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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#A\">View the full episode transcript.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Karl Cortese, the Great Mall of Milpitas is much more than just a mall. He’s come here often over the years, to go shopping with his wife or spend time at the Dave and Buster’s with his grandkids. But each time he visits, he can’t help but remember the place as it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Karl’s day, the building was home to a massive Ford factory. Officially known as the San José Assembly Plant, the factory opened its doors in 1955. Karl started working there in 1968 and spent 15 years on the assembly line. For him, the mall’s shipping center offers the best window into the building’s industrial past. “There was that old green color and white letters and … the floor was all concrete,” Karl said. If you peek inside these days, not much has changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12040150\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12040150\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/FordInterior-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/FordInterior-copy.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/FordInterior-copy-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/FordInterior-copy-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The green walls at Ford’s San José Assembly Plant are still part of the Great Mall today. \u003ccite>(The Milpitas Beat, courtesy of the Sabin family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nowadays, the only other way a visitor might know this building used to manufacture Ford cars is a small — and easy-to-overlook — display case of Ford-era memorabilia. For the most part, mall goers seem unaware of the factory’s history and its importance to the surrounding area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ford plant put Milpitas on the map, forever changing what had been a sleepy agricultural town into a thriving city. The factory’s opening also sparked historic social change: the creation of one of the first integrated neighborhoods in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039976\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karl Cortese, a former employee at the Ford Motor Company’s San José Assembly Plant, stands outside the Great Mall in Milpitas on April 29, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Moving to Milpitas\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Before Ford opened its Milpitas plant, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/places/ford-motor-company-assembly-plant.htm\">the automaker had already been operating in Richmond for decades\u003c/a>. During World War II, the so-called “Richmond Tank Depot” helped produce jeeps, tanks, and other military vehicles. After the war ended, the American economy began to boom and demand for American cars increased. The outdated Richmond factory struggled to meet demand. Ford needed to expand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1950s California, Milpitas was a great option. The agricultural town offered expansive acreage at an affordable price. According to historian Herbert Ruffin II, Milpitas “was just a place that you drive through [and] you see nothing but cornfields.” Ruffin spent part of his childhood in Milpitas, a town so agriculturally rooted its name literally means “little cornfield.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After staving off annexation from San José, Milpitas was officially incorporated in 1954. According to Herbert, “San José wanted Milpitas real bad, primarily because they wanted … the tax money that came from that [Ford] plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Ford factory opened in 1955, just a year later, it called Milpitas home.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Working at the San José Assembly Plant\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>David McFeely grew up in Milpitas, with the Ford factory in the background. “On a clear summer night, when sound really carries, you could hear the switch engines moving all the freight cars in and out of the Ford plant,” McFeely said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a high school graduate on the job hunt, Ford was a great option. It offered some of the highest pay in the Santa Clara Valley. McFeely’s plan was to stay short-term and save up money to go to college. So, he joined the factory’s part-time replacement program. When he finally got the chance to peek behind the curtain, he was in awe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean for a technical mind, it was like being a kid in a candy store,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039982\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039982\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1545\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED-1536x1187.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED-1920x1483.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vehicle frames on the assembly line at the San José Assembly Plant, 1974. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Ford Motor Company)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Milpitas operation was responsible for making some iconic Ford models — the Mustang, F-series pickups, Pintos, and Falcons. The 1.4 million square-foot factory served as Ford’s West Coast production outpost. At its peak, the plant employed nearly 6,000 workers and operated at a rate of 55 cars and 22 trucks per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“God knows how they were able to do this,” McFeely said. “But the logistical coordination was fascinating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expansive factory was a network of assembly lines. There was the paint department, the trim department, the chassis department, the repair hole, just to name a few. Workers were assigned a station and task to repeat ad nauseam. Former Ford worker John Wilcoxson said that “[the work] could get boring at times, but … you kind of had to make your own fun.” He remembered causing a stir when he smuggled headphones into the factory to provide a soundtrack to the monotonous, repetitive work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just sort of some nice background noise, instead of the constant clash of metal and things going on around me,” Wilcoxson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039981\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1545\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED-1536x1187.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED-1920x1483.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An inside look at the San José Assembly Plant, 1974. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Ford Motor Company)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Former workers remember a strong community around the plant. There was a company softball team where different departments competed against one another and during the holiday season, workers barbecued on the blacksmith’s forge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many workers lived in a nearby neighborhood called Sunnyhills, which Ford’s local union built to accommodate an influx of workers to Milpitas. There was even a Ford Union Hall in the development. But the most remarkable thing about the neighborhood was its diversity. In 1956, when it opened, Sunnyhills was one of the first planned integrated neighborhoods in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Story of Sunnyhills\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5QKBKrNKGo\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Ford shut down its Richmond plant to relocate to Milpitas, many workers opted to continue at the new location. But Milpitas lacked housing, particularly for African American workers who were barred from buying or renting homes in the surrounding towns. Historian Herbert Ruffin II says many of these workers first tried commuting from Richmond by car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There [was] no BART, there [was] no Caltrain, there [was] none of that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was a long commute, over 40 miles. Ford’s union leaders were determined to find a solution to this housing problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading the charge was\u003ca href=\"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/ben-gross-1921/\"> an African American worker by the name of Ben Gross\u003c/a>. Gross was born and raised in Arkansas, lived under Jim Crow laws, and picked cotton during the Great Depression. After leaving the army, he joined Ford and quickly became an active union member. In 1950, he was the first African American elected to the Local 560s bargaining committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gross believed that he worked on the same lines as everybody, African Americans, and that they should be afforded the same type of treatments,” Ruffin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1954, Gross was appointed to the union’s special housing subcommittee tasked with finding a plot of land to build an integrated housing development. The project \u003ca href=\"https://www.habitatebsv.org/blog/milpitas-fair-housing-history\">met its fair share of setbacks\u003c/a> along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At every point in time as this is being developed … [there were always] these barriers that would be thrown out there,” Ruffin said. “You can’t build this here because of sewage. You can’t do this because of this. You can’t do this because of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite obstacles, Gross and local union members were able to find some old ranch land for a housing development. With funding and additional support from a handful of Quaker-affiliated organizations, they started to build. When it was completed, it was one of the first integrated neighborhoods in the country, and it helped diversify Milpitas’ population, which had previously been majority white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it did open … it was a big deal … it was plastered all over newspapers,” Ruffin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gross was eventually elected mayor of Milpitas. He was one of the first African Americans to hold that office in the state of California. Reflecting on his legacy, Gross was quoted in \u003cem>The Peninsula Times Tribune\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A citizens’ group said they wanted to change the city’s name … I told them we should change its image instead. We sat down and developed a master plan that brought Milpitas from a small farm community to the thriving city it is today. It’s a city on the move.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Ford Factory Closes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ford changed the face of Milpitas, but the golden age of American cars wouldn’t last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12040154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12040154\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/LastFordCar-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/LastFordCar-copy.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/LastFordCar-copy-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/LastFordCar-copy-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the last Ford cars built at the San José Assembly Plant before the factory closed in 1983. \u003ccite>(The Milpitas Beat, courtesy of the Sabin family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was the late [19]70s, and all the different auto manufacturers, they were producing more cars than they were selling,” Wilcoxson remembered. The \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo\">1973 oil crisis spelled disaster\u003c/a> for big American cars. “Everything kind of shut back the amount of cars people were buying.” And Japanese automakers started gaining market share with their smaller, more fuel-efficient cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford eventually closed the Milpitas operation in 1983.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They had a manager’s meeting that the plant was going to be closing, that they were completely shutting it down and moving production to the Midwest,” Wilcoxson recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who stayed until the end helped to pack up the plant, stripping it of anything valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were literally having a yard sale in the parking lot of tool benches, air guns,” Wilcoxson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Becoming the Great Mall of Milpitas\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After the factory closed in 1983, Milpitas’ economy took a hit. Thousands of high-paying jobs were gone. Soon enough, however, the 1980s and ’90s Silicon Valley boom brought new opportunities to the area, but not in manufacturing. The factory itself sat vacant for nearly ten years before it would be transformed into the mall it is today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1994, the Great Mall of Milpitas celebrated its grand opening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12040155\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12040155\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Great Mall of Milpitas holds a secret history. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The grand opening was an exciting event, tying up traffic on the nearby freeways and bringing shoppers out to marvel at the massive retail space. There was even an old Ford car on display, a nod to the building’s prior use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the Great Mall today, and it’s much harder to see remnants of the past. The high ceilings crisscrossed with industrial beams are one tell, and the shipping area’s green paint is yet another. But standing in the food court, it’s hard to imagine Mustangs rolling off an assembly line. That doesn’t mean you shouldn’t close your eyes and try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"A\">\u003c/a>Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Post World War II America was a time of economic opportunity and people wanted cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Advertisement:\u003c/strong> Mustang, the original, America’s favorite sports car. With three new models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Imagine the open road, cruising with the windows down, radio blaring. The epitome of freedom. That’s the image Ford was selling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Advertisement: \u003c/strong>Falcon 1966, low, lean, long hooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>At the start of the 1960s Ford had cornered nearly a third of the U.S. car market. Many of those vehicles were manufactured in the Midwest, but Ford automobiles were so popular the company had expanded manufacturing nationwide. Ford had outposts in Edgewater, New Jersey, Seattle, Washington, Dallas, Texas, just to name a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Advertisement: \u003c/strong>You’re ahead in a Ford, all the way!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Many of these factories have since closed but some of this history is still hidden in plain sight. You might have even stepped foot in an old Ford factory without knowing it. Take the Great Mall of Milpitas in the San Francisco Bay Area, for instance.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bob Marsden:\u003c/strong> This is Bob Marsden, reporting from the Ford Motor Company assembly plant at Milpitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>That’s right. The Great Mall of Milpitas used to be an enormous Ford factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bob Marsden: \u003c/strong>This particular facility which employees 3,000 is the West Coast plant for Mustang and light truck assemblage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>The plant first opened seventy years ago, on May 17th, 1955. At the time, it was one of the largest automotive assembly plants on the West Coast. It represented thousands of good jobs and brought social change to what had been a small, agricultural community. But visit the mall today and there isn’t much left to mark this history. Bay Curious listener Brandon Choy only knows about it because he saw a plaque once that mentioned the old Ford factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brandon Choy:\u003c/strong> I was just wondering what the story behind this former Ford plant is and how it eventually became the Great Mall?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>This week on Bay Curious, we dive into the history of the Ford factory that put Milpitas on the map. We’ll hear from former Ford workers about life at the factory and then we’ll explore how the plant changed Milpitas itself, transforming a quiet agricultural town into a bustling city, a city with one of the first integrated neighborhoods in America. I’m Katrina Schwartz. Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> The Ford factory opened in Milpitas in 1955. To help us understand its history and how it became the Great Mall of Milpitas, we sent Bay Curious producer Gabriela Glueck to the Mall to meet up with someone who used to work there when it was a Ford plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck:\u003c/strong> Standing inside of the Great Mall today, it feels like any other American mall. But it’s got kind of an unusual shape. It’s a rough oval with a band of stores around the outside and a hidden open space in the middle where trucks can drive in shipments. It’s this secret inner area Karl Cortese is most excited to show me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Karl Cortese: \u003c/strong>I just kind of know where everything is at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Karl started working in this building back in 1968 when it was a Ford plant. He spent 15 years sweating on the assembly line.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Karl Cortese: \u003c/strong>There wasn’t any air conditioning. So I remember that very well, because I used to take it all the way down to my underwear and then put my coveralls on and that’s all I had to wear, because it was so hot in here, so noisy and everything else. So I put up with it like I said for a long time, but it’s okay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Walking through the Great Mall with Karl is a strange experience. Where I see a food court, he sees an assembly line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Karl Cortese: \u003c/strong>I could tell you small parts here, upholstery was here, trim was over here, chassis was over here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>It’s like he can still hear the clanging metal, the chatter of workers, the sounds of nonstop progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Advertisement: \u003c/strong>They’re rolling and they’re moving fast. They’re the new Ford trucks 460 with certified economy. And they’re coming off the assembly lines and onto the highways, heading for Ford dealers all over America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Talking with Karl got me wondering why Ford decided to build a factory in Milpitas at all. The answer is actually pretty simple. In the 1950s, Milpitas was largely agricultural land. The name Milpitas means “little cornfield” and after World War II, Ford was looking to expand. Ford had already been operating for decades in Richmond, California. During the war, the factory there manufactured tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But post-war, the Richmond plant was just too small and outdated. So in 1955, Ford packed up its boxes and moved to Milpitas, quite the upgrade. The new factory was roughly three times as big. 1,414,000 square feet to be exact. That’s nearly 25 football fields dedicated to making as many cars as humanly possible. I spoke with a handful of men who worked at the Milpitas Ford Factory about their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Karl Cortese: \u003c/strong>I put the back hinges on for the three doors and things like that, and the station wagons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don Conley:\u003c/strong> So I was putting in the glass, the side glass, the quarter glass windshield and back glass, wherever they needed me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leo Cozzo: \u003c/strong>I worked in the Mustang, putting the pin stripes on and big emblems and louvers and stuff like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson: \u003c/strong>I also worked in the repair hole at the end of the production line on cars that had missing parts, damaged parts, that sort of thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Each worker was assigned a station and a task, to repeat, repeat, repeat. One former worker told me it was a job that could turn young bodies into old ones real fast. They worked on all sorts of models, the F-series pickups, the Mustangs, the Falcons and the Pintos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pinto Advertisement:\u003c/strong> The new little car from Ford, moves with a tough little engine that’s not only frisky but thrifty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>But outside of the factory walls a problem was brewing: a housing problem. When Ford relocated to Milpitas, many Richmond workers came with it, including many of the plant’s African American employees. They needed a place to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbert Ruffin II: \u003c/strong>And they’re looking around, and they’re like, you know, okay, so what’s down there? And so how are we going to keep our jobs going back and forth? There is no BART, there is no CalTrain, there is none of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>That’s Herbert Ruffin II. He’s an Associate Professor of African American studies at Syracuse University. He also spent part of his childhood in Milpitas. He says an African American worker named Ben Gross was a key player in solving this housing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gross was born and raised in Arkansas, lived under Jim Crow laws, and picked cotton during the Great Depression. He joined the army, then joined Ford. He quickly became involved in union politics with the Local 560, a branch of the United Auto Workers Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbert Ruffin II:\u003c/strong> Gross believed that he worked on the same lines as everybody, African Americans, and that they should be afforded the same type of treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Top of mind was housing for Black workers who were barred from buying or renting homes in many towns nearby. Gross was appointed to a special housing subcommittee, tasked with finding a plot of land to build an integrated community. But prior to Ford’s move, Milpitas had been almost entirely white. And not everyone was thrilled at the prospect of change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbert Ruffin II:\u003c/strong> But at every point in time as this is being developed, there were always like these, these barriers that would be thrown out there. Well, you can’t build this here because of sewage. You can’t do this because of this. You can’t do this because of that, that, that, you know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Despite obstacles, Gross and local union members were able to find some old ranch land for a housing development. It would become one of the first integrated neighborhoods in America. And with funding and additional support from a handful of Quaker affiliated organizations, they started to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbert Ruffin II: \u003c/strong>When it did open it, and it was a big deal, you know, it was plastered all over newspapers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Called Sunnyhills, it opened in 1956, just a year after the factory. Soon families like John Wilcoxson’s started moving in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson: \u003c/strong>We had a Black family on one side of us, a Hispanic family on the other side, and we had a Polish family on the backside of our fence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>John is white and was young enough that he didn’t realize there was anything special about such a diverse community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson:\u003c/strong> And we knew all of them going in, and my father worked with them. All knew him by name, and it was just something that I grew up with, and I thought was normal everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>The Union Hall was at the entrance to the neighborhood and pretty much everyone who lived there worked at Ford. John told me there was a real community feel to the place. From the Fourth of July parties to the potlucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighbors also came together on more somber occasions, like the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In its wake, the Sunnyhills United Methodist Church held a mourning event, with an open conversation about race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson:\u003c/strong> And it wasn’t until I was older and actually we were moving away that my parents told me that – and this is when the ‘65 riots were starting – that not everybody lived in a nice community like we had been in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Ben Gross, the man responsible for getting Sunnyhills built, was eventually elected Mayor of Milpitas. He was one of the first African Americans to hold that office in the state of California. Reflecting on his legacy in Milpitas, Gross was quoted in \u003cem>The Peninsula Times Tribune\u003c/em> saying that when:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ben Gross:\u003c/strong> A citizens’ group said they wanted to change the city’s name, I told them we should change its image instead. We sat down and developed a master plan that brought Milpitas from a small farm community to the thriving city it is today. It’s a city on the move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Ford was a big part of this “city on the move.” And many neighborhood kids like John, who grew up in Sunnyhills, ended up working at the factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson: \u003c/strong>Going into Ford, it was not something I originally had planned on doing, but it was sort of a natural event once it kind of came about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>For many, working at the Ford plant was a pathway to the middle class, they could buy a home, have a family, and a guaranteed retirement. But all that was threatened when American automobile sales started slowing. John remembers it all too well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson:\u003c/strong> Well it was the late ’70s, and everybody, all the different auto manufacturers, they were producing more cars than they were selling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>It was a real rough patch for the American car industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson: \u003c/strong>There was the oil crisis, everything kind of shut back the amount of cars people were buying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>He remembers seeing last year’s models lined up in the factory lot, Ford had made more than they could sell. It was evidence of a changing tide. In 1983, the factory closed its doors, thousands of well-paid jobs were gone. But this was the hey-day of Silicon Valley and tech companies were bringing a new kind of job to the area. The factory itself lay vacant for a while — nearly 10 years — until it would get the chance to fulfill its second destiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KGO-TV: \u003c/strong>A huge commercial venture that’s opened up hundreds of jobs in Milpitas tied up traffic on the Montague expressway today and sent thousands of people into a shopping frenzy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>In 1990s America, a massive indoor space like that could only really become one thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KGO-TV:\u003c/strong> And with that, the Great Mall opened its doors today, offering the promise of an economic boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Local TV station KGO was there to cover the mall’s 1994 opening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KGO-TV:\u003c/strong> Built on the site of the old Ford Motor Company plant, this monster outlet mall is expected to generate 350 million dollars worth of annual sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>It was a festive occasion, people milling around, exploring all the new stores. The footage is grainy, but you can still make out what looks like an old-school Ford car on the floor. A small history exhibit commemorating the factory. These days, that car and the exhibit are no more. But traces of the past still linger, if you know where to look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>That was Bay Curious producer Gabriela Glueck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brandon Choy: \u003c/strong>Bay Curious is produced in San Francisco at member-supported KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Our show is made by: Gabriela Glueck, Christopher Beale, and me, Katrina Schwartz. With extra support from Alana Walker, Maha Sanad, Katie Springer, Jen Chien, Holly Kernan, and everyone on team KQED. Thanks for listening. Have a great week!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#A\">View the full episode transcript.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Karl Cortese, the Great Mall of Milpitas is much more than just a mall. He’s come here often over the years, to go shopping with his wife or spend time at the Dave and Buster’s with his grandkids. But each time he visits, he can’t help but remember the place as it used to be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in Karl’s day, the building was home to a massive Ford factory. Officially known as the San José Assembly Plant, the factory opened its doors in 1955. Karl started working there in 1968 and spent 15 years on the assembly line. For him, the mall’s shipping center offers the best window into the building’s industrial past. “There was that old green color and white letters and … the floor was all concrete,” Karl said. If you peek inside these days, not much has changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12040150\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12040150\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/FordInterior-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/FordInterior-copy.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/FordInterior-copy-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/FordInterior-copy-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The green walls at Ford’s San José Assembly Plant are still part of the Great Mall today. \u003ccite>(The Milpitas Beat, courtesy of the Sabin family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nowadays, the only other way a visitor might know this building used to manufacture Ford cars is a small — and easy-to-overlook — display case of Ford-era memorabilia. For the most part, mall goers seem unaware of the factory’s history and its importance to the surrounding area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Ford plant put Milpitas on the map, forever changing what had been a sleepy agricultural town into a thriving city. The factory’s opening also sparked historic social change: the creation of one of the first integrated neighborhoods in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039976\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039976\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GREATMALLMILPITAS-02-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Karl Cortese, a former employee at the Ford Motor Company’s San José Assembly Plant, stands outside the Great Mall in Milpitas on April 29, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Moving to Milpitas\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Before Ford opened its Milpitas plant, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/places/ford-motor-company-assembly-plant.htm\">the automaker had already been operating in Richmond for decades\u003c/a>. During World War II, the so-called “Richmond Tank Depot” helped produce jeeps, tanks, and other military vehicles. After the war ended, the American economy began to boom and demand for American cars increased. The outdated Richmond factory struggled to meet demand. Ford needed to expand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1950s California, Milpitas was a great option. The agricultural town offered expansive acreage at an affordable price. According to historian Herbert Ruffin II, Milpitas “was just a place that you drive through [and] you see nothing but cornfields.” Ruffin spent part of his childhood in Milpitas, a town so agriculturally rooted its name literally means “little cornfield.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After staving off annexation from San José, Milpitas was officially incorporated in 1954. According to Herbert, “San José wanted Milpitas real bad, primarily because they wanted … the tax money that came from that [Ford] plant.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Ford factory opened in 1955, just a year later, it called Milpitas home.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Working at the San José Assembly Plant\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>David McFeely grew up in Milpitas, with the Ford factory in the background. “On a clear summer night, when sound really carries, you could hear the switch engines moving all the freight cars in and out of the Ford plant,” McFeely said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a high school graduate on the job hunt, Ford was a great option. It offered some of the highest pay in the Santa Clara Valley. McFeely’s plan was to stay short-term and save up money to go to college. So, he joined the factory’s part-time replacement program. When he finally got the chance to peek behind the curtain, he was in awe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean for a technical mind, it was like being a kid in a candy store,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039982\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039982\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1545\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED-1536x1187.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-3-KQED-1920x1483.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Vehicle frames on the assembly line at the San José Assembly Plant, 1974. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Ford Motor Company)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Milpitas operation was responsible for making some iconic Ford models — the Mustang, F-series pickups, Pintos, and Falcons. The 1.4 million square-foot factory served as Ford’s West Coast production outpost. At its peak, the plant employed nearly 6,000 workers and operated at a rate of 55 cars and 22 trucks per hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“God knows how they were able to do this,” McFeely said. “But the logistical coordination was fascinating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The expansive factory was a network of assembly lines. There was the paint department, the trim department, the chassis department, the repair hole, just to name a few. Workers were assigned a station and task to repeat ad nauseam. Former Ford worker John Wilcoxson said that “[the work] could get boring at times, but … you kind of had to make your own fun.” He remembered causing a stir when he smuggled headphones into the factory to provide a soundtrack to the monotonous, repetitive work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was just sort of some nice background noise, instead of the constant clash of metal and things going on around me,” Wilcoxson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039981\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1545\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED-800x618.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED-1020x788.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED-1536x1187.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250513-GREAT-MALL-OF-MILPITAS-ARCHIVAL-2-KQED-1920x1483.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An inside look at the San José Assembly Plant, 1974. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Ford Motor Company)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Former workers remember a strong community around the plant. There was a company softball team where different departments competed against one another and during the holiday season, workers barbecued on the blacksmith’s forge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many workers lived in a nearby neighborhood called Sunnyhills, which Ford’s local union built to accommodate an influx of workers to Milpitas. There was even a Ford Union Hall in the development. But the most remarkable thing about the neighborhood was its diversity. In 1956, when it opened, Sunnyhills was one of the first planned integrated neighborhoods in America.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Story of Sunnyhills\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/S5QKBKrNKGo'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/S5QKBKrNKGo'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>When Ford shut down its Richmond plant to relocate to Milpitas, many workers opted to continue at the new location. But Milpitas lacked housing, particularly for African American workers who were barred from buying or renting homes in the surrounding towns. Historian Herbert Ruffin II says many of these workers first tried commuting from Richmond by car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There [was] no BART, there [was] no Caltrain, there [was] none of that,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it was a long commute, over 40 miles. Ford’s union leaders were determined to find a solution to this housing problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading the charge was\u003ca href=\"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/ben-gross-1921/\"> an African American worker by the name of Ben Gross\u003c/a>. Gross was born and raised in Arkansas, lived under Jim Crow laws, and picked cotton during the Great Depression. After leaving the army, he joined Ford and quickly became an active union member. In 1950, he was the first African American elected to the Local 560s bargaining committee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Gross believed that he worked on the same lines as everybody, African Americans, and that they should be afforded the same type of treatments,” Ruffin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1954, Gross was appointed to the union’s special housing subcommittee tasked with finding a plot of land to build an integrated housing development. The project \u003ca href=\"https://www.habitatebsv.org/blog/milpitas-fair-housing-history\">met its fair share of setbacks\u003c/a> along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“At every point in time as this is being developed … [there were always] these barriers that would be thrown out there,” Ruffin said. “You can’t build this here because of sewage. You can’t do this because of this. You can’t do this because of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite obstacles, Gross and local union members were able to find some old ranch land for a housing development. With funding and additional support from a handful of Quaker-affiliated organizations, they started to build. When it was completed, it was one of the first integrated neighborhoods in the country, and it helped diversify Milpitas’ population, which had previously been majority white.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it did open … it was a big deal … it was plastered all over newspapers,” Ruffin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gross was eventually elected mayor of Milpitas. He was one of the first African Americans to hold that office in the state of California. Reflecting on his legacy, Gross was quoted in \u003cem>The Peninsula Times Tribune\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A citizens’ group said they wanted to change the city’s name … I told them we should change its image instead. We sat down and developed a master plan that brought Milpitas from a small farm community to the thriving city it is today. It’s a city on the move.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Ford Factory Closes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ford changed the face of Milpitas, but the golden age of American cars wouldn’t last forever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12040154\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12040154\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/LastFordCar-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1000\" height=\"750\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/LastFordCar-copy.jpg 1000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/LastFordCar-copy-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/LastFordCar-copy-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the last Ford cars built at the San José Assembly Plant before the factory closed in 1983. \u003ccite>(The Milpitas Beat, courtesy of the Sabin family)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was the late [19]70s, and all the different auto manufacturers, they were producing more cars than they were selling,” Wilcoxson remembered. The \u003ca href=\"https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo\">1973 oil crisis spelled disaster\u003c/a> for big American cars. “Everything kind of shut back the amount of cars people were buying.” And Japanese automakers started gaining market share with their smaller, more fuel-efficient cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ford eventually closed the Milpitas operation in 1983.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They had a manager’s meeting that the plant was going to be closing, that they were completely shutting it down and moving production to the Midwest,” Wilcoxson recalled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who stayed until the end helped to pack up the plant, stripping it of anything valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were literally having a yard sale in the parking lot of tool benches, air guns,” Wilcoxson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Becoming the Great Mall of Milpitas\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After the factory closed in 1983, Milpitas’ economy took a hit. Thousands of high-paying jobs were gone. Soon enough, however, the 1980s and ’90s Silicon Valley boom brought new opportunities to the area, but not in manufacturing. The factory itself sat vacant for nearly ten years before it would be transformed into the mall it is today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1994, the Great Mall of Milpitas celebrated its grand opening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12040155\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12040155\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250429-GreatMallofMilpitas-24-BL-copy-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Great Mall of Milpitas holds a secret history. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The grand opening was an exciting event, tying up traffic on the nearby freeways and bringing shoppers out to marvel at the massive retail space. There was even an old Ford car on display, a nod to the building’s prior use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the Great Mall today, and it’s much harder to see remnants of the past. The high ceilings crisscrossed with industrial beams are one tell, and the shipping area’s green paint is yet another. But standing in the food court, it’s hard to imagine Mustangs rolling off an assembly line. That doesn’t mean you shouldn’t close your eyes and try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"A\">\u003c/a>Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Post World War II America was a time of economic opportunity and people wanted cars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Advertisement:\u003c/strong> Mustang, the original, America’s favorite sports car. With three new models.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Imagine the open road, cruising with the windows down, radio blaring. The epitome of freedom. That’s the image Ford was selling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Advertisement: \u003c/strong>Falcon 1966, low, lean, long hooded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>At the start of the 1960s Ford had cornered nearly a third of the U.S. car market. Many of those vehicles were manufactured in the Midwest, but Ford automobiles were so popular the company had expanded manufacturing nationwide. Ford had outposts in Edgewater, New Jersey, Seattle, Washington, Dallas, Texas, just to name a few.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Advertisement: \u003c/strong>You’re ahead in a Ford, all the way!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Many of these factories have since closed but some of this history is still hidden in plain sight. You might have even stepped foot in an old Ford factory without knowing it. Take the Great Mall of Milpitas in the San Francisco Bay Area, for instance.\u003cem> \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bob Marsden:\u003c/strong> This is Bob Marsden, reporting from the Ford Motor Company assembly plant at Milpitas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>That’s right. The Great Mall of Milpitas used to be an enormous Ford factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bob Marsden: \u003c/strong>This particular facility which employees 3,000 is the West Coast plant for Mustang and light truck assemblage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>The plant first opened seventy years ago, on May 17th, 1955. At the time, it was one of the largest automotive assembly plants on the West Coast. It represented thousands of good jobs and brought social change to what had been a small, agricultural community. But visit the mall today and there isn’t much left to mark this history. Bay Curious listener Brandon Choy only knows about it because he saw a plaque once that mentioned the old Ford factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brandon Choy:\u003c/strong> I was just wondering what the story behind this former Ford plant is and how it eventually became the Great Mall?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>This week on Bay Curious, we dive into the history of the Ford factory that put Milpitas on the map. We’ll hear from former Ford workers about life at the factory and then we’ll explore how the plant changed Milpitas itself, transforming a quiet agricultural town into a bustling city, a city with one of the first integrated neighborhoods in America. I’m Katrina Schwartz. Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> The Ford factory opened in Milpitas in 1955. To help us understand its history and how it became the Great Mall of Milpitas, we sent Bay Curious producer Gabriela Glueck to the Mall to meet up with someone who used to work there when it was a Ford plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck:\u003c/strong> Standing inside of the Great Mall today, it feels like any other American mall. But it’s got kind of an unusual shape. It’s a rough oval with a band of stores around the outside and a hidden open space in the middle where trucks can drive in shipments. It’s this secret inner area Karl Cortese is most excited to show me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Karl Cortese: \u003c/strong>I just kind of know where everything is at.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Karl started working in this building back in 1968 when it was a Ford plant. He spent 15 years sweating on the assembly line.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Karl Cortese: \u003c/strong>There wasn’t any air conditioning. So I remember that very well, because I used to take it all the way down to my underwear and then put my coveralls on and that’s all I had to wear, because it was so hot in here, so noisy and everything else. So I put up with it like I said for a long time, but it’s okay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Walking through the Great Mall with Karl is a strange experience. Where I see a food court, he sees an assembly line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Karl Cortese: \u003c/strong>I could tell you small parts here, upholstery was here, trim was over here, chassis was over here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>It’s like he can still hear the clanging metal, the chatter of workers, the sounds of nonstop progress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Advertisement: \u003c/strong>They’re rolling and they’re moving fast. They’re the new Ford trucks 460 with certified economy. And they’re coming off the assembly lines and onto the highways, heading for Ford dealers all over America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Talking with Karl got me wondering why Ford decided to build a factory in Milpitas at all. The answer is actually pretty simple. In the 1950s, Milpitas was largely agricultural land. The name Milpitas means “little cornfield” and after World War II, Ford was looking to expand. Ford had already been operating for decades in Richmond, California. During the war, the factory there manufactured tanks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But post-war, the Richmond plant was just too small and outdated. So in 1955, Ford packed up its boxes and moved to Milpitas, quite the upgrade. The new factory was roughly three times as big. 1,414,000 square feet to be exact. That’s nearly 25 football fields dedicated to making as many cars as humanly possible. I spoke with a handful of men who worked at the Milpitas Ford Factory about their jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Karl Cortese: \u003c/strong>I put the back hinges on for the three doors and things like that, and the station wagons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Don Conley:\u003c/strong> So I was putting in the glass, the side glass, the quarter glass windshield and back glass, wherever they needed me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Leo Cozzo: \u003c/strong>I worked in the Mustang, putting the pin stripes on and big emblems and louvers and stuff like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson: \u003c/strong>I also worked in the repair hole at the end of the production line on cars that had missing parts, damaged parts, that sort of thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Each worker was assigned a station and a task, to repeat, repeat, repeat. One former worker told me it was a job that could turn young bodies into old ones real fast. They worked on all sorts of models, the F-series pickups, the Mustangs, the Falcons and the Pintos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pinto Advertisement:\u003c/strong> The new little car from Ford, moves with a tough little engine that’s not only frisky but thrifty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>But outside of the factory walls a problem was brewing: a housing problem. When Ford relocated to Milpitas, many Richmond workers came with it, including many of the plant’s African American employees. They needed a place to live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbert Ruffin II: \u003c/strong>And they’re looking around, and they’re like, you know, okay, so what’s down there? And so how are we going to keep our jobs going back and forth? There is no BART, there is no CalTrain, there is none of that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>That’s Herbert Ruffin II. He’s an Associate Professor of African American studies at Syracuse University. He also spent part of his childhood in Milpitas. He says an African American worker named Ben Gross was a key player in solving this housing crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gross was born and raised in Arkansas, lived under Jim Crow laws, and picked cotton during the Great Depression. He joined the army, then joined Ford. He quickly became involved in union politics with the Local 560, a branch of the United Auto Workers Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbert Ruffin II:\u003c/strong> Gross believed that he worked on the same lines as everybody, African Americans, and that they should be afforded the same type of treatments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Top of mind was housing for Black workers who were barred from buying or renting homes in many towns nearby. Gross was appointed to a special housing subcommittee, tasked with finding a plot of land to build an integrated community. But prior to Ford’s move, Milpitas had been almost entirely white. And not everyone was thrilled at the prospect of change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbert Ruffin II:\u003c/strong> But at every point in time as this is being developed, there were always like these, these barriers that would be thrown out there. Well, you can’t build this here because of sewage. You can’t do this because of this. You can’t do this because of that, that, that, you know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Despite obstacles, Gross and local union members were able to find some old ranch land for a housing development. It would become one of the first integrated neighborhoods in America. And with funding and additional support from a handful of Quaker affiliated organizations, they started to build.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Herbert Ruffin II: \u003c/strong>When it did open it, and it was a big deal, you know, it was plastered all over newspapers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Called Sunnyhills, it opened in 1956, just a year after the factory. Soon families like John Wilcoxson’s started moving in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson: \u003c/strong>We had a Black family on one side of us, a Hispanic family on the other side, and we had a Polish family on the backside of our fence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>John is white and was young enough that he didn’t realize there was anything special about such a diverse community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson:\u003c/strong> And we knew all of them going in, and my father worked with them. All knew him by name, and it was just something that I grew up with, and I thought was normal everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>The Union Hall was at the entrance to the neighborhood and pretty much everyone who lived there worked at Ford. John told me there was a real community feel to the place. From the Fourth of July parties to the potlucks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neighbors also came together on more somber occasions, like the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In its wake, the Sunnyhills United Methodist Church held a mourning event, with an open conversation about race.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson:\u003c/strong> And it wasn’t until I was older and actually we were moving away that my parents told me that – and this is when the ‘65 riots were starting – that not everybody lived in a nice community like we had been in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Ben Gross, the man responsible for getting Sunnyhills built, was eventually elected Mayor of Milpitas. He was one of the first African Americans to hold that office in the state of California. Reflecting on his legacy in Milpitas, Gross was quoted in \u003cem>The Peninsula Times Tribune\u003c/em> saying that when:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ben Gross:\u003c/strong> A citizens’ group said they wanted to change the city’s name, I told them we should change its image instead. We sat down and developed a master plan that brought Milpitas from a small farm community to the thriving city it is today. It’s a city on the move.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Ford was a big part of this “city on the move.” And many neighborhood kids like John, who grew up in Sunnyhills, ended up working at the factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson: \u003c/strong>Going into Ford, it was not something I originally had planned on doing, but it was sort of a natural event once it kind of came about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>For many, working at the Ford plant was a pathway to the middle class, they could buy a home, have a family, and a guaranteed retirement. But all that was threatened when American automobile sales started slowing. John remembers it all too well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson:\u003c/strong> Well it was the late ’70s, and everybody, all the different auto manufacturers, they were producing more cars than they were selling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>It was a real rough patch for the American car industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>John Wilcoxson: \u003c/strong>There was the oil crisis, everything kind of shut back the amount of cars people were buying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>He remembers seeing last year’s models lined up in the factory lot, Ford had made more than they could sell. It was evidence of a changing tide. In 1983, the factory closed its doors, thousands of well-paid jobs were gone. But this was the hey-day of Silicon Valley and tech companies were bringing a new kind of job to the area. The factory itself lay vacant for a while — nearly 10 years — until it would get the chance to fulfill its second destiny.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KGO-TV: \u003c/strong>A huge commercial venture that’s opened up hundreds of jobs in Milpitas tied up traffic on the Montague expressway today and sent thousands of people into a shopping frenzy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>In 1990s America, a massive indoor space like that could only really become one thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KGO-TV:\u003c/strong> And with that, the Great Mall opened its doors today, offering the promise of an economic boom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>Local TV station KGO was there to cover the mall’s 1994 opening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>KGO-TV:\u003c/strong> Built on the site of the old Ford Motor Company plant, this monster outlet mall is expected to generate 350 million dollars worth of annual sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Gabriela Glueck: \u003c/strong>It was a festive occasion, people milling around, exploring all the new stores. The footage is grainy, but you can still make out what looks like an old-school Ford car on the floor. A small history exhibit commemorating the factory. These days, that car and the exhibit are no more. But traces of the past still linger, if you know where to look.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>That was Bay Curious producer Gabriela Glueck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Brandon Choy: \u003c/strong>Bay Curious is produced in San Francisco at member-supported KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Our show is made by: Gabriela Glueck, Christopher Beale, and me, Katrina Schwartz. With extra support from Alana Walker, Maha Sanad, Katie Springer, Jen Chien, Holly Kernan, and everyone on team KQED. Thanks for listening. Have a great week!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#A\">View the full episode transcript.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The age of a place is a relative concept. To somebody from Asia or Europe, the city of San Francisco can seem almost amusingly young, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11621844/the-true-history-of-irish-coffee-and-its-san-francisco-origins\">its cherished establishments\u003c/a> like they’re just getting started. But to Bay Curious listener Scott Brenner — who’s about 30 years old — some Bay Area businesses seem almost ancient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes his parents would take him to a restaurant, and tell him they’d been coming there since before he was born. “ And of course that’s a long time for me,” Brenner said, “but I know that there’s much more history in this area.” So it got him wondering: “What are the oldest businesses in the Bay Area?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there are a lot of businesses that have been around for a really long time. There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.normandinchryslerjeep.net/\">Normandin’s car dealership in San José\u003c/a>, which started out selling horses and buggies in 1875. And KCBS is understood to be one of the first radio stations in the world, getting its start around 1909.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one of the very oldest local businesses is now known all over the world — Levi Strauss & Co., of blue jean fame.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A Gold Rush startup\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039212\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039212\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-2208524376.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-2208524376.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-2208524376-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-2208524376-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-2208524376-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Levi’s brand logo stands in front of the headquarters of manufacturer Levi Strauss in San Francisco on March 23, 2025. \u003ccite>(Andrej Sokolow/picture alliance via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Levi Strauss was a young Bavarian man who came to San Francisco in 1852 or ’53 to open a branch of his family’s dry goods business, which was already operating in New York. The California Gold Rush was in full swing, and Strauss got a warehouse downtown and started selling supplies, including canvas, bedding materials, and an especially sturdy cotton fabric called denim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Business went well. Even after the Gold Rush tapered off, there were still plenty of people doing tough outdoor work. In the early 1870s, Strauss started manufacturing a new product — one that would make his fortune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with a letter from a customer, a tailor in Reno named Jacob Davis. He told Strauss about an unusual idea he had for making tough work pants last longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12039203\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/early-20th-century-billboard-barn-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"686\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/early-20th-century-billboard-barn-copy.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/early-20th-century-billboard-barn-copy-160x152.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He took little pieces of metal and added them to the pockets and the stress points,” explained Tracey Panek, Levi’s historian and director of archives. “And it made them tougher because if you have someone putting their hands in their pockets, it’s not going to tear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis told Strauss the pants were selling like hotcakes and he couldn’t keep up with the demand. He wanted a business partner. Strauss agreed, and in 1873, they received a \u003ca href=\"https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/D44AAOSwttRfnjpD/s-l1600.webp\">U.S. patent\u003c/a> for an improvement in fastening pocket openings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Levi Strauss archives are in a climate-controlled room on the top floor of the company’s headquarters at the base of Telegraph Hill. Hanging from the walls are bits of history: Albert Einstein’s jean jacket from the 1930s, a fluffy suede coat from when Levi’s outfitted the U.S. Olympic team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important things we keep in a fireproof safe,” Panek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carefully, she pulled out the oldest known pair of jeans in the world, made in 1873 or ’74.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039202\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-scaled.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-1536x2048.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracey Panek, Levi’s historian and director of the archives, with the oldest known pair of jeans in the world. \u003ccite>(Katherine Monahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of the indigo dye that made them blue is faded now, and they’re a mottled grayish brown color. The crotch is completely worn through, most of the metal is gone, and what’s left of the denim has been stitched to an inner layer to stabilize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was difficult to put the needle through because the denim was still really tough,” Panek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original Levi’s, known as “501 waist overalls,” were serious work pants, basically personal protective gear to be worn on top of your other clothes. They had buttons for suspenders and a buckle on the back, so that the size was adjustable. Mining companies would purchase multiple pairs in large sizes so that workers could share them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1879, the 501s were selling for $1.46 a pair, close to $50 in today’s money. And the demand kept growing. Levi’s opened a factory and made jeans in San Francisco for well over a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company introduced “Lady Levi’s” in 1934. They were high-waisted and loose, with a more feminine cut. During World War II, the U.S. government declared jeans an essential commodity, available only to defense workers. Soldiers wore them while serving overseas, which helped introduce them to Europe and Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s, Marlon Brando wore them with his leather jacket and his motorcycle when he played Johnny in \u003cem>The Wild One\u003c/em>. Jeans became the official uniform of cool. By the 1970s, everybody was wearing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iyq4HZZ4H50\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Panek pointed out that the jeans haven’t changed much in over 150 years. “I showed you the very oldest pair of blue jeans that we have in the collection,” she said. “They don’t look a lot different to the Levi’s that we wear today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Feeding hungry sailors\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Levi Strauss capitalized on one of the main needs for people coming to San Francisco in its early years — clothing and supplies. But around the same time, there was another type of business catering to newcomers that was even more fundamental — food vendors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tadich Grill, a seafood restaurant in San Francisco’s financial district, is older than the state of California itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039210\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 988px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039210\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-1298895241.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"988\" height=\"623\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-1298895241.jpg 988w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-1298895241-800x504.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-1298895241-160x101.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 988px) 100vw, 988px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tadich Grill interior photos from 1974. \u003ccite>(Larry Tiscornia/San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It got its start in 1849 in a tent on an almost mile-long wharf jutting out from San Francisco’s main harbor. Three Croatian immigrants, Nikola Budrovich, Frano Kosta, and Antonio Gasparich, served food and coffee to merchants and sailors. They called their little spot Coffee Stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the restaurant has passed through just a handful of Croatian owners, including one John Tadich, who renamed it after himself in 1912. Since 1928, it’s been in the Buich family. It has never closed, and while it’s moved around a little bit, it’s still in the same neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bartender Jose Maximilian Paredes showed me around the restaurant as the staff got ready to open for lunch. With its dark wood paneled walls and white linen tablecloths, it feels a little like someplace out of \u003cem>The Godfather\u003c/em> movies. Along one wall are private booths with wooden dividers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the kitchen, the chefs were prepping the charcoal grill, used to cook seafood in the traditional Croatian style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Great food. Really good food. I’ll tell you,” said Paredes, who has worked here for 25 years. His favorite dish? The cioppino, a seafood stew that originated here in San Francisco. “I’d eat it every day if I could,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039199\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12039199\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-800x1062.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1062\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-800x1062.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-1020x1354.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-1157x1536.jpg 1157w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-1542x2048.jpg 1542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573.jpg 1562w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tadich Grill bartender Jose Maximilian Paredes. \u003ccite>(Katherine Monahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the years, many famous people have dined here. Paredes brought out a well-worn guestbook with yellowed pages and set it on a table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside are page after page of loopy signatures. Actors like Jack Nicholson and Carrie Grant. Singers like Linda Ronstadt and David Bowie. Politicians, sports stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of them wrote little comments about the food or the hospitality. Matt Groening, the creator of the Simpsons, drew a cartoon of Homer Simpson saying, “Mmmm . . . Tadich Grill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out a lot of San Francisco’s mayors have been regulars. According to \u003cem>Tadich Grill, the History of San Francisco’s Oldest Restaurant, With Recipes\u003c/em> by John Briscoe, Willie Brown said that when he really wanted to show people the flavor of San Francisco, he would bring them here. Several Kennedys have dined here, as have George and Barbara Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paredes said it’s the people who come in that make him love working here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you engage with customers and then you laugh and you smile,” he said, “and then you talk to ’em like you know them for a hundred years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039197\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039197\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tadich Grill guestbook. \u003ccite>(Katherine Monahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the restaurant opened, families and groups of colleagues filed inside. Some had made reservations for the booths. Others headed to the wraparound bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tadich Grill regular Matt Ricci sat down to his usual martini. He said he’s been coming here for almost 30 years. He likes to get some lunch or a drink and shoot the breeze with the staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all these years, he said, it hasn’t really changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a treat for a lot of people to come here,” Ricci said. “It’s that old school goodness that people love.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked our question asker, Scott Brenner, to stop by for a bite. We ordered the cioppino as Paredes recommended. The waiter brought us bibs so we didn’t get it all over our clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was warm and garlicky … and fun to imagine diners enjoying this same dish some 150 years ago. Maybe even while wearing a pair of Levi’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"A\">\u003c/a>Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> Hey everyone, I’m Katrina Schwartz and you’re listening to Bay Curious, the podcast that answers listener questions about the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s question comes from listener Scott Brenner in San Francisco. He grew up around here and knows a lot of the local establishments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Brenner:\u003c/strong> There are a few restaurants that I know my parents have been to since before I was born. And of course that’s a long time for me, but I know that there’s much more history in this area, so it’s got me wondering: what are the oldest businesses in the Bay Area?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>It turns out there are a lot of businesses that have been doing their thing for a really long time. There’s a car dealership in San José, Normandin’s, that started out selling horses and buggies in 1875. And KCBS is understood to be one of the oldest radio stations in the world, getting its start around 1909.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Brenner: \u003c/strong>I did have a couple guesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Scott considered Ghirardelli chocolates, It’s-It ice cream sandwiches, but then he settled on one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Brenner: \u003c/strong>What I’m imagining is like Levi Strauss, like the apparel company would probably be number one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Levi Strauss of blue jean fame is in fact one of the oldest businesses in the Bay Area. So today on the show, we’re going to learn more about those blue jeans and Levi’s. And then we’ll grab a bite at the oldest restaurant in California. Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today we’re visiting two of the Bay Area’s oldest businesses. To start us off, reporter Katherine Monahan takes us to where they both began in downtown San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Levi Strauss world headquarters takes up a whole city block at the foot of Telegraph Hill. There’s a landscaped plaza out front, where dozens of employees are getting lunch from food trucks and chatting by giant water fountains. These days, Levi’s is a massive enterprise, operating in over 120 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it started much more humbly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek:\u003c/strong> Levi Strauss and Company was born on the foundations of the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Tracey Panek is Levi’s historian and director of archives, and she means that literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>When I come to work in the morning, I literally am walking over the remains of a Gold Rush-era ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Yeah, we’re standing on top of it right now. In fact, much of San Francisco’s financial district is built on landfill that includes old ships — abandoned when their sailors ran east to look for gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>From 1849 up until the mid-1850s there were thousands of people coming in, and there were hundreds of ships that were coming in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>On one of them was a young Bavarian man called Levi Strauss. He came in 1852 or 53 to open a branch of his family’s dry goods business — which was already operating in New York. He got a warehouse here in San Francisco and started selling supplies — including canvas, bedding materials, and an especially sturdy cotton fabric called denim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And business went well! Even after the gold rush tapered off, there was still plenty of demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>There’s lots of men who are doing tough outdoor work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>And in the early 1870s Strauss started making a new product, one that would make his fortune. It started with a letter from a customer, a tailor in Reno called Jacob Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>He also tells Levi about an unusual idea he had for making tough work pants. And it comes down to … here we go ’cause I have some of these — a little tiny piece of metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Davis had started putting copper rivets onto the stress points on work pants — just like you still see on your jeans’ pockets today. He told Levi Strauss the pants were selling like hotcakes and he couldn’t keep up. He wanted a business partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>So Levi and the company agree, and on May 20th, 1873, they receive a U.S. patent. For an improvement in fastening pocket openings. We refer to it here at Levi Strauss as the birth of the modern blue jean, or 501 as it would be called.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>For a closer look, Tracey takes me up to the top floor — and into the Levi’s archives room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>And I noticed you put on your white gloves just now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>I did put on my white gloves. Most of the collection in the archives is garments and we handle them in a way that’s gonna make them last for another 150 plus years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>It’s a climate controlled room, and hanging from the walls are bits of history. Albert Einstein’s jean jacket from the 1930s. A fluffy suede coat from when Levi’s outfitted the U.S. Olympic team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>The important things we keep in a fireproof safe, which I’m happy to show you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>Yeah, let’s check it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>Alright. So. I’m gonna pull out the very earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Carefully, Tracey carries a bundle over to a table and unwraps the oldest known pair of jeans in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>Whoa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>This pair has been through the ringer, and has lost a lot of the blue indigo that makes them the blue jeans that we know of. There’s lots of speckles and dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>These are from 1873 or ’74. They’re a mottled greyish brown, and the crotch is completely worn through. Most of the metal is gone. What’s left of the denim has been stitched to an inner layer to stabilize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>We worked with a conservator creating kind of an inner ghost pair of blue jeans, to then sew all of the parts that may have been just hanging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene):\u003c/strong> I’m just thinking how meticulous … like it’s making me think of archeologists who recreate the face of a Neanderthal woman or something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>Oh no, it is. It was stitch by stitch. And look at them, it was difficult to put the needle through because the denim was still really tough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>The original Levi’s were serious work pants, basically personal protective gear to be worn on top of your other clothes. They had buttons for suspenders and a buckle on the back, so that the size was adjustable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>You could get a large pair. Especially if you were like a mining company and you would just get several sizes, kind of big, and then more than one worker could wear them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>The 501 waist overalls, as they were called, were a hit. By 1879 they were selling for $1.46 a pair! Levi’s opened a factory and made jeans here in San Francisco for well over a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the demand kept growing. One old advertisement quotes the 1926 world champion rodeo rider Lawton Champie:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice Reading Lawton Champie Quote: \u003c/strong>I have worn Levi Strauss overalls ever since I was a small boy. I am over 23 years old. The Levi Strauss are the only clothes that will really stand the hard, rough brush work of a cowboy on the range, and they also are neat to wear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>In World War II the U.S. government declared jeans an essential commodity, available only to defense workers. Soldiers wore them while serving overseas, which helped introduce them to Europe and Japan. In the ’50s Marlon Brando wore them with his leather jacket and his motorcycle when he played Johnny in \u003cem>The Wild One\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Movie Clip: \u003c/strong>Johnny what are you rebelling against? Whaddaya got?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Jeans became the official uniform of cool. By the 1970s, everybody was wearing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Jefferson Airplane commercial: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem>Right now, with your white Levi’s, white Levi’s come in black …\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>The company is still going strong, and still based in San Francisco, though these days the jeans are made mostly overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>What has made Levi’s carry on for so long?\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>So I showed you the very oldest pair of blue jeans that we have in the collection dating to the 1870s. They don’t look a lot different to the Levi’s that we wear today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>So you think it’s really kind of about the jeans themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Tracey Panek:\u003c/strong> I think it’s about the jeans themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Levi Strauss capitalized on one of the main needs for people coming to San Francisco in its early years — clothing and supplies. Now let’s go a few blocks down the street to a business that addressed an even more fundamental need –- food. And this business is even older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes:\u003c/strong> As a matter of fact, it’s older than California state itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Jose Maximilian Paredes is a bartender at Tadich Grill in San Francisco’s financial district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>‘Cause, uh, California became union in 1850. So Tadich Grill, it was a year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>So what you’re saying is this restaurant is older than the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>It is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>He’s worked here for 25 years and he’s showing me around the place before it opens for the day. It’s classy but comfortable. It feels a little like someplace out of \u003cem>The Godfather\u003c/em>, with dark wood paneled walls and white linen table cloths. Along one wall are private booths with wooden dividers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>It’s like a little small room and you and your guests, you know, nobody bother you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Tadich Grill got its start in 1849 in a tent on an almost mile-long wharf jutting out from San Francisco’s main harbor, where three Croatian immigrants served food and coffee to merchants and sailors. Their names were Nikola Budrovich, Frano Kosta, and Antonio Gasparich, and they called their little spot Coffee Stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sounds of the kitchen\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Over the next 175 years the restaurant passed through just a handful of Croatian owners, including one John Tadich who renamed it after himself in 1912. Since 1928 it’s been in the Buich family. It has never closed, and while it’s moved around a little bit, it’s still in the same neighborhood. And once again getting ready to open for lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>This is our kitchen. This is our chef Jeff Rodriguez. How you doing? Our kitchen, based on three cooks, is serving 400 customers a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Before COVID, he says it was more like 700.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>That’s for three people. That’s impressive. So you have the broiler on the side here. This is a charcoal wood mesquite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Tadich Grill cooks fish over wood coals — in the Croatian style. seafood has always been a specialty here. It was a working class food in San Francisco’s early days. Cracked crab was on the menu in 1916 for 35 cents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Really good food. I’ll tell you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>What’s your favorite?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Cioppino. Have you ever had cioppino before?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>No.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Cioppino is like a seafood stew, like a … it is like clams, mussels, prawns…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Jose says he would eat it every day if he could. And he’s clearly not the only one who appreciates the food. Over the years, many famous people have dined here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>This is our guestbook. It’s not everybody will have the pleasure to see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>He sets a well-worn book with yellowed pages onto the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Go ahead. Just go little by little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>There’s page after page of loopy signatures … sometimes with little comments about the food or the hospitality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>Jack Nicholson. Johnny Carson. Linda Ronstadt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Yeah. They all were here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>Carrie Grant. Doris Day …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Matt Groening, the creator of the Simpsons, drew a cartoon of Homer Simpson saying “Mmmm … Tadich Grill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out a lot of San Francisco’s mayors have been regulars. Willie Brown said when he really wanted to show people the flavor of San Francisco, he would bring them here. Several Kennedys have dined here, and George and Barbara Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>Huey Lewis …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Oh, I remember I waited on Huey Lewis. I have pictures with him. He was sitting right there in that corner right there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>David Bowie.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>What fun. What a fun place to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes:\u003c/strong> It is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>I remember when I started working here and I said, you know what, I’m just gonna stick around for a few years. I’m gonna make a few dollars and I’m gonna move on. But then for some reason I started liking it, loving it with passion, you know. When you engage with customers and then you laugh and you smile, and then you talk to ’em like you know them for a hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>And now the grandfather clock shows it’s almost 11 a.m. — opening time. Customers are starting to line up outside. Jose turns on the light for the neon Tadich Grill sign out front.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Here we go. Alright. Yeah. Ready? We’ll find out. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>As he opens the doors, families and groups of colleagues step inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Morning. Welcome. Hi there. How are you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>One guy comes in, sits at the bar, and starts folding silverware into napkins. He doesn’t work here though; he just feels really comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene):\u003c/strong> What you doing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>I’m helping out, like I usually do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>His name is Matt Ricci. He likes to get some lunch or a drink and shoot the breeze with the staff. But when he first came in here, almost 30 years ago, it was to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>When I moved here from New York, the guy that I worked for did maintenance at night. And I used to come here and actually clean the kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>That didn’t really pay enough for him to be able to dine here. But then …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>I started working in finance and then when I could afford to eat lunch every once in a while, that’s, uh, that’s what I did. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene):\u003c/strong> So first you were cleaning the kitchen at night and then next thing you knew, you were like in a suit and tie having a nice white wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>Yep. Yep. Martini’s my choice though.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene):\u003c/strong> How’s the martini here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>Ah, it’s the best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Now he’s here two or three times a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt says overall it’s the consistency of this place that he loves. That in all these years, it hasn’t really changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>It’s like a treat for a lot of people to come here. It’s that old school goodness that, you know, that people love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>I asked our question asker, Scott Brenner to stop by for a bite and shared all that I found with him. Like how this place has been in business since before California was a state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Brenner: \u003c/strong>That’s really quite impressive. I had no idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>We order the cioppino as Jose recommended — a San Francisco dish that’s almost as old as the restaurant itself. The waiter brings us bibs so we don’t get it all over our clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Brenner: \u003c/strong>I have to say I’m normally not the biggest seafood person, but at a place like this, it works for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>It’s warm and garlicky and fun to imagine diners enjoying this same dish some 150 years ago. Maybe even while wearing a pair of Levi’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>That was reporter Katherine Monahan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Scott Brenner for asking today’s question, which actually won a Bay Curious voting round. We’ve got three new questions for you to vote on in May:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice 1: \u003c/strong>There is a placard in Alviso describing how in 1890, P.H. Wheeler wanted to turn the salt marsh into a development called “New Chicago” but that fortune’s tide turned against him. Who was P.H. Wheeler and what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice 2: \u003c/strong>What is the longest stairway in San Francisco? What is the shortest? What is the steepest?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice 3: \u003c/strong>Who funds those positive billboards in Oakland along 880? They went up right after the election and they l say things like “yesterday’s tomorrow is here today” or “what if that thing were a good thing.” They’re positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Head on over to \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/baycurious\">kqed.org/baycurious\u003c/a> to cast your vote. And if you’ve been wondering about some aspect of life in the Bay Area, you can submit your question there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our show is produced by: Gabriela Glueck, Christopher Beale, and me, Katrina Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With extra support from Alana Walker, Maha Sanad, Katie Springer, Jen Chien, Holly Kernan, and everyone on team KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some members of the KQED podcast team are represented by The Screen Actors Guild — American Federation of Television and Radio Artists San Francisco-Northern California Local.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See ya next week!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Levi Strauss and Tadich Grill are two San Francisco businesses that have been around as long as the city. Here’s their history.",
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"title": "Built to Last: Some San Francisco Businesses Date Back to the Gold Rush | KQED",
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"headline": "Built to Last: Some San Francisco Businesses Date Back to the Gold Rush",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#A\">View the full episode transcript.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The age of a place is a relative concept. To somebody from Asia or Europe, the city of San Francisco can seem almost amusingly young, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11621844/the-true-history-of-irish-coffee-and-its-san-francisco-origins\">its cherished establishments\u003c/a> like they’re just getting started. But to Bay Curious listener Scott Brenner — who’s about 30 years old — some Bay Area businesses seem almost ancient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes his parents would take him to a restaurant, and tell him they’d been coming there since before he was born. “ And of course that’s a long time for me,” Brenner said, “but I know that there’s much more history in this area.” So it got him wondering: “What are the oldest businesses in the Bay Area?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out there are a lot of businesses that have been around for a really long time. There’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.normandinchryslerjeep.net/\">Normandin’s car dealership in San José\u003c/a>, which started out selling horses and buggies in 1875. And KCBS is understood to be one of the first radio stations in the world, getting its start around 1909.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And one of the very oldest local businesses is now known all over the world — Levi Strauss & Co., of blue jean fame.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>A Gold Rush startup\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039212\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039212\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-2208524376.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-2208524376.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-2208524376-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-2208524376-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-2208524376-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Levi’s brand logo stands in front of the headquarters of manufacturer Levi Strauss in San Francisco on March 23, 2025. \u003ccite>(Andrej Sokolow/picture alliance via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Levi Strauss was a young Bavarian man who came to San Francisco in 1852 or ’53 to open a branch of his family’s dry goods business, which was already operating in New York. The California Gold Rush was in full swing, and Strauss got a warehouse downtown and started selling supplies, including canvas, bedding materials, and an especially sturdy cotton fabric called denim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Business went well. Even after the Gold Rush tapered off, there were still plenty of people doing tough outdoor work. In the early 1870s, Strauss started manufacturing a new product — one that would make his fortune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It started with a letter from a customer, a tailor in Reno named Jacob Davis. He told Strauss about an unusual idea he had for making tough work pants last longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12039203\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/early-20th-century-billboard-barn-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"720\" height=\"686\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/early-20th-century-billboard-barn-copy.jpg 720w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/early-20th-century-billboard-barn-copy-160x152.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He took little pieces of metal and added them to the pockets and the stress points,” explained Tracey Panek, Levi’s historian and director of archives. “And it made them tougher because if you have someone putting their hands in their pockets, it’s not going to tear.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Davis told Strauss the pants were selling like hotcakes and he couldn’t keep up with the demand. He wanted a business partner. Strauss agreed, and in 1873, they received a \u003ca href=\"https://i.ebayimg.com/images/g/D44AAOSwttRfnjpD/s-l1600.webp\">U.S. patent\u003c/a> for an improvement in fastening pocket openings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Levi Strauss archives are in a climate-controlled room on the top floor of the company’s headquarters at the base of Telegraph Hill. Hanging from the walls are bits of history: Albert Einstein’s jean jacket from the 1930s, a fluffy suede coat from when Levi’s outfitted the U.S. Olympic team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important things we keep in a fireproof safe,” Panek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carefully, she pulled out the oldest known pair of jeans in the world, made in 1873 or ’74.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039202\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"2560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-scaled.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-1152x1536.jpg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3541-1536x2048.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tracey Panek, Levi’s historian and director of the archives, with the oldest known pair of jeans in the world. \u003ccite>(Katherine Monahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of the indigo dye that made them blue is faded now, and they’re a mottled grayish brown color. The crotch is completely worn through, most of the metal is gone, and what’s left of the denim has been stitched to an inner layer to stabilize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was difficult to put the needle through because the denim was still really tough,” Panek said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The original Levi’s, known as “501 waist overalls,” were serious work pants, basically personal protective gear to be worn on top of your other clothes. They had buttons for suspenders and a buckle on the back, so that the size was adjustable. Mining companies would purchase multiple pairs in large sizes so that workers could share them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1879, the 501s were selling for $1.46 a pair, close to $50 in today’s money. And the demand kept growing. Levi’s opened a factory and made jeans in San Francisco for well over a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company introduced “Lady Levi’s” in 1934. They were high-waisted and loose, with a more feminine cut. During World War II, the U.S. government declared jeans an essential commodity, available only to defense workers. Soldiers wore them while serving overseas, which helped introduce them to Europe and Japan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1950s, Marlon Brando wore them with his leather jacket and his motorcycle when he played Johnny in \u003cem>The Wild One\u003c/em>. Jeans became the official uniform of cool. By the 1970s, everybody was wearing them.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Iyq4HZZ4H50'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Iyq4HZZ4H50'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Panek pointed out that the jeans haven’t changed much in over 150 years. “I showed you the very oldest pair of blue jeans that we have in the collection,” she said. “They don’t look a lot different to the Levi’s that we wear today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Feeding hungry sailors\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Levi Strauss capitalized on one of the main needs for people coming to San Francisco in its early years — clothing and supplies. But around the same time, there was another type of business catering to newcomers that was even more fundamental — food vendors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tadich Grill, a seafood restaurant in San Francisco’s financial district, is older than the state of California itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039210\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 988px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039210\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-1298895241.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"988\" height=\"623\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-1298895241.jpg 988w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-1298895241-800x504.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/GettyImages-1298895241-160x101.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 988px) 100vw, 988px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tadich Grill interior photos from 1974. \u003ccite>(Larry Tiscornia/San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It got its start in 1849 in a tent on an almost mile-long wharf jutting out from San Francisco’s main harbor. Three Croatian immigrants, Nikola Budrovich, Frano Kosta, and Antonio Gasparich, served food and coffee to merchants and sailors. They called their little spot Coffee Stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, the restaurant has passed through just a handful of Croatian owners, including one John Tadich, who renamed it after himself in 1912. Since 1928, it’s been in the Buich family. It has never closed, and while it’s moved around a little bit, it’s still in the same neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bartender Jose Maximilian Paredes showed me around the restaurant as the staff got ready to open for lunch. With its dark wood paneled walls and white linen tablecloths, it feels a little like someplace out of \u003cem>The Godfather\u003c/em> movies. Along one wall are private booths with wooden dividers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the kitchen, the chefs were prepping the charcoal grill, used to cook seafood in the traditional Croatian style.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Great food. Really good food. I’ll tell you,” said Paredes, who has worked here for 25 years. His favorite dish? The cioppino, a seafood stew that originated here in San Francisco. “I’d eat it every day if I could,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039199\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12039199\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-800x1062.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1062\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-800x1062.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-1020x1354.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-1157x1536.jpg 1157w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573-1542x2048.jpg 1542w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3515-scaled-e1746651588573.jpg 1562w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tadich Grill bartender Jose Maximilian Paredes. \u003ccite>(Katherine Monahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the years, many famous people have dined here. Paredes brought out a well-worn guestbook with yellowed pages and set it on a table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside are page after page of loopy signatures. Actors like Jack Nicholson and Carrie Grant. Singers like Linda Ronstadt and David Bowie. Politicians, sports stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of them wrote little comments about the food or the hospitality. Matt Groening, the creator of the Simpsons, drew a cartoon of Homer Simpson saying, “Mmmm . . . Tadich Grill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out a lot of San Francisco’s mayors have been regulars. According to \u003cem>Tadich Grill, the History of San Francisco’s Oldest Restaurant, With Recipes\u003c/em> by John Briscoe, Willie Brown said that when he really wanted to show people the flavor of San Francisco, he would bring them here. Several Kennedys have dined here, as have George and Barbara Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paredes said it’s the people who come in that make him love working here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you engage with customers and then you laugh and you smile,” he said, “and then you talk to ’em like you know them for a hundred years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12039197\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12039197\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1920\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/IMG_3525-scaled-e1746651497961-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Tadich Grill guestbook. \u003ccite>(Katherine Monahan/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the restaurant opened, families and groups of colleagues filed inside. Some had made reservations for the booths. Others headed to the wraparound bar.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tadich Grill regular Matt Ricci sat down to his usual martini. He said he’s been coming here for almost 30 years. He likes to get some lunch or a drink and shoot the breeze with the staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all these years, he said, it hasn’t really changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a treat for a lot of people to come here,” Ricci said. “It’s that old school goodness that people love.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked our question asker, Scott Brenner, to stop by for a bite. We ordered the cioppino as Paredes recommended. The waiter brought us bibs so we didn’t get it all over our clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was warm and garlicky … and fun to imagine diners enjoying this same dish some 150 years ago. Maybe even while wearing a pair of Levi’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"A\">\u003c/a>Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/strong> Hey everyone, I’m Katrina Schwartz and you’re listening to Bay Curious, the podcast that answers listener questions about the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s question comes from listener Scott Brenner in San Francisco. He grew up around here and knows a lot of the local establishments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Brenner:\u003c/strong> There are a few restaurants that I know my parents have been to since before I was born. And of course that’s a long time for me, but I know that there’s much more history in this area, so it’s got me wondering: what are the oldest businesses in the Bay Area?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>It turns out there are a lot of businesses that have been doing their thing for a really long time. There’s a car dealership in San José, Normandin’s, that started out selling horses and buggies in 1875. And KCBS is understood to be one of the oldest radio stations in the world, getting its start around 1909.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Brenner: \u003c/strong>I did have a couple guesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Scott considered Ghirardelli chocolates, It’s-It ice cream sandwiches, but then he settled on one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Brenner: \u003c/strong>What I’m imagining is like Levi Strauss, like the apparel company would probably be number one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Levi Strauss of blue jean fame is in fact one of the oldest businesses in the Bay Area. So today on the show, we’re going to learn more about those blue jeans and Levi’s. And then we’ll grab a bite at the oldest restaurant in California. Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today we’re visiting two of the Bay Area’s oldest businesses. To start us off, reporter Katherine Monahan takes us to where they both began in downtown San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Levi Strauss world headquarters takes up a whole city block at the foot of Telegraph Hill. There’s a landscaped plaza out front, where dozens of employees are getting lunch from food trucks and chatting by giant water fountains. These days, Levi’s is a massive enterprise, operating in over 120 countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it started much more humbly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek:\u003c/strong> Levi Strauss and Company was born on the foundations of the Gold Rush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Tracey Panek is Levi’s historian and director of archives, and she means that literally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>When I come to work in the morning, I literally am walking over the remains of a Gold Rush-era ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Yeah, we’re standing on top of it right now. In fact, much of San Francisco’s financial district is built on landfill that includes old ships — abandoned when their sailors ran east to look for gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>From 1849 up until the mid-1850s there were thousands of people coming in, and there were hundreds of ships that were coming in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>On one of them was a young Bavarian man called Levi Strauss. He came in 1852 or 53 to open a branch of his family’s dry goods business — which was already operating in New York. He got a warehouse here in San Francisco and started selling supplies — including canvas, bedding materials, and an especially sturdy cotton fabric called denim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And business went well! Even after the gold rush tapered off, there was still plenty of demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>There’s lots of men who are doing tough outdoor work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>And in the early 1870s Strauss started making a new product, one that would make his fortune. It started with a letter from a customer, a tailor in Reno called Jacob Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>He also tells Levi about an unusual idea he had for making tough work pants. And it comes down to … here we go ’cause I have some of these — a little tiny piece of metal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Davis had started putting copper rivets onto the stress points on work pants — just like you still see on your jeans’ pockets today. He told Levi Strauss the pants were selling like hotcakes and he couldn’t keep up. He wanted a business partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>So Levi and the company agree, and on May 20th, 1873, they receive a U.S. patent. For an improvement in fastening pocket openings. We refer to it here at Levi Strauss as the birth of the modern blue jean, or 501 as it would be called.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>For a closer look, Tracey takes me up to the top floor — and into the Levi’s archives room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>And I noticed you put on your white gloves just now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>I did put on my white gloves. Most of the collection in the archives is garments and we handle them in a way that’s gonna make them last for another 150 plus years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>It’s a climate controlled room, and hanging from the walls are bits of history. Albert Einstein’s jean jacket from the 1930s. A fluffy suede coat from when Levi’s outfitted the U.S. Olympic team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>The important things we keep in a fireproof safe, which I’m happy to show you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>Yeah, let’s check it out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>Alright. So. I’m gonna pull out the very earliest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Carefully, Tracey carries a bundle over to a table and unwraps the oldest known pair of jeans in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>Whoa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>This pair has been through the ringer, and has lost a lot of the blue indigo that makes them the blue jeans that we know of. There’s lots of speckles and dirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>These are from 1873 or ’74. They’re a mottled greyish brown, and the crotch is completely worn through. Most of the metal is gone. What’s left of the denim has been stitched to an inner layer to stabilize it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>We worked with a conservator creating kind of an inner ghost pair of blue jeans, to then sew all of the parts that may have been just hanging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene):\u003c/strong> I’m just thinking how meticulous … like it’s making me think of archeologists who recreate the face of a Neanderthal woman or something like that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>Oh no, it is. It was stitch by stitch. And look at them, it was difficult to put the needle through because the denim was still really tough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>The original Levi’s were serious work pants, basically personal protective gear to be worn on top of your other clothes. They had buttons for suspenders and a buckle on the back, so that the size was adjustable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>You could get a large pair. Especially if you were like a mining company and you would just get several sizes, kind of big, and then more than one worker could wear them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>The 501 waist overalls, as they were called, were a hit. By 1879 they were selling for $1.46 a pair! Levi’s opened a factory and made jeans here in San Francisco for well over a century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the demand kept growing. One old advertisement quotes the 1926 world champion rodeo rider Lawton Champie:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice Reading Lawton Champie Quote: \u003c/strong>I have worn Levi Strauss overalls ever since I was a small boy. I am over 23 years old. The Levi Strauss are the only clothes that will really stand the hard, rough brush work of a cowboy on the range, and they also are neat to wear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>In World War II the U.S. government declared jeans an essential commodity, available only to defense workers. Soldiers wore them while serving overseas, which helped introduce them to Europe and Japan. In the ’50s Marlon Brando wore them with his leather jacket and his motorcycle when he played Johnny in \u003cem>The Wild One\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Movie Clip: \u003c/strong>Johnny what are you rebelling against? Whaddaya got?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Jeans became the official uniform of cool. By the 1970s, everybody was wearing them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Jefferson Airplane commercial: \u003c/em>\u003c/strong>\u003cem>Right now, with your white Levi’s, white Levi’s come in black …\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>The company is still going strong, and still based in San Francisco, though these days the jeans are made mostly overseas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>What has made Levi’s carry on for so long?\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tracey Panek: \u003c/strong>So I showed you the very oldest pair of blue jeans that we have in the collection dating to the 1870s. They don’t look a lot different to the Levi’s that we wear today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>So you think it’s really kind of about the jeans themselves?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> Tracey Panek:\u003c/strong> I think it’s about the jeans themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Levi Strauss capitalized on one of the main needs for people coming to San Francisco in its early years — clothing and supplies. Now let’s go a few blocks down the street to a business that addressed an even more fundamental need –- food. And this business is even older.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes:\u003c/strong> As a matter of fact, it’s older than California state itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Jose Maximilian Paredes is a bartender at Tadich Grill in San Francisco’s financial district.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>‘Cause, uh, California became union in 1850. So Tadich Grill, it was a year before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>So what you’re saying is this restaurant is older than the state of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>It is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>He’s worked here for 25 years and he’s showing me around the place before it opens for the day. It’s classy but comfortable. It feels a little like someplace out of \u003cem>The Godfather\u003c/em>, with dark wood paneled walls and white linen table cloths. Along one wall are private booths with wooden dividers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>It’s like a little small room and you and your guests, you know, nobody bother you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Tadich Grill got its start in 1849 in a tent on an almost mile-long wharf jutting out from San Francisco’s main harbor, where three Croatian immigrants served food and coffee to merchants and sailors. Their names were Nikola Budrovich, Frano Kosta, and Antonio Gasparich, and they called their little spot Coffee Stand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Sounds of the kitchen\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Over the next 175 years the restaurant passed through just a handful of Croatian owners, including one John Tadich who renamed it after himself in 1912. Since 1928 it’s been in the Buich family. It has never closed, and while it’s moved around a little bit, it’s still in the same neighborhood. And once again getting ready to open for lunch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>This is our kitchen. This is our chef Jeff Rodriguez. How you doing? Our kitchen, based on three cooks, is serving 400 customers a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Before COVID, he says it was more like 700.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>That’s for three people. That’s impressive. So you have the broiler on the side here. This is a charcoal wood mesquite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Tadich Grill cooks fish over wood coals — in the Croatian style. seafood has always been a specialty here. It was a working class food in San Francisco’s early days. Cracked crab was on the menu in 1916 for 35 cents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Really good food. I’ll tell you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>What’s your favorite?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Cioppino. Have you ever had cioppino before?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>No.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Cioppino is like a seafood stew, like a … it is like clams, mussels, prawns…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Jose says he would eat it every day if he could. And he’s clearly not the only one who appreciates the food. Over the years, many famous people have dined here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>This is our guestbook. It’s not everybody will have the pleasure to see it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>He sets a well-worn book with yellowed pages onto the table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Go ahead. Just go little by little.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>There’s page after page of loopy signatures … sometimes with little comments about the food or the hospitality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>Jack Nicholson. Johnny Carson. Linda Ronstadt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Yeah. They all were here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>Carrie Grant. Doris Day …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Matt Groening, the creator of the Simpsons, drew a cartoon of Homer Simpson saying “Mmmm … Tadich Grill.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out a lot of San Francisco’s mayors have been regulars. Willie Brown said when he really wanted to show people the flavor of San Francisco, he would bring them here. Several Kennedys have dined here, and George and Barbara Bush.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>Huey Lewis …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Oh, I remember I waited on Huey Lewis. I have pictures with him. He was sitting right there in that corner right there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>David Bowie.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>What fun. What a fun place to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes:\u003c/strong> It is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene): \u003c/strong>I remember when I started working here and I said, you know what, I’m just gonna stick around for a few years. I’m gonna make a few dollars and I’m gonna move on. But then for some reason I started liking it, loving it with passion, you know. When you engage with customers and then you laugh and you smile, and then you talk to ’em like you know them for a hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>And now the grandfather clock shows it’s almost 11 a.m. — opening time. Customers are starting to line up outside. Jose turns on the light for the neon Tadich Grill sign out front.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Here we go. Alright. Yeah. Ready? We’ll find out. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>As he opens the doors, families and groups of colleagues step inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Jose Maximilian Paredes: \u003c/strong>Morning. Welcome. Hi there. How are you?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>One guy comes in, sits at the bar, and starts folding silverware into napkins. He doesn’t work here though; he just feels really comfortable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene):\u003c/strong> What you doing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>I’m helping out, like I usually do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>His name is Matt Ricci. He likes to get some lunch or a drink and shoot the breeze with the staff. But when he first came in here, almost 30 years ago, it was to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>When I moved here from New York, the guy that I worked for did maintenance at night. And I used to come here and actually clean the kitchen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>That didn’t really pay enough for him to be able to dine here. But then …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>I started working in finance and then when I could afford to eat lunch every once in a while, that’s, uh, that’s what I did. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene):\u003c/strong> So first you were cleaning the kitchen at night and then next thing you knew, you were like in a suit and tie having a nice white wine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>Yep. Yep. Martini’s my choice though.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan (in scene):\u003c/strong> How’s the martini here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>Ah, it’s the best.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>Now he’s here two or three times a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Matt says overall it’s the consistency of this place that he loves. That in all these years, it hasn’t really changed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Matt Ricci: \u003c/strong>It’s like a treat for a lot of people to come here. It’s that old school goodness that, you know, that people love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>I asked our question asker, Scott Brenner to stop by for a bite and shared all that I found with him. Like how this place has been in business since before California was a state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Brenner: \u003c/strong>That’s really quite impressive. I had no idea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>We order the cioppino as Jose recommended — a San Francisco dish that’s almost as old as the restaurant itself. The waiter brings us bibs so we don’t get it all over our clothes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scott Brenner: \u003c/strong>I have to say I’m normally not the biggest seafood person, but at a place like this, it works for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katherine Monahan: \u003c/strong>It’s warm and garlicky and fun to imagine diners enjoying this same dish some 150 years ago. Maybe even while wearing a pair of Levi’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>That was reporter Katherine Monahan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thanks to Scott Brenner for asking today’s question, which actually won a Bay Curious voting round. We’ve got three new questions for you to vote on in May:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice 1: \u003c/strong>There is a placard in Alviso describing how in 1890, P.H. Wheeler wanted to turn the salt marsh into a development called “New Chicago” but that fortune’s tide turned against him. Who was P.H. Wheeler and what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice 2: \u003c/strong>What is the longest stairway in San Francisco? What is the shortest? What is the steepest?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice 3: \u003c/strong>Who funds those positive billboards in Oakland along 880? They went up right after the election and they l say things like “yesterday’s tomorrow is here today” or “what if that thing were a good thing.” They’re positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/strong>Head on over to \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/baycurious\">kqed.org/baycurious\u003c/a> to cast your vote. And if you’ve been wondering about some aspect of life in the Bay Area, you can submit your question there too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our show is produced by: Gabriela Glueck, Christopher Beale, and me, Katrina Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With extra support from Alana Walker, Maha Sanad, Katie Springer, Jen Chien, Holly Kernan, and everyone on team KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some members of the KQED podcast team are represented by The Screen Actors Guild — American Federation of Television and Radio Artists San Francisco-Northern California Local.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See ya next week!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#A\">View the full episode transcript.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Aaron Rothman and his wife decided to stay in San Francisco to raise their child, the cost of private school was part of their financial equation. That was the way most of their friends with two working parents did school in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s no secret, right? Public schools are not well funded in California, and that story isn’t getting any better,” said Rothman, who lives in Miraloma Park and works as a recruiter in the tech industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rothman’s son had a great experience at their local public elementary school. But when high school was around the corner, Rothman said he felt public schools were a better fit for high achievers or kids with a lot of needs. He worried his son would fall through the cracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The student population that sort of fell in the middle of the bell curve, we felt, was oftentimes just shuffled through in a way. And we were looking for something a little bit different,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rothman’s son goes to a local Catholic high school now — even though they’re not religious — and the family pays roughly $30,000 a year for their son’s tuition. Rothman said they make sacrifices, but it’s worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s thriving,” Rothman said. “He’s got straight As.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Bay Area does have high private school rates\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A staggering 30% of kindergarten through 12th graders in San Francisco went to private schools during the 2023–24 school year. That’s more than triple California’s statewide average of 8% among kids who aren’t homeschooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, most of the nine Bay Area counties are higher than the state average when it comes to private schooling, with the exception of Sonoma and Solano. Three Bay Area counties’ private schooling rates are double the statewide average — Santa Clara (16%), San Mateo (17%) and Marin (19%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Percentage of K-12 students attending private schools (2023-24)\" aria-label=\"Map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-NUfF7\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/NUfF7/5/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"800\" height=\"687\" data-external=\"1\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s private schooling prevalence is notable compared to other large counties in California. Los Angeles’s private schooling rate is 10.4%, Sacramento nearly 7.5%, and Fresno, less than 3%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are roughly 115 private schools in the city of San Francisco alone, and annual tuition can cost anywhere from $10,000 to $65,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford education economist Tom Dee said there could be many reasons why the private schooling rate in San Francisco is so high, including the city’s pockets of affluence, and “concerns about the quality and stability” of public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dee said San Francisco has historically had a robust Catholic schooling system — there are now 34 Catholic schools in the city — which provide families with a parallel schooling track.[aside postID=mindshift_51909 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/08/Horizons1-1180x664.jpg']While San Francisco Unified did lose 4,000 students over the past seven years, the high private schooling rate in the city has persisted for decades. According to California Department of Education data, private schooling in San Francisco was 30% dating all the way back to the 1998–99 school year, and roughly that rate in many of the years since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The large share of private school enrollment in [San Francisco] has been true ever since I started teaching in SFUSD in the mid-1990s,” Commissioner Alexander shared with KQED in an email, adding that he believed the trend started when the district began racially integrating schools back in the early 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s when the big declines in SFUSD enrollment began,” Alexander wrote, “due to wealthier, mostly white families leaving SFUSD to avoid integrated public schools.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Desegregation prompts demand for more private options\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Alexander’s hunch about the origins of private schooling in the Bay Area is supported by research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Class-Action-Desegregation-Diversity-Francisco/dp/1517904765\">\u003cem>Class Action: Desegregation and Diversity in San Francisco Schools\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, University of Pennsylvania professor Rand Quinn recounts the history of San Francisco’s efforts to mix up racial diversity in public schools by busing kids out of their neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Private school enrollment surged,” said Quinn, about the desegregation era in the 1970s. “This surge essentially created a permanent shift away from public education that we see today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busing wasn’t popular among any ethnic group, according to Quinn, but white and Asian families were the most dissatisfied. Some parents believed that racial integration would lower educational standards, and there were robust private schooling options for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Private grade schools in San Francisco \" aria-label=\"Map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-P50qB\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/P50qB/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"800\" height=\"682\" data-external=\"1\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“White flight in San Francisco was among the worst in the country — more than 20,000 white students left SFUSD” after the busing program was implemented, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfusd.edu/facing-our-past-changing-our-future-part-ii-five-decades-desegregation-sfusd-1971-today#:~:text=The%20Plan,for%20students%20across%20the%20country.\">reads a district blog post. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Why do many local parents choose private school?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Nowadays, the reasons parents choose private schools are complex and highly individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sso.nais.org/sso/login?appCode=NAIS&returnUrl=https:%2F%2Fwww.nais.org:443%2Faccount%2Fssosignin\">National surveys\u003c/a> suggest that parents go private because they believe it will give their kids a safe learning environment, nurture their child’s intellectual, social, and emotional skills, and give them a boost in college applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, at Alta Vista, a K–8 private school in San Francisco’s Portola neighborhood, kids benefit from small class sizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each first-grade class has two teachers attending to 16 students. In comparison, at a nearby public school, a first-grade class could be 22 students with one teacher, per the teacher’s union agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a recent Friday morning math lesson, Alta Vista first graders spread out in small groups all around their classroom. Some played with plastic learning toys while sitting on a carpeted floor with a teacher. Others stood next to each other at a long table, using playing cards and rolling dice with another teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12032350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12032350\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mamie Pepper teaches a kindergarten class at Alta Vista School in San Francisco on March 18, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037216\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12037216\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2500\" height=\"833\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-800x267.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-1020x340.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-1536x512.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-2048x682.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-1920x640.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Alta Vista School in San Francisco on March 18, 2025. Right: Students in Mamie Pepper’s kindergarten work on a lesson at Alta Vista School.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the hands-on learning environment comes with a hefty price tag. Tuition here is more than $41,000 a year, although some kids receive financial aid. And Alta Vista, along with other private schools, accepts less than two-thirds of the kids who apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents are willing to jump through the hoops and pony up the cash to get specialized education and attention for their kids, according to USF researcher Julia Roehl. \u003ca href=\"https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2677&context=capstone\">San Francisco private school parents gave Roehl many reasons \u003c/a>for keeping their kids out of the public system, including the desire for the “network effect” private school brings, which they believed can set their children up with opportunities for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Roehl said some parents send their kids to private school for much simpler reasons, like proximity or a desire for community. One parent she interviewed wanted her child to be able to walk to class and have neighbors help with pick-ups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12032354\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12032354\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Second-grade teacher Sarah Jashington works with students during class at Alta Vista School in San Francisco on March 18, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was a very case-by-case basis on what worked best,” Roehl said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For other parents, private school is about faith and morals. In the Bay Area, there are dozens of \u003ca href=\"https://schools.sfarch.org/schools\">religious schools,\u003c/a> and they tend to be less expensive than other private options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I still go to church,” said Ada Bajada, a nurse practitioner in South San Francisco who has three kids in Christian schools. Her youngest two attend the same school that Bajada went to as a child. She and her husband, who is an electrician, pay a total of $33,000 a year in school tuition for all three of her kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t take back the years,” Bajada said. “Whatever we can invest in them to help develop them, secure them as a person inside … is a positive investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12032348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12032348\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ada Bajada at her home in South San Francisco on March 17, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How the private school system affects public schools\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Economists say there are real consequences of siphoning students away from the public system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have fewer kids, you expect to get less money,” Tom Dee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public school districts receive state money based on how many kids are enrolled. So when parents choose to pull their kids out of public schools, the district loses out on funding.[aside postID=mindshift_47765 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/03/integration_slide-73a0e20c5d0a2f5a4039222add76a0fc10921e1c-1180x787.jpg']For example, SFUSD said the 4,000 kids who left San Francisco public schools over the past seven years represent $80 million in per-pupil funding. On average, that’s a loss of $20,000 per kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And San Francisco is not the only public school system grappling with “gut-wrenching decisions” about cuts because of COVID-era enrollment decline, Dee said. Even if there are fewer kids using resources, districts still have fixed costs of running buildings and maintaining staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lights still have to be on, the building still has to be heated,” Dee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When families flood out of a public school system, it can kick off a negative cycle of enrollment decline that’s hard to reverse, said Rand Quinn. When funding dwindles, the district may be compelled to close school buildings or end programs. And when cuts make big news, the community’s confidence in the school system erodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even more families may opt out of the district and send their kids to private schools, especially middle-class families with the means to leave,” Quinn said. “So the burden of under-resourced schools falls disproportionately on working-class and poor families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Public schools don’t get the ‘credit [they] deserve’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Today, more than half of the students at San Francisco public schools are considered lower-income or otherwise at-risk. And total enrollment in the district is about half of what it was in the late 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, public school advocates say there’s a lot to brag about at San Francisco Unified. Students benefit from a number of language programs, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfusd.edu/learning/language-pathways-language\">Spanish to Arabic and Vietnamese\u003c/a>, and high schoolers can get ahead \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfusd.edu/learning/curriculum/high-school-curriculum-assessments/dual-enrollment?search_api_fulltext=dual%20enrollment\">by enrolling in college courses\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vanessa Marerro with Parents for Public Schools of San Francisco said some of the negativity about public schools is more rumor than fact. If parents saw classrooms in action, they’d see all the merits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ask for a tour. You can see what the students are doing. You can see how teachers are attending to them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kendall Fleming agrees. She has two kids at a public elementary school in the Sunset, and she’s been “wowed” by the teachers, who have shown deep knowledge, versatility and responsiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fleming said she feels her kids’ teachers are invested in them. During a recent parent-teacher conference about her kindergartner, the teacher recounted her child’s facial expressions while she was learning to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s exciting as a parent to know that someone not only sees your child … but is rooting for them and guiding them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>What do we collectively value?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The choice to leave — or to stay — in the public school system is complex and so different parent to parent. But economist Tom Dee said if fewer and fewer people are choosing public schools, over time, the trend can change basic notions about what we collectively value — and are willing to pay for — as a society.[aside postID=mindshift_50777 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2018/03/navigating-public-school-for-creativity_slide-1c13e7cd9067d550921287d4d2f5f0c26475577a-1180x787.jpg']The people who don’t use public schools may say, “This is not a public good that matters to me. Why should I look fondly on income and sales taxes and property taxes that fund it?” Dee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/44078/research-shows-diverse-classrooms-improve-learning-for-everyone\">psychology research\u003c/a> suggests that being exposed to racial and economic diversity at school is linked to a number of benefits, including development of critical thinking, building self-confidence and combating bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just having intergroup contact is really important because when you just engage with people, you’re more likely to see them as individualized humans,” Dee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marrero said parents can witness these social bridges in many SFUSD classrooms. “The science said it all, but the heart said more,” she said. “When you get learners in the same classroom that have different backgrounds, it’s just like, no walls at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"A\">\u003c/a>Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b> I’m Katrina Schwartz filling in for Olivia Allen-Price. Today on Bay Curious, we’re going to school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Abby Gudich: \u003c/b>So we’re out here on the schoolyard and we’re lining up for snack. It’s a beautiful San Francisco day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b> To private school, Alta Vista, a K-8 school in the Portola neighborhood. Enrollment director Abby Gudich is showing us around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Abby Gudich: \u003c/b>So we have life size legos. We have an awesome play structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>There’s a basketball court that’s been covered with soil and transformed into a garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Abby Gudich: \u003c/b>See the kids back here picking herbs and making garden tacos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b> Math and science are the focus here, through hands-on project based learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Abby Gudich:\u003c/b> These are our engineering challenge projects and they had to design a tower to withstand wind. And they could only use recycled materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>Private schools like this one are a popular option in San Francisco. Almost a third of K-12 kids go the private route even though it can cost anywhere from $10,000 to $65,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Michelle Boire:\u003c/b> I just remember thinking this is so many schools, like there are so many schools here\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>Bay Curious listener Michelle Boire was surprised when she saw a list of all the private schools in the Bay Area. She grew up on the peninsula in the early 2000s and says she remembers a few big college prep or Catholic schools. But now she says it seems like there are a lot more independent schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Michelle Boire:\u003c/b> My question is, why are there so many private and independent schools in the Bay Area? And I guess I’m curious about the good, the bad, and the ugly. I’m very curious about all sides of why these exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>Today on Bay Curious, we’re on a mission to unravel the complex and personal question of why families choose the schools they do. We’ll talk to private school parents, learn when the shift to private schools started and hear about some of the consequences for public schools and families. Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b> To figure out why there are so many independent schools in the San Francisco Bay Area, we need to understand why so many parents choose to send their children to private school. Reporter Pauline Bartolone zeroed in on San Francisco where the numbers are highest to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> Michelle, our question asker, seems to be on to something. When I looked at the state data on enrollment at private schools many Bay Area counties are higher than the state average of 8%. Santa Clara, San Mateo and Marin counties are all at least double. But if you look at San Francisco, the private school numbers are staggering. Thirty percent of K-12 kids go to private school. Thirty percent. So, why are there so many private schools here? Well, because parents want them and there are enough people who can pay for what is often pricey tuition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aaron Rothman:\u003c/b> I mean, it’s no secret, right? Public schools are not well funded in California, and that story isn’t getting any better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Aaron Rothman and his wife have a teenage son, and they live in the Miraloma Park neighborhood of San Francisco. Aaron’s a recruiter in tech, and his wife is in the art business. When they decided to stay in the city to raise their child, Aaron says, they just factored in the cost of private school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aaron Rothman: \u003c/b>We knew that probably fifth grade, you know, towards the end of elementary school, that we’re going to have to be thinking about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> For elementary school, Aaron’s son went to his neighborhood public school, and had a great experience. But when it came to high school, Aaron says public schools may be good for high achievers or maybe kids with a lot of needs. But he worried his son would fall through the cracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aaron Rothman: \u003c/b>A large amount of the student population that sort of fell in the middle of the bell curve we felt was oftentimes just shuffled through in a way. And we were looking for something a little bit different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>So Aaron and his wife looked for a private high school where their son could get a little more attention and learning support. They chose a private Catholic school near them, even though they’re not religious. Aaron says he likes the variety of classes there, and the college guidance. And the school has so many ways to support students to get good grades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aaron Rothman:\u003c/b> They almost sort of demand it in a way, whether it’s office hours in the morning, whether it was the opportunity to retake tests, whether it was the opportunity of having upperclassmen that were tutors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>The tuition is about thirty thousand a year, so Aaron says they make sacrifices. But he says it’s worth it. Their son, who is a junior now, is getting terrific grades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aaron Rothman:\u003c/b> He’s thriving. He’s got straight A’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>If you zoom out and look at the bigger picture of how schools are funded, the private school trend is more troubling. Economists say there are real consequences of siphoning students away from the public system. \u003cb>Tom Dee:\u003c/b> There’s little doubt that if you have fewer kids, you expect to get less money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Stanford education professor Tom Dee says public school districts receive state money based on how many kids are enrolled. So when parents choose to pull their kids out of public schools, the district loses out on funding. He says he saw the consequences of this when kids fled public schools during COVID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Tom Dee:\u003c/b> Many districts and I know San Francisco is among them are struggling with gut-wrenching decisions about which schools to close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Tom says school buildings alone cost a lot to run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Tom Dee: \u003c/b>The lights still have to be on, the building still has to be heated. Also there’s certain staffing you might want in that school in terms of counselors and nurses and administration, etc., that are comparatively fixed even in the face of enrollment decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Thousands of kids did leave San Francisco schools in the past few years. The district says it gets $80 million less a year now because of it. On average that’s a loss of about twenty thousand per kid. But this private school trend in the city, it’s not a new phenomenon. Private school attendance in San Francisco has been very high for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rand Quinn:\u003c/b> It most certainly has roots in the desegregation process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Rand Quinn once worked in San Francisco public schools. That experience inspired him to get a doctorate in education, and to write a book on the history of racial integration in the city during the late 1960s and 70s. In the beginning, kids were bussed out of their neighborhoods as a way to mix up each school’s student population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rand Quinn:\u003c/b> When the courts demanded that San Francisco Unified School District desegregate, private school enrollment surged. And that this surge essentially created a permanent shift away from public education that we see today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Busing wasn’t popular among any ethnic group, but research shows, white and Asian families were the most dissatisfied. Some parents believed that racial integration would lower educational standards. Tens of thousands of kids left San Francisco public schools over the next couple of decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rand Quinn:\u003c/b> There were robust options both in terms of Catholic schools and private independent schools for San Francisco families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>The flood of families opting out of the public system was the beginning of a negative cycle that’s been hard to reverse, Rand says. Kids leave, funding dwindles. The district responds by closing school buildings, maybe ending programs. Then, perhaps, cuts to staff make big news. The thinner the resources are at public schools, the more the community’s confidence in them erodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rand Quinn:\u003c/b> So even more families may opt out of the district and send their kids to private schools, especially middle class families with the means to leave. And so the burden of under-resourced schools falls disproportionately on working class and poor families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> Today, more than half of the students at San Francisco public schools are considered low-income or otherwise at risk. And total enrollment in the district is about half of what it was in the late 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kendall Fleming:\u003c/b> When people enter the public school system, I think they’re worried. I think they’re worried about the size of schools, the size of classrooms. They’re curious if the leadership can handle it. And our experience has just been a definitive yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Kendall Fleming lives in the Sunset neighborhood of San Francisco, and has two kids in the public elementary school there. She raves about their experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kendall Fleming:\u003c/b> We’ve been totally wowed by the teaching staff, the depth of knowledge, the comfort with the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>She says her kids’ teachers are super invested. During a recent parent-teacher conference about her kindergartner, the teacher — who has a class of 22 students — talked about the facial expression of Kendall’s kid while she was learning to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kendall Fleming:\u003c/b> Teaching reading is very hard. They’re all different levels. They’re slightly different ages. And she knows enough about our child to know when our child is nervous and faking it, and then conquering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Kendall says she knows her experience may be different from other public school parents. The local school her kids attend has had a good reputation for a long time. Her kids feel safe there, and they’re proud to go to their school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kendall Fleming:\u003c/b> There is so much to San Francisco schools that I think people may just not know about. And that’s a shame. I’m not sure it gets the credit it deserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> But still, there are over a hundred private schools in San Francisco alone. At Alta Vista, for example, the K-8 private school you heard in the beginning of the show, they have small class sizes. This first grade class has 16 students, and two teachers. A public school nearby may have 22 kids, and one teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Alta Vista first graders are learning math but they’re not sitting stiffly in desks. They’re spread out in groups all around the room, learning addition using playing cards, rolling dice, and plastic toys. It may seem like an ideal learning environment. But the trade off is tuition here is more than $41,000 a year. And more than a third of the kids who apply here each year are rejected altogether. For some parents, choosing a school isn’t just about the teaching, it’s also about faith and morals. In the Bay Area, there are dozens of religious schools, and they tend to be less expensive than other private schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Sounds of Ada Bajada picking up her kid in the car\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> Ada Bajada has three kids in Christian schools. I went with her to pick up her youngest, at the same school Ada attended as a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ada Bajada:\u003c/b> I grew up in a Christian home, so my husband and I still go to church. We’re still practicing our faith. And so we wanted just that additional support with good fundamentals, morals, and just kind of raising our kids along the same ways that we were raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> Ada grew up in the outer Mission District in the 80s and 90s where the threat of gang violence was real. She says her parents didn’t have a lot of money. Her mom worked at an insurance agency and her dad made pasta at a restaurant. But they found a way to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ada Bajada:\u003c/b> My parents came from El Salvador during the war and so it was different. It was more about keeping us protected, like ultra protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Ada lives in South San Francisco now. There was a stabbing at the local high school recently. Like her parents, she’s worried about school safety, so she and her husband pay a total of $33,000 a year in school tuition for all three of her kids. She’s a nurse, and her husband is an electrician. And she says it’s 100% worth the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ada Bajada: \u003c/b>This is we consider an investment for them. It’s not something that we’ll be able to ever redo, no matter if we’re rich down the line or poor. So whatever we can invest in them to help develop them, secure them as a person inside and just help them so that their adulthood can be fruitful, then I think it’s a positive investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>The choice to leave — or to stay — in the public school system is complex and so different parent to parent. To answer our question asker, Michelle, there are a lot of private schools in the Bay Area because there’s demand for them, and people here can afford to pay. But economist Tom Dee says, over time the trend can change basic notions about what we collectively pay for as a society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Tom Dee:\u003c/b> If fewer and fewer people are using public schools, they’re saying this is not a public good that matters to me. Why should I look fondly on income and sales taxes and property taxes that fund it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Tom says, the school a kid goes to also affects how many opportunities they have to connect with people who are different from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Tom Dee:\u003c/b> Just having intergroup contact is really important because when you just engage with people you’re more likely to see them as individualized humans and not through some kind of racialized stereotype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Parents don’t have control over who their child sits next to at the school lunch table. But their decisions do have an impact on what schooling will look like in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b> That was KQED reporter Pauline Bartolone. If you want to see the private schooling rate in your county, check out our website to see some maps and graphics we’ve put together. That’s at kqed.org. And while you’re there, sign up for our newsletter. In it we answer even more of your questions. Find it at \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/baycurious\">kqed.org/baycurious\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED. Our show is produced by Gabriela Glueck, Christopher Beale, and me, Katrina Schwartz. Extra support from Alana Walker, Maha Sanad, Katie Sprenger, Jen Chien, Holly Kernan and everyone on Team KQED. Some members of the KQED podcast team are represented by The Screen Actors Guild, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, San Francisco Northern California Local. Have a great week!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#A\">View the full episode transcript.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Aaron Rothman and his wife decided to stay in San Francisco to raise their child, the cost of private school was part of their financial equation. That was the way most of their friends with two working parents did school in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s no secret, right? Public schools are not well funded in California, and that story isn’t getting any better,” said Rothman, who lives in Miraloma Park and works as a recruiter in the tech industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rothman’s son had a great experience at their local public elementary school. But when high school was around the corner, Rothman said he felt public schools were a better fit for high achievers or kids with a lot of needs. He worried his son would fall through the cracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The student population that sort of fell in the middle of the bell curve, we felt, was oftentimes just shuffled through in a way. And we were looking for something a little bit different,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rothman’s son goes to a local Catholic high school now — even though they’re not religious — and the family pays roughly $30,000 a year for their son’s tuition. Rothman said they make sacrifices, but it’s worth it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He’s thriving,” Rothman said. “He’s got straight As.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Bay Area does have high private school rates\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A staggering 30% of kindergarten through 12th graders in San Francisco went to private schools during the 2023–24 school year. That’s more than triple California’s statewide average of 8% among kids who aren’t homeschooled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, most of the nine Bay Area counties are higher than the state average when it comes to private schooling, with the exception of Sonoma and Solano. Three Bay Area counties’ private schooling rates are double the statewide average — Santa Clara (16%), San Mateo (17%) and Marin (19%).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Percentage of K-12 students attending private schools (2023-24)\" aria-label=\"Map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-NUfF7\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/NUfF7/5/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"800\" height=\"687\" data-external=\"1\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay Area’s private schooling prevalence is notable compared to other large counties in California. Los Angeles’s private schooling rate is 10.4%, Sacramento nearly 7.5%, and Fresno, less than 3%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are roughly 115 private schools in the city of San Francisco alone, and annual tuition can cost anywhere from $10,000 to $65,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford education economist Tom Dee said there could be many reasons why the private schooling rate in San Francisco is so high, including the city’s pockets of affluence, and “concerns about the quality and stability” of public schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dee said San Francisco has historically had a robust Catholic schooling system — there are now 34 Catholic schools in the city — which provide families with a parallel schooling track.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While San Francisco Unified did lose 4,000 students over the past seven years, the high private schooling rate in the city has persisted for decades. According to California Department of Education data, private schooling in San Francisco was 30% dating all the way back to the 1998–99 school year, and roughly that rate in many of the years since.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The large share of private school enrollment in [San Francisco] has been true ever since I started teaching in SFUSD in the mid-1990s,” Commissioner Alexander shared with KQED in an email, adding that he believed the trend started when the district began racially integrating schools back in the early 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s when the big declines in SFUSD enrollment began,” Alexander wrote, “due to wealthier, mostly white families leaving SFUSD to avoid integrated public schools.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Desegregation prompts demand for more private options\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Alexander’s hunch about the origins of private schooling in the Bay Area is supported by research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Class-Action-Desegregation-Diversity-Francisco/dp/1517904765\">\u003cem>Class Action: Desegregation and Diversity in San Francisco Schools\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, University of Pennsylvania professor Rand Quinn recounts the history of San Francisco’s efforts to mix up racial diversity in public schools by busing kids out of their neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Private school enrollment surged,” said Quinn, about the desegregation era in the 1970s. “This surge essentially created a permanent shift away from public education that we see today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Busing wasn’t popular among any ethnic group, according to Quinn, but white and Asian families were the most dissatisfied. Some parents believed that racial integration would lower educational standards, and there were robust private schooling options for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Private grade schools in San Francisco \" aria-label=\"Map\" id=\"datawrapper-chart-P50qB\" src=\"https://datawrapper.dwcdn.net/P50qB/1/\" scrolling=\"no\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border: none;\" width=\"800\" height=\"682\" data-external=\"1\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“White flight in San Francisco was among the worst in the country — more than 20,000 white students left SFUSD” after the busing program was implemented, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfusd.edu/facing-our-past-changing-our-future-part-ii-five-decades-desegregation-sfusd-1971-today#:~:text=The%20Plan,for%20students%20across%20the%20country.\">reads a district blog post. \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Why do many local parents choose private school?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Nowadays, the reasons parents choose private schools are complex and highly individual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sso.nais.org/sso/login?appCode=NAIS&returnUrl=https:%2F%2Fwww.nais.org:443%2Faccount%2Fssosignin\">National surveys\u003c/a> suggest that parents go private because they believe it will give their kids a safe learning environment, nurture their child’s intellectual, social, and emotional skills, and give them a boost in college applications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, at Alta Vista, a K–8 private school in San Francisco’s Portola neighborhood, kids benefit from small class sizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each first-grade class has two teachers attending to 16 students. In comparison, at a nearby public school, a first-grade class could be 22 students with one teacher, per the teacher’s union agreement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a recent Friday morning math lesson, Alta Vista first graders spread out in small groups all around their classroom. Some played with plastic learning toys while sitting on a carpeted floor with a teacher. Others stood next to each other at a long table, using playing cards and rolling dice with another teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12032350\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12032350\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-11-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mamie Pepper teaches a kindergarten class at Alta Vista School in San Francisco on March 18, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037216\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12037216\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2500\" height=\"833\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1.jpg 2500w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-800x267.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-1020x340.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-1536x512.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-2048x682.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/Copy-of-KQED-side-by-side-downpage-image-1-1920x640.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2500px) 100vw, 2500px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Left: Alta Vista School in San Francisco on March 18, 2025. Right: Students in Mamie Pepper’s kindergarten work on a lesson at Alta Vista School.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the hands-on learning environment comes with a hefty price tag. Tuition here is more than $41,000 a year, although some kids receive financial aid. And Alta Vista, along with other private schools, accepts less than two-thirds of the kids who apply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parents are willing to jump through the hoops and pony up the cash to get specialized education and attention for their kids, according to USF researcher Julia Roehl. \u003ca href=\"https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2677&context=capstone\">San Francisco private school parents gave Roehl many reasons \u003c/a>for keeping their kids out of the public system, including the desire for the “network effect” private school brings, which they believed can set their children up with opportunities for life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Roehl said some parents send their kids to private school for much simpler reasons, like proximity or a desire for community. One parent she interviewed wanted her child to be able to walk to class and have neighbors help with pick-ups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12032354\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12032354\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250318-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-29-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Second-grade teacher Sarah Jashington works with students during class at Alta Vista School in San Francisco on March 18, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was a very case-by-case basis on what worked best,” Roehl said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For other parents, private school is about faith and morals. In the Bay Area, there are dozens of \u003ca href=\"https://schools.sfarch.org/schools\">religious schools,\u003c/a> and they tend to be less expensive than other private options.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My husband and I still go to church,” said Ada Bajada, a nurse practitioner in South San Francisco who has three kids in Christian schools. Her youngest two attend the same school that Bajada went to as a child. She and her husband, who is an electrician, pay a total of $33,000 a year in school tuition for all three of her kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can’t take back the years,” Bajada said. “Whatever we can invest in them to help develop them, secure them as a person inside … is a positive investment.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12032348\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12032348\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/250317-PRIVATESCHOOLRATES-01-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ada Bajada at her home in South San Francisco on March 17, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How the private school system affects public schools\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Economists say there are real consequences of siphoning students away from the public system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you have fewer kids, you expect to get less money,” Tom Dee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Public school districts receive state money based on how many kids are enrolled. So when parents choose to pull their kids out of public schools, the district loses out on funding.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>For example, SFUSD said the 4,000 kids who left San Francisco public schools over the past seven years represent $80 million in per-pupil funding. On average, that’s a loss of $20,000 per kid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And San Francisco is not the only public school system grappling with “gut-wrenching decisions” about cuts because of COVID-era enrollment decline, Dee said. Even if there are fewer kids using resources, districts still have fixed costs of running buildings and maintaining staff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lights still have to be on, the building still has to be heated,” Dee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When families flood out of a public school system, it can kick off a negative cycle of enrollment decline that’s hard to reverse, said Rand Quinn. When funding dwindles, the district may be compelled to close school buildings or end programs. And when cuts make big news, the community’s confidence in the school system erodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even more families may opt out of the district and send their kids to private schools, especially middle-class families with the means to leave,” Quinn said. “So the burden of under-resourced schools falls disproportionately on working-class and poor families.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Public schools don’t get the ‘credit [they] deserve’\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Today, more than half of the students at San Francisco public schools are considered lower-income or otherwise at-risk. And total enrollment in the district is about half of what it was in the late 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, public school advocates say there’s a lot to brag about at San Francisco Unified. Students benefit from a number of language programs, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfusd.edu/learning/language-pathways-language\">Spanish to Arabic and Vietnamese\u003c/a>, and high schoolers can get ahead \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfusd.edu/learning/curriculum/high-school-curriculum-assessments/dual-enrollment?search_api_fulltext=dual%20enrollment\">by enrolling in college courses\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vanessa Marerro with Parents for Public Schools of San Francisco said some of the negativity about public schools is more rumor than fact. If parents saw classrooms in action, they’d see all the merits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ask for a tour. You can see what the students are doing. You can see how teachers are attending to them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kendall Fleming agrees. She has two kids at a public elementary school in the Sunset, and she’s been “wowed” by the teachers, who have shown deep knowledge, versatility and responsiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fleming said she feels her kids’ teachers are invested in them. During a recent parent-teacher conference about her kindergartner, the teacher recounted her child’s facial expressions while she was learning to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s exciting as a parent to know that someone not only sees your child … but is rooting for them and guiding them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>What do we collectively value?\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The choice to leave — or to stay — in the public school system is complex and so different parent to parent. But economist Tom Dee said if fewer and fewer people are choosing public schools, over time, the trend can change basic notions about what we collectively value — and are willing to pay for — as a society.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The people who don’t use public schools may say, “This is not a public good that matters to me. Why should I look fondly on income and sales taxes and property taxes that fund it?” Dee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/44078/research-shows-diverse-classrooms-improve-learning-for-everyone\">psychology research\u003c/a> suggests that being exposed to racial and economic diversity at school is linked to a number of benefits, including development of critical thinking, building self-confidence and combating bias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just having intergroup contact is really important because when you just engage with people, you’re more likely to see them as individualized humans,” Dee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Marrero said parents can witness these social bridges in many SFUSD classrooms. “The science said it all, but the heart said more,” she said. “When you get learners in the same classroom that have different backgrounds, it’s just like, no walls at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"A\">\u003c/a>Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b> I’m Katrina Schwartz filling in for Olivia Allen-Price. Today on Bay Curious, we’re going to school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Abby Gudich: \u003c/b>So we’re out here on the schoolyard and we’re lining up for snack. It’s a beautiful San Francisco day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b> To private school, Alta Vista, a K-8 school in the Portola neighborhood. Enrollment director Abby Gudich is showing us around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Abby Gudich: \u003c/b>So we have life size legos. We have an awesome play structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>There’s a basketball court that’s been covered with soil and transformed into a garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Abby Gudich: \u003c/b>See the kids back here picking herbs and making garden tacos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b> Math and science are the focus here, through hands-on project based learning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Abby Gudich:\u003c/b> These are our engineering challenge projects and they had to design a tower to withstand wind. And they could only use recycled materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>Private schools like this one are a popular option in San Francisco. Almost a third of K-12 kids go the private route even though it can cost anywhere from $10,000 to $65,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Michelle Boire:\u003c/b> I just remember thinking this is so many schools, like there are so many schools here\u003ci>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>Bay Curious listener Michelle Boire was surprised when she saw a list of all the private schools in the Bay Area. She grew up on the peninsula in the early 2000s and says she remembers a few big college prep or Catholic schools. But now she says it seems like there are a lot more independent schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Michelle Boire:\u003c/b> My question is, why are there so many private and independent schools in the Bay Area? And I guess I’m curious about the good, the bad, and the ugly. I’m very curious about all sides of why these exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>Today on Bay Curious, we’re on a mission to unravel the complex and personal question of why families choose the schools they do. We’ll talk to private school parents, learn when the shift to private schools started and hear about some of the consequences for public schools and families. Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b> To figure out why there are so many independent schools in the San Francisco Bay Area, we need to understand why so many parents choose to send their children to private school. Reporter Pauline Bartolone zeroed in on San Francisco where the numbers are highest to find out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> Michelle, our question asker, seems to be on to something. When I looked at the state data on enrollment at private schools many Bay Area counties are higher than the state average of 8%. Santa Clara, San Mateo and Marin counties are all at least double. But if you look at San Francisco, the private school numbers are staggering. Thirty percent of K-12 kids go to private school. Thirty percent. So, why are there so many private schools here? Well, because parents want them and there are enough people who can pay for what is often pricey tuition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aaron Rothman:\u003c/b> I mean, it’s no secret, right? Public schools are not well funded in California, and that story isn’t getting any better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Aaron Rothman and his wife have a teenage son, and they live in the Miraloma Park neighborhood of San Francisco. Aaron’s a recruiter in tech, and his wife is in the art business. When they decided to stay in the city to raise their child, Aaron says, they just factored in the cost of private school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aaron Rothman: \u003c/b>We knew that probably fifth grade, you know, towards the end of elementary school, that we’re going to have to be thinking about this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> For elementary school, Aaron’s son went to his neighborhood public school, and had a great experience. But when it came to high school, Aaron says public schools may be good for high achievers or maybe kids with a lot of needs. But he worried his son would fall through the cracks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aaron Rothman: \u003c/b>A large amount of the student population that sort of fell in the middle of the bell curve we felt was oftentimes just shuffled through in a way. And we were looking for something a little bit different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>So Aaron and his wife looked for a private high school where their son could get a little more attention and learning support. They chose a private Catholic school near them, even though they’re not religious. Aaron says he likes the variety of classes there, and the college guidance. And the school has so many ways to support students to get good grades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aaron Rothman:\u003c/b> They almost sort of demand it in a way, whether it’s office hours in the morning, whether it was the opportunity to retake tests, whether it was the opportunity of having upperclassmen that were tutors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>The tuition is about thirty thousand a year, so Aaron says they make sacrifices. But he says it’s worth it. Their son, who is a junior now, is getting terrific grades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Aaron Rothman:\u003c/b> He’s thriving. He’s got straight A’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>If you zoom out and look at the bigger picture of how schools are funded, the private school trend is more troubling. Economists say there are real consequences of siphoning students away from the public system. \u003cb>Tom Dee:\u003c/b> There’s little doubt that if you have fewer kids, you expect to get less money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Stanford education professor Tom Dee says public school districts receive state money based on how many kids are enrolled. So when parents choose to pull their kids out of public schools, the district loses out on funding. He says he saw the consequences of this when kids fled public schools during COVID.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Tom Dee:\u003c/b> Many districts and I know San Francisco is among them are struggling with gut-wrenching decisions about which schools to close.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Tom says school buildings alone cost a lot to run.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Tom Dee: \u003c/b>The lights still have to be on, the building still has to be heated. Also there’s certain staffing you might want in that school in terms of counselors and nurses and administration, etc., that are comparatively fixed even in the face of enrollment decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Thousands of kids did leave San Francisco schools in the past few years. The district says it gets $80 million less a year now because of it. On average that’s a loss of about twenty thousand per kid. But this private school trend in the city, it’s not a new phenomenon. Private school attendance in San Francisco has been very high for a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rand Quinn:\u003c/b> It most certainly has roots in the desegregation process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Rand Quinn once worked in San Francisco public schools. That experience inspired him to get a doctorate in education, and to write a book on the history of racial integration in the city during the late 1960s and 70s. In the beginning, kids were bussed out of their neighborhoods as a way to mix up each school’s student population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rand Quinn:\u003c/b> When the courts demanded that San Francisco Unified School District desegregate, private school enrollment surged. And that this surge essentially created a permanent shift away from public education that we see today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Busing wasn’t popular among any ethnic group, but research shows, white and Asian families were the most dissatisfied. Some parents believed that racial integration would lower educational standards. Tens of thousands of kids left San Francisco public schools over the next couple of decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rand Quinn:\u003c/b> There were robust options both in terms of Catholic schools and private independent schools for San Francisco families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>The flood of families opting out of the public system was the beginning of a negative cycle that’s been hard to reverse, Rand says. Kids leave, funding dwindles. The district responds by closing school buildings, maybe ending programs. Then, perhaps, cuts to staff make big news. The thinner the resources are at public schools, the more the community’s confidence in them erodes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Rand Quinn:\u003c/b> So even more families may opt out of the district and send their kids to private schools, especially middle class families with the means to leave. And so the burden of under-resourced schools falls disproportionately on working class and poor families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> Today, more than half of the students at San Francisco public schools are considered low-income or otherwise at risk. And total enrollment in the district is about half of what it was in the late 1960s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kendall Fleming:\u003c/b> When people enter the public school system, I think they’re worried. I think they’re worried about the size of schools, the size of classrooms. They’re curious if the leadership can handle it. And our experience has just been a definitive yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Kendall Fleming lives in the Sunset neighborhood of San Francisco, and has two kids in the public elementary school there. She raves about their experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kendall Fleming:\u003c/b> We’ve been totally wowed by the teaching staff, the depth of knowledge, the comfort with the material.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>She says her kids’ teachers are super invested. During a recent parent-teacher conference about her kindergartner, the teacher — who has a class of 22 students — talked about the facial expression of Kendall’s kid while she was learning to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kendall Fleming:\u003c/b> Teaching reading is very hard. They’re all different levels. They’re slightly different ages. And she knows enough about our child to know when our child is nervous and faking it, and then conquering it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Kendall says she knows her experience may be different from other public school parents. The local school her kids attend has had a good reputation for a long time. Her kids feel safe there, and they’re proud to go to their school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kendall Fleming:\u003c/b> There is so much to San Francisco schools that I think people may just not know about. And that’s a shame. I’m not sure it gets the credit it deserves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> But still, there are over a hundred private schools in San Francisco alone. At Alta Vista, for example, the K-8 private school you heard in the beginning of the show, they have small class sizes. This first grade class has 16 students, and two teachers. A public school nearby may have 22 kids, and one teacher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These Alta Vista first graders are learning math but they’re not sitting stiffly in desks. They’re spread out in groups all around the room, learning addition using playing cards, rolling dice, and plastic toys. It may seem like an ideal learning environment. But the trade off is tuition here is more than $41,000 a year. And more than a third of the kids who apply here each year are rejected altogether. For some parents, choosing a school isn’t just about the teaching, it’s also about faith and morals. In the Bay Area, there are dozens of religious schools, and they tend to be less expensive than other private schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Sounds of Ada Bajada picking up her kid in the car\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> Ada Bajada has three kids in Christian schools. I went with her to pick up her youngest, at the same school Ada attended as a child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ada Bajada:\u003c/b> I grew up in a Christian home, so my husband and I still go to church. We’re still practicing our faith. And so we wanted just that additional support with good fundamentals, morals, and just kind of raising our kids along the same ways that we were raised.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/b> Ada grew up in the outer Mission District in the 80s and 90s where the threat of gang violence was real. She says her parents didn’t have a lot of money. Her mom worked at an insurance agency and her dad made pasta at a restaurant. But they found a way to pay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ada Bajada:\u003c/b> My parents came from El Salvador during the war and so it was different. It was more about keeping us protected, like ultra protected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Ada lives in South San Francisco now. There was a stabbing at the local high school recently. Like her parents, she’s worried about school safety, so she and her husband pay a total of $33,000 a year in school tuition for all three of her kids. She’s a nurse, and her husband is an electrician. And she says it’s 100% worth the money.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Ada Bajada: \u003c/b>This is we consider an investment for them. It’s not something that we’ll be able to ever redo, no matter if we’re rich down the line or poor. So whatever we can invest in them to help develop them, secure them as a person inside and just help them so that their adulthood can be fruitful, then I think it’s a positive investment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>The choice to leave — or to stay — in the public school system is complex and so different parent to parent. To answer our question asker, Michelle, there are a lot of private schools in the Bay Area because there’s demand for them, and people here can afford to pay. But economist Tom Dee says, over time the trend can change basic notions about what we collectively pay for as a society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Tom Dee:\u003c/b> If fewer and fewer people are using public schools, they’re saying this is not a public good that matters to me. Why should I look fondly on income and sales taxes and property taxes that fund it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Tom says, the school a kid goes to also affects how many opportunities they have to connect with people who are different from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Tom Dee:\u003c/b> Just having intergroup contact is really important because when you just engage with people you’re more likely to see them as individualized humans and not through some kind of racialized stereotype.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Pauline Bartolone: \u003c/b>Parents don’t have control over who their child sits next to at the school lunch table. But their decisions do have an impact on what schooling will look like in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b> That was KQED reporter Pauline Bartolone. If you want to see the private schooling rate in your county, check out our website to see some maps and graphics we’ve put together. That’s at kqed.org. And while you’re there, sign up for our newsletter. In it we answer even more of your questions. Find it at \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/baycurious\">kqed.org/baycurious\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED. Our show is produced by Gabriela Glueck, Christopher Beale, and me, Katrina Schwartz. Extra support from Alana Walker, Maha Sanad, Katie Sprenger, Jen Chien, Holly Kernan and everyone on Team KQED. Some members of the KQED podcast team are represented by The Screen Actors Guild, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, San Francisco Northern California Local. Have a great week!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"science-friday": {
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
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{
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{
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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{
"candidateName": "Mike Kusiak",
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},
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{
"candidateName": "Ramnath “Ram” Shanbhogue",
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Brian Donahue",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "John T. Van Geffen",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
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},
{
"candidateName": "Rinu Nair",
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]
},
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{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Austin Bruckner Carrillo",
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{
"candidateName": "Simon “Peter” Gutierrez Bufete",
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{
"candidateName": "Calyn Kelley",
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{
"candidateName": "Tom Wong",
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]
},
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{
"candidateName": "Surekha Shekar",
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]
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Amanda Pepper",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jean Paulsen",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Tara Boyce",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Christiaan Vandenheuvel",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Deena Kaplanis",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Patricio R. Urbi",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jatinder (JP) K. Sahi",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle Parnala",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5229,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Lydia Idem",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Gonzales",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32762,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Aiden Hill",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Vikas Minglani",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Gabriel Anguiano Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Austin Block",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Phuong Nguyen",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6250
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Kelly Mokashi",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jen Flynn",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Charlie Jones",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaSanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Lorenzo Unified School District Governing Board, Area 5",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Alicia Gonzalez",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Penny Peck",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1341
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaSunolGlenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Sunol Glen Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 633,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Jergensen",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Choin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 141989,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John J. Bauters",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 70782
},
{
"candidateName": "Nikki Fortunato Bas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 71207
}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaAlamedaCityCouncil",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 61752,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Trish Herrera Spencer",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Thushan Amarasiriwardena",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13049
},
{
"candidateName": "Michele Pryor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Greg Boller",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14208
},
{
"candidateName": "Steve Slauson",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaAuditor": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaAuditor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda Auditor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27772,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kevin R. Kearney",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27772
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaTreasurer": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaTreasurer",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda Treasurer",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27514,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kevin Kennedy",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27514
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyRentStabilizationBoardCommissioner": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyRentStabilizationBoardCommissioner",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Rent Stabilization Board Commissioner",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 138269,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Alfred Twu",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22942
},
{
"candidateName": "Carole Marasovic",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19557
},
{
"candidateName": "Xavier Johnson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 26978
},
{
"candidateName": "Avery Arbaugh",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19825
},
{
"candidateName": "Andy Kelley",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23373
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominique Walker",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleySchoolDirector": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleySchoolDirector",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley School Director",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 84804,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Norma J.F. Harrison",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Corn",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30836
},
{
"candidateName": "Laura Babitt",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Ana Vasudeo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Adbur Sikder",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinMayor",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin Mayor",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25515,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tom Evans",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Sherry Hu",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Jean Josey",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7138
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Costello",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 825
}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin City Council, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6133,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michael McCorriston",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea3": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinCityCouncilArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin City Council, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4752,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "John Morada",
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"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"AlamedaEmeryvilleCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaEmeryvilleCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Emeryville City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 10943,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Sam Gould",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Mia Esperanza Brown",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Sukhdeep Kaur",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Courtney Welch",
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Solomon",
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"candidateParty": "",
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}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontMayor",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont Mayor",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 77400,
"candidates": [
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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]
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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]
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Raymond Ojeda",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Dave Sadoff",
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{
"candidateName": "Rich Halket",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Jim Oddie",
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]
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Richard De Vera",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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]
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"id": "AlamedaEastBayRegionalParkDistrictDirectorWard4",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
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"candidateName": "Moira “Mimi” Dean",
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8274,
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{
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8170,
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"id": "AlamedaMeasureU",
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7959,
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"AlamedaMeasureV": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureV",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure V",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8767,
"candidates": [
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"id": "AlamedaMeasureW",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure W",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51630,
"candidates": [
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure X",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 53242,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41819
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{
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"raceName": "Measure Y",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52536,
"candidates": [
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"id": "AlamedaMeasureZ",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Z",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52929,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 42280
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"voteCount": 10649
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52282,
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure BB",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52882,
"candidates": [
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"location": "Alameda",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51633,
"candidates": [
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure DD",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49700,
"candidates": [
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure EE",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52312,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"raceName": "Measure FF",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52489,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure GG",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52229,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"AlamedaMeasureHH": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureHH",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure HH",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Indoor air quality. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51108,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"AlamedaMeasureII": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureII",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure II",
"raceDescription": "Dublin. Open Space Initiative. Passes with 50% vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25701,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"AlamedaMeasureJJ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureJJ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure JJ",
"raceDescription": "Dublin. Government accountability. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25445,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19350
},
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureK1": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure K1",
"raceDescription": "Hayward. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 46707,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 38826
},
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure LL",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15814,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureMM": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureMM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure MM",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Wildfire protection zone. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35275,
"candidates": [
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},
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureNN": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureNN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure NN",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Parking tax. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 159573,
"candidates": [
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},
{
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureOO": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureOO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure OO",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Public ethics comission. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 150503,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 110317
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 40186
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasurePP": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasurePP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure PP",
"raceDescription": "Pleasanton. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34880,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15983
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18897
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureQQ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureQQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure QQ",
"raceDescription": "Union City. Gross receipts tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 24809,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20249
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4560
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7969,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2072
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2150
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 393
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1490
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1864
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7865.9493,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2002
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2002
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1823.9955
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2037.9538
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7096,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1633
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1972
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 718
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2773
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6949.5470000000005,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1997.5386
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2569.0084
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2383
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52493,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19978
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19633
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11853
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 501
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 528
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49265,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25156
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24109
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6873,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Terry Taplin",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4787
},
{
"candidateName": "Jenny Guarino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2086
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6344,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1526
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1459
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3359
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6096,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1833
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4263
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8585,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1063
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1721
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5801
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8262,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1995
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6267
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7332,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brent Blackaby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4405
},
{
"candidateName": "Andy Katz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2927
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 143599,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5406
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30485
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4835
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41871
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2254
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 39258
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2794
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9695
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5629
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1372
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 127094,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 72315
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 54779
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29613,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2581
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22641
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4391
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29252,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24350
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4902
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 20561,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1600
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9871
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1458
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6222
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 609
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 801
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19506,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11437
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8069
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12299,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6482
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1930
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3887
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12059,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7120
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
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]
},
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"location": "Alameda",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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},
{
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Marcie Hodge",
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7 Final Round",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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}
]
},
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},
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Richardson",
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}
]
},
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"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict1",
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"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 1 ",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Benjamin Salop",
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "VanCedric Williams",
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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},
{
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
"candidateName": "Clifford Thompson",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Domonic Ware",
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]
},
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"raceName": "San Leandro City Council, District 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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}
]
},
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"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Bryan Azevedo",
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]
},
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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{
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]
},
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"id": "AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict6",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Boldt",
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}
]
},
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"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Nathan-Heiss",
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}
]
},
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{
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]
},
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{
"candidateName": "Kofi Opong-Mensah",
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]
},
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{
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]
},
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{
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{
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},
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{
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},
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{
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},
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},
{
"candidateName": "Sukriti Sehgal",
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]
},
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},
{
"candidateName": "Otheree AK Christian",
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]
},
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},
{
"candidateName": "Gian Panetta",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Stephanie Dickerson",
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]
},
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"location": "Contra Costa",
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"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Shanelle Scales-Preston",
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}
]
},
"CCAntiochMayor": {
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"location": "Contra Costa",
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"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Rakesh Christian",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Ron Bernal",
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}
]
},
"CCAntiochCityCouncilDistrict2": {
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"location": "Contra Costa",
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"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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},
{
"candidateName": "Dominique King",
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}
]
},
"CCAntiochCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "CCAntiochCityCouncilDistrict3",
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"location": "Contra Costa",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Addison Peterson",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Antwon Ramon Webster",
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}
]
},
"CCAntiochCityClerk": {
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"location": "Contra Costa",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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}
]
},
"CCAntiochCityTreasurer": {
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"location": "Contra Costa",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"MarinMeasureG": {
"id": "MarinMeasureG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure G",
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"MarinMeasureH": {
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"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure H",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4403,
"candidates": [
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"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1763
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2640
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]
},
"MarinMeasureI": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure I",
"raceDescription": "Fairfax. Rent stabilization. Passes with majority vote.",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4733,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2991
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
"MarinMeasureJ": {
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"location": "Marin",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4781,
"candidates": [
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"candidateName": "Yes",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2966
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
"MarinMeasureK": {
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"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure K",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7144,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2710
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4434
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]
},
"MarinMeasureL": {
"id": "MarinMeasureL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure L",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8565,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6623
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1942
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]
},
"MarinMeasureM": {
"id": "MarinMeasureM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure M",
"raceDescription": "Novato. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 26157,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15151
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11006
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]
},
"MarinMeasureN": {
"id": "MarinMeasureN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure N",
"raceDescription": "San Anselmo. Rent increase limit. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7470,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2756
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4714
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]
},
"MarinMeasureO": {
"id": "MarinMeasureO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure O",
"raceDescription": "San Anselmo. Tenant benefits. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7560,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2556
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5004
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]
},
"MarinMeasureP": {
"id": "MarinMeasureP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure P",
"raceDescription": "San Rafael. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 23788,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12375
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11413
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]
},
"MarinMeasureQ": {
"id": "MarinMeasureQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure Q",
"raceDescription": "Stinson Beach Fire Protection District. Spending limit. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 332,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 309
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23
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]
},
"MarinMeasureR": {
"id": "MarinMeasureR",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure R",
"raceDescription": "Stinson Beach Fire Protection District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 335,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 274
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"NapaNapaCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5": {
"id": "NapaNapaCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa County Board of Education, Trustee Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7504,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Rory Moran",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2163
},
{
"candidateName": "Gerald Parrott \r",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5341
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},
"NapaSolanoCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "NapaSolanoCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Solano County Board of Education, Trustee Area 2",
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"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28859,
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Carol J. Kalamaras",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5417
},
{
"candidateName": "Amy Sharp",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13367
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},
"NapaNapaValleyCollegeTrusteeArea6": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyCollegeTrusteeArea6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley College, Trustee Area 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8021,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ines De Luna",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4839
},
{
"candidateName": "Scott Owens",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3182
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6552,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4603
},
{
"candidateName": "Kevin “KDub” West",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1949
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea4": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5964,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Devin Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2087
},
{
"candidateName": "Eve Ryser",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3877
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea5": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5273,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John Henry Martin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3094
},
{
"candidateName": "David T. Gracia",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2179
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea7": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 7",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7113,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Marie Dennett",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3199
},
{
"candidateName": "Julianna Hart",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3914
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]
},
"NapaFairfieldSuisunUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea3": {
"id": "NapaFairfieldSuisunUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Fairfield-Suisun Unified School District, Trustee Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. Includes votes from Napa and Solano Counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7982,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brigette Hunley",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4144
},
{
"candidateName": "Judi Honeychurch",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3838
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]
},
"NapaAmericanCanyonMayor": {
"id": "NapaAmericanCanyonMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "American Canyon Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8998,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "David Oro",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4342
},
{
"candidateName": "Pierre Washington",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4656
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]
},
"NapaAmericanCanyonCityCouncil": {
"id": "NapaAmericanCanyonCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "American Canyon City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13690,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Melissa Lamattina",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4312
},
{
"candidateName": "Elmer Andrei Manaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2796
},
{
"candidateName": "Davet Mohammed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3044
},
{
"candidateName": "Brando R. Cruz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3538
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]
},
"NapaCalistogaMayor": {
"id": "NapaCalistogaMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Calistoga Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 1509,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Donald Williams",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1509
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]
},
"NapaCalistogaCityCouncil": {
"id": "NapaCalistogaCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Calistoga City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2676,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Lisa Gift",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 843
},
{
"candidateName": "Marion Villalba",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 745
},
{
"candidateName": "Irais Lopez-Ortega",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1088
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]
},
"NapaNapaMayor": {
"id": "NapaNapaMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 33270,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tuesday D. Allison",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6598
},
{
"candidateName": "Scott Sedgley",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 26672
}
]
},
"NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7264,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Beth Painter",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7264
}
]
},
"NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict4": {
"id": "NapaNapaCityCouncilDistrict4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa City Council, District 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5214,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Bernardo “Bernie” Narvaez",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5214
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]
},
"NapaStHelenaMayor": {
"id": "NapaStHelenaMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "St Helena Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2662,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Paul J. Dohring",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1836
},
{
"candidateName": "Billy Summers",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 826
}
]
},
"NapaStHelenaCityCouncil": {
"id": "NapaStHelenaCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "St Helena City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4172,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michelle Deasy",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1580
},
{
"candidateName": "Hector R. Marroquin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1076
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Barak",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1516
}
]
},
"NapaYountvilleTownCouncil": {
"id": "NapaYountvilleTownCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Yountville Town Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2117,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Joe Tagliaboschi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 483
},
{
"candidateName": "Robert Moore",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 234
},
{
"candidateName": "Pam Reeves",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 651
},
{
"candidateName": "Eric E. Knight",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 749
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureBSchool": {
"id": "NapaMeasureBSchool",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Measure B",
"raceDescription": "Napa Valley Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 42267,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23284
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18983
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureU": {
"id": "NapaMeasureU",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure U",
"raceDescription": "Napa Valley Transportation Authority. Transporation sales tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 60783,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 44230
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16553
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureG": {
"id": "NapaMeasureG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure G",
"raceDescription": "Napa. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34724,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19961
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14763
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureA1": {
"id": "NapaMeasureA1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure A1",
"raceDescription": "St. Helena. Establishing charter city. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2719,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1191
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1528
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureA2": {
"id": "NapaMeasureA2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Measure A2",
"raceDescription": "St. Helena. Real property transfer tax. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2741,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1123
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1618
}
]
},
"NapaMeasureBStHelena": {
"id": "NapaMeasureBStHelena",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "St. Helena, Measure B",
"raceDescription": "St. Helena. Winery and planned agritourism overlay. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2764,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1366
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1398
}
]
},
"SFBoardofEducation": {
"id": "SFBoardofEducation",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Education",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 1012778,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Laurance Lem Lee",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 45736
},
{
"candidateName": "Lefteris Eleftheriou",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22285
},
{
"candidateName": "Jaime Huling",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 168659
},
{
"candidateName": "Ann Hsu",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 81044
},
{
"candidateName": "John Jersin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 122450
},
{
"candidateName": "Parag Gupta",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 139340
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Alexander",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 122698
},
{
"candidateName": "Supryia Marie Ray",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 127834
},
{
"candidateName": "Virginia Cheung",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 101017
},
{
"candidateName": "Min Chang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 48550
},
{
"candidateName": "Maddy Krantz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 33165
}
]
},
"SFCommunityCollegeBoard": {
"id": "SFCommunityCollegeBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Community College Board",
"raceDescription": "Top four candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top4",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 823294,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ruth Ferguson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 114132
},
{
"candidateName": "Leanna C. Louie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 50353
},
{
"candidateName": "Heather McCarty",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 162477
},
{
"candidateName": "Julio J. Ramos",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 38741
},
{
"candidateName": "Aliya Chisti",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 149638
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Kaplan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 49320
},
{
"candidateName": "Alan Wong",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 140951
},
{
"candidateName": "Luis Zamora",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 117682
}
]
},
"SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict7": {
"id": "SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Director, District 7",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. Includes votes from San Francisco and Alameda County.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 161254,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Victor E. Flores",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 92729
},
{
"candidateName": "Dana Lang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 68525
}
]
},
"SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict9": {
"id": "SFBARTBoardofDirectorsDistrict9",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District Director, District 9",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 137871,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward Wright",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 86966
},
{
"candidateName": "Joe Sangirardi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 50905
}
]
},
"SFMeasureA": {
"id": "SFMeasureA",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure A",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco Unified School District. School bond. Passes with 55% vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 377297,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 282968
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 94329
}
]
},
"SFMeasureB": {
"id": "SFMeasureB",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure B",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Community health and safety bond. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 376637,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 274187
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 102450
}
]
},
"SFMeasureC": {
"id": "SFMeasureC",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure C",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Inspector General position. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 370366,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 225704
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 144662
}
]
},
"SFMeasureD": {
"id": "SFMeasureD",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure D",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Commissions and mayoral authority. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 366327,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 158723
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 207604
}
]
},
"SFMeasureE": {
"id": "SFMeasureE",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure E",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Commissions task force. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 363854,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 192540
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 171314
}
]
},
"SFMeasureF": {
"id": "SFMeasureF",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure F",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Police pensions. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 361671,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 163835
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 197836
}
]
},
"SFMeasureG": {
"id": "SFMeasureG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure G",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Affordable housing. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 370824,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 217807
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 153017
}
]
},
"SFMeasureH": {
"id": "SFMeasureH",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure H",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Firefighter pensions. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 365942,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 192601
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 173341
}
]
},
"SFMeasureI": {
"id": "SFMeasureI",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure I",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Nurse and 911 operator pensions. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 363459,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 261318
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 102141
}
]
},
"SFMeasureJ": {
"id": "SFMeasureJ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure J",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. City spending. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 362785,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 297972
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 64813
}
]
},
"SFMeasureK": {
"id": "SFMeasureK",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure K",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Permanently closing Upper Great Highway to private vehicles. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 376489,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 206042
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 170447
}
]
},
"SFMeasureL": {
"id": "SFMeasureL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure L",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Transportation network companies tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 369575,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 210375
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 159200
}
]
},
"SFMeasureM": {
"id": "SFMeasureM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure M",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Business tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 342310,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 237930
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 104380
}
]
},
"SFMeasureN": {
"id": "SFMeasureN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure N",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Student loan reimbursement. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 363432,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 187979
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 175453
}
]
},
"SFMeasureO": {
"id": "SFMeasureO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Measure O",
"raceDescription": "San Francisco. Reproductive rights. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 373249,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 312914
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 60335
}
]
},
"SFMayorRound1": {
"id": "SFMayorRound1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Mayor Round 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 390180,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "London Breed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 95117
},
{
"candidateName": "Mark Farrell",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 72115
},
{
"candidateName": "Henry Flynn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1319
},
{
"candidateName": "Keith Freedman",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2079
},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Hirsch-Shell",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2897
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Lurie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 102720
},
{
"candidateName": "Nelson Mei",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1791
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Peskin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 89215
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Robertson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 812
},
{
"candidateName": "Ahsha Safai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11425
},
{
"candidateName": "Shahram Shariati",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1613
},
{
"candidateName": "Jon Soderstrom",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 412
},
{
"candidateName": "Ellen Zhou",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8665
}
]
},
"SFMayorRound3": {
"id": "SFMayorRound3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Mayor Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 331477,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "London Breed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 149113
},
{
"candidateName": "Mark Farrell (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Henry Flynn (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Keith Freedman (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Hirsch-Shell (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Lurie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 182364
},
{
"candidateName": "Nelson Mei (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Peskin (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Robertson (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ahsha Safai (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Shahram Shariati (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jon Soderstrom (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ellen Zhou (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 1 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35478,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sherman D'Silva",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 899
},
{
"candidateName": "Marjan Philhour",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14755
},
{
"candidateName": "Connie Chan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16670
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Boehner",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1344
},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Nossokoff",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1810
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 1 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34299,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sherman D'Silva (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Marjan Philhour",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16499
},
{
"candidateName": "Connie Chan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17800
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Boehner (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Nossokoff (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 3 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28758,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sharon Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8489
},
{
"candidateName": "Moe Jamil",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3753
},
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Ha Chau",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1565
},
{
"candidateName": "Eduard Navarro",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 879
},
{
"candidateName": "Danny Sauter",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11272
},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Susk",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2800
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25568,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sharon Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11512
},
{
"candidateName": "Moe Jamil (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Ha Chau (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Eduard Navarro (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Danny Sauter",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14056
},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Susk (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29698,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Autumn Hope Looijen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2606
},
{
"candidateName": "Bilal Mahmood",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11840
},
{
"candidateName": "Scotty Jacobs",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2796
},
{
"candidateName": "Allen Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 444
},
{
"candidateName": "Dean Preston",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12012
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27818,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Autumn Hope Looijen (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Bilal Mahmood",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14741
},
{
"candidateName": "Scotty Jacobs (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Allen Jones (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Dean Preston",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13077
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 7 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 37318,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Myrna Melgar",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17532
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Martin-Pinto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5135
},
{
"candidateName": "Edward S. Yee",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1244
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Boschetto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13407
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 7 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35412,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Myrna Melgar",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18916
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Martin-Pinto (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Edward S. Yee (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Boschetto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16496
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 9 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32731,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jackie Fielder",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13844
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Jon Torres",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1140
},
{
"candidateName": "Roberto Hernandez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6606
},
{
"candidateName": "Jaime Gutierrez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 931
},
{
"candidateName": "Trevor Chandler",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9042
},
{
"candidateName": "Julian Bermudez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 600
},
{
"candidateName": "H. Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 568
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 9 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29409,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jackie Fielder",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17546
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Jon Torres (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Roberto Hernandez (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jaime Gutierrez (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Trevor Chandler",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11863
},
{
"candidateName": "Julian Bermudez (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "H. Brown (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 11 First Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27928,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Oscar Flores",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2896
},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8675
},
{
"candidateName": "Roger Marenco",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 604
},
{
"candidateName": "Jose Morales",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 629
},
{
"candidateName": "Ernest “EJ” Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5441
},
{
"candidateName": "Adlah Chisti",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1434
},
{
"candidateName": "Chyanne Chen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8249
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 11 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 23804,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Oscar Flores (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11803
},
{
"candidateName": "Roger Marenco (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jose Morales (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ernest “EJ” Jones (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Adlah Chisti (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Chyanne Chen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12001
}
]
},
"SFCityAttorney": {
"id": "SFCityAttorney",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "City Attorney ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 329174,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "David Chiu",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 272857
},
{
"candidateName": "Richard T. Woon",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 56317
}
]
},
"SFDistrictAttorney": {
"id": "SFDistrictAttorney",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "District Attorney",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 347374,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brooke Jenkins ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 228999
},
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Khojasteh",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 118375
}
]
},
"SFSheriff": {
"id": "SFSheriff",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Sheriff ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 314864,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michael Juan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 63768
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Miyamoto",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 251096
}
]
},
"SFTreasurer": {
"id": "SFTreasurer",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Treasurer ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 300411,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "José Cisneros",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 300411
}
]
},
"SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea4": {
"id": "SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "County Board of Education, Trustee Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 36397,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Priya Hays",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10568
},
{
"candidateName": "Chelsea Bonini",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25829
}
]
},
"SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5": {
"id": "SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "County Board of Education, Trustee Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 41938,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Maurice Goodman",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14615
},
{
"candidateName": "Mike O’Neill",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27323
}
]
},
"SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea6": {
"id": "SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "County Board of Education, Trustee Area 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 39921,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Patricia Love",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28085
},
{
"candidateName": "Ester Adut",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11836
}
]
},
"SMSanMateoCountyCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeArea1": {
"id": "SMSanMateoCountyCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "San Mateo County Community College District, Governing Board, Trustee Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 64091,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Keith Holden",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20270
},
{
"candidateName": "Lisa A. Petrides",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 43821
}
]
},
"SMCabrilloUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaB": {
"id": "SMCabrilloUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaB",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Cabrillo Unified School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area B",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2539,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Breanna Lafontaine",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1614
},
{
"candidateName": "Glenn Wilson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 925
}
]
},
"SMCabrilloUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaD": {
"id": "SMCabrilloUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaD",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Cabrillo Unified School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area D",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2588,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sophia Layne",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 847
},
{
"candidateName": "Peter Cerneka",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1741
}
]
},
"SMSouthSanFranciscoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaA": {
"id": "SMSouthSanFranciscoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaA",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "South San Francisco Unified School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area A",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5144,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Patricia “Pat” Murray",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4019
},
{
"candidateName": "Samuel M. Chetcuti",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1125
}
]
},
"SMSequoiaUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaB": {
"id": "SMSequoiaUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaB",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Sequoia Union High School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area B",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 22237,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Mary Beth Thompson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14181
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Torunian",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1976
},
{
"candidateName": "Jacob Yuryev",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6080
}
]
},
"SMSequoiaUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaE": {
"id": "SMSequoiaUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardTrusteeAreaE",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Sequoia Union High School District, Governing Board, Trustee Area E",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 10513,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Tonga Victoria Afuhaamango",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3128
},
{
"candidateName": "Maria E. Cruz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5569
},
{
"candidateName": "Jon Bryant",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1816
}
]
},
"SMBrisbaneSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "SMBrisbaneSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Brisbane School District, Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5542,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Karen Lentz",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1810
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy E. Lacsamana",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1141
},
{
"candidateName": "Gaby Makstman",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 518
},
{
"candidateName": "Krystal Alcaraz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 885
},
{
"candidateName": "Christine Oquendo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1188
}
]
},
"SMJeffersonElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "SMJeffersonElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Jefferson Elementary School District, Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34944,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nadia Flamenco",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13061
},
{
"candidateName": "Andrea Jordan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11205
},
{
"candidateName": "Cheryll Catuar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10678
}
]
},
"SMLasLomitasElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoardFullTerm": {
"id": "SMLasLomitasElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoardFullTerm",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Las Lomitas Elementary School District, Governing Board — Full Term",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8247,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kimberly Legg",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2606
},
{
"candidateName": "Jason Morimoto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3631
},
{
"candidateName": "Pooya Sarabandi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2010
}
]
},
"SMLasLomitasElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoardShortTerm": {
"id": "SMLasLomitasElementarySchoolDistrictGoverningBoardShortTerm",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Las Lomitas Elementary School District, Governing Board — Short Term",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5341,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Paige Winikoff",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19170,
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15828,
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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{
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