in recent history was fiscal year 2012 — during the Obama administration — with 407,821 deportations across the United States. During Trump’s first term, he was only able to carry out several hundred thousand removals a year, about on par with other presidents, at least partly because of California and other states’ new sanctuary laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Immigration Council, the long-term cost of deporting one million people annually could average $88 billion annually, which would be higher than the Department of Homeland Security’s $62 billion budget in fiscal year 2025. It would also require massive expansions of federal immigration court systems and detention facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deportations from California have reached record lows in recent years following the changes in state law and policy about ICE pick-ups and new federal regulations about COVID-19 testing before pick-ups at state prisons, public records show.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Power not panic’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Advocates are emphasizing the need for community preparedness and organization to combat the anticipated crackdown on immigrants in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of people actively preparing, and I think community members should take heart in that and also participate,” Mensing said. “Ultimately, that is what is going to prevent Trump from getting what he wants, which is to terrorize people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In immigrant communities across the state, advocates are helping those at risk of detention and deportation make emergency plans, including who will pick up their children from school and how to protect their assets in the United States. “Know your rights” workshops are being organized, and neighbors are helping each other get informed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Power not panic” is a mantra Mensing and others often repeat. “Trump is going to attack sanctuary cities and sanctuary states because he is vindictive. Our main tools are to be organized and to be informed,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pedro Rios, director of the American Friends Service Committee’s U.S.-Mexico Border Program, a Quaker organization, said even people with some form of legal status and protection are concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of worry and the amount of uncertainty that people have is just tremendous, and what I tell people is to find a supportive community and to not be alone at this time,” Rios said. He said he was asked to talk to a 6-year-old child “because what he had been hearing in his school terrified him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bun said his phone has also been ringing nonstop with urgent calls from fellow Cambodian refugees across the country. Meanwhile, he’s been trying to figure out how to tell his own 3-year-old son that there might be a knock on the door, and he’ll be gone forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is like planning a life sentence,” he said. “How could you plan for that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Journalism engineer \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/mohamed-al-elew/\">Mohamed Al Elew\u003c/a> contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "'What's Going to Happen to My Kids?': California Prepares to Resist Trump Deportations | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When he was 18, Chanthon Bun recalled, he was the lookout during a Los Angeles robbery in which no one was hurt. He was sentenced to 50 years in state prison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Incarcerated for 23 years, he was paroled in 2020 at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bun had come to the United States as a refugee at age 6. He was born during the \u003ca href=\"https://cla.umn.edu/chgs/holocaust-genocide-education/resource-guides/cambodia\">Cambodian Genocide\u003c/a> when millions of people were put into work camps, separated from their families and killed by the communist group Khmer Rouge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although he’s a legal permanent resident of the United States, the 46-year-old is among the thousands of Californians who live in constant fear of deportation because of a past criminal conviction. That threat became even more serious earlier this month when Donald Trump was reelected. The president-elect has vowed to launch the biggest militarized mass deportation in U.S. history, and his team has since doubled down on those threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I worry about what’s going to happen to my kids,” Bun said. “It’s like you’re not even here. Your mind is in such fear that you can’t even enjoy breathing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigration experts warn of an indiscriminate dragnet that could put almost anyone at risk, but some are in more immediate jeopardy than others. Those include noncitizens who have had contact with the criminal justice system, some 1.3 million people nationwide who have already received final orders of removal, and undocumented people who may live or work close to the other two groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Folks who have had contact with the criminal legal system will be of high priority,” said Nayna Gupta, the policy director at the left-leaning Washington think tank American Immigration Council. “Under current immigration law, that includes people who might have convictions from decades prior. There’s no statute of limitations on when the government can remove someone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Communities closer to the border may be at greater risk early in the next Trump administration because that’s where more Customs and Border Protection agents and Border Patrol officials are located. Trump has said he plans to use those agencies to carry out his mass deportation plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For months, advocates have been planning ways to fight back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He doesn’t own our states,” said \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclu.org/bio/naureen-shah\">Naureen Shah\u003c/a>, deputy director of government affairs at the American Civil Liberties Union. “And our states will be the frontline in the defense of our civil liberties and our civil rights.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, which has the country’s largest immigrant population, already has strong state laws to protect immigrant communities from mass deportations, although not as strong as Oregon and Illinois, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/state-map-immigration-enforcement-2024\">Immigrant Legal Resource Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those two states have comprehensive laws restricting transfers of people to ICE, whereas California state prison employees regularly contact the federal immigration enforcement agency about inmates in their custody, including United States citizens, public records show. Immigrant Legal Resource Center, a national nonprofit that provides legal training and does pro-immigrant policy work in California and Texas, estimates 70% to 75% of ICE arrests in the interior of the U.S. are handoffs from another law enforcement agency, such as local jails or state or federal prisons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s first term, California led in resisting federal deportation of undocumented immigrants by becoming the first “sanctuary state” that \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2018/03/how-california-went-from-anti-immigration-to-sanctuary-state/\">curbed local agencies’ cooperation\u003c/a> with Immigration and Customs Enforcement. But before that law was signed, it was weakened to allow state prisons to continue their coordination with ICE and to give federal immigration agents access to interview people in prisons and jails. Protections that limited police agencies sharing data with ICE were also weakened \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/california-s-sanctuary-state-bill-protecting-immigrants-closer-approval-n801976\">to allow for information to be provided\u003c/a> if a person has been convicted of one of some 800 crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after Trump’s second election, Gov. Gavin Newsom summoned the Legislature, dominated by his fellow Democrats, to a special session starting Dec. 2 — vowing to “protect California values” as the state braces for renewed clashes with the incoming administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘There is no price tag’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Trump’s political ascent was fueled by racist and xenophobic rhetoric about immigrants: At a December 2023 campaign rally in New Hampshire, for instance, he said they were “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-says-immigrants-are-poisoning-blood-country-biden-campaign-liken-rcna130141\">poisoning the blood of our country\u003c/a>.” He’s promised to expend massive federal resources on raids and sweeps in immigrant communities, especially in ‘sanctuary cities.’ One goal is to discourage future illegal immigration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a question of a price tag. It’s not — really, we have no choice,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-election/trump-says-no-price-tag-mass-deportation-plan-rcna179178\">he recently told NBC\u003c/a>. “When people have killed and murdered, when drug lords have destroyed countries, and now they’re going to go back to those countries because they’re not staying here. There is no price tag.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A majority of registered voters — 56% — agree with \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2024/09/RE_2024.09.27_Voters-on-Immigration_REPORT.pdf\">enforcing mass deportations (PDF)\u003c/a> of immigrants living in the country illegally, according to the Pew Research Center. In a separate survey by Data for Progress, \u003ca href=\"https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2024/10/25/mass-deportation-is-actually-very-unpopular\">67% of voters say they supported\u003c/a> deporting an undocumented person who has a criminal record for a non-violent offense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, immigrant advocates want the state to step up again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking to California to provide leadership,” said Alex Mensing with the California Collaborative for Immigrant Justice. “We fully expect California to stand up to ICE’s terror as a state. We fully expect the state to put as much creativity and as many resources as possible toward supporting a response that defends immigrants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with CalMatters, Attorney General Rob Bonta said Friday his office is preparing legal challenges and bracing for “a full frontal assault on our immigrant communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are ready to file,” he added. “We have been thinking about and preparing and readying ourselves for the possibility of this moment for months.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonta said his office has been carefully watching and listening to what the president-elect and his team say they are planning, “and, thankfully, he’s telling us what he’s going to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Trump administration 1.0 told us one thing: that Trump is unable to not break the law. It’s his brand. He does what he wants to do, when he wants to and how he wants to, regardless of the Constitution or federal law. And by doing that, he breaks the law,” Bonta said. “That’s why our job is so important to be there when he does and to stop him from doing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state’s attorney general office spent about $10 million a year in legal expenses fighting Trump during the last administration, Bonta acknowledged, but “you can’t put a price on freedom, on rights, on democracy. It is always the right time and the right thing to protect those rights.” During the last Trump administration, California’s attorneys successfully defended protections for people who were brought to the U.S. illegally as children, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, the Golden State has been increasing protections for immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, California passed a law that will allow county health workers to inspect inside federal immigration detention centers where there has been a long documented history of medical neglect and worker safety violations. In 2023, the state fined the for-profit prison operator Geo Group \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/ords/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=1609228.015\">$100,000 for six workplace violations\u003c/a>, including lacking a plan to control COVID-19 spread and failure to provide information and training on hazardous chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015794\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1200px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12015794\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/112224-Immigration-Detention-Center-CC-AP-02-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Detainees exercise at the Adelanto ICE Processing Center in Adelanto on Aug. 28, 2019. The expansion of such facilities would be necessary for President-elect Donald Trump to carry out his immigrant deportation plans. \u003ccite>(Chris Carlson, AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Advocates say more could be done, such as strengthening data protections in local police agencies and preventing state prison staff from coordinating with ICE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor could pardon immigrants with old criminal records, shielding them from deportation. Newsom has done it when certain refugees faced removal due to old cases, like Bun’s, but Newsom’s clemency rate has been lower than that of other governors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gov. Newsom has pardoned far fewer people than Gov. Brown,” said Angela Chan, assistant chief attorney of the San Francisco public defender’s office. “Thus far, in his six years in office, Gov. Newsom has granted \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/11/11/governor-newsom-grants-executive-clemency-11-11-24/\">186 pardons\u003c/a>, an average of 31 per year. By contrast, Gov. Brown issued \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2018/12/governor-jerrry-brown-pardon-record-number/\">1,332 pardons\u003c/a> during his third and fourth terms as governor, an average of 166 pardons per year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are limits to what California can do. Lots of legal issues remain unresolved and will be battled out in court. Most sanctuary laws have a caveat that says local law enforcement cannot cooperate with immigration authorities “unless required by a valid court order.” Experts said what constitutes a valid court order might become an issue for the courts. The U.S. Supreme Court let California’s sanctuary law stand in 2020 by not hearing a Trump challenge to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state also can’t do much about military troops entering California. The president can \u003ca href=\"https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/LSB/LSB10121\">federalize the National Guard\u003c/a>. In 2018, Trump sent nearly 6,000 active-duty service members to the border, authorizing them to perform “military protective activities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to have to be fought out in the courts,” said Shawn VanDiver, a national security expert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the avenues Trump is exploring to deploy the military, such as the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, would require an invasion by a foreign government, some lawyers say. Lee Gelernt, a lawyer at the American Civil Liberties Union who argued challenges to immigration restrictions during Trump’s first term, said the president-elect’s plan to use the military is illegal, and the civil liberties organization was already preparing legal challenges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trump is going to do everything that he can get away with,” Mensing said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, there are limits to what Trump can do, too, particularly based on the resources he’d need to deliver on some of his campaign promises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The president-elect has said he plans to carry out a million deportations a year. The highest number of deportations in a single fiscal year in recent history was fiscal year 2012 — during the Obama administration — with 407,821 deportations across the United States. During Trump’s first term, he was only able to carry out several hundred thousand removals a year, about on par with other presidents, at least partly because of California and other states’ new sanctuary laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to the American Immigration Council, the long-term cost of deporting one million people annually could average $88 billion annually, which would be higher than the Department of Homeland Security’s $62 billion budget in fiscal year 2025. It would also require massive expansions of federal immigration court systems and detention facilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Deportations from California have reached record lows in recent years following the changes in state law and policy about ICE pick-ups and new federal regulations about COVID-19 testing before pick-ups at state prisons, public records show.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Power not panic’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Advocates are emphasizing the need for community preparedness and organization to combat the anticipated crackdown on immigrants in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of people actively preparing, and I think community members should take heart in that and also participate,” Mensing said. “Ultimately, that is what is going to prevent Trump from getting what he wants, which is to terrorize people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In immigrant communities across the state, advocates are helping those at risk of detention and deportation make emergency plans, including who will pick up their children from school and how to protect their assets in the United States. “Know your rights” workshops are being organized, and neighbors are helping each other get informed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Power not panic” is a mantra Mensing and others often repeat. “Trump is going to attack sanctuary cities and sanctuary states because he is vindictive. Our main tools are to be organized and to be informed,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pedro Rios, director of the American Friends Service Committee’s U.S.-Mexico Border Program, a Quaker organization, said even people with some form of legal status and protection are concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amount of worry and the amount of uncertainty that people have is just tremendous, and what I tell people is to find a supportive community and to not be alone at this time,” Rios said. He said he was asked to talk to a 6-year-old child “because what he had been hearing in his school terrified him.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bun said his phone has also been ringing nonstop with urgent calls from fellow Cambodian refugees across the country. Meanwhile, he’s been trying to figure out how to tell his own 3-year-old son that there might be a knock on the door, and he’ll be gone forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is like planning a life sentence,” he said. “How could you plan for that?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Journalism engineer \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/mohamed-al-elew/\">Mohamed Al Elew\u003c/a> contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "a-129-year-old-san-francisco-lawsuit-could-stop-trump-from-ending-birthright-citizenship",
"title": "A 129-Year-Old San Francisco Lawsuit Could Stop Trump From Ending Birthright Citizenship",
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"headTitle": "A 129-Year-Old San Francisco Lawsuit Could Stop Trump From Ending Birthright Citizenship | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]A[/dropcap]s Donald Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013269/what-another-trump-term-could-mean-for-california\">prepares to take office\u003c/a> for a second term, his team is already working on an executive order to end birthright citizenship for future children of undocumented immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under Biden’s current policies, even though these millions of illegal border crossers have entered the country unlawfully, all of their future children will become automatic U.S. citizens,” he said in \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/TrumpWarRoom/status/1663537082633953282\">a video published on his social media accounts in 2023\u003c/a>. In the same video, he vowed to sign on the first day of his presidency an executive order “making clear to federal agencies that under the correct interpretation of the law, going forward, the future children of illegal aliens will not receive automatic U.S. citizenship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Executive orders allow presidents \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/24605/the-power-of-executive-action-what-trump-can-and-cant-do-in-his-first-100-days-with-lesson-plan\">to command federal agencies\u003c/a> to carry out their policies — without having to wait for Congress to pass new legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 129-year-old legal case of a San Francisco man who took the federal government to court over his own birthright citizenship status may make it much harder for Trump to fulfill his promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1898, Bay Area-born Wong Kim Ark successfully defended his claim to being a U.S. citizen in the Supreme Court after officials claimed that his parents being Chinese nationals at the time of his birth disqualified him from being an American citizen. For the Bay Area’s Chinese community, who quickly mobilized to defend Wong, the case represented a major victory at a time when anti-Chinese sentiment and xenophobia were rampant across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, legal experts say the case remains the strongest shield against any Trump executive order that tries to undermine birthright citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015410\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015410\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The intersection of Grant Avenue and Sacramento Street photographed on Nov. 19, 2024. This intersection is where Wong Kim Ark is said to have been born. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Birthright citizenship and the Constitution\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Birthright citizenship for all children born in the U.S. is enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. It is not the result of a Biden administration policy, as Trump claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Constitution is our foundational document. All three branches of government have to serve the Constitution,” said Ming H. Chen, professor at UC Law San Francisco and faculty-director of the school’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclawsf.edu/academics/centers/the-center-on-race-immigration-citizenship-and-equality-rice/\">Center for Race, Immigration, Citizenship, and Equality\u003c/a>. What’s more, she said, “the president can’t go beyond the bounds of the Constitution in issuing an executive order.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enacted in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment states in its first clause that “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This amendment — which enshrined rights like birthright citizenship, due process and equal protection of the laws into the Constitution — was Congress’s response to the laws being passed by many Southern states after the Civil War that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/08/26/nx-s1-5088040/the-story-of-how-the-14th-amendment-has-remade-america-and-how-america-has-remade-the-14th#:~:text=States%20throughout%20the%20South%20passed,you%20can%27t%20do%20that.\">severely restricted the rights of formerly enslaved Black Americans\u003c/a> and their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, most countries based citizenship on bloodline, Chen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The United States from its very beginning was struggling to define its own … national identity,” she said. “Do they want it to be based on a conception of citizenship similar to what we’ve seen in Europe and a lot of the world, which bases citizenship on parentage?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option was having citizenship based on where you were born — a more egalitarian idea, Chen said. “When you look at the 14th Amendment, I think it tells us that the United States really tried to enact a promise of equality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Chinatown mobilized for Wong Kim Ark\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the 1870s, San Francisco was \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10399051/draft-2-boomtown\">transitioning from a Gold Rush boomtown to an established American metropolis\u003c/a> — largely thanks to the labor of tens of thousands of immigrant workers from all over the world. Two of these immigrants were \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-fight-for-birthright-citizenship-reshaped-asian-american-families-180981866/\">Wee Lee and her husband Wong Si Ping\u003c/a>, who came from China and gave birth to a son, Wong Kim Ark, in their home located above their shop on Sacramento Street in the heart of San Francisco’s Chinatown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an adult, Wong \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/06/1103291268/by-accident-of-birth\">traveled back and forth between California and his family’s village in southern China\u003c/a>. On one of these trips to China, he met and married his wife, who stayed behind with their children, while Wong returned to California, where he worked as a cook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on his return to the U.S. from a trip to China in 1896, Wong was detained by customs officials in San Francisco, who blocked him from reentering the U.S. and insisted that he was not an American citizen but rather a Chinese national — a group who at the time faced intense immigration restrictions thanks to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/question/What-is-the-Chinese-Exclusion-Act\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a>. Officials told Wong that his citizenship depended not on where he was born but rather on the nationality of his parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wong was in a complicated situation, said David Lei, a community historian and board member of the San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://chsa.org/\">Chinese Historical Society of America\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a cook. He was in his early 20s. No money — he was really a nobody,” Lei said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015411\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015411\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lei, board member of the Chinese Historical Society of America, poses for a photo at the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Help for Wong came in the form of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA), also known as the Chinese Six Companies, an organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.windnewspaper.com/article/chinese-consolidated-benevolent-association-ccba-celebrates-its-175th-anniversary-on-october-5-2024\">established 175 years ago in Chinatown\u003c/a> that pooled the resources of many Chinese families and businesses to buy land, develop property and \u003ca href=\"https://chinesehospital-sf.org/history/\">even help finance a hospital.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were the GoFundMe for the Chinese community, and every time there was a lawsuit, they would raise the money to hire the best lawyers for their community,” he said, enabling CCBA to “fight against racist laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the 1880s onward, the Chinese immigrant community throughout the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_prog2.html\">filed over 10,000 lawsuits challenging anti-Chinese laws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Chinese after the Chinese Exclusion Act weren’t silent victims — they pushed back,” Lei said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wong goes to the Supreme Court\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Unable to step on U.S. soil., Wong lived on ships in the waters of the San Francisco Bay. Meanwhile, in Chinatown, the CCBA hired a team of lawyers to represent Wong, who argued that he was an American citizen based on the fact that he was born in the U.S. and not on the nationality of his parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/169/649\">United States v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/a>\u003c/em> reached the Supreme Court, it represented a “pivotal moment where [SCOTUS] took up — for the very first time — this question of how to interpret the Fourteenth Amendment’s citizenship clause for everybody,” said Leti Volpp, a law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not just for people whose parents were illegally imported as enslaved people from Africa or were born to persons who were Black in the U.S,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volpp said that when the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted, there were three exceptions to the citizenship clause:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If, at the time of your birth, your parents are in the U.S. as high-ranking foreign diplomats who are “not considered subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If, at the time of your birth, your parents are in the U.S. as an invading army.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Children who were born “into what was at that time considered a quasi-sovereign native tribal authority” — an exception that was later eliminated when Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, \u003ca href=\"https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-02/#:~:text=to%20this%20page-,Indian%20Citizenship%20Act,barred%20Native%20Americans%20from%20voting.\">which granted citizenship to all Native people born in the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In its legal argument, the U.S. government insisted that at the time of Wong’s birth, his parents — despite being merchants and not diplomats — were subjects to the Emperor of China and not the jurisdiction of the U.S. government. However, after a two-year legal battle, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Wong Kim Ark in 1898, affirming his status as an American citizen, along with all the rights that came with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amendment, in clear words and in manifest intent, includes the children born within the territory of the United States of all other persons, of whatever race or color, domiciled within the United States,” wrote Justice Horace Gray in the majority opinion. He noted that if citizenship was denied to the children of parents that were citizens of other countries, that would in turn “deny citizenship to thousands of persons of English, Scotch, Irish, German, or other European parentage, who have always been considered and treated as citizens of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wong and the 2024 Election\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So, how does an 1898 Supreme Court ruling influence what President-elect Donald Trump can do when he takes office in 2025?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he’s promised, Trump \u003cem>could\u003c/em> issue an executive order that says the future children of undocumented immigrants will no longer receive U.S. citizenship at birth. But it would “be subject to immediate litigation,” UC Berkeley’s Volpp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a legal system which is based on precedent, which means that there’s this accretion of cases from the past that build up to develop a particular vision of how to interpret the law,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015479\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015479\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An individual takes a photo of the Asian American Community Heroes Mural on Jackson.Street on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>United States v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/em> established a legal interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment that the Supreme Court has never questioned — and other rulings in major citizenship cases since then have also relied on the Wong Kim Ark case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some legal scholars now question whether the \u003cem>U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/em> protects the children of undocumented immigrants. In an interview \u003ca href=\"https://reason.com/volokh/2024/11/11/an-interview-with-judge-james-c-ho/\">published earlier this month in Reason magazine\u003c/a>, federal judge James C. Ho — who previously defended birthright citizenship for decades — argued that states have the power to consider undocumented immigrants as “an invasion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birthright citizenship obviously doesn’t apply in case of war or invasion,” said Ho, \u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2024/11/meet-trump-supreme-court-justice-round-two.html\">a potential Trump nominee to SCOTUS\u003c/a>. “No one to my knowledge has ever argued that the children of invading aliens are entitled to birthright citizenship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volpp, however, doesn’t buy this reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am skeptical that courts would agree that immigrants can somehow be characterized as an ‘invading army,’” she told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any non-diplomat immigrant in the U.S. “is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and if they commit a crime, they are not immune from prosecution,” Volpp said. “The idea that hostile armies are not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and therefore their children would not be birthright citizens comes from old English law which held that those born in hostile territory were not English subjects because English sovereign authority could not operate there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if not through an executive order, could Trump and his allies still weaken birthright citizenship through a Supreme Court decision — similar to the victory they achieved in 2022 when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11917111/even-without-roe-v-wade-abortion-is-still-legal-in-california-heres-what-you-need-to-know\">the court overturned \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, ruling that a national right to abortion was not “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history or tradition”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s unlikely, Volpp said. “In the case of Wong Kim Ark (and unlike with Roe), there has been no chipping away at precedent through other decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the court wants to look backwards to history, it is very clear that the original intent of the framers was to guarantee birthright citizenship to children of immigrants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To permanently alter birthright citizenship, Trump would need to change the actual text of the Constitution, UC Law San Francisco’s Chen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to go against a constitutional amendment and a Supreme Court case that has enshrined this interpretation of birthright citizenship as being very broad, you would need [another] constitutional amendment,” she said. And any amendment would require the votes of two-thirds of both the Senate and the House of Representatives, along with the approval of three-fourths of state governments — with at least 37 out of the 50 states voting in favor of the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the results of the 2024 election, Republicans \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/15/nx-s1-5191885/legislature-election-results-2024\">will have complete control over 27 state legislatures\u003c/a>, still far below what they need. For their part, Democrats have made it clear \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-birthright-threat-pelosi/story?id=58867579\">that they are not interested in limiting birthright citizenship\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘So many different corners of America’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>After winning his case in the Supreme Court, Wong Kim Ark continued to work and travel back and forth between China and San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2015/10/02/445346769/he-famously-fought-for-his-u-s-citizenship-where-are-his-descendants-now\">His descendants now live all over California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the CCBA — which celebrated its 175th birthday earlier this year — continued to support other Chinese American families as they took on discriminatory policies at every level of government throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, alongside other organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Chinese community took on [these legal fights] deliberately, as a community, as a strategy, winning all these rights for all Americans,” said Lei, from the Chinese Historical Society of America, pointing to 1974’s \u003cem>Lau v. Nichols\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"https://www-tc.pbs.org/beyondbrown/brownpdfs/launichols.pdf\">a class action suit brought by Chinese students\u003c/a> in the San Francisco Unified School District who did not speak English \u003ca href=\"https://www.windnewspaper.com/article/50th-anniversary-of-lau-v-nichols-landmark-ruling-on-the-rights-of-immigrant-students-for-bilingual-education\">that helped establish bilingual education in schools across the country\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015406\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015406\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Individuals walk past Gordon J. Lau Elementary School, which was created in 1885 to segregate Chinese from white students in public schools, on Clay Street on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Chen, the Wong Kim Ark case — which hinged on an amendment first intended to preserve citizenship for the descendants of formerly-enslaved Black people — is symbolic of how legal battles for equality in the U.S. have been furthered by various communities for different groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the modern debate is largely about DACA recipients, DREAMers, people who came to the United States from Mexico and other parts of Latin America,” she said. “I think you can really see that this issue touches so many different corners of America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s where birthright citizenship is so important,” she said. “And trying to challenge it is so dangerous because it’s not just about trying to find equality in one lifetime. It’s about trying to cut off the possibility forever for a community.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">A\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>s Donald Trump \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013269/what-another-trump-term-could-mean-for-california\">prepares to take office\u003c/a> for a second term, his team is already working on an executive order to end birthright citizenship for future children of undocumented immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Under Biden’s current policies, even though these millions of illegal border crossers have entered the country unlawfully, all of their future children will become automatic U.S. citizens,” he said in \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/TrumpWarRoom/status/1663537082633953282\">a video published on his social media accounts in 2023\u003c/a>. In the same video, he vowed to sign on the first day of his presidency an executive order “making clear to federal agencies that under the correct interpretation of the law, going forward, the future children of illegal aliens will not receive automatic U.S. citizenship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Executive orders allow presidents \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/lowdown/24605/the-power-of-executive-action-what-trump-can-and-cant-do-in-his-first-100-days-with-lesson-plan\">to command federal agencies\u003c/a> to carry out their policies — without having to wait for Congress to pass new legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, a 129-year-old legal case of a San Francisco man who took the federal government to court over his own birthright citizenship status may make it much harder for Trump to fulfill his promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1898, Bay Area-born Wong Kim Ark successfully defended his claim to being a U.S. citizen in the Supreme Court after officials claimed that his parents being Chinese nationals at the time of his birth disqualified him from being an American citizen. For the Bay Area’s Chinese community, who quickly mobilized to defend Wong, the case represented a major victory at a time when anti-Chinese sentiment and xenophobia were rampant across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To this day, legal experts say the case remains the strongest shield against any Trump executive order that tries to undermine birthright citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015410\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015410\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-15_qed.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The intersection of Grant Avenue and Sacramento Street photographed on Nov. 19, 2024. This intersection is where Wong Kim Ark is said to have been born. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Birthright citizenship and the Constitution\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Birthright citizenship for all children born in the U.S. is enshrined in the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution. It is not the result of a Biden administration policy, as Trump claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Constitution is our foundational document. All three branches of government have to serve the Constitution,” said Ming H. Chen, professor at UC Law San Francisco and faculty-director of the school’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclawsf.edu/academics/centers/the-center-on-race-immigration-citizenship-and-equality-rice/\">Center for Race, Immigration, Citizenship, and Equality\u003c/a>. What’s more, she said, “the president can’t go beyond the bounds of the Constitution in issuing an executive order.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enacted in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment states in its first clause that “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This amendment — which enshrined rights like birthright citizenship, due process and equal protection of the laws into the Constitution — was Congress’s response to the laws being passed by many Southern states after the Civil War that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/08/26/nx-s1-5088040/the-story-of-how-the-14th-amendment-has-remade-america-and-how-america-has-remade-the-14th#:~:text=States%20throughout%20the%20South%20passed,you%20can%27t%20do%20that.\">severely restricted the rights of formerly enslaved Black Americans\u003c/a> and their children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, most countries based citizenship on bloodline, Chen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The United States from its very beginning was struggling to define its own … national identity,” she said. “Do they want it to be based on a conception of citizenship similar to what we’ve seen in Europe and a lot of the world, which bases citizenship on parentage?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another option was having citizenship based on where you were born — a more egalitarian idea, Chen said. “When you look at the 14th Amendment, I think it tells us that the United States really tried to enact a promise of equality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How Chinatown mobilized for Wong Kim Ark\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the 1870s, San Francisco was \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10399051/draft-2-boomtown\">transitioning from a Gold Rush boomtown to an established American metropolis\u003c/a> — largely thanks to the labor of tens of thousands of immigrant workers from all over the world. Two of these immigrants were \u003ca href=\"https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-the-fight-for-birthright-citizenship-reshaped-asian-american-families-180981866/\">Wee Lee and her husband Wong Si Ping\u003c/a>, who came from China and gave birth to a son, Wong Kim Ark, in their home located above their shop on Sacramento Street in the heart of San Francisco’s Chinatown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As an adult, Wong \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/06/1103291268/by-accident-of-birth\">traveled back and forth between California and his family’s village in southern China\u003c/a>. On one of these trips to China, he met and married his wife, who stayed behind with their children, while Wong returned to California, where he worked as a cook.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But on his return to the U.S. from a trip to China in 1896, Wong was detained by customs officials in San Francisco, who blocked him from reentering the U.S. and insisted that he was not an American citizen but rather a Chinese national — a group who at the time faced intense immigration restrictions thanks to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.britannica.com/question/What-is-the-Chinese-Exclusion-Act\">Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882\u003c/a>. Officials told Wong that his citizenship depended not on where he was born but rather on the nationality of his parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wong was in a complicated situation, said David Lei, a community historian and board member of the San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"https://chsa.org/\">Chinese Historical Society of America\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was a cook. He was in his early 20s. No money — he was really a nobody,” Lei said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015411\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015411\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-11_qed.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Lei, board member of the Chinese Historical Society of America, poses for a photo at the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Help for Wong came in the form of the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (CCBA), also known as the Chinese Six Companies, an organization \u003ca href=\"https://www.windnewspaper.com/article/chinese-consolidated-benevolent-association-ccba-celebrates-its-175th-anniversary-on-october-5-2024\">established 175 years ago in Chinatown\u003c/a> that pooled the resources of many Chinese families and businesses to buy land, develop property and \u003ca href=\"https://chinesehospital-sf.org/history/\">even help finance a hospital.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were the GoFundMe for the Chinese community, and every time there was a lawsuit, they would raise the money to hire the best lawyers for their community,” he said, enabling CCBA to “fight against racist laws.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the 1880s onward, the Chinese immigrant community throughout the U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/becomingamerican/ap_prog2.html\">filed over 10,000 lawsuits challenging anti-Chinese laws\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Chinese after the Chinese Exclusion Act weren’t silent victims — they pushed back,” Lei said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wong goes to the Supreme Court\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Unable to step on U.S. soil., Wong lived on ships in the waters of the San Francisco Bay. Meanwhile, in Chinatown, the CCBA hired a team of lawyers to represent Wong, who argued that he was an American citizen based on the fact that he was born in the U.S. and not on the nationality of his parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/169/649\">United States v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/a>\u003c/em> reached the Supreme Court, it represented a “pivotal moment where [SCOTUS] took up — for the very first time — this question of how to interpret the Fourteenth Amendment’s citizenship clause for everybody,” said Leti Volpp, a law professor at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And not just for people whose parents were illegally imported as enslaved people from Africa or were born to persons who were Black in the U.S,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volpp said that when the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted, there were three exceptions to the citizenship clause:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If, at the time of your birth, your parents are in the U.S. as high-ranking foreign diplomats who are “not considered subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.”\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If, at the time of your birth, your parents are in the U.S. as an invading army.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Children who were born “into what was at that time considered a quasi-sovereign native tribal authority” — an exception that was later eliminated when Congress passed the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, \u003ca href=\"https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/june-02/#:~:text=to%20this%20page-,Indian%20Citizenship%20Act,barred%20Native%20Americans%20from%20voting.\">which granted citizenship to all Native people born in the U.S.\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In its legal argument, the U.S. government insisted that at the time of Wong’s birth, his parents — despite being merchants and not diplomats — were subjects to the Emperor of China and not the jurisdiction of the U.S. government. However, after a two-year legal battle, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Wong Kim Ark in 1898, affirming his status as an American citizen, along with all the rights that came with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The amendment, in clear words and in manifest intent, includes the children born within the territory of the United States of all other persons, of whatever race or color, domiciled within the United States,” wrote Justice Horace Gray in the majority opinion. He noted that if citizenship was denied to the children of parents that were citizens of other countries, that would in turn “deny citizenship to thousands of persons of English, Scotch, Irish, German, or other European parentage, who have always been considered and treated as citizens of the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Wong and the 2024 Election\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>So, how does an 1898 Supreme Court ruling influence what President-elect Donald Trump can do when he takes office in 2025?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he’s promised, Trump \u003cem>could\u003c/em> issue an executive order that says the future children of undocumented immigrants will no longer receive U.S. citizenship at birth. But it would “be subject to immediate litigation,” UC Berkeley’s Volpp said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a legal system which is based on precedent, which means that there’s this accretion of cases from the past that build up to develop a particular vision of how to interpret the law,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015479\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015479\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-18_qed-1.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An individual takes a photo of the Asian American Community Heroes Mural on Jackson.Street on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>United States v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/em> established a legal interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment that the Supreme Court has never questioned — and other rulings in major citizenship cases since then have also relied on the Wong Kim Ark case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some legal scholars now question whether the \u003cem>U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark\u003c/em> protects the children of undocumented immigrants. In an interview \u003ca href=\"https://reason.com/volokh/2024/11/11/an-interview-with-judge-james-c-ho/\">published earlier this month in Reason magazine\u003c/a>, federal judge James C. Ho — who previously defended birthright citizenship for decades — argued that states have the power to consider undocumented immigrants as “an invasion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Birthright citizenship obviously doesn’t apply in case of war or invasion,” said Ho, \u003ca href=\"https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2024/11/meet-trump-supreme-court-justice-round-two.html\">a potential Trump nominee to SCOTUS\u003c/a>. “No one to my knowledge has ever argued that the children of invading aliens are entitled to birthright citizenship.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volpp, however, doesn’t buy this reasoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am skeptical that courts would agree that immigrants can somehow be characterized as an ‘invading army,’” she told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Any non-diplomat immigrant in the U.S. “is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and if they commit a crime, they are not immune from prosecution,” Volpp said. “The idea that hostile armies are not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and therefore their children would not be birthright citizens comes from old English law which held that those born in hostile territory were not English subjects because English sovereign authority could not operate there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if not through an executive order, could Trump and his allies still weaken birthright citizenship through a Supreme Court decision — similar to the victory they achieved in 2022 when \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11917111/even-without-roe-v-wade-abortion-is-still-legal-in-california-heres-what-you-need-to-know\">the court overturned \u003cem>Roe v. Wade\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, ruling that a national right to abortion was not “deeply rooted in this Nation’s history or tradition”?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s unlikely, Volpp said. “In the case of Wong Kim Ark (and unlike with Roe), there has been no chipping away at precedent through other decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the court wants to look backwards to history, it is very clear that the original intent of the framers was to guarantee birthright citizenship to children of immigrants,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To permanently alter birthright citizenship, Trump would need to change the actual text of the Constitution, UC Law San Francisco’s Chen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In order to go against a constitutional amendment and a Supreme Court case that has enshrined this interpretation of birthright citizenship as being very broad, you would need [another] constitutional amendment,” she said. And any amendment would require the votes of two-thirds of both the Senate and the House of Representatives, along with the approval of three-fourths of state governments — with at least 37 out of the 50 states voting in favor of the change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the results of the 2024 election, Republicans \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/15/nx-s1-5191885/legislature-election-results-2024\">will have complete control over 27 state legislatures\u003c/a>, still far below what they need. For their part, Democrats have made it clear \u003ca href=\"https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-birthright-threat-pelosi/story?id=58867579\">that they are not interested in limiting birthright citizenship\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>‘So many different corners of America’\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>After winning his case in the Supreme Court, Wong Kim Ark continued to work and travel back and forth between China and San Francisco. \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2015/10/02/445346769/he-famously-fought-for-his-u-s-citizenship-where-are-his-descendants-now\">His descendants now live all over California\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the CCBA — which celebrated its 175th birthday earlier this year — continued to support other Chinese American families as they took on discriminatory policies at every level of government throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, alongside other organizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Chinese community took on [these legal fights] deliberately, as a community, as a strategy, winning all these rights for all Americans,” said Lei, from the Chinese Historical Society of America, pointing to 1974’s \u003cem>Lau v. Nichols\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"https://www-tc.pbs.org/beyondbrown/brownpdfs/launichols.pdf\">a class action suit brought by Chinese students\u003c/a> in the San Francisco Unified School District who did not speak English \u003ca href=\"https://www.windnewspaper.com/article/50th-anniversary-of-lau-v-nichols-landmark-ruling-on-the-rights-of-immigrant-students-for-bilingual-education\">that helped establish bilingual education in schools across the country\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12015406\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12015406\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/20241119_BirthrightCitizenshipExplainer_GC-21.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Individuals walk past Gordon J. Lau Elementary School, which was created in 1885 to segregate Chinese from white students in public schools, on Clay Street on Nov. 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Chen, the Wong Kim Ark case — which hinged on an amendment first intended to preserve citizenship for the descendants of formerly-enslaved Black people — is symbolic of how legal battles for equality in the U.S. have been furthered by various communities for different groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of the modern debate is largely about DACA recipients, DREAMers, people who came to the United States from Mexico and other parts of Latin America,” she said. “I think you can really see that this issue touches so many different corners of America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s where birthright citizenship is so important,” she said. “And trying to challenge it is so dangerous because it’s not just about trying to find equality in one lifetime. It’s about trying to cut off the possibility forever for a community.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>On Jan. 20, 2025, Donald Trump will once again \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/president\">step into the White House as President of the United States\u003c/a> — and is expected to bring with him sweeping changes in the country’s immigration system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has already named two individuals who will have key positions in his new administration: Stephen Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/11/g-s1-33741/trump-stephen-miller-deputy-chief-of-staff-immigration-policy-deportations\">as his deputy chief of staff\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12014017/what-to-know-about-tom-homan-the-former-ice-head-returning-as-trumps-border-czar\">Thomas Homan as his “border czar.”\u003c/a> Both helped form immigration policies during Trump’s first term, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/21/959074750/biden-suspends-deportations-stops-remain-in-mexico-policy\">the “Remain in Mexico” program\u003c/a>, which forced migrants seeking asylum to wait for their court dates in Mexican — rather than American — territory, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/15/741769333/u-s-sets-new-asylum-rule-telling-potential-refugees-to-apply-elsewhere\">the “safe third country” agreements\u003c/a> requiring migrant seekers to first request asylum in countries like El Salvador or Guatemala.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they return to the White House, both Miller and Homan \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html\">want to fulfill many of Trump’s 2024 campaign promises\u003c/a>. These include ending the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/DACA\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program\u003c/a> or DACA; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/28/us/politics/harris-trump-asylum-immigration.html\">strictly limiting the asylum process\u003c/a>; expanding migrant detention centers; and enforcing what the president-elect \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/03/trump-mass-deportations-detention-camps-military-migrants\">has called “the largest domestic deportation operation in American history.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us/\">California has 1.8 million residents who l\u003c/a>ack permanent legal status, according to the latest available research — roughly 5% of people in the state. Eight percent of California households include a family member without a permanent legal status. Many are now feeling anxiety, confusion and fear as Trump continues to threaten deportation for people lacking permanent legal status — something that could separate thousands of families.[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, we have nine weeks to get ready for what I would say is going to be a much worse version of what we’ve seen before,” said Huy Tran, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sirenimmigrantrights.org/\">Services, Immigrant Rights and Education Network (SIREN)\u003c/a>, an organization with offices in San José and Fresno that offers legal aid, trainings and leadership development to immigrant communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand what lies ahead and what undocumented and “mixed-status” families can do right now, we spoke to immigration attorneys working with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013522/free-legal-aid-in-the-bay-area-how-it-works-where-to-find-it\">legal aid groups\u003c/a> throughout the state. Keep reading to hear from experts, keeping in mind that each immigration situation is unique — and that for specific recommendations, it is best to talk to a licensed attorney about your individual case.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Who would first be impacted by Trump’s immigration policies?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trump may make a lot of promises on the campaign trail, but it’s important to question what he actually can do as president, said Lourdes Martínez, co-directing attorney of the immigrants’ rights practice at \u003ca href=\"https://www.centrolegal.org/\">Centro Legal de la Raza\u003c/a>, a legal services nonprofit in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The truth is,” Martínez said, “big changes to the law move very slowly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something she reminds her clients is that Joe Biden is still the president until Trump’s inauguration on Jan. 20. Until then, Trump can’t make any changes to immigration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once Trump is in office, she added, he will most likely focus on things he can change quickly without needing to go through Congress. Martínez said these would include security along the U.S.-Mexico border or the way that the federal government handles \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/other-resources/immigration-benefits-in-eoir-removal-proceedings\">active removal proceedings\u003c/a> (when a judge decides if an immigrant who lacks permanent legal status should be deported from the country.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s where lawyers are going to focus,” she said. “People who already have a case in court, especially those who are in removal proceedings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s you, Martínez said — or a loved one — “I think it would be wise” to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013522/free-legal-aid-in-the-bay-area-how-it-works-where-to-find-it\">check in with a lawyer as soon as possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do you know if you are in a removal proceeding?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR) at the Department of Justice manages immigration courts, and if you’re in an active removal proceeding, they should have sent you a letter in the mail with the details of your next hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you \u003cem>haven’t\u003c/em> received a letter from EOIR, you can call the immigration court managing your case and have \u003ca href=\"https://acis.eoir.justice.gov/en/\">your Alien Registration Number\u003c/a> (A-Number) ready — it’s a number that you can find on documents you have received from U.S. immigration officials. You can find the contact information of the court managing your case \u003ca href=\"https://acis.eoir.justice.gov/en/\">by entering your A-Number on EOIR’s website\u003c/a>.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=news_12013409,news_12013960,news_12014017]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have never come in touch with immigration law enforcement, like Immigration and Customs Enforcement, you are likely not in the system,” Martínez said. “Most of our clients here in the Bay Area with new hearings are most likely people that were detained at the border and they’ve made their way here. They have a history of detention. They know they were detained. And they’ll have some paperwork.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In active removal proceedings, a Trump White House could exert influence upon which cases are given priority. According to the National Immigration Law Center, this is called “prosecutorial discretion”: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nilc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/president-legal-authority-2014-08-20.pdf\">the power to decide whom to investigate, arrest, detain, charge and prosecute\u003c/a>. According to \u003ca href=\"https://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-01143-ICEs-Signed-Response-to-Representative-Tony-Gonzales.pdf\">data from Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>, there are over 662,500 noncitizens with criminal histories on this agency’s list of pending or ongoing cases, and that includes both detained and non-detained immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if the Trump administration changes which cases are prioritized, that only affects people who are \u003cem>already\u003c/em> going to court for an active removal proceeding. But Martínez said that the huge media attention Trump gets from his threats against immigrants without permanent legal status ends up creating a perception of fear — and that’s by design, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The federal government is more likely going to do the things that can get the Trump administration visibility, so he can show off to his supporters that he’s doing what he said he would do,” she said. “Most likely what we might face is instead a culture of terror against the immigrant community … they only have to detain a few people for the fear to really reverberate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you’re not in an active removal proceeding, experts still recommend checking in with an immigration attorney on what your best options are, depending on your specific situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>If you’re on DACA, what can you do?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you are currently one of the more than 800,000 people nationally on DACA and \u003ca href=\"https://unitedwedream.org/resources/daca-renewal-all-the-information-you-need-to-know-if-you-are-looking-to-renew/\">are eligible to renew this protection\u003c/a>, advocates recommend you talk to your attorney as soon as you can about a DACA renewal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because it’s not just the incoming Trump administration that is looking to change — or eliminate — the program; a federal court that has gained a reputation for hardline immigration decisions\u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/10/daca-undocumented-youth-deportation-trump-harris-2024-fifth-circuit/\"> is currently reviewing the legality of DACA\u003c/a>. With this in mind, you may want to talk with a lawyer about if there’s anything else related to your situation that could be turned into a lawful status, Martínez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember: According to the federal government, \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-of-deferred-action-for-childhood-arrivals-daca/frequently-asked-questions\">anyone who has DACA entered the country unlawfully\u003c/a>. Having an “unlawful entry” on your record makes it very difficult for DACA recipients to then gain permanent status through marriage or employee sponsorship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But “DACA does have provisions that allow people to get \u003ca href=\"https://unitedwedream.org/resources/daca-prep-session-4-daca-renewals-and-applying-for-advance-parole/\">advance parole\u003c/a>: when [recipients] are able to travel outside the country for very special reasons, such as educational purposes, medical emergencies or going to visit a family member who is about to pass away,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you can obtain advance parole, Martínez said, that could \u003cem>potentially\u003c/em> improve your chances of improving your situation. If you leave the country, fulfill the purpose of that travel and then reenter on your advance parole, “you are no longer without lawful entry,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a lawful entry on your record may help when applying for a lawful status, she said. “If there are DACAmented people out there who could be eligible for this advance parole,” Martínez said, “this would be the time to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014518\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014518\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1170\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-800x488.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-1020x622.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-160x98.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-1536x936.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young immigrants and supporters walk holding signs during a rally in support of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) in Los Angeles, California, on Sept. 1, 2017. \u003ccite>(Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>How to prepare for Jan. 20 if your family is mixed-status\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A very common situation immigration attorneys see is mixed-status families — when either a parent or spouse lacks permanent legal status while others in the family are citizens or permanent residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, family members with legal status can petition for direct relatives without permanent legal status, said Gilberto Nicolás González, immigration staff attorney at \u003ca href=\"https://www.larazacrc.org/\">La Raza Community Resource Center\u003c/a> in San Francisco. “If you know anybody who’s in your direct family who has any sort of legal status and you don’t, then please talk to them to see if they would be willing to petition for you,” he recommended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something important to keep in mind: in June, \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/biden-parole-place-announcement-helping-mixed-status-families-stay-together\">the Biden administration announced “Parole in Place,”\u003c/a> a program that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/08/g-s1-33370/judge-biden-program-immigrant-spouses-deportation\">would have allowed undocumented spouses and stepchildren of American citizens to apply for a green card\u003c/a> without first having to leave the U.S. However, after only a week of accepting applications, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/08/g-s1-33370/judge-biden-program-immigrant-spouses-deportation\">a federal judge in Texas struck down Parole in Place.\u003c/a> This means that in many situations, spouses without permanent legal status still have to temporarily leave the country if they want to apply for legal status despite already being married to a U.S. citizen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>González adds that there are some small things that families can do to help stay together if a relative is at risk of being deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important for people to know that they should not publish their locations online,” he said, adding that immigration officials can work with local law enforcement to use information available on social media to track down immigrants who have a deportation order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014534\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014534\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-800x533.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-1020x679.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-160x107.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-1536x1023.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Families attend a workshop for immigrants without permanent legal status in Coachella, California, during the first Trump term on Feb. 24, 2017. \u003ccite>(David McNew/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most cities in the Bay Area and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/05/555920658/california-governor-signs-sanctuary-state-bill\">the whole state of California\u003c/a> have adopted what is referred to as “sanctuary” laws when local and state officials do not cooperate with federal immigration law enforcement. \u003cspan style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px\">However, advocates stress that these policies \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/justice/2018/05/rebelling-against-californias-sanctuary-law-from-inside-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are not perfect shields\u003c/a>.\u003c/span> That’s why they remind folks to avoid situations where they could end up arrested or questioned by law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families should also prepare for the worst, said Cathy Sakimura, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://lsc-sf.org/how-we-can-help/\">Legal Services for Children\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based legal aid organization that primarily serves minors who entered the country without their parents. One difficult question adults with children who are U.S. citizens should consider when making an emergency plan is, she said, “Who should care for children if parents are deported?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parents may be able to fill out a standby guardianship, for example, or some other kind of estate planning documents around nominating who they would want to take care of their child if something were to happen to them,” Sakimura said. She said that it’s best to talk to a lawyer now about preparing legal and financial documents and how to address specific needs children may have if parents are suddenly placed in the custody of immigration officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Remember, the Constitution still protects you…\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2019, during the last Trump presidency, ICE announced that it would carry out \u003ca href=\"https://www.univision.com/noticias/inmigracion/comienza-el-operativo-de-ice-para-arrestar-a-indocumentados-con-orden-de-deportacion-final\">large-scale raids to detain immigrants who lack permanent legal status across the country\u003c/a>. In most states, ICE detained a few dozen individuals at a time, but in Mississippi, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/07/749243985/mississippi-immigration-raids-net-hundreds-of-workers\">officials arrested hundreds of immigrants working at food processing plants\u003c/a>. At this time, immigrant advocates were on high alert, tracking ICE’s movements around the clock to get information and legal aid to vulnerable individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the organizations that led this effort in California was \u003ca href=\"https://www.sirenimmigrantrights.org/\">SIREN\u003c/a>, which has consistently held workshops in schools, churches and community centers, letting people know what to do if an ICE agent knocked on their door. Folks who attended these training sessions also received \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/sites/default/files/documents/red_card-self_srv-english.pdf\">small red cards in multiple languages that listed their rights during an encounter with ICE\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014479\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 735px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014479\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"735\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2.jpg 735w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2-160x91.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At training sessions, SIREN hands out small red cards that explain an individual’s rights during an encounter with ICE.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even when you are face-to-face with an immigration official, said Tran from SIREN, “the Constitution still applies — and that’s what the red cards are based on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the rights that every person within the United States can utilize because these are rules and expectations that are placed on law enforcement,” he explained, adding that the protections in the Constitution apply regardless of your immigration status.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>… and by your community\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There are many lessons from the first Trump administration that immigrants lacking permanent legal status — along with their families and advocates — can apply now, Martínez said. “One lesson learned is the importance of community action at the local level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Living in terror is very detrimental to our mental and emotional health,” she said. “We really cannot discount the importance of being in community, to build support systems that are pragmatically really effective, \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclusocal.org/en/know-your-rights/california-values-act-sb-54#:~:text=The%20California%20Values%20Act%20(SB,into%20effect%20January%201%2C%202018.\">like sanctuary policies\u003c/a> — but also the unseen part of life, the emotional and psychological impact of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that we are bracing for changes that will not be easy to deal with,” Martínez said. “Ultimately, the real power is with the people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know that it’s really hard to believe that when you’re an undocumented person, but the real power is really your internal resources to withstand these attacks of fear and not let yourself be in a state of terror.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This guide includes reporting from KQED’s Dana Cronin and the Associated Press.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Here are ways that immigrants lacking permanent legal status — and folks in mixed-status families — can prepare for the sweeping immigration changes proposed by President-elect Donald Trump for his second term. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Jan. 20, 2025, Donald Trump will once again \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/president\">step into the White House as President of the United States\u003c/a> — and is expected to bring with him sweeping changes in the country’s immigration system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump has already named two individuals who will have key positions in his new administration: Stephen Miller \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/11/g-s1-33741/trump-stephen-miller-deputy-chief-of-staff-immigration-policy-deportations\">as his deputy chief of staff\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12014017/what-to-know-about-tom-homan-the-former-ice-head-returning-as-trumps-border-czar\">Thomas Homan as his “border czar.”\u003c/a> Both helped form immigration policies during Trump’s first term, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/president-biden-takes-office/2021/01/21/959074750/biden-suspends-deportations-stops-remain-in-mexico-policy\">the “Remain in Mexico” program\u003c/a>, which forced migrants seeking asylum to wait for their court dates in Mexican — rather than American — territory, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/07/15/741769333/u-s-sets-new-asylum-rule-telling-potential-refugees-to-apply-elsewhere\">the “safe third country” agreements\u003c/a> requiring migrant seekers to first request asylum in countries like El Salvador or Guatemala.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As they return to the White House, both Miller and Homan \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html\">want to fulfill many of Trump’s 2024 campaign promises\u003c/a>. These include ending the \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/DACA\">Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program\u003c/a> or DACA; \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/28/us/politics/harris-trump-asylum-immigration.html\">strictly limiting the asylum process\u003c/a>; expanding migrant detention centers; and enforcing what the president-elect \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/may/03/trump-mass-deportations-detention-camps-military-migrants\">has called “the largest domestic deportation operation in American history.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us/\">California has 1.8 million residents who l\u003c/a>ack permanent legal status, according to the latest available research — roughly 5% of people in the state. Eight percent of California households include a family member without a permanent legal status. Many are now feeling anxiety, confusion and fear as Trump continues to threaten deportation for people lacking permanent legal status — something that could separate thousands of families.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At this point, we have nine weeks to get ready for what I would say is going to be a much worse version of what we’ve seen before,” said Huy Tran, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sirenimmigrantrights.org/\">Services, Immigrant Rights and Education Network (SIREN)\u003c/a>, an organization with offices in San José and Fresno that offers legal aid, trainings and leadership development to immigrant communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To better understand what lies ahead and what undocumented and “mixed-status” families can do right now, we spoke to immigration attorneys working with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013522/free-legal-aid-in-the-bay-area-how-it-works-where-to-find-it\">legal aid groups\u003c/a> throughout the state. Keep reading to hear from experts, keeping in mind that each immigration situation is unique — and that for specific recommendations, it is best to talk to a licensed attorney about your individual case.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Who would first be impacted by Trump’s immigration policies?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Trump may make a lot of promises on the campaign trail, but it’s important to question what he actually can do as president, said Lourdes Martínez, co-directing attorney of the immigrants’ rights practice at \u003ca href=\"https://www.centrolegal.org/\">Centro Legal de la Raza\u003c/a>, a legal services nonprofit in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The truth is,” Martínez said, “big changes to the law move very slowly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something she reminds her clients is that Joe Biden is still the president until Trump’s inauguration on Jan. 20. Until then, Trump can’t make any changes to immigration policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And once Trump is in office, she added, he will most likely focus on things he can change quickly without needing to go through Congress. Martínez said these would include security along the U.S.-Mexico border or the way that the federal government handles \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/laws-and-policy/other-resources/immigration-benefits-in-eoir-removal-proceedings\">active removal proceedings\u003c/a> (when a judge decides if an immigrant who lacks permanent legal status should be deported from the country.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s where lawyers are going to focus,” she said. “People who already have a case in court, especially those who are in removal proceedings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If that’s you, Martínez said — or a loved one — “I think it would be wise” to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013522/free-legal-aid-in-the-bay-area-how-it-works-where-to-find-it\">check in with a lawyer as soon as possible\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>How do you know if you are in a removal proceeding?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The Executive Office of Immigration Review (EOIR) at the Department of Justice manages immigration courts, and if you’re in an active removal proceeding, they should have sent you a letter in the mail with the details of your next hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you \u003cem>haven’t\u003c/em> received a letter from EOIR, you can call the immigration court managing your case and have \u003ca href=\"https://acis.eoir.justice.gov/en/\">your Alien Registration Number\u003c/a> (A-Number) ready — it’s a number that you can find on documents you have received from U.S. immigration officials. You can find the contact information of the court managing your case \u003ca href=\"https://acis.eoir.justice.gov/en/\">by entering your A-Number on EOIR’s website\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have never come in touch with immigration law enforcement, like Immigration and Customs Enforcement, you are likely not in the system,” Martínez said. “Most of our clients here in the Bay Area with new hearings are most likely people that were detained at the border and they’ve made their way here. They have a history of detention. They know they were detained. And they’ll have some paperwork.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In active removal proceedings, a Trump White House could exert influence upon which cases are given priority. According to the National Immigration Law Center, this is called “prosecutorial discretion”: \u003ca href=\"https://www.nilc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/president-legal-authority-2014-08-20.pdf\">the power to decide whom to investigate, arrest, detain, charge and prosecute\u003c/a>. According to \u003ca href=\"https://homeland.house.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/24-01143-ICEs-Signed-Response-to-Representative-Tony-Gonzales.pdf\">data from Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE)\u003c/a>, there are over 662,500 noncitizens with criminal histories on this agency’s list of pending or ongoing cases, and that includes both detained and non-detained immigrants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, if the Trump administration changes which cases are prioritized, that only affects people who are \u003cem>already\u003c/em> going to court for an active removal proceeding. But Martínez said that the huge media attention Trump gets from his threats against immigrants without permanent legal status ends up creating a perception of fear — and that’s by design, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The federal government is more likely going to do the things that can get the Trump administration visibility, so he can show off to his supporters that he’s doing what he said he would do,” she said. “Most likely what we might face is instead a culture of terror against the immigrant community … they only have to detain a few people for the fear to really reverberate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if you’re not in an active removal proceeding, experts still recommend checking in with an immigration attorney on what your best options are, depending on your specific situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>If you’re on DACA, what can you do?\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>If you are currently one of the more than 800,000 people nationally on DACA and \u003ca href=\"https://unitedwedream.org/resources/daca-renewal-all-the-information-you-need-to-know-if-you-are-looking-to-renew/\">are eligible to renew this protection\u003c/a>, advocates recommend you talk to your attorney as soon as you can about a DACA renewal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because it’s not just the incoming Trump administration that is looking to change — or eliminate — the program; a federal court that has gained a reputation for hardline immigration decisions\u003ca href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/10/daca-undocumented-youth-deportation-trump-harris-2024-fifth-circuit/\"> is currently reviewing the legality of DACA\u003c/a>. With this in mind, you may want to talk with a lawyer about if there’s anything else related to your situation that could be turned into a lawful status, Martínez said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Remember: According to the federal government, \u003ca href=\"https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/consideration-of-deferred-action-for-childhood-arrivals-daca/frequently-asked-questions\">anyone who has DACA entered the country unlawfully\u003c/a>. Having an “unlawful entry” on your record makes it very difficult for DACA recipients to then gain permanent status through marriage or employee sponsorship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But “DACA does have provisions that allow people to get \u003ca href=\"https://unitedwedream.org/resources/daca-prep-session-4-daca-renewals-and-applying-for-advance-parole/\">advance parole\u003c/a>: when [recipients] are able to travel outside the country for very special reasons, such as educational purposes, medical emergencies or going to visit a family member who is about to pass away,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if you can obtain advance parole, Martínez said, that could \u003cem>potentially\u003c/em> improve your chances of improving your situation. If you leave the country, fulfill the purpose of that travel and then reenter on your advance parole, “you are no longer without lawful entry,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Having a lawful entry on your record may help when applying for a lawful status, she said. “If there are DACAmented people out there who could be eligible for this advance parole,” Martínez said, “this would be the time to do it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014518\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014518\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1170\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-800x488.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-1020x622.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-160x98.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-841662300_edited-1536x936.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Young immigrants and supporters walk holding signs during a rally in support of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) in Los Angeles, California, on Sept. 1, 2017. \u003ccite>(Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>How to prepare for Jan. 20 if your family is mixed-status\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>A very common situation immigration attorneys see is mixed-status families — when either a parent or spouse lacks permanent legal status while others in the family are citizens or permanent residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes, family members with legal status can petition for direct relatives without permanent legal status, said Gilberto Nicolás González, immigration staff attorney at \u003ca href=\"https://www.larazacrc.org/\">La Raza Community Resource Center\u003c/a> in San Francisco. “If you know anybody who’s in your direct family who has any sort of legal status and you don’t, then please talk to them to see if they would be willing to petition for you,” he recommended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Something important to keep in mind: in June, \u003ca href=\"https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/research/biden-parole-place-announcement-helping-mixed-status-families-stay-together\">the Biden administration announced “Parole in Place,”\u003c/a> a program that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/08/g-s1-33370/judge-biden-program-immigrant-spouses-deportation\">would have allowed undocumented spouses and stepchildren of American citizens to apply for a green card\u003c/a> without first having to leave the U.S. However, after only a week of accepting applications, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/08/g-s1-33370/judge-biden-program-immigrant-spouses-deportation\">a federal judge in Texas struck down Parole in Place.\u003c/a> This means that in many situations, spouses without permanent legal status still have to temporarily leave the country if they want to apply for legal status despite already being married to a U.S. citizen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>González adds that there are some small things that families can do to help stay together if a relative is at risk of being deported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s important for people to know that they should not publish their locations online,” he said, adding that immigration officials can work with local law enforcement to use information available on social media to track down immigrants who have a deportation order.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014534\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014534\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited.png 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-800x533.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-1020x679.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-160x107.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/GettyImages-645467442-edited-1536x1023.png 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Families attend a workshop for immigrants without permanent legal status in Coachella, California, during the first Trump term on Feb. 24, 2017. \u003ccite>(David McNew/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most cities in the Bay Area and \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/05/555920658/california-governor-signs-sanctuary-state-bill\">the whole state of California\u003c/a> have adopted what is referred to as “sanctuary” laws when local and state officials do not cooperate with federal immigration law enforcement. \u003cspan style=\"margin: 0px;padding: 0px\">However, advocates stress that these policies \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/justice/2018/05/rebelling-against-californias-sanctuary-law-from-inside-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">are not perfect shields\u003c/a>.\u003c/span> That’s why they remind folks to avoid situations where they could end up arrested or questioned by law enforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Families should also prepare for the worst, said Cathy Sakimura, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://lsc-sf.org/how-we-can-help/\">Legal Services for Children\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based legal aid organization that primarily serves minors who entered the country without their parents. One difficult question adults with children who are U.S. citizens should consider when making an emergency plan is, she said, “Who should care for children if parents are deported?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Parents may be able to fill out a standby guardianship, for example, or some other kind of estate planning documents around nominating who they would want to take care of their child if something were to happen to them,” Sakimura said. She said that it’s best to talk to a lawyer now about preparing legal and financial documents and how to address specific needs children may have if parents are suddenly placed in the custody of immigration officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Remember, the Constitution still protects you…\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2019, during the last Trump presidency, ICE announced that it would carry out \u003ca href=\"https://www.univision.com/noticias/inmigracion/comienza-el-operativo-de-ice-para-arrestar-a-indocumentados-con-orden-de-deportacion-final\">large-scale raids to detain immigrants who lack permanent legal status across the country\u003c/a>. In most states, ICE detained a few dozen individuals at a time, but in Mississippi, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/07/749243985/mississippi-immigration-raids-net-hundreds-of-workers\">officials arrested hundreds of immigrants working at food processing plants\u003c/a>. At this time, immigrant advocates were on high alert, tracking ICE’s movements around the clock to get information and legal aid to vulnerable individuals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the organizations that led this effort in California was \u003ca href=\"https://www.sirenimmigrantrights.org/\">SIREN\u003c/a>, which has consistently held workshops in schools, churches and community centers, letting people know what to do if an ICE agent knocked on their door. Folks who attended these training sessions also received \u003ca href=\"https://www.ilrc.org/sites/default/files/documents/red_card-self_srv-english.pdf\">small red cards in multiple languages that listed their rights during an encounter with ICE\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014479\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 735px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014479\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"735\" height=\"420\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2.jpg 735w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/4327a8_dd2af11554ad4f0b9ded4173d95eb379mv2-160x91.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 735px) 100vw, 735px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At training sessions, SIREN hands out small red cards that explain an individual’s rights during an encounter with ICE.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even when you are face-to-face with an immigration official, said Tran from SIREN, “the Constitution still applies — and that’s what the red cards are based on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are the rights that every person within the United States can utilize because these are rules and expectations that are placed on law enforcement,” he explained, adding that the protections in the Constitution apply regardless of your immigration status.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>… and by your community\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>There are many lessons from the first Trump administration that immigrants lacking permanent legal status — along with their families and advocates — can apply now, Martínez said. “One lesson learned is the importance of community action at the local level.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Living in terror is very detrimental to our mental and emotional health,” she said. “We really cannot discount the importance of being in community, to build support systems that are pragmatically really effective, \u003ca href=\"https://www.aclusocal.org/en/know-your-rights/california-values-act-sb-54#:~:text=The%20California%20Values%20Act%20(SB,into%20effect%20January%201%2C%202018.\">like sanctuary policies\u003c/a> — but also the unseen part of life, the emotional and psychological impact of this.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The reality is that we are bracing for changes that will not be easy to deal with,” Martínez said. “Ultimately, the real power is with the people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I know that it’s really hard to believe that when you’re an undocumented person, but the real power is really your internal resources to withstand these attacks of fear and not let yourself be in a state of terror.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This guide includes reporting from KQED’s Dana Cronin and the Associated Press.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "former-top-chef-contestant-rise-from-dishwasher-michelin-star-honors",
"title": "Former ‘Top Chef’ Contestant on His Rise from Dishwasher to Michelin-Star Honors",
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"headTitle": "Former ‘Top Chef’ Contestant on His Rise from Dishwasher to Michelin-Star Honors | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported for K Onda KQED, a monthly newsletter focused on the Bay Area’s Latinx community. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/newsletters/k-onda\">Click here to subscribe\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chef Rogelio Garcia has wasted no time living out his culinary dreams. After taking an after-school job as a dishwasher at 15, he dedicated himself to rising up the ranks in fine dining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his early 20s, he was named executive chef of well-known restaurants, including Angele in Napa, as well as the Commissary and Spruce, both in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/tag/san-francisco\">San Francisco\u003c/a>. In 2018, he was a contestant on Bravo’s \u003cem>Top Chef\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2022, he took on the challenge of developing and opening Auro, a restaurant in the Four Seasons Resort in Calistoga that earned a Michelin star in its first year, a major accomplishment for any chef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1706px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014014\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1706\" height=\"1237\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297.jpg 1706w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297-800x580.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297-1020x740.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297-1536x1114.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1706px) 100vw, 1706px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mushroom tacos from Rogelio Garcia’s cookbook, ‘Convivir: Modern Mexican Cuisine In California’s Wine Country.’ \u003ccite>(Courtesy of John Troxell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In September, he released a cookbook, \u003cem>Convivir: Modern Mexican Cooking in California’s Wine Country\u003c/em>. All the while, he’s raised two sons who are now 18 and 19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I got into this industry, I just needed a job to help my mother,” Garcia, 38, said. “It became such an amazing career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia is a different kind of dreamer. He is one of more than half a million people who participate in Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/deferred-action-for-childhood-arrivals\">the program commonly known as DACA\u003c/a>, which was enacted in 2012 to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11881855/tired-of-living-in-limbo-daca-application-backlog-puts-immigrant-lives-on-hold\">protect immigrants from deportation\u003c/a> if they came to the United States as children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former President Donald Trump tried to end the program during his first term as president. He has promised to deport millions of undocumented immigrants in his second term, which starts in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with Garcia two days after Trump won the 2024 presidential election. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11917125/bay-area-daca-recipients-have-mixed-emotions-on-10-year-anniversary\">possibility of DACA ending\u003c/a> keeps him up at night. His hope would be to obtain citizenship one day, but right now he doesn’t have a clear path for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014012\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12014012\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-800x987.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"987\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-800x987.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-1020x1259.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-160x197.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-1245x1536.jpg 1245w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-1659x2048.jpg 1659w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-1920x2370.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cover of Rogelio Garcia’s cookbook, ‘Convivir: Modern Mexican Cuisine In California’s Wine Country.’ \u003ccite>(Courtesy of John Troxell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A good friend of mine told me, ‘You can’t waste energy on something you can’t control, because what’s going to happen is going to happen,’” he recalled. “If it was up to me, things would be different, right? But that doesn’t mean that I’m not going to work hard and pursue my dreams and continue to inspire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia walked me through the dining room at Auro, with its floor-to-ceiling windows framing a stunning view of the Napa Valley. Diners enjoy dishes influenced by Mexican, French and Japanese cuisine. He told me about some of the items he was serving that night on the tasting menu: canapes, king crab from Japan, an al pastor-inspired pineapple sauce and buñuelos for dessert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living with uncertainty has been a constant for Garcia. He and his two siblings were raised by a single mother who brought him to Los Angeles when he was 2 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how she did it,” Garcia said of his mother, who navigated a new country, an unfamiliar language and tight finances. “When the holidays were coming up or my birthday or one of my siblings’ birthdays, she would definitely make an effort to make us feel special, whether it’d be cooking chiles rellenos or making flan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I knew when she was about to make dessert, it was because it was a special day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014013\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186-800x620.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"620\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186-800x620.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186-1020x790.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186-1536x1190.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186.jpg 1706w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Huaraches with shrimp from Rogelio Garcia’s cookbook, ‘Convivir: Modern Mexican Cuisine In California’s Wine Country.’ \u003ccite>(Courtesy of John Troxell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When he was teenager, the family moved to the Napa Valley to be near relatives. During his time at Vintage High School in Napa, Garcia took drama classes and dreamt of becoming an actor until he learned how hard it would be to make it in Hollywood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What drew him to acting was the chance to express himself as an artist. Food, he decided, could also be an avenue for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever I had inside that I wanted to come out, it was going to come out in one form or the other,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He considered going to culinary school, but he couldn’t afford it nor could he apply for financial aid because he was undocumented.[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"forum_2010101907777,news_12013395,news_11969685\"]“I had more time than money, so I would come in early to learn from the chef or the guy that I was working for to show me how to break down fish, show me how to do X, Y and Z,” he said of his jobs in restaurants. “I was always asking, ‘What book should I buy? What things should I watch on YouTube?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, President Obama announced DACA. Garcia began his application right away. He hired a lawyer and spent several weeks pulling together school records, his birth certificate and documents proving he had arrived in the U.S. before his 16th birthday — and that he’d lived here continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt like I won the lottery,” he said when his application was approved. “It was just incredible. I don’t have to worry about driving. I can work in places that, even if they check, it is fine because it’s all valid. So that was a huge relief for me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he landed the executive chef role at Angele. He went on to other fine dining establishments, where worked with accomplished chefs and restaurateurs such as Traci des Jardins, Douglas Keane and Michael Mina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he built up his resume, his dream of winning a Michelin Star, one of the most prestigious awards in the culinary world, lingered. He knew that Auro would give him a chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My personal goal was to come to this restaurant and get a Michelin star,” he said. “That’s like the ultimate prize for a chef, but I didn’t plan on doing a book and opening a restaurant at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014011\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713-800x644.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"644\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713-800x644.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713-1020x821.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713-1536x1236.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713.jpg 1706w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Branzino with shrimp mousse from Rogelio Garcia’s cookbook, ‘Convivir: Modern Mexican Cuisine In California’s Wine Country.’ \u003ccite>(Courtesy of John Troxell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Auro was added to the Michelin Guide in 2023, and Garcia was invited to the awards ceremony for California restaurants. Then came an invite to the after party. None of that guarantees a star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember the moment when they called my name and the restaurant’s name — I just couldn’t believe it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within minutes, he received so many congratulatory texts and messages that his phone froze. He relished every second. Another dream had come true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has made sharing his story all the more important. His goal with the cookbook was to demonstrate what he’s accomplished in spite of not having legal status in this country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a “love letter” to his mother, California and Mexico — his biggest culinary influences. The irony is that he can’t visit Mexico without risking not being able to return to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like, ‘I love you from afar. I can’t wait to truly meet you and meet the people and hold you. I hold you in my heart. But I can’t be there to hold you in person,’” said Garcia, who makes it a point of speaking about his experiences at local schools. “The most important thing for me is to give back to inspire the younger generation, to young kids who are maybe lost like I was, maybe confused, maybe not guided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Former ‘Top Chef’ Contestant on His Rise from Dishwasher to Michelin-Star Honors | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported for K Onda KQED, a monthly newsletter focused on the Bay Area’s Latinx community. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/newsletters/k-onda\">Click here to subscribe\u003c/a>\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chef Rogelio Garcia has wasted no time living out his culinary dreams. After taking an after-school job as a dishwasher at 15, he dedicated himself to rising up the ranks in fine dining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his early 20s, he was named executive chef of well-known restaurants, including Angele in Napa, as well as the Commissary and Spruce, both in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/tag/san-francisco\">San Francisco\u003c/a>. In 2018, he was a contestant on Bravo’s \u003cem>Top Chef\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2022, he took on the challenge of developing and opening Auro, a restaurant in the Four Seasons Resort in Calistoga that earned a Michelin star in its first year, a major accomplishment for any chef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014014\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1706px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014014\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1706\" height=\"1237\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297.jpg 1706w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297-800x580.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297-1020x740.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/MushroomTacos_Convivir_p042a1-scaled-e1731360232297-1536x1114.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1706px) 100vw, 1706px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mushroom tacos from Rogelio Garcia’s cookbook, ‘Convivir: Modern Mexican Cuisine In California’s Wine Country.’ \u003ccite>(Courtesy of John Troxell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In September, he released a cookbook, \u003cem>Convivir: Modern Mexican Cooking in California’s Wine Country\u003c/em>. All the while, he’s raised two sons who are now 18 and 19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I got into this industry, I just needed a job to help my mother,” Garcia, 38, said. “It became such an amazing career.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia is a different kind of dreamer. He is one of more than half a million people who participate in Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/deferred-action-for-childhood-arrivals\">the program commonly known as DACA\u003c/a>, which was enacted in 2012 to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11881855/tired-of-living-in-limbo-daca-application-backlog-puts-immigrant-lives-on-hold\">protect immigrants from deportation\u003c/a> if they came to the United States as children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Former President Donald Trump tried to end the program during his first term as president. He has promised to deport millions of undocumented immigrants in his second term, which starts in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I sat down with Garcia two days after Trump won the 2024 presidential election. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11917125/bay-area-daca-recipients-have-mixed-emotions-on-10-year-anniversary\">possibility of DACA ending\u003c/a> keeps him up at night. His hope would be to obtain citizenship one day, but right now he doesn’t have a clear path for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014012\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12014012\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-800x987.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"987\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-800x987.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-1020x1259.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-160x197.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-1245x1536.jpg 1245w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-1659x2048.jpg 1659w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/Convivir_Cover1-1920x2370.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cover of Rogelio Garcia’s cookbook, ‘Convivir: Modern Mexican Cuisine In California’s Wine Country.’ \u003ccite>(Courtesy of John Troxell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“A good friend of mine told me, ‘You can’t waste energy on something you can’t control, because what’s going to happen is going to happen,’” he recalled. “If it was up to me, things would be different, right? But that doesn’t mean that I’m not going to work hard and pursue my dreams and continue to inspire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Garcia walked me through the dining room at Auro, with its floor-to-ceiling windows framing a stunning view of the Napa Valley. Diners enjoy dishes influenced by Mexican, French and Japanese cuisine. He told me about some of the items he was serving that night on the tasting menu: canapes, king crab from Japan, an al pastor-inspired pineapple sauce and buñuelos for dessert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living with uncertainty has been a constant for Garcia. He and his two siblings were raised by a single mother who brought him to Los Angeles when he was 2 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t know how she did it,” Garcia said of his mother, who navigated a new country, an unfamiliar language and tight finances. “When the holidays were coming up or my birthday or one of my siblings’ birthdays, she would definitely make an effort to make us feel special, whether it’d be cooking chiles rellenos or making flan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I knew when she was about to make dessert, it was because it was a special day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014013\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014013\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186-800x620.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"620\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186-800x620.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186-1020x790.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186-1536x1190.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/HuaracheswithShrimp_Convivir_p049a1-scaled-e1731360195186.jpg 1706w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Huaraches with shrimp from Rogelio Garcia’s cookbook, ‘Convivir: Modern Mexican Cuisine In California’s Wine Country.’ \u003ccite>(Courtesy of John Troxell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When he was teenager, the family moved to the Napa Valley to be near relatives. During his time at Vintage High School in Napa, Garcia took drama classes and dreamt of becoming an actor until he learned how hard it would be to make it in Hollywood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What drew him to acting was the chance to express himself as an artist. Food, he decided, could also be an avenue for that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whatever I had inside that I wanted to come out, it was going to come out in one form or the other,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He considered going to culinary school, but he couldn’t afford it nor could he apply for financial aid because he was undocumented.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“I had more time than money, so I would come in early to learn from the chef or the guy that I was working for to show me how to break down fish, show me how to do X, Y and Z,” he said of his jobs in restaurants. “I was always asking, ‘What book should I buy? What things should I watch on YouTube?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, President Obama announced DACA. Garcia began his application right away. He hired a lawyer and spent several weeks pulling together school records, his birth certificate and documents proving he had arrived in the U.S. before his 16th birthday — and that he’d lived here continuously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I felt like I won the lottery,” he said when his application was approved. “It was just incredible. I don’t have to worry about driving. I can work in places that, even if they check, it is fine because it’s all valid. So that was a huge relief for me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, he landed the executive chef role at Angele. He went on to other fine dining establishments, where worked with accomplished chefs and restaurateurs such as Traci des Jardins, Douglas Keane and Michael Mina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As he built up his resume, his dream of winning a Michelin Star, one of the most prestigious awards in the culinary world, lingered. He knew that Auro would give him a chance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My personal goal was to come to this restaurant and get a Michelin star,” he said. “That’s like the ultimate prize for a chef, but I didn’t plan on doing a book and opening a restaurant at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12014011\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12014011\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713-800x644.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"644\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713-800x644.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713-1020x821.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713-160x129.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713-1536x1236.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/CaviarTostones_Convivir_p191a1-scaled-e1731360156713.jpg 1706w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Branzino with shrimp mousse from Rogelio Garcia’s cookbook, ‘Convivir: Modern Mexican Cuisine In California’s Wine Country.’ \u003ccite>(Courtesy of John Troxell)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Auro was added to the Michelin Guide in 2023, and Garcia was invited to the awards ceremony for California restaurants. Then came an invite to the after party. None of that guarantees a star.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember the moment when they called my name and the restaurant’s name — I just couldn’t believe it,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within minutes, he received so many congratulatory texts and messages that his phone froze. He relished every second. Another dream had come true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That has made sharing his story all the more important. His goal with the cookbook was to demonstrate what he’s accomplished in spite of not having legal status in this country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s also a “love letter” to his mother, California and Mexico — his biggest culinary influences. The irony is that he can’t visit Mexico without risking not being able to return to the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like, ‘I love you from afar. I can’t wait to truly meet you and meet the people and hold you. I hold you in my heart. But I can’t be there to hold you in person,’” said Garcia, who makes it a point of speaking about his experiences at local schools. “The most important thing for me is to give back to inspire the younger generation, to young kids who are maybe lost like I was, maybe confused, maybe not guided.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>President-elect Trump announced Sunday night that Tom Homan, his former acting head of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), will join his second administration to oversee border control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his role as “border czar” — which does not require Senate confirmation — Homan will be in charge of the southern and northern U.S. borders, as well as “all Maritime and Aviation Security,” Trump said in his \u003ca href=\"https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/113462412414821782\">post on Truth Social\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Likewise, Tom Homan will be in charge of all Deportation of Illegal Aliens back to their Country of Origin,” Trump wrote, adding that “there is nobody better at policing and controlling our Borders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unclear what role Homan will take, since managing immigration requires coordination between several agencies under the Department of Homeland Security.[aside postID=news_12011983 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/241031-BORDER-CROSSINGS-ZM-02-KQED-1020x680.jpg']Homan, a former police officer and Border Patrol agent, has worked under six presidents during his three decades in law enforcement. He was executive associate director of enforcement and removal operations for Immigration and Customs Enforcement under President Obama. During that administration, ICE carried out a record number of deportations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honan repeatedly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/trump-2024-rnc-milwaukee#former-acting-ice-director-tells-undocumented-immigrants-to-start-packing\">praised Trump\u003c/a> for being the one who did the most to secure the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s announcement was largely expected, as Trump had said \u003ca href=\"https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2024/07/15/rnc-chair-whatley-trump-project-2025\">over the summer\u003c/a> that he would tap Homan to help oversee immigration policies in his potential second term. Speaking at the National Conservatism Conference in July, Homan \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/08/14/nx-s1-5037992/trump-immigrants-border-mass-deportation-presidential-race-migrants\">told undocumented immigrants\u003c/a> to “wait till 2025,” adding, “If you’re here illegally, you better be looking over your shoulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trump comes back in January,” Homan said. “I’ll be on his heels coming back. And I will run the biggest deportation operation this country’s ever seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Homan was behind Trump’s controversial family separation policy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Homan was the face of the Trump administration’s crackdown on immigration during his tenure as acting director of ICE from January 2017 to June 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that time, he often appeared at White House press briefings to defend his agents’ arrests of undocumented immigrants and call for stronger enforcement, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/10/politics/tom-homan-border-czar-ice-donald-trump/index.html\">according to CNN\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/trump-says-he-will-install-fomer-ice-chief-tom-homan-as-new-border-czar/2019/06/14/db9a88d4-8ea8-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html\">applauded Trump\u003c/a> for “taking the shackles off” ICE by allowing agents to make a broader range of arrests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, Homan was one of the architects behind its controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/09/trump-administration-family-separation-policy-immigration/670604/\">family separation policy\u003c/a>. More than 5,500 children of immigrants were separated from their parents at the U.S.-Mexico border in 2018 under the administration’s short-lived “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/10/1116738450/how-the-family-separation-policy-came-to-be\">Zero Tolerance\u003c/a>” policy. According to the Department of Homeland Security, as of April, there were still 1,401 children \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/24_0422_sec_frtf-interim-progress-report-final-508.pdf\">without confirmed reunification\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed an executive order stopping family separations in June 2018 after much condemnation from lawmakers and the public, and the Biden administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/01/27/961048895/justice-department-rescinds-trumps-zero-tolerance-immigration-policy\">officially rescinded it\u003c/a> days after President Biden took office in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homan retired in frustration in 2018 when the White House failed to move his nomination toward Senate confirmation, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/trump-says-he-will-install-fomer-ice-chief-tom-homan-as-new-border-czar/2019/06/14/db9a88d4-8ea8-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html\">\u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>He became a Fox News contributor, joined the conservative Heritage Foundation as a visiting fellow and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/22/us/politics/project-2025-trump-heritage-foundation.html\">contributed to Project 2025\u003c/a>, its controversial blueprint for reshaping the federal government\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump had sought to distance himself from Project 2025 during his campaign, even though it \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/05/g-s1-32720/what-is-project-2025-trump-election\">overlaps with his own agenda\u003c/a>. Trump made immigration a major part of his campaign and has vowed to deport millions of immigrants who are in the country without authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Homan has warned undocumented immigrants to ‘start packing’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Homan spoke about how such deportations would work in an interview on Fox \u003cem>Sunday Morning Futures \u003c/em>hours before his appointment was announced, saying it would be a “well-targeted, planned operation, conducted … by the men of ICE.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we go out there we’re gonna know who we’re looking for, we most likely know where they’re going to be and it’s gonna be done in a humane manner,” Homan said, adding that it will focus on the “public safety threats and the national security threats first.”[aside label=\"Related Stories\" postID=\"news_12013409,news_12013693,news_12013535\"]But those groups won’t be the only targets, Homan told \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-mass-deportation-plan-cost-consequences-60-minutes-transcript/\">CBS’ \u003cem>60 Minutes\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last month. He said he would restart workplace enforcement after the Biden administration moved away from the controversial practice of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/12/politics/ice-workplace-raids/index.html\">mass worksite immigration raids\u003c/a> in favor of pursuing “exploitative employers.” He also said in that interview that “families can be deported together,” suggesting children who are U.S. citizens but with undocumented parents would have to go with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months earlier, speaking onstage at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/trump-2024-rnc-milwaukee#former-acting-ice-director-tells-undocumented-immigrants-to-start-packing\">Republican National Convention\u003c/a>, Homan said Trump would designate Mexican cartels a “terrorist organization” for their role in getting \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/09/30/nx-s1-5124997/fentanyl-overdose-opioid-btmps-drug-cartel-xylazine-tranq-mexico-china\">fentanyl over the border\u003c/a>, warning, “He’s gonna wipe you off the face of the Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad-header \">\n\u003cp>He also addressed undocumented immigrants at large, whom he said Biden released into the country against federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You better start packing now,” he said, as attendees waving pro-deportation signs cheered. “‘Cause you’re going home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s anti-immigrant rhetoric and policy proposals, while clearly a winning issue with voters, aren’t being met without pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days since Trump’s election, immigrants rights groups have said they stand \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/06/nx-s1-5182279/immigrant-rights-border-trump-election-migration-immigration\">ready to challenge his anti-migrant policies\u003c/a> through protests, local legislation and lawsuits. And analysts from the Brookings Institution, the American Enterprise Institute and the Niskanen Center project that lower — potentially even negative — net migration to the U.S. would hurt the country’s economy, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/06/nx-s1-5181327/trump-election-economy-tariffs-deportations\">NPR has reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homan is not the only appointee that Trump has named for his upcoming term. He announced last week that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/07/nx-s1-5183242/trump-chief-of-staff-susie-wiles\">Susie Wiles\u003c/a> will be his chief of staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Trump offered Rep. Elise Stefanik, the New York Republican who chairs the House Republican Conference, to be the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. The role requires Senate confirmation, which is all but guaranteed in the soon-to-be Republican-controlled chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sergio Martínez-Beltrán contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>President-elect Trump announced Sunday night that Tom Homan, his former acting head of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), will join his second administration to oversee border control.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his role as “border czar” — which does not require Senate confirmation — Homan will be in charge of the southern and northern U.S. borders, as well as “all Maritime and Aviation Security,” Trump said in his \u003ca href=\"https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/posts/113462412414821782\">post on Truth Social\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Likewise, Tom Homan will be in charge of all Deportation of Illegal Aliens back to their Country of Origin,” Trump wrote, adding that “there is nobody better at policing and controlling our Borders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is unclear what role Homan will take, since managing immigration requires coordination between several agencies under the Department of Homeland Security.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Homan, a former police officer and Border Patrol agent, has worked under six presidents during his three decades in law enforcement. He was executive associate director of enforcement and removal operations for Immigration and Customs Enforcement under President Obama. During that administration, ICE carried out a record number of deportations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Honan repeatedly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/trump-2024-rnc-milwaukee#former-acting-ice-director-tells-undocumented-immigrants-to-start-packing\">praised Trump\u003c/a> for being the one who did the most to secure the border.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunday’s announcement was largely expected, as Trump had said \u003ca href=\"https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2024/07/15/rnc-chair-whatley-trump-project-2025\">over the summer\u003c/a> that he would tap Homan to help oversee immigration policies in his potential second term. Speaking at the National Conservatism Conference in July, Homan \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/08/14/nx-s1-5037992/trump-immigrants-border-mass-deportation-presidential-race-migrants\">told undocumented immigrants\u003c/a> to “wait till 2025,” adding, “If you’re here illegally, you better be looking over your shoulder.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Trump comes back in January,” Homan said. “I’ll be on his heels coming back. And I will run the biggest deportation operation this country’s ever seen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Homan was behind Trump’s controversial family separation policy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Homan was the face of the Trump administration’s crackdown on immigration during his tenure as acting director of ICE from January 2017 to June 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that time, he often appeared at White House press briefings to defend his agents’ arrests of undocumented immigrants and call for stronger enforcement, \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2024/11/10/politics/tom-homan-border-czar-ice-donald-trump/index.html\">according to CNN\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/trump-says-he-will-install-fomer-ice-chief-tom-homan-as-new-border-czar/2019/06/14/db9a88d4-8ea8-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html\">applauded Trump\u003c/a> for “taking the shackles off” ICE by allowing agents to make a broader range of arrests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notably, Homan was one of the architects behind its controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/09/trump-administration-family-separation-policy-immigration/670604/\">family separation policy\u003c/a>. More than 5,500 children of immigrants were separated from their parents at the U.S.-Mexico border in 2018 under the administration’s short-lived “\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/08/10/1116738450/how-the-family-separation-policy-came-to-be\">Zero Tolerance\u003c/a>” policy. According to the Department of Homeland Security, as of April, there were still 1,401 children \u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/24_0422_sec_frtf-interim-progress-report-final-508.pdf\">without confirmed reunification\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump signed an executive order stopping family separations in June 2018 after much condemnation from lawmakers and the public, and the Biden administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/01/27/961048895/justice-department-rescinds-trumps-zero-tolerance-immigration-policy\">officially rescinded it\u003c/a> days after President Biden took office in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homan retired in frustration in 2018 when the White House failed to move his nomination toward Senate confirmation, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/trump-says-he-will-install-fomer-ice-chief-tom-homan-as-new-border-czar/2019/06/14/db9a88d4-8ea8-11e9-b08e-cfd89bd36d4e_story.html\">\u003cem>Washington Post\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>He became a Fox News contributor, joined the conservative Heritage Foundation as a visiting fellow and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/10/22/us/politics/project-2025-trump-heritage-foundation.html\">contributed to Project 2025\u003c/a>, its controversial blueprint for reshaping the federal government\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump had sought to distance himself from Project 2025 during his campaign, even though it \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/05/g-s1-32720/what-is-project-2025-trump-election\">overlaps with his own agenda\u003c/a>. Trump made immigration a major part of his campaign and has vowed to deport millions of immigrants who are in the country without authorization.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"edTag\">Homan has warned undocumented immigrants to ‘start packing’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Homan spoke about how such deportations would work in an interview on Fox \u003cem>Sunday Morning Futures \u003c/em>hours before his appointment was announced, saying it would be a “well-targeted, planned operation, conducted … by the men of ICE.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we go out there we’re gonna know who we’re looking for, we most likely know where they’re going to be and it’s gonna be done in a humane manner,” Homan said, adding that it will focus on the “public safety threats and the national security threats first.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But those groups won’t be the only targets, Homan told \u003ca href=\"https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-mass-deportation-plan-cost-consequences-60-minutes-transcript/\">CBS’ \u003cem>60 Minutes\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last month. He said he would restart workplace enforcement after the Biden administration moved away from the controversial practice of \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/12/politics/ice-workplace-raids/index.html\">mass worksite immigration raids\u003c/a> in favor of pursuing “exploitative employers.” He also said in that interview that “families can be deported together,” suggesting children who are U.S. citizens but with undocumented parents would have to go with them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Months earlier, speaking onstage at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/live-updates/trump-2024-rnc-milwaukee#former-acting-ice-director-tells-undocumented-immigrants-to-start-packing\">Republican National Convention\u003c/a>, Homan said Trump would designate Mexican cartels a “terrorist organization” for their role in getting \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/09/30/nx-s1-5124997/fentanyl-overdose-opioid-btmps-drug-cartel-xylazine-tranq-mexico-china\">fentanyl over the border\u003c/a>, warning, “He’s gonna wipe you off the face of the Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"ad-header \">\n\u003cp>He also addressed undocumented immigrants at large, whom he said Biden released into the country against federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You better start packing now,” he said, as attendees waving pro-deportation signs cheered. “‘Cause you’re going home.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s anti-immigrant rhetoric and policy proposals, while clearly a winning issue with voters, aren’t being met without pushback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the days since Trump’s election, immigrants rights groups have said they stand \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/06/nx-s1-5182279/immigrant-rights-border-trump-election-migration-immigration\">ready to challenge his anti-migrant policies\u003c/a> through protests, local legislation and lawsuits. And analysts from the Brookings Institution, the American Enterprise Institute and the Niskanen Center project that lower — potentially even negative — net migration to the U.S. would hurt the country’s economy, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/06/nx-s1-5181327/trump-election-economy-tariffs-deportations\">NPR has reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Homan is not the only appointee that Trump has named for his upcoming term. He announced last week that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2024/11/07/nx-s1-5183242/trump-chief-of-staff-susie-wiles\">Susie Wiles\u003c/a> will be his chief of staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Trump offered Rep. Elise Stefanik, the New York Republican who chairs the House Republican Conference, to be the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. The role requires Senate confirmation, which is all but guaranteed in the soon-to-be Republican-controlled chamber.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sergio Martínez-Beltrán contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>In 30 years in America, Alejandro Gamez took any job he could as an undocumented worker — at fast food restaurants, factories and car washes and driving trucks, even when conditions were poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had no status,” he said. “I had no options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after speaking up in 2017 about unpaid wages at an Inglewood car wash, his fortunes changed. As part of a state investigation into that employer’s labor practices, Gamez this year became eligible for four years of protection from deportation — and a temporary work permit that seemed to open doors overnight. The 51-year-old Hawthorne resident said he can apply for better, stable jobs that pay more and provide benefits. He now has a union-represented position in a college kitchen and a Social Security number to build his credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It changed my life,” he said in Spanish. “It is giving me many job opportunities, to be better financially and to give a better life to my family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His opportunities are thanks to a recent federal program that grants temporary legal status to workers involved in certain labor investigations. With some of the nation’s strictest workplace laws but \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2023/09/workplace-retaliation-california-labor/\">widespread concerns of employer retaliation\u003c/a>, California has issued more than 200 requests to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, asking it to grant legal status to workers who report violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just months after Gamez got his reprieve, the program may be on the chopping block: President-elect Donald Trump and his advisors have\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/trump-mass-deportations-immigration-844f3050ba99552b900ed9f3a1dec22d\"> vowed mass deportations\u003c/a>, a return to workplace immigration raids and the repeal of similar temporary protection programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gamez’s attorney, Yvonne Medrano, said she’s expecting the program to be axed soon after Trump takes office Jan. 20. Her firm, the Los Angeles-based Bet Tzedek Legal Services, is no longer pursuing new cases under the program after representing workers seeking protections in 15 different workplace investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Removing this protection will return workers to a time when they fear deportation for asking for minimum wage, their paychecks or any other protections they have,” Medrano said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013975\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12013975\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM.jpg\" alt=\"A person in jeans and a t-shirt stands while someone with a vest and gun ties something around them.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents transfer an immigrant after an early morning raid in Duarte on June 6, 2022. \u003ccite>(Damian Dovarganes/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other immigration attorneys in California had already stopped filing new applications before Election Day. They said they expect Homeland Security to honor the four-year reprieves that the department has already granted, but are uncertain what happens next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a discretionary program,” said Jessie Hahn, senior counsel for labor and employment policy at the National Immigration Law Center, an advocacy group. “We are not anticipating that if Trump were elected he would continue the program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Trump campaign spokesperson did not respond to a request for comment about his intentions for the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has created another group of immigrants who have been granted temporary permission to be in the United States as the chances of a federal immigration overhaul have grown ever slimmer — making their prospects heavily dependent on the see-saw of each presidential administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program, one of several Biden administration efforts to boost the enforcement of labor laws, aims to give state investigators easier access to witnesses who may otherwise fear reprisal for making workplace complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s similar to the Obama-era Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program that \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/higher-education/2024/05/undocumented-students-work/\">gave work permits\u003c/a> and temporary deportation protections to immigrants who had been brought to the U.S. without authorization as children. About 500,000 residents have that form of legal status, but the program has stopped granting new applications after challenges in the federal courts. Trump tried to rescind the program in his last term; Stephen Miller, a close Trump advisor, said he will do so again, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html\">\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> has reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/news/2023/01/13/dhs-announces-process-enhancements-supporting-labor-enforcement-investigations\">Deferred Action for Labor Enforcement\u003c/a> is much narrower — 7,700 workers have benefitted since January 2023. Anyone who’s not a U.S. citizen can apply if they can prove they were working for an employer under investigation. First, a state or federal labor agency must submit a letter to Homeland Security saying they need the cooperation of worker witnesses in each investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those granted deferred action are shielded from deportation and allowed to work legally for four years, but there is no path toward permanent residency. Some recipients see it as a way to earn money legally and get better-paying jobs outside the underground economy. Others said it gives them time — and a much quicker path to a work permit — as their other immigration-related cases wind their way through the federal bureaucracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigration attorneys and advocates say while some applicants are seeking reprieves from active deportation cases, most have been living and working without papers undetected, meaning they’ve come forward to federal immigration authorities for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear how many of those workers are in California. A Homeland Security spokesperson would not release state-by-state figures, citing “ongoing investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California is an eager participant in the program; Gov. Gavin Newsom’s administration says it was the first state to file a letter supporting worker protections. The state is home to nearly 1.5 million workers who are undocumented immigrants, making up \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us\">more than 7% of the workforce\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such workers are a frequent focus of the state’s labor investigations, and labor advocates say undocumented workers routinely fear both losing their jobs and being reported to immigration authorities for complaining about workplace violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fear can prevent them from fully cooperating with labor enforcement agencies in reporting and corroborating violations of the law,” Daniel Lopez, spokesperson for the state Labor Commissioner’s Office, said in a statement. “Ultimately, fewer protections undermine workers and impact responsible employers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two years, the office, which investigates wage theft, has sent letters supporting deportation protections in 136 workplace investigations covering potentially hundreds of workers. The Division of Occupational Safety and Health has sent at least 12 letters. The Agricultural Labor Relations Board, which oversees farmworkers’ rights, has sent 10, and the Civil Rights Department, which investigates workplace discrimination complaints, has sent 60, spokespersons said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has even paid to help immigrants get work permits. Last year, Newsom announced \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2023/07/farmworker-labor-california/\">$4.5 million to pay\u003c/a> for free legal services to help farmworkers who are involved in labor investigations apply for deferred action. The money, allocated through mid-2026, has so far helped screen more than 500 workers for eligibility and 175 apply for the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are as many as 800,000 seasonal and year-round farmworkers in California; at least half are believed to be undocumented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Agricultural regions have very limited access to immigration legal services,” said Jason Montiel, spokesperson for the Department of Social Services, which administers the grant to five legal aid groups statewide. “Providing farmworkers direct access to immigration legal services when their labor rights are violated increases the likelihood that they will file labor claims and collaborate with labor agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s spokespersons did not respond to an inquiry about what will happen with the state grant program if federal rules change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole Gorney, a supervising attorney with VIDAS Legal Services, which is receiving a state grant, said that she has 12 farmworker clients waiting to be granted deferred action. She had hoped the state would expand the program to include workers in other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are still a lot of workers out there who may qualify but really don’t want to come out of the shadows,” she said the morning after the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013974\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12013974\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15.jpg\" alt=\"A person sits in a dark room\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alejandro Gamez in his home in Hawthorne on Nov. 8, 2024. \u003ccite>(Zaydee Sanchez/CalMatters.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gamez’ deferred action was granted in connection with retaliation claims he and his coworkers filed against Century Car Wash in 2018. That year, they had also filed wage theft claims with the state Labor Commissioner’s Office. According to state records, they told the office their managers made them show up earlier and leave later than the businesses’ opening hours, but their time-sheets didn’t match all the hours they worked. The car wash’s co-owners denied the claims, and told the state the time-sheets were accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After demanding payment from his managers, Gamez said he was fired, and told to leave in front of customers. According to state records, he and his coworkers won the wage claims in 2021; a state hearing officer ruled Gamez was owed more than $20,000. But the state is still investigating claims the workers were fired and questioned about their immigration status in retaliation for speaking up. Last year at Gamez’ attorney’s request, the Labor Commissioner’s Office sent a letter to Homeland Security to request deportation protection for the workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ongoing investigation … is being conducted by our Retaliation Complaint Investigation unit and requires worker cooperation and testimony,” Labor Commissioner Lilia Garcia-Brower wrote in the letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached by phone, one of Century Car Wash’s owners deferred to the co-owner, who did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gamez said his deferred action status kept him calm last week as many immigrants feared for their futures under a second Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others who received the protection remain afraid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alejandra Montoya came to the United States five years ago fleeing “problems in the family,” she said, and found work in the Central Valley’s fields. She had a degree in business administration in her native Mexico, and said she never intended to be an undocumented immigrant. But she had a son, and stayed to raise him in Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montoya said she enjoys farm work, despite the hard days on her hands and knees picking and bunching carrots for $3.05 per box. On a good day, when the field conditions are forgiving, she can take home $150 or more, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working for a contractor hired by Grimmway Farms, she said she kept her head down, until one day last September when a coworker, Rosa Sanchez, was struck by a truck and killed in the field next to hers. Montoya said workers had raised concerns about that driver and she believed the accident was preventable. Some of the workers were \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-11-03/she-was-killed-in-a-carrot-field-with-her-body-nearby-workers-say-they-were-told-to-keep-picking\">told to keep working\u003c/a> around Sanchez’ body, she said. Stunned, and now knowing what else to do, she did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was “traumatic,” she said through a translator. “Inhumane.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the state’s workplace safety agency issued more than $65,000 of citations against Grimmway, the contractor Esparza Enterprises and another contractor that employed the driver, alleging serious safety violations for allowing employees to work “in close proximity to a Commercial Truck being driven in an unsafe manner,” according to files obtained through a public records request. Federal and state records show the driver was backing up \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/ords/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=1699564.015\">when the truck struck Sanchez\u003c/a>.[aside tag=\"immigration\" label=\"More Related Stories.\"]The company and its contractors have contested the citations. Esparza did not respond to a request for comment. In a statement, Grimmway spokesperson Dana Brennan wrote the company has strict policies prohibiting retaliation against employees or contractors’ employees who report issues at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a confidential, anonymous, bilingual hotline where employees can report ethical concerns,” Brennan wrote. “As we have since we first learned of this tragic accident, we are committed to working with authorities throughout their investigation and extend our deepest sympathies to Ms. Sanchez’s family and her co-workers on this grievous loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a potential witness to the accident, Montoya applied for deferred action with the help of the United Farm Workers, and has since become more active with the organization, encouraging coworkers to apply and speaking at a union convention in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the election, she said she’s both relieved she got her work permit this year and fearful that she’s given her information to federal immigration authorities. In the fields, most of the workers were talking about Trump’s victory, “about what will happen with us now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It protects us from deportation,” she said of the program. “Even so, the fear exists … Whenever he wants, he can take it away.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California wants to protect witnesses in workplace investigations from deportation, but the Biden administration program for undocumented employees is at risk with Donald Trump’s return to the White House.",
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"title": "California Empowered Immigrants to Speak Up at Work. Trump Could End Their Protections | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/author/jeanne-kuang/\">Jeanne Kuang\u003c/a>, CalMatters",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In 30 years in America, Alejandro Gamez took any job he could as an undocumented worker — at fast food restaurants, factories and car washes and driving trucks, even when conditions were poor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had no status,” he said. “I had no options.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But after speaking up in 2017 about unpaid wages at an Inglewood car wash, his fortunes changed. As part of a state investigation into that employer’s labor practices, Gamez this year became eligible for four years of protection from deportation — and a temporary work permit that seemed to open doors overnight. The 51-year-old Hawthorne resident said he can apply for better, stable jobs that pay more and provide benefits. He now has a union-represented position in a college kitchen and a Social Security number to build his credit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It changed my life,” he said in Spanish. “It is giving me many job opportunities, to be better financially and to give a better life to my family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His opportunities are thanks to a recent federal program that grants temporary legal status to workers involved in certain labor investigations. With some of the nation’s strictest workplace laws but \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2023/09/workplace-retaliation-california-labor/\">widespread concerns of employer retaliation\u003c/a>, California has issued more than 200 requests to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, asking it to grant legal status to workers who report violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just months after Gamez got his reprieve, the program may be on the chopping block: President-elect Donald Trump and his advisors have\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/trump-mass-deportations-immigration-844f3050ba99552b900ed9f3a1dec22d\"> vowed mass deportations\u003c/a>, a return to workplace immigration raids and the repeal of similar temporary protection programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gamez’s attorney, Yvonne Medrano, said she’s expecting the program to be axed soon after Trump takes office Jan. 20. Her firm, the Los Angeles-based Bet Tzedek Legal Services, is no longer pursuing new cases under the program after representing workers seeking protections in 15 different workplace investigations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Removing this protection will return workers to a time when they fear deportation for asking for minimum wage, their paychecks or any other protections they have,” Medrano said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013975\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12013975\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM.jpg\" alt=\"A person in jeans and a t-shirt stands while someone with a vest and gun ties something around them.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/02_060622-ICE-Immigration-AP-CM-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Immigration and Customs Enforcement agents transfer an immigrant after an early morning raid in Duarte on June 6, 2022. \u003ccite>(Damian Dovarganes/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Other immigration attorneys in California had already stopped filing new applications before Election Day. They said they expect Homeland Security to honor the four-year reprieves that the department has already granted, but are uncertain what happens next.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a discretionary program,” said Jessie Hahn, senior counsel for labor and employment policy at the National Immigration Law Center, an advocacy group. “We are not anticipating that if Trump were elected he would continue the program.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Trump campaign spokesperson did not respond to a request for comment about his intentions for the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It has created another group of immigrants who have been granted temporary permission to be in the United States as the chances of a federal immigration overhaul have grown ever slimmer — making their prospects heavily dependent on the see-saw of each presidential administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The program, one of several Biden administration efforts to boost the enforcement of labor laws, aims to give state investigators easier access to witnesses who may otherwise fear reprisal for making workplace complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s similar to the Obama-era Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program that \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/higher-education/2024/05/undocumented-students-work/\">gave work permits\u003c/a> and temporary deportation protections to immigrants who had been brought to the U.S. without authorization as children. About 500,000 residents have that form of legal status, but the program has stopped granting new applications after challenges in the federal courts. Trump tried to rescind the program in his last term; Stephen Miller, a close Trump advisor, said he will do so again, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/11/us/politics/trump-2025-immigration-agenda.html\">\u003cem>The New York Times\u003c/em> has reported\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.dhs.gov/news/2023/01/13/dhs-announces-process-enhancements-supporting-labor-enforcement-investigations\">Deferred Action for Labor Enforcement\u003c/a> is much narrower — 7,700 workers have benefitted since January 2023. Anyone who’s not a U.S. citizen can apply if they can prove they were working for an employer under investigation. First, a state or federal labor agency must submit a letter to Homeland Security saying they need the cooperation of worker witnesses in each investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those granted deferred action are shielded from deportation and allowed to work legally for four years, but there is no path toward permanent residency. Some recipients see it as a way to earn money legally and get better-paying jobs outside the underground economy. Others said it gives them time — and a much quicker path to a work permit — as their other immigration-related cases wind their way through the federal bureaucracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Immigration attorneys and advocates say while some applicants are seeking reprieves from active deportation cases, most have been living and working without papers undetected, meaning they’ve come forward to federal immigration authorities for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear how many of those workers are in California. A Homeland Security spokesperson would not release state-by-state figures, citing “ongoing investigations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But California is an eager participant in the program; Gov. Gavin Newsom’s administration says it was the first state to file a letter supporting worker protections. The state is home to nearly 1.5 million workers who are undocumented immigrants, making up \u003ca href=\"https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/07/22/what-we-know-about-unauthorized-immigrants-living-in-the-us\">more than 7% of the workforce\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such workers are a frequent focus of the state’s labor investigations, and labor advocates say undocumented workers routinely fear both losing their jobs and being reported to immigration authorities for complaining about workplace violations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This fear can prevent them from fully cooperating with labor enforcement agencies in reporting and corroborating violations of the law,” Daniel Lopez, spokesperson for the state Labor Commissioner’s Office, said in a statement. “Ultimately, fewer protections undermine workers and impact responsible employers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past two years, the office, which investigates wage theft, has sent letters supporting deportation protections in 136 workplace investigations covering potentially hundreds of workers. The Division of Occupational Safety and Health has sent at least 12 letters. The Agricultural Labor Relations Board, which oversees farmworkers’ rights, has sent 10, and the Civil Rights Department, which investigates workplace discrimination complaints, has sent 60, spokespersons said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state has even paid to help immigrants get work permits. Last year, Newsom announced \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/california-divide/2023/07/farmworker-labor-california/\">$4.5 million to pay\u003c/a> for free legal services to help farmworkers who are involved in labor investigations apply for deferred action. The money, allocated through mid-2026, has so far helped screen more than 500 workers for eligibility and 175 apply for the program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are as many as 800,000 seasonal and year-round farmworkers in California; at least half are believed to be undocumented.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Agricultural regions have very limited access to immigration legal services,” said Jason Montiel, spokesperson for the Department of Social Services, which administers the grant to five legal aid groups statewide. “Providing farmworkers direct access to immigration legal services when their labor rights are violated increases the likelihood that they will file labor claims and collaborate with labor agencies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom’s spokespersons did not respond to an inquiry about what will happen with the state grant program if federal rules change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nicole Gorney, a supervising attorney with VIDAS Legal Services, which is receiving a state grant, said that she has 12 farmworker clients waiting to be granted deferred action. She had hoped the state would expand the program to include workers in other industries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are still a lot of workers out there who may qualify but really don’t want to come out of the shadows,” she said the morning after the election.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12013974\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12013974\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15.jpg\" alt=\"A person sits in a dark room\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/03_110824-Deferred-Action-ZS-CM-15-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alejandro Gamez in his home in Hawthorne on Nov. 8, 2024. \u003ccite>(Zaydee Sanchez/CalMatters.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gamez’ deferred action was granted in connection with retaliation claims he and his coworkers filed against Century Car Wash in 2018. That year, they had also filed wage theft claims with the state Labor Commissioner’s Office. According to state records, they told the office their managers made them show up earlier and leave later than the businesses’ opening hours, but their time-sheets didn’t match all the hours they worked. The car wash’s co-owners denied the claims, and told the state the time-sheets were accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After demanding payment from his managers, Gamez said he was fired, and told to leave in front of customers. According to state records, he and his coworkers won the wage claims in 2021; a state hearing officer ruled Gamez was owed more than $20,000. But the state is still investigating claims the workers were fired and questioned about their immigration status in retaliation for speaking up. Last year at Gamez’ attorney’s request, the Labor Commissioner’s Office sent a letter to Homeland Security to request deportation protection for the workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The ongoing investigation … is being conducted by our Retaliation Complaint Investigation unit and requires worker cooperation and testimony,” Labor Commissioner Lilia Garcia-Brower wrote in the letter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reached by phone, one of Century Car Wash’s owners deferred to the co-owner, who did not respond to a request for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gamez said his deferred action status kept him calm last week as many immigrants feared for their futures under a second Trump administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others who received the protection remain afraid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alejandra Montoya came to the United States five years ago fleeing “problems in the family,” she said, and found work in the Central Valley’s fields. She had a degree in business administration in her native Mexico, and said she never intended to be an undocumented immigrant. But she had a son, and stayed to raise him in Bakersfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montoya said she enjoys farm work, despite the hard days on her hands and knees picking and bunching carrots for $3.05 per box. On a good day, when the field conditions are forgiving, she can take home $150 or more, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Working for a contractor hired by Grimmway Farms, she said she kept her head down, until one day last September when a coworker, Rosa Sanchez, was struck by a truck and killed in the field next to hers. Montoya said workers had raised concerns about that driver and she believed the accident was preventable. Some of the workers were \u003ca href=\"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2023-11-03/she-was-killed-in-a-carrot-field-with-her-body-nearby-workers-say-they-were-told-to-keep-picking\">told to keep working\u003c/a> around Sanchez’ body, she said. Stunned, and now knowing what else to do, she did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was “traumatic,” she said through a translator. “Inhumane.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the state’s workplace safety agency issued more than $65,000 of citations against Grimmway, the contractor Esparza Enterprises and another contractor that employed the driver, alleging serious safety violations for allowing employees to work “in close proximity to a Commercial Truck being driven in an unsafe manner,” according to files obtained through a public records request. Federal and state records show the driver was backing up \u003ca href=\"https://www.osha.gov/ords/imis/establishment.inspection_detail?id=1699564.015\">when the truck struck Sanchez\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The company and its contractors have contested the citations. Esparza did not respond to a request for comment. In a statement, Grimmway spokesperson Dana Brennan wrote the company has strict policies prohibiting retaliation against employees or contractors’ employees who report issues at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have a confidential, anonymous, bilingual hotline where employees can report ethical concerns,” Brennan wrote. “As we have since we first learned of this tragic accident, we are committed to working with authorities throughout their investigation and extend our deepest sympathies to Ms. Sanchez’s family and her co-workers on this grievous loss.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a potential witness to the accident, Montoya applied for deferred action with the help of the United Farm Workers, and has since become more active with the organization, encouraging coworkers to apply and speaking at a union convention in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the election, she said she’s both relieved she got her work permit this year and fearful that she’s given her information to federal immigration authorities. In the fields, most of the workers were talking about Trump’s victory, “about what will happen with us now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It protects us from deportation,” she said of the program. “Even so, the fear exists … Whenever he wants, he can take it away.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California and the Bay Area Took on Trump Before. They’re Ready to Do It Again",
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"content": "\u003cp>Elected officials and legal teams across California are mobilizing this week after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/donald-trump\">former President Donald Trump\u003c/a> won back the White House on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near-constant battles with the Golden State, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/justice/2024/11/california-vs-trump-lawsuits/\">which sued him on average about every 12 days\u003c/a>, marked Trump’s first administration, on a wide range of issues including immigration and environmental protection. In the second Trump administration, the state is poised to play a leading role in opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, immigrant groups, the LGBTQ community and others are anxious about their future under Trump, whose campaign rhetoric often targeted them specifically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a press conference at San Francisco’s Crissy Field on Thursday, standing next to a “Progress will prevail” sign, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013588/ag-bonta-pledges-to-protect-california-values-from-trump-presidency\">California Attorney General Rob Bonta\u003c/a> said he’s spent months talking with his department and attorneys general across the country in preparation of a potential second Trump term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have thought through all of the possibilities of the attacks on our values, our people, our state, and we expect certain litigation to come or certain actions to come from the federal government and certain litigation that we will take in response,” Bonta said. “There’s a lot of different scenarios on a lot of different topics, from immigration to the environment to civil rights to gun safety … the list goes on, but we are ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s first term, Bonta’s predecessor Xavier Becerra brought \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11741446/fastest-litigant-in-the-west-californias-on-verge-of-suing-trump-more-than-texas-ever-sued-obama\">over 100 lawsuits\u003c/a> against his administration — far more than any other state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12007638\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12007638\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney General Rob Bonta takes questions from the media as he announces charges made against suspects involved in an organized retail crime ring during a news conference in Los Angeles on March 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Damian Dovarganes/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many were successful. Becerra prevented Trump from \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/09/11/550218405/california-sues-trump-administration-over-decision-to-rescind-daca\">repealing an Obama-era protection\u003c/a> against deportation for immigrants covered by the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals policy and upheld California’s right to \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-files-lawsuit-challenging-trump-administration%E2%80%99s-2\">set its own vehicle emissions standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strategy will be the same this time around, Bonta said.[aside postID=news_12013588 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/241107-ATTORNEYGENERALBONTA-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg']“We believe he’ll be taking unlawful actions and that we will find appropriate relief and remedies in court where we always have,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013395/newsom-calls-special-session-prepare-california-legal-fight-against-trump\">preparing to bolster that legal effort\u003c/a> against what he called an incoming “attack” on the state’s freedoms. On Thursday, Newsom called a special legislative session meant to gird the state for an incoming federal administration that has clashed with California on many fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has faced this challenge before, and we know how to respond,” Newsom said in a statement. “We are prepared to fight in the courts, and we will do everything necessary to ensure Californians have the support and resources they need to thrive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12008449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12008449\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Gavin Newsom speaks during a press conference in Los Angeles on Wednesday, Sept. 25, 2024. \u003ccite>(Eric Thayer/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among the priorities for the special session, which would begin in early December, will be legislation to provide additional funding for the state’s Department of Justice and other agencies to be ready to sue the Trump administration as well as defend against potential incoming federal lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/2024/11/06/trump-immigration-policies/\">Trump repeatedly called\u003c/a> for mass, militarized deportation of immigrants who lack legal status. California — a sanctuary state — is home to millions of immigrants, and local advocates and lawyers are gearing up for a turbulent next four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabriel Medina, executive director of La Raza Community Resource Center in San Francisco, said that in the days since the election, his team has already seen a drop-off in the number of people coming in for basic services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fear is disconnecting our folks from just being able to receive basic services, whether it’s case management, whether it’s food, whether it’s rental assistance,” Medina said. “That’s a huge concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11941173/sf-supervisors-split-on-details-of-citys-sanctuary-policy-shielding-immigrants-from-deportation\">a sanctuary city\u003c/a> within a sanctuary state, which Medina said will help protect the city’s immigrant community under Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11293483\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11293483\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ap_17025826671102-4248d9fac27dea825d965cbaa5629bfed9e79f3f-1-e1731091489399.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A demonstrator yells at a rally outside of City Hall in San Francisco to protest President Donald Trump’s aggressive moves to tighten the nation’s immigration controls on Jan. 25, 2017. \u003ccite>(Alex Emslie/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We know that both our city agencies and city attorneys will do everything they can to help defend everyone that lives here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Trump’s promise of mass deportations has attorneys worried about their clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He can really do a lot of harm to a lot of the families that we help here, whether it’s blocking benefits with work permits, blocking benefits with asylum, with temporary protected status eligibility categories,” said Gilberto Nicolas Gonzalez, one of the lawyers on staff at La Raza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next couple of months, Gonzalez said, his team is preparing strategies to deal with an increase in detainments and court hearings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really just trying to plan ahead,” he said. “But as of right now, we’re really uncertain and a lot of our clients are kind of in fear and in shambles right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area LGBTQ advocates are also voicing their anxiety about the future under Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12005996\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12005996\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012.jpg\" alt=\"A row of flagpoles displaying rainbow flags stands in front of San Francisco City Hall.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rainbow flags line the plaza in front of the San Francisco City Hall on June 26, 2013, following the rulings brought down by the Supreme Court on same sex marriage. \u003ccite>(Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the final weeks of his campaign, Trump narrowed his attacks on transgender people, often using demeaning and offensive language to portray a threat to national identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will get … transgender insanity the hell out of our schools, and we will keep men out of women’s sports,” Trump said at an inflammatory \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/trump-madison-square-garden-new-york-election-fcfe75be7f8281fde7bffa3adb3bba5d\">Madison Square Garden rally\u003c/a> at the end of October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s also promised to withhold Medicare and Medicaid funding from hospitals that provide gender transition treatment to minors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates said that even in Democratic bulwarks, people need to be ready for the fallout from a Trump presidency that aims to roll back transgender rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people are thinking, ‘I’m in California, I’m safe.’ And besides the fact that that neglects our trans siblings living all across the United States, we are going to see real effects here outside of policy,” said Chase Overholt, director of development at Positive Images, a Sonoma County-based LGBTQ community center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_12013395 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/11/NewsomTrump2018AP-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overholt said he’s worried that Trump’s presidency will lead to a rise in anti-trans and homophobic rhetoric and action. When Trump was first elected in 2016, Overholt said many businesses that displayed pride flags in downtown Santa Rosa were vandalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prepare for Trump’s second term, Overholt said his team is upping on-site security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hardening our center at Positive Images to make sure that when communities are there, they can trust that they’re in a safe space physically,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overholt encouraged folks who are worried about access to health care and other resources to prepare now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Make sure that your legal documents are in order. If you are a trans person who is interested in a legal name change or a gender indicator change, you should file that paperwork tomorrow,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Positive Images is teaming up with other local organizations like the NAACP, Latino Service Providers and legal aid groups in order to provide resources to its residents and training to “repair some of the trauma or harm that’s been done and protect against it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be difficult,” Overholt said. “But there is still queer joy to be had. There is still Black joy to be had. And we need to center that so that we can, frankly, stay alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/gzada\">Gilare Zada\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/bkrans\">Brian Krans\u003c/a> contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "During Donald Trump’s first term as president, California served as his chief legal adversary. Now, the attorney general and advocates across the state are gearing up for round two.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Elected officials and legal teams across California are mobilizing this week after \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/donald-trump\">former President Donald Trump\u003c/a> won back the White House on Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Near-constant battles with the Golden State, \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/justice/2024/11/california-vs-trump-lawsuits/\">which sued him on average about every 12 days\u003c/a>, marked Trump’s first administration, on a wide range of issues including immigration and environmental protection. In the second Trump administration, the state is poised to play a leading role in opposition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, immigrant groups, the LGBTQ community and others are anxious about their future under Trump, whose campaign rhetoric often targeted them specifically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a press conference at San Francisco’s Crissy Field on Thursday, standing next to a “Progress will prevail” sign, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013588/ag-bonta-pledges-to-protect-california-values-from-trump-presidency\">California Attorney General Rob Bonta\u003c/a> said he’s spent months talking with his department and attorneys general across the country in preparation of a potential second Trump term.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have thought through all of the possibilities of the attacks on our values, our people, our state, and we expect certain litigation to come or certain actions to come from the federal government and certain litigation that we will take in response,” Bonta said. “There’s a lot of different scenarios on a lot of different topics, from immigration to the environment to civil rights to gun safety … the list goes on, but we are ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During Trump’s first term, Bonta’s predecessor Xavier Becerra brought \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11741446/fastest-litigant-in-the-west-californias-on-verge-of-suing-trump-more-than-texas-ever-sued-obama\">over 100 lawsuits\u003c/a> against his administration — far more than any other state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12007638\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12007638\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/AGBontaAP1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attorney General Rob Bonta takes questions from the media as he announces charges made against suspects involved in an organized retail crime ring during a news conference in Los Angeles on March 19, 2024. \u003ccite>(Damian Dovarganes/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many were successful. Becerra prevented Trump from \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2017/09/11/550218405/california-sues-trump-administration-over-decision-to-rescind-daca\">repealing an Obama-era protection\u003c/a> against deportation for immigrants covered by the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals policy and upheld California’s right to \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/news/press-releases/attorney-general-becerra-files-lawsuit-challenging-trump-administration%E2%80%99s-2\">set its own vehicle emissions standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strategy will be the same this time around, Bonta said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“We believe he’ll be taking unlawful actions and that we will find appropriate relief and remedies in court where we always have,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12013395/newsom-calls-special-session-prepare-california-legal-fight-against-trump\">preparing to bolster that legal effort\u003c/a> against what he called an incoming “attack” on the state’s freedoms. On Thursday, Newsom called a special legislative session meant to gird the state for an incoming federal administration that has clashed with California on many fronts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California has faced this challenge before, and we know how to respond,” Newsom said in a statement. “We are prepared to fight in the courts, and we will do everything necessary to ensure Californians have the support and resources they need to thrive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12008449\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12008449\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/10/GavinNewsomAP3-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gov. Gavin Newsom speaks during a press conference in Los Angeles on Wednesday, Sept. 25, 2024. \u003ccite>(Eric Thayer/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among the priorities for the special session, which would begin in early December, will be legislation to provide additional funding for the state’s Department of Justice and other agencies to be ready to sue the Trump administration as well as defend against potential incoming federal lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the campaign trail, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/2024/11/06/trump-immigration-policies/\">Trump repeatedly called\u003c/a> for mass, militarized deportation of immigrants who lack legal status. California — a sanctuary state — is home to millions of immigrants, and local advocates and lawyers are gearing up for a turbulent next four years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gabriel Medina, executive director of La Raza Community Resource Center in San Francisco, said that in the days since the election, his team has already seen a drop-off in the number of people coming in for basic services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fear is disconnecting our folks from just being able to receive basic services, whether it’s case management, whether it’s food, whether it’s rental assistance,” Medina said. “That’s a huge concern.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11941173/sf-supervisors-split-on-details-of-citys-sanctuary-policy-shielding-immigrants-from-deportation\">a sanctuary city\u003c/a> within a sanctuary state, which Medina said will help protect the city’s immigrant community under Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11293483\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11293483\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/01/ap_17025826671102-4248d9fac27dea825d965cbaa5629bfed9e79f3f-1-e1731091489399.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A demonstrator yells at a rally outside of City Hall in San Francisco to protest President Donald Trump’s aggressive moves to tighten the nation’s immigration controls on Jan. 25, 2017. \u003ccite>(Alex Emslie/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We know that both our city agencies and city attorneys will do everything they can to help defend everyone that lives here,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Trump’s promise of mass deportations has attorneys worried about their clients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He can really do a lot of harm to a lot of the families that we help here, whether it’s blocking benefits with work permits, blocking benefits with asylum, with temporary protected status eligibility categories,” said Gilberto Nicolas Gonzalez, one of the lawyers on staff at La Raza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next couple of months, Gonzalez said, his team is preparing strategies to deal with an increase in detainments and court hearings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really just trying to plan ahead,” he said. “But as of right now, we’re really uncertain and a lot of our clients are kind of in fear and in shambles right now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area LGBTQ advocates are also voicing their anxiety about the future under Trump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12005996\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12005996\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012.jpg\" alt=\"A row of flagpoles displaying rainbow flags stands in front of San Francisco City Hall.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/09/012-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Rainbow flags line the plaza in front of the San Francisco City Hall on June 26, 2013, following the rulings brought down by the Supreme Court on same sex marriage. \u003ccite>(Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the final weeks of his campaign, Trump narrowed his attacks on transgender people, often using demeaning and offensive language to portray a threat to national identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We will get … transgender insanity the hell out of our schools, and we will keep men out of women’s sports,” Trump said at an inflammatory \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/trump-madison-square-garden-new-york-election-fcfe75be7f8281fde7bffa3adb3bba5d\">Madison Square Garden rally\u003c/a> at the end of October.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s also promised to withhold Medicare and Medicaid funding from hospitals that provide gender transition treatment to minors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Advocates said that even in Democratic bulwarks, people need to be ready for the fallout from a Trump presidency that aims to roll back transgender rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot of people are thinking, ‘I’m in California, I’m safe.’ And besides the fact that that neglects our trans siblings living all across the United States, we are going to see real effects here outside of policy,” said Chase Overholt, director of development at Positive Images, a Sonoma County-based LGBTQ community center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overholt said he’s worried that Trump’s presidency will lead to a rise in anti-trans and homophobic rhetoric and action. When Trump was first elected in 2016, Overholt said many businesses that displayed pride flags in downtown Santa Rosa were vandalized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prepare for Trump’s second term, Overholt said his team is upping on-site security.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hardening our center at Positive Images to make sure that when communities are there, they can trust that they’re in a safe space physically,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Overholt encouraged folks who are worried about access to health care and other resources to prepare now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Make sure that your legal documents are in order. If you are a trans person who is interested in a legal name change or a gender indicator change, you should file that paperwork tomorrow,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Positive Images is teaming up with other local organizations like the NAACP, Latino Service Providers and legal aid groups in order to provide resources to its residents and training to “repair some of the trauma or harm that’s been done and protect against it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s going to be difficult,” Overholt said. “But there is still queer joy to be had. There is still Black joy to be had. And we need to center that so that we can, frankly, stay alive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/gzada\">Gilare Zada\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/bkrans\">Brian Krans\u003c/a> contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.",
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"radiolab": {
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"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"candidates": [
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"candidateName": "Gerald Pechenuk",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
"totalVotes": 22692,
"candidates": [
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5898,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4651
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure H",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
"totalVotes": 33331,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
"totalVotes": 21929,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 14151
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"candidateParty": "",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "7:02 PM",
"dateUpdated": "April 1, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12338,
"candidates": [
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"type": "localRace",
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"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 2",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 45776,
"candidates": [
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"candidateName": "Candace Andersen",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 3",
"raceDescription": "Candidate with majority vote wins seat. If no candidate reaches majority, top two candidates advance to runoff in general election.",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25120,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
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"raceReadTheStory": "https://www.kqed.org/elections/results/contracosta/supervisor-5th-district",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "6:45 PM",
"dateUpdated": "March 28, 2024",
"totalVotes": 37045,
"candidates": [
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{
"candidateName": "Jelani Killings",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5683
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{
"candidateName": "Shanelle Scales-Preston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12993
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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]
},
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "John T. Van Geffen",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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{
"candidateName": "Rinu Nair",
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]
},
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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]
},
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{
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]
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Tara Boyce",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Christiaan Vandenheuvel",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
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{
"candidateName": "Deena Kaplanis",
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Patricio R. Urbi",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jatinder (JP) K. Sahi",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle Parnala",
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Gonzales",
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]
},
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"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32762,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Aiden Hill",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Vikas Minglani",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Gabriel Anguiano Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Austin Block",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Phuong Nguyen",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Kelly Mokashi",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Charlie Jones",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaSanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Lorenzo Unified School District Governing Board, Area 5",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Alicia Gonzalez",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Penny Peck",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaSunolGlenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Jergensen",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Choin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 141989,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John J. Bauters",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 70782
},
{
"candidateName": "Nikki Fortunato Bas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaAlamedaCityCouncil",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 61752,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Trish Herrera Spencer",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Thushan Amarasiriwardena",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13049
},
{
"candidateName": "Michele Pryor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Greg Boller",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14208
},
{
"candidateName": "Steve Slauson",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6013
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaAuditor": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaAuditor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda Auditor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27772,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kevin R. Kearney",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27772
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaTreasurer": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaTreasurer",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda Treasurer",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27514,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kevin Kennedy",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27514
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyRentStabilizationBoardCommissioner": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyRentStabilizationBoardCommissioner",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Rent Stabilization Board Commissioner",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 138269,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Alfred Twu",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22942
},
{
"candidateName": "Carole Marasovic",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19557
},
{
"candidateName": "Xavier Johnson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 26978
},
{
"candidateName": "Avery Arbaugh",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19825
},
{
"candidateName": "Andy Kelley",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23373
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominique Walker",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleySchoolDirector": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleySchoolDirector",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley School Director",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 84804,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Norma J.F. Harrison",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3121
},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Corn",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30836
},
{
"candidateName": "Laura Babitt",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22061
},
{
"candidateName": "Ana Vasudeo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25743
},
{
"candidateName": "Adbur Sikder",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaDublinMayor",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25515,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tom Evans",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8278
},
{
"candidateName": "Sherry Hu",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jean Josey",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7138
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Costello",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 825
}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin City Council, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6133,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michael McCorriston",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea3": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin City Council, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4752,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Razi Hasni",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2305
},
{
"candidateName": "John Morada",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"AlamedaEmeryvilleCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaEmeryvilleCityCouncil",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Emeryville City Council",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Sam Gould",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Mia Esperanza Brown",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1829
},
{
"candidateName": "Sukhdeep Kaur",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Courtney Welch",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Solomon",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 77400,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Rohan Marfatia",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Vinnie Bacon",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25108
},
{
"candidateName": "Hiu Ng",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6910
},
{
"candidateName": "Raj Salwan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 36435
}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont City Council, District 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 11787,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Teresa Keng",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7471
},
{
"candidateName": "Pravesh Kumar",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1767
},
{
"candidateName": "Ranvir Sandhu",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2549
}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15666,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Ray Bonilla Jr.",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
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"id": "AlamedaNewarkCityCouncilFullTerm",
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{
"candidateName": "N. Sunny Bostrom-Fleming",
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]
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{
"candidateName": "Max Roman",
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{
"candidateName": "Victoria Rosenbaum",
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Valerie Arkin",
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{
"candidateName": "Matthew B. Gaidos",
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"location": "Alameda",
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{
"candidateName": "Marcus Bourlard",
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{
"candidateName": "Gary Singh",
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]
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{
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"candidateName": "Lance Nishihira",
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]
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{
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]
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{
"candidateName": "Raymond Ojeda",
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]
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "Joseph Grcar",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Dana Lang",
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{
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Dave Sadoff",
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{
"candidateName": "Rich Halket",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Jim Oddie",
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{
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]
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Richard De Vera",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
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]
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Joseph Grcar",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
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{
"candidateName": "Peter Rosen",
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{
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"candidates": [
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49700,
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52229,
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25701,
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15814,
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"raceName": "Measure NN",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"AlamedaMeasureOO": {
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure OO",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 150503,
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure PP",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34880,
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 24809,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 20249
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4560
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7969,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2072
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2150
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 393
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1490
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1864
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7865.9493,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2002
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2002
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1823.9955
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2037.9538
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7096,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1633
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1972
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 718
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2773
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6949.5470000000005,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1997.5386
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2569.0084
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2383
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52493,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19978
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19633
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11853
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 501
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 528
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49265,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25156
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24109
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6873,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Terry Taplin",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4787
},
{
"candidateName": "Jenny Guarino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2086
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6344,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1526
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1459
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3359
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6096,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1833
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4263
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8585,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1063
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1721
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5801
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8262,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1995
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6267
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7332,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brent Blackaby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4405
},
{
"candidateName": "Andy Katz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2927
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 143599,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5406
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30485
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4835
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41871
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2254
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 39258
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2794
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9695
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5629
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1372
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 127094,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 72315
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 54779
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29613,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2581
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22641
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4391
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29252,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24350
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4902
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 20561,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1600
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9871
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1458
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6222
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 609
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 801
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19506,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11437
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8069
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12299,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6482
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1930
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3887
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12059,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7120
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4939
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13089,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Merika Goolsby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2063
},
{
"candidateName": "Ken Houston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4428
},
{
"candidateName": "Iris Merriouns",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4132
},
{
"candidateName": "Marcie Hodge",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2466
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12106,
"candidates": [
{
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"totalVotes": 4733,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2991
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"MarinMeasureJ": {
"id": "MarinMeasureJ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure J",
"raceDescription": "Fairfax. Infrastructure bond. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4781,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2966
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"MarinMeasureK": {
"id": "MarinMeasureK",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure K",
"raceDescription": "Larkspur. Rent increase limit. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7144,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2710
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4434
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]
},
"MarinMeasureL": {
"id": "MarinMeasureL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure L",
"raceDescription": "Mill Valley. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8565,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6623
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1942
}
]
},
"MarinMeasureM": {
"id": "MarinMeasureM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure M",
"raceDescription": "Novato. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 26157,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15151
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11006
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]
},
"MarinMeasureN": {
"id": "MarinMeasureN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure N",
"raceDescription": "San Anselmo. Rent increase limit. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7470,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2756
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4714
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]
},
"MarinMeasureO": {
"id": "MarinMeasureO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure O",
"raceDescription": "San Anselmo. Tenant benefits. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7560,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2556
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5004
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]
},
"MarinMeasureP": {
"id": "MarinMeasureP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure P",
"raceDescription": "San Rafael. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 23788,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12375
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11413
}
]
},
"MarinMeasureQ": {
"id": "MarinMeasureQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure Q",
"raceDescription": "Stinson Beach Fire Protection District. Spending limit. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 332,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 309
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23
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]
},
"MarinMeasureR": {
"id": "MarinMeasureR",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure R",
"raceDescription": "Stinson Beach Fire Protection District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 335,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 274
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 61
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]
},
"NapaNapaCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5": {
"id": "NapaNapaCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa County Board of Education, Trustee Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7504,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Rory Moran",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2163
},
{
"candidateName": "Gerald Parrott \r",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5341
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]
},
"NapaSolanoCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "NapaSolanoCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Solano County Board of Education, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. Includes votes from Napa and Solano counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28859,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Bonnie Hamilton",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10075
},
{
"candidateName": "Carol J. Kalamaras",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5417
},
{
"candidateName": "Amy Sharp",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13367
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyCollegeTrusteeArea6": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyCollegeTrusteeArea6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley College, Trustee Area 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8021,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ines De Luna",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4839
},
{
"candidateName": "Scott Owens",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3182
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6552,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Lisa W. Chu",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4603
},
{
"candidateName": "Kevin “KDub” West",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1949
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea4": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5964,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Devin Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2087
},
{
"candidateName": "Eve Ryser",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3877
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea5": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5273,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John Henry Martin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3094
},
{
"candidateName": "David T. Gracia",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2179
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea7": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 7",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7113,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Marie Dennett",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3199
},
{
"candidateName": "Julianna Hart",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3914
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]
},
"NapaFairfieldSuisunUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea3": {
"id": "NapaFairfieldSuisunUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Fairfield-Suisun Unified School District, Trustee Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. Includes votes from Napa and Solano Counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7982,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brigette Hunley",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4144
},
{
"candidateName": "Judi Honeychurch",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3838
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]
},
"NapaAmericanCanyonMayor": {
"id": "NapaAmericanCanyonMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "American Canyon Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8998,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "David Oro",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4342
},
{
"candidateName": "Pierre Washington",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4656
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]
},
"NapaAmericanCanyonCityCouncil": {
"id": "NapaAmericanCanyonCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "American Canyon City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13690,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Melissa Lamattina",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4312
},
{
"candidateName": "Elmer Andrei Manaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2796
},
{
"candidateName": "Davet Mohammed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3044
},
{
"candidateName": "Brando R. Cruz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3538
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]
},
"NapaCalistogaMayor": {
"id": "NapaCalistogaMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Calistoga Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 1509,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Donald Williams",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1509
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]
},
"NapaCalistogaCityCouncil": {
"id": "NapaCalistogaCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Calistoga City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2676,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Lisa Gift",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 843
},
{
"candidateName": "Marion Villalba",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 745
},
{
"candidateName": "Irais Lopez-Ortega",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1088
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]
},
"NapaNapaMayor": {
"id": "NapaNapaMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 33270,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tuesday D. Allison",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6598
},
{
"candidateName": "Scott Sedgley",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 26672
}
]
},
"NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7264,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Beth Painter",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7264
}
]
},
"NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict4": {
"id": "NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa City Council, District 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5214,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Bernardo “Bernie” Narvaez",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5214
}
]
},
"NapaStHelenaMayor": {
"id": "NapaStHelenaMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "St Helena Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2662,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Paul J. Dohring",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1836
},
{
"candidateName": "Billy Summers",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 826
}
]
},
"NapaStHelenaCityCouncil": {
"id": "NapaStHelenaCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "St Helena City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4172,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michelle Deasy",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1580
},
{
"candidateName": "Hector R. Marroquin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1076
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Barak",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1516
}
]
},
"NapaYountvilleTownCouncil": {
"id": "NapaYountvilleTownCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Yountville Town Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2117,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Joe Tagliaboschi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 483
},
{
"candidateName": "Robert Moore",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 234
},
{
"candidateName": "Pam Reeves",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 651
},
{
"candidateName": "Eric E. Knight",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 749
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureBSchool": {
"id": "NapaMeasureBSchool",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Measure B",
"raceDescription": "Napa Valley Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 42267,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23284
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18983
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureU": {
"id": "NapaMeasureU",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure U",
"raceDescription": "Napa Valley Transportation Authority. Transporation sales tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 60783,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 44230
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16553
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureG": {
"id": "NapaMeasureG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure G",
"raceDescription": "Napa. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34724,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19961
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14763
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureA1": {
"id": "NapaMeasureA1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure A1",
"raceDescription": "St. Helena. Establishing charter city. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2719,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1191
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1528
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureA2": {
"id": "NapaMeasureA2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure A2",
"raceDescription": "St. Helena. Real property transfer tax. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2741,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1123
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1618
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureBStHelena": {
"id": "NapaMeasureBStHelena",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "St. Helena, Measure B",
"raceDescription": "St. Helena. Winery and planned agritourism overlay. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2764,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1366
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1398
}
]
},
"SFBoardofEducation": {
"id": "SFBoardofEducation",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Education",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 1012778,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Laurance Lem Lee",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 45736
},
{
"candidateName": "Lefteris Eleftheriou",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22285
},
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{
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{
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},
"SFCommunityCollegeBoard": {
"id": "SFCommunityCollegeBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Community College Board",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 823294,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ruth Ferguson",