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"content": "\u003cp>All around the edges of San Francisco Bay you’ll find reminders of a once robust military presence. The Presidio, Alameda Naval Air Station, Mare Island and Hunters Point Naval Shipyards, Fort Baker and a slew of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay was considered a strategic military stronghold beginning as far back as the arrival of Spanish colonizers. During times of conflict, like WWII, bases in the area employed hundreds of thousands of people doing everything from ship building to supply manufacturing. Now many of them are closed, with abandoned equipment left to rust and buildings slowly decaying under layers of peeling paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened? Why did the military up and leave what was once the wartime ‘Gateway to the Pacific?’ This week, in the first installment of a two part story, Pauline Bartolone digs into the history of why the Bay Area’s military presence has mostly disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC1512985227\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Episode Transcript:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> It’s hard to imagine now, but during World War II, the Bay Area was a major center of military activity in the United States … with dozens of military installations all over the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Archival tape:\u003c/strong> “The United States becomes at least a two ocean naval power as this mighty fleet takes its station in the mightiest of oceans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> Hundreds of thousands of people here worked in the armed forces at the time – building ships, manufacturing supplies, training soldiers, and so much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today that robust military presence is largely gone, and what’s left behind is mostly … real estate and wide open space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back when he was in college, Bay Curious listener Cameron Tobey liked to explore one of those spaces – Mare Island, the huge abandoned navy shipyard near Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cameron Tobey:\u003c/strong> My friends and I used to go out there, check out the abandoned buildings,… there used to be these warehouses with, like, submarine silhouettes painted on the side. And there was this huge tower with a radar dish on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> Tobey says all that time on Mare Island got him thinking…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cameron Tobey: Why are there so many abandoned military bases around the Bay Area? It seems at one point that every branch of the military had a base here and now they’re all sitting empty. So what happened to them and what’s the future plans for these bases?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Theme song]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Allen-Price: I’m Olivia Allen-Price and this is Bay Curious, the podcast that answers listener questions about the San Francisco Bay Area. This week: How did the military go from boom to bust in the Bay Area? Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[BREAK]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> Our listener Cameron Tobey wants to know how so many military bases came to be in the San Francisco Bay Area at one time? And why were they abandoned decades ago? KQED’s Pauline Bartolone found out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> If you’ve ever been in San Francisco during one of the first weekends of October, you may have covered your ears at the sound of this…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Sound of blue angels flying]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Navy planes, the Blue Angels, flying past so fast in the sky you may want to run the other way. Every year in San Francisco they show up during Fleet Week. That’s the way it’s been for over 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[sounds of people milling around outdoors]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> On San Francisco’s Marina green, dozens of uniformed officers have set up tents. The Navy, Coast Guard, Marines… They’re mingling with dog walkers and kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Pauline (outside): It’s a really beautiful day. Kind of feels like a cross between a county fair. And a recruitment event.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[a band plays the Star Spangled Banner]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Lieutenant Commander Chloe Morgan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chloe Morgan:\u003c/strong> So the purpose of Fleet Week is really to let you know, Americans meet their military, see us come on our ship, see the equipment, meet our people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Meet our people. Fleet Week may literally be the only time people in the Bay Area actually see uniformed officers, or hear those jets. But decades ago, it was another story. Dating back all the way to Spanish colonizers who built the Presidio, San Francisco was a strategic place for military defense. Then after the United States took over, it kept growing as a major center for armed forces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> This becomes one of the biggest military centers in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Dick Walker would know. He’s the author of several books about California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> San Francisco was the center, the overwhelming center of U.S. settlement, economy and power in the western U. S. in the 19th century. So from the gold rush on. So it made sense that very early that the American government put military installations in San Francisco and around the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[military drumming music]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> The U.S. built dozens of military sites from the mid-late 1800s through the second world war. Shipyards, air stations, bunkers, barracks, weapons stations, there are too many to list. But there are a few notables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice 1:\u003c/strong> Alcatraz, a military prison\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 2:\u003c/strong> Treasure Island – Navy bunkers…\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 3:\u003c/strong> San Francisco’s Fort Mason…where over a million soldiers embarked for the Pacific War.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 1:\u003c/strong> Hunters Point Naval Shipyard … ship repair during WW2.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 2:\u003c/strong> In the Marin headlands: Fort Baker, permanent housing for army soldiers…\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> Hamilton Air Force Base… smallish base..interior coast of Marin.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 1:\u003c/strong> Fort Cronkhite, military housing during the Pacific War…\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 3:\u003c/strong> … and Nike Missile Sites, to strike down Russian H-bombs during the Cold War.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 1: \u003c/strong>Oakland Army Base… sent soldiers and supplies overseas.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 2:\u003c/strong> In Dublin, Camp Parks… Home base for the ‘Seabees’, the navy’s construction crew.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 3:\u003c/strong> Concord Naval Weapons station – maneuvered massive quantities of explosives.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 1:\u003c/strong> Alameda’s Naval Air station, called the Navy’s “Aviation Gateway to the Pacific.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> Then in the South Bay, there’s Moffett Field, which was very specialized around anti-submarine warfare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[military music out]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> You get the picture. The Bay Area became a depot not just for warships and marine training, but all the personnel and materials that support them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> Logistics. You have to supply those ships. You have to supply the men. You have to supply the ammunition. And that everything from, production of explosives and ammunition and projectiles to food, blankets, clothing, uniforms and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Instrumental music]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> By World War Two, when the US was at war with Japan, the San Francisco Bay Area was the staging area for soldiers going off to war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Mare Island Centennial film: “No Navy anytime anywhere, has ever been stronger than its supports. The kind of support given by Navy yards…(fades out)”\u003c/em> \u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Shipbuilding for the Navy during the war was a huge economic boon for the Bay Area. The region became a national hotspot for people looking for wartime jobs, like African Americans from the South. The Black population tripled in the Bay Area in just a few years, largely because of that shipbuilding work. Mare Island in Vallejo was one of the largest Navy sites in the world – more than 100,000 people built and repaired ships there in the 1940s. \u003cem>[Mare Island Centennial film: “Mare Island is well situated. Located in the North East of San Francisco Bay…One of the finest Naval anchorages in the world.”]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Shipbuilding was also happening on private yards, like Kaiser in Richmond… This was the Rosie the Riveter era. The Bay Area shipyards were some of the biggest employers of women defense workers in the U.S. More than a quarter of Richmond’s shipyard workers were women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Rosie the Riveter Song: \u003cem>“All the day long, whether rain or shine,\u003c/em> \u003cem>She’s a part of the assembly line.\u003c/em> \u003cem>She’s making history, working for victory\u003c/em> \u003cem>Rosie the Riveter”\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> Richmond became quite a went from a pretty small industrial city to a bigger… to like 100,000 people during World War Two. It just grew like a mushroom. It changed the racial makeup. A lot of Filipinos in the American Navy. You had a lot of African-Americans come in to work, not just in the shipyards, although that was a major source because Henry Kaiser, who ran the shipyards, was a very open minded capitalist who recognized good, cheap labor when he saw it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Song of the Victory Fleet (1945)]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> By many accounts, World War Two was the Heyday for the military in the Bay Area. But in the decades that followed, Bay Area bases supported two more Pacific Wars, the Korean war, and Vietnam. In 1974, when Dennis Kelley first started working on Mare Island, he said it was still a bustling place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dennis Kelley:\u003c/strong> I still remember my first day because I came from a small town in Michigan. And you walked down to the waterfront and there were just people going everywhere on bicycles, cars, trucks, cranes. You know there was 10,000 people working here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Kelley was a nuclear engineer on the base, helping with the refueling of nuclear powered submarines. He loved working on that massive base…Shipbuilding cranes as high as city office buildings, and berths as long as a stadium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dennis Kelley:\u003c/strong> I like the complexity of the ships. You know, they were probably some of the most complex things, you know, things ever built by man. I mean, it was fun, you know, And at the end of the day, we were basically fielding these weapons of war at a time, you know, when the Cold War was going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> But by the 1980s, the specter of war waned. The Cold War with Russia was ending. The federal government wanted to shrink its defense budget and restructure the armed forces. That meant closing many bases nationwide … a thorny political issue for politicians. Closing any given base would mean laying off a sizable portion of a community and cutting off stable federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So federal officials created BRAC – the Base Realignment and Closure Commission – an independent body of experts which met over several rounds in the late 80s and 90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Video of 1995 BRAC hearings: \u003cem>“As most of you know, this commission is heading into its final three weeks of its difficult task of recommending to the president which domestic bases should be closed or realigned…”\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Chairman Alan Dixon held countless hearings about the base closures, to deliberate cuts recommended by the Department of Defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Video of 1995 BRAC hearings:\u003cem> “The commissioners have held 10 hearings here in Washington, 16 hearings across the country, and have made two hundred visits…”\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Because of the BRAC decisions between 1988 and 1995, thirty major California bases closed, accounting for more than half of the laid off military personnel nationwide. By many accounts, California was dealt a heavier hand than the rest of the states. President Bill Clinton visited the Alameda Naval Air Station in 1993 just before it closed, as if to soften the blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Pres. Clinton speech:\u003cem> “Thank you for helping to win the cold war.\u003c/em>”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> With a massive ship as his backdrop, Clinton spoke to dozens of uniformed navy seamen wearing white hats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Pres. Clinton speech:\u003cem> “You have done the right thing by your country as a result of that it has become possible indeed it has become necessary to downsize the defense establishment of the United States to more importantly reorganize it so it can maintain its dominance in a world…\u003c/em>(fades under)”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> By the mid 1990s, the Bay Area military base presence was nearly wiped out entirely. Many other areas of California lost their military might too, like LA. But as the armed forces were forced to downsize and consolidate, San Diego emerged as California’s new navy city on the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Music break]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone\u003c/strong>: The Bay Area’s Mare Island, which had been building and fixing warships for 150 years, closed. Dennis Kelley said even though the BRAC process was meant to take politics out of the decision-making, it was basically for show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dennis Kelley:\u003c/strong> Now, why did the Bay Area get targeted? It’s clearly political.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> To this day, the popular story about the Bay Area base closures – what led to a loss of at least 45,000 jobs locally – was that San Francisco was being punished for its left wing, anti military politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dennis Kelley:\u003c/strong> I think the decision was made. The analyses were cooked up to support the decision, and that was the end of it. It’s crying over spilt milk now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> There is this narrative that the military have had it in for the quote unquote, liberal Bay area and punish them. But I found no evidence of that, even though that’s a very great story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone\u003c/strong>: Eloise Epstein did her doctoral research on the Bay Area base closures. She said the reasons for the closures here were actually more practical and complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> Predominantly the bases were closed because they were out of date. They had fundamental issues. There were economic problems, environmental problems and so forth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> The Bay Area was getting bigger. So the military was grappling with more and more urban problems. Even back then, housing was scarce and expensive for soldiers. Alameda residents complained about the noise at the neighboring Naval Air station. Oakland had big urban development plans, and commercial flight traffic was picking up. So it got harder and harder for military planes coming in and out of the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> SFO goes through a massive number of passenger increases during that time and Oakland airport same thing and you have San Jose that’s getting popular too at the time. And so you have these air constraints. So you can’t just like fly in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Also in the 70s and 80s, state and local governments started to assert environmental protections on federal lands. Making it more costly and difficult to operate bases in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> Here in the Bay Area, we very much value our clean air and clean water. It’s part of our identity here. And so the Navy was by far the biggest polluter in the Bay Area and for decades. And so that’s where civic activism really took on the military and pushed them to do the right thing, which then, of course, created more cost and more complexity, which made it harder to run these bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Then, you have changing military technology transforming the very nature of war. Epstein says, maybe at the turn of the 19th century you needed physical forts, with cannons pointed at the Bay, perhaps to protect the shore from invading ships. But not now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> After World War Two, you get the emergence of radar. Shortly thereafter in the 50s, you get satellites and of course, you have the emergence of thermonuclear weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> And Epstein says, military planners want these new cool weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> They don’t want to maintain old weapons…. You want the super radar and computers and hacking and all the stuff that we think about today. You don’t want to maintain a tank from 30 or 40 or 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Finally, the Bay Area just wasn’t as reliant on steady federal revenue and government jobs as it was before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> The Bay Area was booming. It was booming in the 80s …you have this first generation of Silicon Valley just bringing massive prosperity…And so what you end up with is…There’s not a huge political or an economic need for the bases anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> So when the Oakland Army Base closed, Oakalnd city planners were at the ready to find a new use for it. Treasure Island’s navy bunkers eventually became luxury housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Recording of Hunters Point closure protests]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> But not all communities were able to bounce back after the closures. Black residents of Hunters Point protested in 1973 when their shipyard was slated for closure. Most of the people who lost jobs there were African American. On Mare Island, Dennis Kelley says that closure was particularly challenging because of its massive size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dennis Kelley:\u003c/strong> Vallejo basically grew up around the shipyard. And so it was a huge hit when the shipyard closed. And as you probably know, Vallejo ultimately went bankrupt. But ten years after the shipyard closed and it still struggles today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> So if you live here in the Bay Area, chances are good you’ve driven past or walked through a former military site – even if you didn’t realize it. Some have been redeveloped into public parks. Businesses have moved in, or housing has been built. But some areas are still sitting empty…waiting for clean-up, caught in red tape…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> On next week’s episode of Bay Curious – what has become of the spaces once occupied by the military in the Bay Area? Make sure you’re subscribed so you don’t miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s story was reported by Pauline Bartolone. Thanks to UC Davis Geographer Javier Arbona for his insights. Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our show is produced by Katrina Schwartz, Amanda Font, Christopher Beale, and Olivia Allen-Price. Extra support from Paul Lancour, Jen Chien, Katie Sprenger, Maha Senad, Holly Kernan and the whole KQED family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m Olivia Allen-Price. Have a good week!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Transcript: Why Are There so Many Abandoned Military Bases in the Bay Area? | KQED",
"description": "All around the edges of San Francisco Bay you'll find reminders of a once robust military presence. The Presidio, Alameda Naval Air Station, Mare Island and Hunters Point Naval Shipyards, Fort Baker and a slew of others. The Bay was considered a strategic military stronghold beginning as far back as the arrival of Spanish colonizers. During times of conflict, like WWII, bases in the area employed hundreds of thousands of people doing everything from ship building to supply manufacturing. Now many of them are closed, with abandoned equipment left to rust and buildings slowly decaying under layers of peeling paint.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>All around the edges of San Francisco Bay you’ll find reminders of a once robust military presence. The Presidio, Alameda Naval Air Station, Mare Island and Hunters Point Naval Shipyards, Fort Baker and a slew of others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bay was considered a strategic military stronghold beginning as far back as the arrival of Spanish colonizers. During times of conflict, like WWII, bases in the area employed hundreds of thousands of people doing everything from ship building to supply manufacturing. Now many of them are closed, with abandoned equipment left to rust and buildings slowly decaying under layers of peeling paint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened? Why did the military up and leave what was once the wartime ‘Gateway to the Pacific?’ This week, in the first installment of a two part story, Pauline Bartolone digs into the history of why the Bay Area’s military presence has mostly disappeared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC1512985227\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Episode Transcript:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> It’s hard to imagine now, but during World War II, the Bay Area was a major center of military activity in the United States … with dozens of military installations all over the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Archival tape:\u003c/strong> “The United States becomes at least a two ocean naval power as this mighty fleet takes its station in the mightiest of oceans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> Hundreds of thousands of people here worked in the armed forces at the time – building ships, manufacturing supplies, training soldiers, and so much more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But today that robust military presence is largely gone, and what’s left behind is mostly … real estate and wide open space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back when he was in college, Bay Curious listener Cameron Tobey liked to explore one of those spaces – Mare Island, the huge abandoned navy shipyard near Vallejo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cameron Tobey:\u003c/strong> My friends and I used to go out there, check out the abandoned buildings,… there used to be these warehouses with, like, submarine silhouettes painted on the side. And there was this huge tower with a radar dish on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> Tobey says all that time on Mare Island got him thinking…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cameron Tobey: Why are there so many abandoned military bases around the Bay Area? It seems at one point that every branch of the military had a base here and now they’re all sitting empty. So what happened to them and what’s the future plans for these bases?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Theme song]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olivia Allen-Price: I’m Olivia Allen-Price and this is Bay Curious, the podcast that answers listener questions about the San Francisco Bay Area. This week: How did the military go from boom to bust in the Bay Area? Stay with us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[BREAK]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> Our listener Cameron Tobey wants to know how so many military bases came to be in the San Francisco Bay Area at one time? And why were they abandoned decades ago? KQED’s Pauline Bartolone found out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> If you’ve ever been in San Francisco during one of the first weekends of October, you may have covered your ears at the sound of this…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Sound of blue angels flying]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Navy planes, the Blue Angels, flying past so fast in the sky you may want to run the other way. Every year in San Francisco they show up during Fleet Week. That’s the way it’s been for over 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[sounds of people milling around outdoors]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> On San Francisco’s Marina green, dozens of uniformed officers have set up tents. The Navy, Coast Guard, Marines… They’re mingling with dog walkers and kids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Pauline (outside): It’s a really beautiful day. Kind of feels like a cross between a county fair. And a recruitment event.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[a band plays the Star Spangled Banner]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Lieutenant Commander Chloe Morgan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chloe Morgan:\u003c/strong> So the purpose of Fleet Week is really to let you know, Americans meet their military, see us come on our ship, see the equipment, meet our people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Meet our people. Fleet Week may literally be the only time people in the Bay Area actually see uniformed officers, or hear those jets. But decades ago, it was another story. Dating back all the way to Spanish colonizers who built the Presidio, San Francisco was a strategic place for military defense. Then after the United States took over, it kept growing as a major center for armed forces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> This becomes one of the biggest military centers in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Dick Walker would know. He’s the author of several books about California history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> San Francisco was the center, the overwhelming center of U.S. settlement, economy and power in the western U. S. in the 19th century. So from the gold rush on. So it made sense that very early that the American government put military installations in San Francisco and around the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[military drumming music]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> The U.S. built dozens of military sites from the mid-late 1800s through the second world war. Shipyards, air stations, bunkers, barracks, weapons stations, there are too many to list. But there are a few notables.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Voice 1:\u003c/strong> Alcatraz, a military prison\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 2:\u003c/strong> Treasure Island – Navy bunkers…\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 3:\u003c/strong> San Francisco’s Fort Mason…where over a million soldiers embarked for the Pacific War.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 1:\u003c/strong> Hunters Point Naval Shipyard … ship repair during WW2.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 2:\u003c/strong> In the Marin headlands: Fort Baker, permanent housing for army soldiers…\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> Hamilton Air Force Base… smallish base..interior coast of Marin.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 1:\u003c/strong> Fort Cronkhite, military housing during the Pacific War…\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 3:\u003c/strong> … and Nike Missile Sites, to strike down Russian H-bombs during the Cold War.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 1: \u003c/strong>Oakland Army Base… sent soldiers and supplies overseas.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 2:\u003c/strong> In Dublin, Camp Parks… Home base for the ‘Seabees’, the navy’s construction crew.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 3:\u003c/strong> Concord Naval Weapons station – maneuvered massive quantities of explosives.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>Voice 1:\u003c/strong> Alameda’s Naval Air station, called the Navy’s “Aviation Gateway to the Pacific.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> Then in the South Bay, there’s Moffett Field, which was very specialized around anti-submarine warfare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[military music out]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> You get the picture. The Bay Area became a depot not just for warships and marine training, but all the personnel and materials that support them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> Logistics. You have to supply those ships. You have to supply the men. You have to supply the ammunition. And that everything from, production of explosives and ammunition and projectiles to food, blankets, clothing, uniforms and so on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Instrumental music]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> By World War Two, when the US was at war with Japan, the San Francisco Bay Area was the staging area for soldiers going off to war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Mare Island Centennial film: “No Navy anytime anywhere, has ever been stronger than its supports. The kind of support given by Navy yards…(fades out)”\u003c/em> \u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Shipbuilding for the Navy during the war was a huge economic boon for the Bay Area. The region became a national hotspot for people looking for wartime jobs, like African Americans from the South. The Black population tripled in the Bay Area in just a few years, largely because of that shipbuilding work. Mare Island in Vallejo was one of the largest Navy sites in the world – more than 100,000 people built and repaired ships there in the 1940s. \u003cem>[Mare Island Centennial film: “Mare Island is well situated. Located in the North East of San Francisco Bay…One of the finest Naval anchorages in the world.”]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Shipbuilding was also happening on private yards, like Kaiser in Richmond… This was the Rosie the Riveter era. The Bay Area shipyards were some of the biggest employers of women defense workers in the U.S. More than a quarter of Richmond’s shipyard workers were women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Rosie the Riveter Song: \u003cem>“All the day long, whether rain or shine,\u003c/em> \u003cem>She’s a part of the assembly line.\u003c/em> \u003cem>She’s making history, working for victory\u003c/em> \u003cem>Rosie the Riveter”\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dick Walker:\u003c/strong> Richmond became quite a went from a pretty small industrial city to a bigger… to like 100,000 people during World War Two. It just grew like a mushroom. It changed the racial makeup. A lot of Filipinos in the American Navy. You had a lot of African-Americans come in to work, not just in the shipyards, although that was a major source because Henry Kaiser, who ran the shipyards, was a very open minded capitalist who recognized good, cheap labor when he saw it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Song of the Victory Fleet (1945)]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> By many accounts, World War Two was the Heyday for the military in the Bay Area. But in the decades that followed, Bay Area bases supported two more Pacific Wars, the Korean war, and Vietnam. In 1974, when Dennis Kelley first started working on Mare Island, he said it was still a bustling place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dennis Kelley:\u003c/strong> I still remember my first day because I came from a small town in Michigan. And you walked down to the waterfront and there were just people going everywhere on bicycles, cars, trucks, cranes. You know there was 10,000 people working here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Kelley was a nuclear engineer on the base, helping with the refueling of nuclear powered submarines. He loved working on that massive base…Shipbuilding cranes as high as city office buildings, and berths as long as a stadium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dennis Kelley:\u003c/strong> I like the complexity of the ships. You know, they were probably some of the most complex things, you know, things ever built by man. I mean, it was fun, you know, And at the end of the day, we were basically fielding these weapons of war at a time, you know, when the Cold War was going on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> But by the 1980s, the specter of war waned. The Cold War with Russia was ending. The federal government wanted to shrink its defense budget and restructure the armed forces. That meant closing many bases nationwide … a thorny political issue for politicians. Closing any given base would mean laying off a sizable portion of a community and cutting off stable federal funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So federal officials created BRAC – the Base Realignment and Closure Commission – an independent body of experts which met over several rounds in the late 80s and 90s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Video of 1995 BRAC hearings: \u003cem>“As most of you know, this commission is heading into its final three weeks of its difficult task of recommending to the president which domestic bases should be closed or realigned…”\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Chairman Alan Dixon held countless hearings about the base closures, to deliberate cuts recommended by the Department of Defense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Video of 1995 BRAC hearings:\u003cem> “The commissioners have held 10 hearings here in Washington, 16 hearings across the country, and have made two hundred visits…”\u003c/em>]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Because of the BRAC decisions between 1988 and 1995, thirty major California bases closed, accounting for more than half of the laid off military personnel nationwide. By many accounts, California was dealt a heavier hand than the rest of the states. President Bill Clinton visited the Alameda Naval Air Station in 1993 just before it closed, as if to soften the blow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Pres. Clinton speech:\u003cem> “Thank you for helping to win the cold war.\u003c/em>”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> With a massive ship as his backdrop, Clinton spoke to dozens of uniformed navy seamen wearing white hats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[Pres. Clinton speech:\u003cem> “You have done the right thing by your country as a result of that it has become possible indeed it has become necessary to downsize the defense establishment of the United States to more importantly reorganize it so it can maintain its dominance in a world…\u003c/em>(fades under)”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> By the mid 1990s, the Bay Area military base presence was nearly wiped out entirely. Many other areas of California lost their military might too, like LA. But as the armed forces were forced to downsize and consolidate, San Diego emerged as California’s new navy city on the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Music break]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone\u003c/strong>: The Bay Area’s Mare Island, which had been building and fixing warships for 150 years, closed. Dennis Kelley said even though the BRAC process was meant to take politics out of the decision-making, it was basically for show.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dennis Kelley:\u003c/strong> Now, why did the Bay Area get targeted? It’s clearly political.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> To this day, the popular story about the Bay Area base closures – what led to a loss of at least 45,000 jobs locally – was that San Francisco was being punished for its left wing, anti military politics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dennis Kelley:\u003c/strong> I think the decision was made. The analyses were cooked up to support the decision, and that was the end of it. It’s crying over spilt milk now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> There is this narrative that the military have had it in for the quote unquote, liberal Bay area and punish them. But I found no evidence of that, even though that’s a very great story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone\u003c/strong>: Eloise Epstein did her doctoral research on the Bay Area base closures. She said the reasons for the closures here were actually more practical and complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> Predominantly the bases were closed because they were out of date. They had fundamental issues. There were economic problems, environmental problems and so forth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> The Bay Area was getting bigger. So the military was grappling with more and more urban problems. Even back then, housing was scarce and expensive for soldiers. Alameda residents complained about the noise at the neighboring Naval Air station. Oakland had big urban development plans, and commercial flight traffic was picking up. So it got harder and harder for military planes coming in and out of the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> SFO goes through a massive number of passenger increases during that time and Oakland airport same thing and you have San Jose that’s getting popular too at the time. And so you have these air constraints. So you can’t just like fly in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Also in the 70s and 80s, state and local governments started to assert environmental protections on federal lands. Making it more costly and difficult to operate bases in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> Here in the Bay Area, we very much value our clean air and clean water. It’s part of our identity here. And so the Navy was by far the biggest polluter in the Bay Area and for decades. And so that’s where civic activism really took on the military and pushed them to do the right thing, which then, of course, created more cost and more complexity, which made it harder to run these bases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Then, you have changing military technology transforming the very nature of war. Epstein says, maybe at the turn of the 19th century you needed physical forts, with cannons pointed at the Bay, perhaps to protect the shore from invading ships. But not now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> After World War Two, you get the emergence of radar. Shortly thereafter in the 50s, you get satellites and of course, you have the emergence of thermonuclear weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> And Epstein says, military planners want these new cool weapons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> They don’t want to maintain old weapons…. You want the super radar and computers and hacking and all the stuff that we think about today. You don’t want to maintain a tank from 30 or 40 or 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> Finally, the Bay Area just wasn’t as reliant on steady federal revenue and government jobs as it was before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Eloise Epstein:\u003c/strong> The Bay Area was booming. It was booming in the 80s …you have this first generation of Silicon Valley just bringing massive prosperity…And so what you end up with is…There’s not a huge political or an economic need for the bases anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> So when the Oakland Army Base closed, Oakalnd city planners were at the ready to find a new use for it. Treasure Island’s navy bunkers eventually became luxury housing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>[Recording of Hunters Point closure protests]\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> But not all communities were able to bounce back after the closures. Black residents of Hunters Point protested in 1973 when their shipyard was slated for closure. Most of the people who lost jobs there were African American. On Mare Island, Dennis Kelley says that closure was particularly challenging because of its massive size.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dennis Kelley:\u003c/strong> Vallejo basically grew up around the shipyard. And so it was a huge hit when the shipyard closed. And as you probably know, Vallejo ultimately went bankrupt. But ten years after the shipyard closed and it still struggles today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Pauline Bartolone:\u003c/strong> So if you live here in the Bay Area, chances are good you’ve driven past or walked through a former military site – even if you didn’t realize it. Some have been redeveloped into public parks. Businesses have moved in, or housing has been built. But some areas are still sitting empty…waiting for clean-up, caught in red tape…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> On next week’s episode of Bay Curious – what has become of the spaces once occupied by the military in the Bay Area? Make sure you’re subscribed so you don’t miss it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today’s story was reported by Pauline Bartolone. Thanks to UC Davis Geographer Javier Arbona for his insights. Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our show is produced by Katrina Schwartz, Amanda Font, Christopher Beale, and Olivia Allen-Price. Extra support from Paul Lancour, Jen Chien, Katie Sprenger, Maha Senad, Holly Kernan and the whole KQED family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m Olivia Allen-Price. Have a good week!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swimming in the San Francisco Bay is more than a hobby or a form of exercise for the avid community of swimmers who show up regularly to take a dip. It’s practically a spiritual experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I work a pretty stressful job as a cardiac ICU nurse. Being in the water is the time that my mind is quiet and I’m able to just be in the present moment,” said Kerianne Brownlie, who regularly swims at Albany Beach, among other spots around the region. “It’s just you and the water. You feel every little piece of seaweed touching you. You feel the full chilliness of whatever the temperature is that day. And you get really in tune with your body in a way that I haven’t found in other sports on land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brownlie swims without a wetsuit — it’s less to fuss with — and doesn’t worry too much about water quality. But that’s not the case for Bay Curious listener Robbe Verhofste. He’s been curious about swimming in the bay since he moved here five years ago, but he’s been hesitant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robbe grew up in Iowa, where agriculture pollution is a big problem in lakes and rivers. It can make water dangerous — even lethal — for swimmers. So, he’s always cautious of water so close to industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[In Iowa], it was really clear when the water was safe and the water was not safe,” he said. He finds the question a lot murkier in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some reason, I’m always drawn to jumping into the waters that face the Pacific, so Stinson Beach or Pacifica or Ocean Beach,” Robbe said. “I’m quite a bit more timid to jump in around the interior of the bay itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is Robbe right to be timid? Is it safe to swim in the bay? And if so, are there certain areas or times of year to avoid?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cleaner than it was in the ‘60s\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before diving (pun intended) into \u003ci>current \u003c/i>water quality in the bay, let’s take a step back in order to appreciate how far we’ve come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty years ago, the answer to Robbe’s question would have unequivocally been: No, it’s not safe to swim in the bay. That’s because, in the 1960s, raw sewage from treatment plants flowed directly into the bay, untreated. In other words, when residents flushed the toilet, it essentially went straight into the bay. Refineries and industrial facilities also pumped their waste directly into San Francisco bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, all that started to change in 1972 with the passage of the Clean Water Act, which required wastewater treatment plants to do a secondary treatment before discharging water into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we should feel proud,” said Eileen White, executive officer with the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board, \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/\">the local agency in charge of regulating\u003c/a> what goes into the bay. “We’ve come a long way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to White, back in the 1960s, the bay met national water quality standards only 20% of the time. Now, she estimates that number is closer to 95%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Toxic algae is the biggest threat\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raw sewage may no longer be pumping into the bay, but now there’s a new challenge — harmful algae blooms, which are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983631/last-summers-fish-killing-algae-bloom-is-back-in-the-bay\">cropping up more often\u003c/a> due in part to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12020588\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12020588\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138.jpg\" alt=\"Three people with lanterns stand in a body of dark water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(from left) Alison LaBonte, of Berkeley, David Meyer of Berkeley, Kerianne Brownlie, and Maja Harren, of Oakland, meet at Albany Beach for an early morning swim in Albany, Calif., Monday, Jan. 6, 2025. The group meets at 6 a.m. to get a swim in before work. The swimmers wear lights on their heads and inside floatations attached to their bodies for increased visibility. \u003ccite>(David M. Barreda/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Algae blooms occur when the water is warm and calm and the algae has plenty of nitrogen and phosphorus to eat. Algae is a naturally occurring plant in the bay, and when it blooms, it’s not always a bad thing. However, certain algae blooms produce toxins that are dangerous to animals and humans. Other types of algae blooms are not toxic, but they eat up all the oxygen in the water, which suffocates fish and other wildlife living there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened in Oakland’s Lake Merritt in 2022, when an algae bloom killed tens of thousands of fish and other aquatic critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could see corpses everywhere,” said Kristina Yoshida, environmental scientist with the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. “That was a sad day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Merritt is a tidal estuary, meaning it’s not fully enclosed and is fed by both salt and freshwater. It’s connected to — and is essentially an extension of — the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the city of Oakland \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10900605/what-would-it-take-to-make-lake-merritt-swimmable\">does \u003ci>not \u003c/i>recommend humans swim\u003c/a> in Lake Merritt, the lake is home to plenty of aquatic creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it took the fish kill for people to realize how much was in here when they saw all the dead sharks and the bat rays and the huge striped bass,” Yoshida said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her team recently started collecting nutrient samples around Lake Merritt in order to help the city of Oakland establish a nutrient management plan. The plan, still in its infancy, aims to minimize the impacts of future algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to get baseline data to help us inform what sort of management plan we’re going to do for the lake,” Yoshida said. “We’re trying to understand the system better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae blooms are becoming more common in the Bay Area for a variety of reasons. Climate change is a major contributor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have longer, warmer summers and less precipitation. And so those situations set up perfect conditions for these algae blooms to occur,” Yoshida said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are largely fed by nutrient runoff from sewage treatment plants. Although treatment plants have improved their water cleanup strategies since the 1960s, they are still the top contributors of nutrients into the bay, \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/harmful-algae-blooms/\">according to San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>. And in fact, the San Francisco bay has some of the highest levels of nutrient pollutants of any estuary in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrients on their own aren’t a bad thing, but they can increase the frequency and severity of algae blooms – like wind fueling a wildfire. That’s why the local water quality control board is working to cut down on that pollution by setting limits on wastewater discharge. And treatment agencies themselves are also piloting projects to reduce nutrient output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that nutrient discharges from wastewater treatment plants need to be reduced,” said Alicia Chakrabarti, manager of the Waste Water Environmental Services Division at the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EMBUD). “Because whatever factors are causing increased algal blooms and less resilience to the nutrients is clearly changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So… is it safe to swim in the bay?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer to Robbe’s question is: Yes — with some caveats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12020582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12020582\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422.jpg\" alt=\"A swimmer in an orange cap cuts through a large open body of water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kerianne Brownlie swims in the bay near Albany Beach in Albany, Calif., Friday, Dec. 20, 2024. \u003ccite>(David M. Barreda/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>White does \u003ci>not \u003c/i>recommend swimming after the first big rainstorm of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first storm of the year usually brings a lot of pollutants into the bay because it’s washing down all that stuff that’s been there, accumulating all summer and all fall,” White said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain washes trash, bird and dog poop and oil from the roads into the bay, increasing the risk of infections and skin rashes for swimmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those big rainstorms are becoming more frequent and intense in the Bay Area. Multiple atmospheric rivers — which can transport \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\">more than 25 times the moisture\u003c/a> that flows through the mouth of the Mississippi River — have hit our region over the past several years, bringing with them \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12016676/intense-california-storm-caused-2-6-million-damage-sonoma-county\">intense flooding and storm damage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storms not only increase stormwater runoff, they can also overwhelm our wastewater treatment facilities. They don’t have the storage to handle all the incoming water and, as a result, bacteria can end up in parts of the bay, according to White.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is the only coastal city in California with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfpuc.gov/about-us/our-systems/sewer-system/our-combined-sewer\">combined stormwater and wastewater system\u003c/a>. That means there’s only one set of pipes for both sewage and storm runoff, making it particularly vulnerable to big storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, San Francisco discharges nearly 2 billion gallons of combined stormwater and raw sewage into the bay. That poses a big public health risk for those who recreate in the bay — especially swimmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency is currently suing San Francisco for what it says are repeated violations of the Clean Water Act. San Francisco, in turn, is suing the EPA, saying the agency’s restrictions on how much sewage it can discharge are too vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lawsuit \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12009496/san-francisco-challenges-epa-in-supreme-court-over-water-pollution-standards\">made it all the way to the Supreme Court\u003c/a> this year. The justices heard arguments in October and are expected to present a decision by the time the term ends in June 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, wastewater agencies are required to conduct tests after they accidentally leak sewage. They’re also required to put up signs in affected areas, which can be anywhere around the bay, including right offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White’s advice? Look for signs on the beach and check local news and \u003ca href=\"https://webapps.sfpuc.org/sapps/beachesandbay.html\">city websites\u003c/a> before you dive in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s exactly what question asker Robbe Verhofste did when he decided to take a plunge into the bay after hearing this report. When he saw that water conditions were considered safe near Albany Beach, he stripped down to his bathing suit and braved the cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12020816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12020816\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized.jpg\" alt=\"A man gives the thumbs up sign standing on a beach next to a large body of water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized-1020x553.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized-1536x832.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robbe Verhofste takes the plunge into the bay after learning the water is often safe for swimming. \u003ccite>(Dana Cronin/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My whole body’s kind of tingling,” he said. “It’s definitely a little chilly, but, yeah, I’d recommend others who are curious to give it a shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12020818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12020818\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized.jpg\" alt=\"The silhouette of man standing out in a large body of water, looking at the sunset behind a cityscape.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized-1020x553.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized-1536x832.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robbe Verhofste takes in the sunset after a swim in San Francisco Bay. \u003ccite>(Dana Cronin/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, as he trains for an upcoming triathlon, he’s thinking the bay will be the perfect place to get some open-water swimming experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b> It’s a brisk winter day on Albany Beach in the East Bay. Kerianne Brownlie and I are sitting on a piece of driftwood, overlooking a calm and flat San Francisco Bay. I’m wearing my big winter puffy jacket. Kerianne? She’s in a swimsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kerianne Brownlie: \u003c/b>In 2020, I had made the decision to get back into swimming. I wanted to join a pool team, and with everything closed, I just decided, well, we have a bay right here. That water seems to be open. And so I actually went down to the Berkeley Marina one day on my own and just hopped in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003ci>Stepping into water sounds\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cb>Kerianne Brownlie: \u003c/b>I remember just getting in and thinking like, okay, this is cold, but it feels okay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>She picked a landmark about 500 yards away, put her head down and started swimming toward it. By the time she returned to where she started, she knew she’d discovered something special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kerianne Brownlie: \u003c/b>And then I felt totally hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Bring up swimming ambi \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kerianne Brownlie: \u003c/b>So I work a pretty stressful job as a cardiac ICU nurse. And so really being in the water is the time that my mind is quiet and all of those thoughts shut off and I’m able to just be in the present moment. You feel every little piece of seaweed touching you. You know, you feel the full chilliness of of whatever the temperature is that day. And you get really in tune with your body in a way that I haven’t found in other sports on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>Swimming in the Bay is more than a hobby or a form of exercise. It’s practically a spiritual experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerianne started out swimming 20, 30 minutes, but was soon drawn to longer swims. Right now, she’s training to swim the English Channel — some 21 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that brings us to our question asker this week, Robbe Verhofste. He’s taken notice of swimmers in the Bay like Kerianne. He’s been curious about giving it a try himself since he moved here 5 years ago. But, he’s been hesitant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>For some reason, I’m always drawn to jumping into the waters that face the Pacific. So Stinson Beach or Pacifica or Ocean Beach, and I’m quite a bit more timid to jump in around the interior of the bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>Timid because he’s not sure whether it’s safe! No, he’s not afraid of sharks or the cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robbe grew up in Iowa, where \u003ci>agriculture \u003c/i>pollution is a big problem. It can make water dangerous — even lethal — to swim in. So he’s used to thinking twice before jumping into a body of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>There it was really clear when the water was safe and the water was not safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>So he’s wondering: what about the bay? Is it safe to swim in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>If I knew that I was going to come out without issue I would absolutely love to spend more time in this body of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Bay Curious theme music begins\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>I’m Olivia Allen-Price, and on today’s episode of Bay Curious: Is it safe to swim in the Bay? Are there certain areas, or times of year, to avoid? Can we convince Robbe to take the plunge? Or will what we find scare him away? That’s all coming up, after this quick break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>To find out more about water quality in the bay and to advise Robbe on whether or not to take the plunge we sent out reporter Dana Cronin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin:\u003c/b> Before we get into the \u003ci>current \u003c/i>water quality in the bay, I think we need to back up to appreciate how far we’ve come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because 60 years ago the answer to Robbe’s question would unequivocally have been “No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>Back in the 60s, raw sewage from the various treatment plants in the Bay area were going untreated into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Eileen White is the executive officer for the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. That’s the local agency in charge of tracking and regulating what goes into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, she’s saying that, 60 years ago, when you flushed the toilet, it essentially went straight into the bay. Refineries and industrial facilities also pumped their waste directly into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’ve come a long way since then, in large part because of the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>That required the wastewater treatment plants to do secondary treatment and monitoring, and really cleaned up San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Now, Eileen estimates that 95 percent of the time, the bay meets national water quality standards. Sixty years ago that number was closer to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we’ve come a long way!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, if you’ve been paying attention lately, you know that the bay still has some big problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>News Clip 1:\u003c/b> This is the scene folks up and down the San Francisco Bay have been witnessing for the past two weeks as a harmful algae bloom has taken off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>News Clip 2:\u003c/b> Enviro groups say the toxic algae bloom is acting like a deadly wildfire underwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>News Clip 3:\u003c/b> The algae has been found along the shoreline along the shoreline from Emeryville to Albany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>News Clip 4: \u003c/b>Algae blooms closing down lakes not in late AUgust or September, but in the beginning of July. That’s unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Algae blooms occur when conditions are right: the water’s warm and calm, and the algae has nutrients — like sewage or other runoff — to feed on. Algae is a naturally occurring plant in the bay, and when it blooms, it’s not always a bad thing. But certain algae blooms produce toxins that make them dangerous for animals and humans. Other algae blooms are not toxic, but they eat up all the oxygen in the water, which suffocates fish and other wildlife living there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened two years ago at Lake Merritt in Oakland, when tens of thousands of dead fish and other aquatic critters started washing up on shore. Tests later confirmed, it was an algae bloom, and it killed almost \u003ci>everything \u003c/i>living in Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental scientist Kristina Yoshida remembers it well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>Honestly, I think it took the fish kills for people to realize how much was in here when they saw all the dead sharks and the bat rays. And there’s the huge striped bass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Lake Merritt is a tidal estuary, meaning it’s not fully enclosed, and is fed by both salt and freshwater. It’s basically an extension of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I meet Kristina at a boat launch on Lake Merritt. And soon after we get there, we spot what Kristina thinks are tunicates, chunky, worm-like creatures suctioned onto the concrete launch pad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>It’s sure exciting to see how much the wildlife has come back after the fish kill in 2022, when most of everything died in here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Recently, Kristina and her team started collecting nutrient samples at various locations around the lake to help put together a nutrient management plan, to try to avoid — or at least minimize the impacts — of future algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Sounds of a speed boat\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>We launch a small speed boat and start slowly cruising around the lake, going from site to site to collect samples and take down some measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>Here’s your bottles. And I’m going to grab coordinates so we know where we are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>She pulls a device hooked to a buoy out of the water, which tracks things like temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>Temperature right now is 21.6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>That’s celsius. And it’s cooler than Kristina was expecting. Because we went out in October, just days after an intense heat wave, which warms up the water and can ripen it for an algae bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>I was worried with the heat wave that we were going to get another red tide or algae bloom. Yesterday I got three calls for harmful algal blooms in our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Luckily, this year, Lake Merritt — and most of the bay — was spared. But algae blooms pop up every year, all over the Bay Area, and they’re getting worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s another consequence of, you guessed it, climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>We have longer, warmer summers, less precipitation. And so those situations set up perfect conditions for these algae blooms to occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Kristina says Lake Merritt is primed for another big algae bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s why the sampling is so important because it’s going to help the city take on a plan to make it more resilient to these blooms. The plan is still in its infancy, but the idea is to try to come up with ways to save as many creatures as possible when the next inevitable algae bloom hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quick little disclaimer here, the city of Oakland does not recommend swimming in Lake Merritt. Its relatively small surface area and urban surroundings make it more polluted than other parts of the bay and accidentally ingesting the lake water could be dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Music starts\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Let’s get back now to Robbe’s question: Is it safe to swim in the bay? I asked Eileen White, with the water quality control board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>I would say yes, the bay is definitely swimmable…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>You may sense the caveats coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eileen says she would not recommend swimming in the bay after the first big rainstorm of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>The first storm of the year usually brings a lot of pollutants into the bay because it’s washing down all that stuff that’s been there, accumulating all summer and all fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Things like:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>It can be litter. It can be bird poop. It can be dog poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>After any big rain storm, really, Eileen says swimming is riskier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the Bay Area, those big rain storms are becoming more common and more intense with climate change. So-called atmospheric rivers, which park themselves in the sky and can dump feet of rain within a few days, cause even more stormwater to runoff into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Eileen says, that can complicate things for our wastewater treatment agencies. Especially in San Francisco, which has a \u003ci>combined \u003c/i>stormwater and wastewater system. That means they have one set of pipes underground through which all water flows out of your toilet, and your storm drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That system can get easily overwhelmed, Eileen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>When they get these really big storms, they can’t store enough, you know, that the runoff is coming. And so not all the stormwater can get treated and the wastewater, full treatment at their plants. And so that can result in some bacteria in the bay in certain parts of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>That happens about 10 times per year on average. In total, San Francisco discharges nearly 2 billion gallons of combined stormwater and raw sewage each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that poses a big public health risk for those who recreate in the bay… especially swimmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency along with local environmental groups are currently suing San Francisco for what they say are repeated violations of the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco, in turn, is suing the EPA, saying the agency’s restrictions on how much sewage it can discharge are too vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lawsuit made it all the way to the Supreme Court last year. The justices heard arguments in October, and are expected to present a decision by the time the current term ends in June 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Music starts\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>In the meantime, Eileen says wastewater agencies are required to conduct tests after they accidentally leak sewage and also put up signs in affected areas, which can be anywhere around the bay, including right offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t always deter everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>Some swimmers will still decide, you know, they’re the diehard swimmers in the bay. And they may risk getting some skin rash or an infection if they swim in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>It might not kill you, but swimming in contaminated water could lead to a fever, vomiting and diarrhea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My advice? Check local news, city and wastewater agency websites… and look for signs on the beach before you dive in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no real satisfying yes-or-no answer to Robbe’s question. It’s more like yes, \u003ci>sometimes \u003c/i>and no \u003ci>sometimes. \u003c/i>It’s yes in \u003ci>some \u003c/i>places and no in others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is that enough to convince Robbe to take the plunge?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Sounds of waves breaking softly\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Maybe you could just start off kind of telling me, like, where we are right now and. And what we’re here to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>Yeah, we’re on Albany Beach, near sunset, and I’m about to probably jump into the water here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>After listening to this episode, Robbe very bravely agreed to meet up with me for his first-ever swim in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, we had to check if the conditions were safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>I haven’t seen any signs posted, but I was curious to check out if there are any swim advisories. I just looked up water quality East Bay, and there’s this great website with all of these different parks around the advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Robbe pulls out his phone and pulls up the East Bay parks website, which has a map of different sampling points around the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>Let’s see, swim beach conditions. It opens as a PDF… All right! Low risk. It’s green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>And with that, Robbe takes off his shoes, strips down to his bathing suit and starts walking down toward the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He stands on the edge of where the waves are breaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>It’s cleaner than I thought at the edge. From a distance it looks a lot more muddy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>He wades out, until the water is up to his stomach, almost beyond the reach of my microphone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He seems ready to plunge, so I give him a countdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: Three, two, one. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Sounds of splashing\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>How’s it feel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>It’s a bit colder. But I kind of want some more!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Yeah!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Robbe swims freestyle a few lengths, seems to be enjoying himself. But the cold eventually gets the best of him, and he sloshes back out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Man, How does that feel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>Exhilarating. Yeah, it’s my whole body’s kind of tingling. It’s definitely a little chilly, but, yeah, I’d recommend others who are curious to give it a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin:\u003c/b> Robbe told me he recently signed up for a triathlon. And now that he knows it’s safe to swim in — most of the time — the bay may have just become his new training ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b> That was KQED’s Dana Cronin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a little hiatus in December, we are back with a new voting round this January. Head online to BayCurious.org to cast your vote — no signing up or annoying hoops to jump through. Here are your options:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice Over 1:\u003c/b> Who is “Stevens” and why is Stevens Creek in San Jose and Cupertino named after him or her?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice Over 2:\u003c/b> Why does San Jose have such a high concentration of Vietnamese people?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice Over 3:\u003c/b> I see peacocks sometimes in the East Foothills of San Jose. They certainly are not native to California. How did they get here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b> Bay Curious is made by Amanda Font, Christopher Beale and me, Olivia Allen-Price. Katrina Schwartz rejoins us this week after her maternity leave, and we’ve got a new Bay Curious team member — baby Esme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Sounds of baby babbling\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We get additional support from Jen Chien, Katie Sprenger, Maha Sanad, Holly Kernan and the whole KQED Family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We hope you’ve had a great start to 2025. I’m Olivia Allen-Price. Thanks for listening!\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Is It Safe to Swim in the Bay? Braving the Cold (and Sometimes Dirty) Water | KQED",
"description": "View the full episode transcript. Swimming in the San Francisco Bay is more than a hobby or a form of exercise for the avid community of swimmers who show up regularly to take a dip. It’s practically a spiritual experience. "I work a pretty stressful job as a cardiac ICU nurse. Being in the water is the time that my mind is quiet and I'm able to just be in the present moment,” said Kerianne Brownlie, who regularly swims at Albany Beach, among other spots around the region. “It's just you and the water. You feel every little piece of",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Swimming in the San Francisco Bay is more than a hobby or a form of exercise for the avid community of swimmers who show up regularly to take a dip. It’s practically a spiritual experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I work a pretty stressful job as a cardiac ICU nurse. Being in the water is the time that my mind is quiet and I’m able to just be in the present moment,” said Kerianne Brownlie, who regularly swims at Albany Beach, among other spots around the region. “It’s just you and the water. You feel every little piece of seaweed touching you. You feel the full chilliness of whatever the temperature is that day. And you get really in tune with your body in a way that I haven’t found in other sports on land.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brownlie swims without a wetsuit — it’s less to fuss with — and doesn’t worry too much about water quality. But that’s not the case for Bay Curious listener Robbe Verhofste. He’s been curious about swimming in the bay since he moved here five years ago, but he’s been hesitant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robbe grew up in Iowa, where agriculture pollution is a big problem in lakes and rivers. It can make water dangerous — even lethal — for swimmers. So, he’s always cautious of water so close to industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[In Iowa], it was really clear when the water was safe and the water was not safe,” he said. He finds the question a lot murkier in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For some reason, I’m always drawn to jumping into the waters that face the Pacific, so Stinson Beach or Pacifica or Ocean Beach,” Robbe said. “I’m quite a bit more timid to jump in around the interior of the bay itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is Robbe right to be timid? Is it safe to swim in the bay? And if so, are there certain areas or times of year to avoid?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Cleaner than it was in the ‘60s\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before diving (pun intended) into \u003ci>current \u003c/i>water quality in the bay, let’s take a step back in order to appreciate how far we’ve come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sixty years ago, the answer to Robbe’s question would have unequivocally been: No, it’s not safe to swim in the bay. That’s because, in the 1960s, raw sewage from treatment plants flowed directly into the bay, untreated. In other words, when residents flushed the toilet, it essentially went straight into the bay. Refineries and industrial facilities also pumped their waste directly into San Francisco bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, all that started to change in 1972 with the passage of the Clean Water Act, which required wastewater treatment plants to do a secondary treatment before discharging water into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we should feel proud,” said Eileen White, executive officer with the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board, \u003ca href=\"https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/\">the local agency in charge of regulating\u003c/a> what goes into the bay. “We’ve come a long way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to White, back in the 1960s, the bay met national water quality standards only 20% of the time. Now, she estimates that number is closer to 95%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Toxic algae is the biggest threat\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raw sewage may no longer be pumping into the bay, but now there’s a new challenge — harmful algae blooms, which are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983631/last-summers-fish-killing-algae-bloom-is-back-in-the-bay\">cropping up more often\u003c/a> due in part to human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12020588\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12020588\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138.jpg\" alt=\"Three people with lanterns stand in a body of dark water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20250106_BaySwim_DMB_00138-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(from left) Alison LaBonte, of Berkeley, David Meyer of Berkeley, Kerianne Brownlie, and Maja Harren, of Oakland, meet at Albany Beach for an early morning swim in Albany, Calif., Monday, Jan. 6, 2025. The group meets at 6 a.m. to get a swim in before work. The swimmers wear lights on their heads and inside floatations attached to their bodies for increased visibility. \u003ccite>(David M. Barreda/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Algae blooms occur when the water is warm and calm and the algae has plenty of nitrogen and phosphorus to eat. Algae is a naturally occurring plant in the bay, and when it blooms, it’s not always a bad thing. However, certain algae blooms produce toxins that are dangerous to animals and humans. Other types of algae blooms are not toxic, but they eat up all the oxygen in the water, which suffocates fish and other wildlife living there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened in Oakland’s Lake Merritt in 2022, when an algae bloom killed tens of thousands of fish and other aquatic critters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could see corpses everywhere,” said Kristina Yoshida, environmental scientist with the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. “That was a sad day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lake Merritt is a tidal estuary, meaning it’s not fully enclosed and is fed by both salt and freshwater. It’s connected to — and is essentially an extension of — the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while the city of Oakland \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10900605/what-would-it-take-to-make-lake-merritt-swimmable\">does \u003ci>not \u003c/i>recommend humans swim\u003c/a> in Lake Merritt, the lake is home to plenty of aquatic creatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it took the fish kill for people to realize how much was in here when they saw all the dead sharks and the bat rays and the huge striped bass,” Yoshida said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and her team recently started collecting nutrient samples around Lake Merritt in order to help the city of Oakland establish a nutrient management plan. The plan, still in its infancy, aims to minimize the impacts of future algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to get baseline data to help us inform what sort of management plan we’re going to do for the lake,” Yoshida said. “We’re trying to understand the system better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Algae blooms are becoming more common in the Bay Area for a variety of reasons. Climate change is a major contributor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have longer, warmer summers and less precipitation. And so those situations set up perfect conditions for these algae blooms to occur,” Yoshida said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blooms are largely fed by nutrient runoff from sewage treatment plants. Although treatment plants have improved their water cleanup strategies since the 1960s, they are still the top contributors of nutrients into the bay, \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/harmful-algae-blooms/\">according to San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>. And in fact, the San Francisco bay has some of the highest levels of nutrient pollutants of any estuary in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrients on their own aren’t a bad thing, but they can increase the frequency and severity of algae blooms – like wind fueling a wildfire. That’s why the local water quality control board is working to cut down on that pollution by setting limits on wastewater discharge. And treatment agencies themselves are also piloting projects to reduce nutrient output.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We understand that nutrient discharges from wastewater treatment plants need to be reduced,” said Alicia Chakrabarti, manager of the Waste Water Environmental Services Division at the East Bay Municipal Utility District (EMBUD). “Because whatever factors are causing increased algal blooms and less resilience to the nutrients is clearly changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>So… is it safe to swim in the bay?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The short answer to Robbe’s question is: Yes — with some caveats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12020582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12020582\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422.jpg\" alt=\"A swimmer in an orange cap cuts through a large open body of water.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/20241220_BaySwim_DMB_00422-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kerianne Brownlie swims in the bay near Albany Beach in Albany, Calif., Friday, Dec. 20, 2024. \u003ccite>(David M. Barreda/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>White does \u003ci>not \u003c/i>recommend swimming after the first big rainstorm of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first storm of the year usually brings a lot of pollutants into the bay because it’s washing down all that stuff that’s been there, accumulating all summer and all fall,” White said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rain washes trash, bird and dog poop and oil from the roads into the bay, increasing the risk of infections and skin rashes for swimmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And those big rainstorms are becoming more frequent and intense in the Bay Area. Multiple atmospheric rivers — which can transport \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\">more than 25 times the moisture\u003c/a> that flows through the mouth of the Mississippi River — have hit our region over the past several years, bringing with them \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12016676/intense-california-storm-caused-2-6-million-damage-sonoma-county\">intense flooding and storm damage\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Storms not only increase stormwater runoff, they can also overwhelm our wastewater treatment facilities. They don’t have the storage to handle all the incoming water and, as a result, bacteria can end up in parts of the bay, according to White.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco is the only coastal city in California with a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfpuc.gov/about-us/our-systems/sewer-system/our-combined-sewer\">combined stormwater and wastewater system\u003c/a>. That means there’s only one set of pipes for both sewage and storm runoff, making it particularly vulnerable to big storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each year, San Francisco discharges nearly 2 billion gallons of combined stormwater and raw sewage into the bay. That poses a big public health risk for those who recreate in the bay — especially swimmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency is currently suing San Francisco for what it says are repeated violations of the Clean Water Act. San Francisco, in turn, is suing the EPA, saying the agency’s restrictions on how much sewage it can discharge are too vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lawsuit \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12009496/san-francisco-challenges-epa-in-supreme-court-over-water-pollution-standards\">made it all the way to the Supreme Court\u003c/a> this year. The justices heard arguments in October and are expected to present a decision by the time the term ends in June 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, wastewater agencies are required to conduct tests after they accidentally leak sewage. They’re also required to put up signs in affected areas, which can be anywhere around the bay, including right offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>White’s advice? Look for signs on the beach and check local news and \u003ca href=\"https://webapps.sfpuc.org/sapps/beachesandbay.html\">city websites\u003c/a> before you dive in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s exactly what question asker Robbe Verhofste did when he decided to take a plunge into the bay after hearing this report. When he saw that water conditions were considered safe near Albany Beach, he stripped down to his bathing suit and braved the cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12020816\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12020816\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized.jpg\" alt=\"A man gives the thumbs up sign standing on a beach next to a large body of water.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized-1020x553.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sized-1536x832.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robbe Verhofste takes the plunge into the bay after learning the water is often safe for swimming. \u003ccite>(Dana Cronin/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“My whole body’s kind of tingling,” he said. “It’s definitely a little chilly, but, yeah, I’d recommend others who are curious to give it a shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12020818\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12020818\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized.jpg\" alt=\"The silhouette of man standing out in a large body of water, looking at the sunset behind a cityscape.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized-800x433.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized-1020x553.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized-160x87.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/01/Robbe-sunset-sized-1536x832.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Robbe Verhofste takes in the sunset after a swim in San Francisco Bay. \u003ccite>(Dana Cronin/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In fact, as he trains for an upcoming triathlon, he’s thinking the bay will be the perfect place to get some open-water swimming experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b> It’s a brisk winter day on Albany Beach in the East Bay. Kerianne Brownlie and I are sitting on a piece of driftwood, overlooking a calm and flat San Francisco Bay. I’m wearing my big winter puffy jacket. Kerianne? She’s in a swimsuit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kerianne Brownlie: \u003c/b>In 2020, I had made the decision to get back into swimming. I wanted to join a pool team, and with everything closed, I just decided, well, we have a bay right here. That water seems to be open. And so I actually went down to the Berkeley Marina one day on my own and just hopped in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003ci>Stepping into water sounds\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>\u003c/b>\u003cb>Kerianne Brownlie: \u003c/b>I remember just getting in and thinking like, okay, this is cold, but it feels okay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>She picked a landmark about 500 yards away, put her head down and started swimming toward it. By the time she returned to where she started, she knew she’d discovered something special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kerianne Brownlie: \u003c/b>And then I felt totally hooked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Bring up swimming ambi \u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kerianne Brownlie: \u003c/b>So I work a pretty stressful job as a cardiac ICU nurse. And so really being in the water is the time that my mind is quiet and all of those thoughts shut off and I’m able to just be in the present moment. You feel every little piece of seaweed touching you. You know, you feel the full chilliness of of whatever the temperature is that day. And you get really in tune with your body in a way that I haven’t found in other sports on land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>Swimming in the Bay is more than a hobby or a form of exercise. It’s practically a spiritual experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kerianne started out swimming 20, 30 minutes, but was soon drawn to longer swims. Right now, she’s training to swim the English Channel — some 21 miles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that brings us to our question asker this week, Robbe Verhofste. He’s taken notice of swimmers in the Bay like Kerianne. He’s been curious about giving it a try himself since he moved here 5 years ago. But, he’s been hesitant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>For some reason, I’m always drawn to jumping into the waters that face the Pacific. So Stinson Beach or Pacifica or Ocean Beach, and I’m quite a bit more timid to jump in around the interior of the bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>Timid because he’s not sure whether it’s safe! No, he’s not afraid of sharks or the cold water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robbe grew up in Iowa, where \u003ci>agriculture \u003c/i>pollution is a big problem. It can make water dangerous — even lethal — to swim in. So he’s used to thinking twice before jumping into a body of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>There it was really clear when the water was safe and the water was not safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>So he’s wondering: what about the bay? Is it safe to swim in?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>If I knew that I was going to come out without issue I would absolutely love to spend more time in this body of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Bay Curious theme music begins\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>I’m Olivia Allen-Price, and on today’s episode of Bay Curious: Is it safe to swim in the Bay? Are there certain areas, or times of year, to avoid? Can we convince Robbe to take the plunge? Or will what we find scare him away? That’s all coming up, after this quick break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>To find out more about water quality in the bay and to advise Robbe on whether or not to take the plunge we sent out reporter Dana Cronin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin:\u003c/b> Before we get into the \u003ci>current \u003c/i>water quality in the bay, I think we need to back up to appreciate how far we’ve come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because 60 years ago the answer to Robbe’s question would unequivocally have been “No.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>Back in the 60s, raw sewage from the various treatment plants in the Bay area were going untreated into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Eileen White is the executive officer for the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board. That’s the local agency in charge of tracking and regulating what goes into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yes, she’s saying that, 60 years ago, when you flushed the toilet, it essentially went straight into the bay. Refineries and industrial facilities also pumped their waste directly into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But we’ve come a long way since then, in large part because of the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>That required the wastewater treatment plants to do secondary treatment and monitoring, and really cleaned up San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Now, Eileen estimates that 95 percent of the time, the bay meets national water quality standards. Sixty years ago that number was closer to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So we’ve come a long way!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, if you’ve been paying attention lately, you know that the bay still has some big problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>News Clip 1:\u003c/b> This is the scene folks up and down the San Francisco Bay have been witnessing for the past two weeks as a harmful algae bloom has taken off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>News Clip 2:\u003c/b> Enviro groups say the toxic algae bloom is acting like a deadly wildfire underwater.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>News Clip 3:\u003c/b> The algae has been found along the shoreline along the shoreline from Emeryville to Albany.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>News Clip 4: \u003c/b>Algae blooms closing down lakes not in late AUgust or September, but in the beginning of July. That’s unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Algae blooms occur when conditions are right: the water’s warm and calm, and the algae has nutrients — like sewage or other runoff — to feed on. Algae is a naturally occurring plant in the bay, and when it blooms, it’s not always a bad thing. But certain algae blooms produce toxins that make them dangerous for animals and humans. Other algae blooms are not toxic, but they eat up all the oxygen in the water, which suffocates fish and other wildlife living there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s what happened two years ago at Lake Merritt in Oakland, when tens of thousands of dead fish and other aquatic critters started washing up on shore. Tests later confirmed, it was an algae bloom, and it killed almost \u003ci>everything \u003c/i>living in Lake Merritt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental scientist Kristina Yoshida remembers it well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>Honestly, I think it took the fish kills for people to realize how much was in here when they saw all the dead sharks and the bat rays. And there’s the huge striped bass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Lake Merritt is a tidal estuary, meaning it’s not fully enclosed, and is fed by both salt and freshwater. It’s basically an extension of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I meet Kristina at a boat launch on Lake Merritt. And soon after we get there, we spot what Kristina thinks are tunicates, chunky, worm-like creatures suctioned onto the concrete launch pad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>It’s sure exciting to see how much the wildlife has come back after the fish kill in 2022, when most of everything died in here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Recently, Kristina and her team started collecting nutrient samples at various locations around the lake to help put together a nutrient management plan, to try to avoid — or at least minimize the impacts — of future algae blooms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Sounds of a speed boat\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>We launch a small speed boat and start slowly cruising around the lake, going from site to site to collect samples and take down some measurements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>Here’s your bottles. And I’m going to grab coordinates so we know where we are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>She pulls a device hooked to a buoy out of the water, which tracks things like temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>Temperature right now is 21.6.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>That’s celsius. And it’s cooler than Kristina was expecting. Because we went out in October, just days after an intense heat wave, which warms up the water and can ripen it for an algae bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>I was worried with the heat wave that we were going to get another red tide or algae bloom. Yesterday I got three calls for harmful algal blooms in our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Luckily, this year, Lake Merritt — and most of the bay — was spared. But algae blooms pop up every year, all over the Bay Area, and they’re getting worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s another consequence of, you guessed it, climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Kristina Yoshida: \u003c/b>We have longer, warmer summers, less precipitation. And so those situations set up perfect conditions for these algae blooms to occur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Kristina says Lake Merritt is primed for another big algae bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s why the sampling is so important because it’s going to help the city take on a plan to make it more resilient to these blooms. The plan is still in its infancy, but the idea is to try to come up with ways to save as many creatures as possible when the next inevitable algae bloom hits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Quick little disclaimer here, the city of Oakland does not recommend swimming in Lake Merritt. Its relatively small surface area and urban surroundings make it more polluted than other parts of the bay and accidentally ingesting the lake water could be dangerous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Music starts\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Let’s get back now to Robbe’s question: Is it safe to swim in the bay? I asked Eileen White, with the water quality control board.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>I would say yes, the bay is definitely swimmable…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>You may sense the caveats coming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eileen says she would not recommend swimming in the bay after the first big rainstorm of the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>The first storm of the year usually brings a lot of pollutants into the bay because it’s washing down all that stuff that’s been there, accumulating all summer and all fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Things like:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>It can be litter. It can be bird poop. It can be dog poop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>After any big rain storm, really, Eileen says swimming is riskier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And in the Bay Area, those big rain storms are becoming more common and more intense with climate change. So-called atmospheric rivers, which park themselves in the sky and can dump feet of rain within a few days, cause even more stormwater to runoff into the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Eileen says, that can complicate things for our wastewater treatment agencies. Especially in San Francisco, which has a \u003ci>combined \u003c/i>stormwater and wastewater system. That means they have one set of pipes underground through which all water flows out of your toilet, and your storm drain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That system can get easily overwhelmed, Eileen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>When they get these really big storms, they can’t store enough, you know, that the runoff is coming. And so not all the stormwater can get treated and the wastewater, full treatment at their plants. And so that can result in some bacteria in the bay in certain parts of the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>That happens about 10 times per year on average. In total, San Francisco discharges nearly 2 billion gallons of combined stormwater and raw sewage each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that poses a big public health risk for those who recreate in the bay… especially swimmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Environmental Protection Agency along with local environmental groups are currently suing San Francisco for what they say are repeated violations of the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco, in turn, is suing the EPA, saying the agency’s restrictions on how much sewage it can discharge are too vague.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That lawsuit made it all the way to the Supreme Court last year. The justices heard arguments in October, and are expected to present a decision by the time the current term ends in June 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Music starts\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>In the meantime, Eileen says wastewater agencies are required to conduct tests after they accidentally leak sewage and also put up signs in affected areas, which can be anywhere around the bay, including right offshore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t always deter everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Eileen White: \u003c/b>Some swimmers will still decide, you know, they’re the diehard swimmers in the bay. And they may risk getting some skin rash or an infection if they swim in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>It might not kill you, but swimming in contaminated water could lead to a fever, vomiting and diarrhea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My advice? Check local news, city and wastewater agency websites… and look for signs on the beach before you dive in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no real satisfying yes-or-no answer to Robbe’s question. It’s more like yes, \u003ci>sometimes \u003c/i>and no \u003ci>sometimes. \u003c/i>It’s yes in \u003ci>some \u003c/i>places and no in others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Is that enough to convince Robbe to take the plunge?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Sounds of waves breaking softly\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Maybe you could just start off kind of telling me, like, where we are right now and. And what we’re here to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>Yeah, we’re on Albany Beach, near sunset, and I’m about to probably jump into the water here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>After listening to this episode, Robbe very bravely agreed to meet up with me for his first-ever swim in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, we had to check if the conditions were safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>I haven’t seen any signs posted, but I was curious to check out if there are any swim advisories. I just looked up water quality East Bay, and there’s this great website with all of these different parks around the advisories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Robbe pulls out his phone and pulls up the East Bay parks website, which has a map of different sampling points around the East Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>Let’s see, swim beach conditions. It opens as a PDF… All right! Low risk. It’s green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>And with that, Robbe takes off his shoes, strips down to his bathing suit and starts walking down toward the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He stands on the edge of where the waves are breaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>It’s cleaner than I thought at the edge. From a distance it looks a lot more muddy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>He wades out, until the water is up to his stomach, almost beyond the reach of my microphone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He seems ready to plunge, so I give him a countdown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: Three, two, one. \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Sounds of splashing\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>How’s it feel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>It’s a bit colder. But I kind of want some more!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Yeah!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Robbe swims freestyle a few lengths, seems to be enjoying himself. But the cold eventually gets the best of him, and he sloshes back out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin: \u003c/b>Man, How does that feel?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Robbe Verhofste: \u003c/b>Exhilarating. Yeah, it’s my whole body’s kind of tingling. It’s definitely a little chilly, but, yeah, I’d recommend others who are curious to give it a shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Dana Cronin:\u003c/b> Robbe told me he recently signed up for a triathlon. And now that he knows it’s safe to swim in — most of the time — the bay may have just become his new training ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b> That was KQED’s Dana Cronin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a little hiatus in December, we are back with a new voting round this January. Head online to BayCurious.org to cast your vote — no signing up or annoying hoops to jump through. Here are your options:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice Over 1:\u003c/b> Who is “Stevens” and why is Stevens Creek in San Jose and Cupertino named after him or her?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice Over 2:\u003c/b> Why does San Jose have such a high concentration of Vietnamese people?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Voice Over 3:\u003c/b> I see peacocks sometimes in the East Foothills of San Jose. They certainly are not native to California. How did they get here?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b> Bay Curious is made by Amanda Font, Christopher Beale and me, Olivia Allen-Price. Katrina Schwartz rejoins us this week after her maternity leave, and we’ve got a new Bay Curious team member — baby Esme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Sounds of baby babbling\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We get additional support from Jen Chien, Katie Sprenger, Maha Sanad, Holly Kernan and the whole KQED Family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can a place be defined by a beverage? If I mention champagne, you must think of France. If I say mint julep, you’re thinking of the South. If you hear Malört, and you \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/15/dining/drinks/malort.html\">know what that is\u003c/a>, you know I’m talking about Chicago. So, what’s San Francisco’s defining drink? If you ask some people, especially bartenders, it’s Fernet-Branca. [baycuriousbug]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference between Fernet and those other examples is this drink is not a product of San Francisco or even of California. But it’s certainly very beloved here. It’s estimated that more than 35% of the Fernet imported into the U.S. is consumed within San Francisco city limits. The only other place that drinks more Fernet-Branca is the whole country of Argentina, where \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernet_con_coca\">Fernet and cola\u003c/a> is a very popular drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how did it become so wildly popular in this particular place?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What’s ‘Fernet’?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fernet is a type of amaro, a neutral spirit mixed with a unique blend of herbs, aromatic barks, roots or flowers. They’re typically used as a digestif — something meant to be sipped at the end of a large meal to help settle the stomach. The spirit must be made in Italy to be called an \u003cem>amaro\u003c/em> (which means “bitter” in Italian) but there are similar types of digestifs produced in countries throughout Europe. Think Jägermeister from Germany or Bénédictine from France.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fernet-Branca, the most popular brand in San Francisco, has been made in Italy since 1845. The company is headquartered in Milan, and Branca is the surname of the family who founded and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bars/article/fernet-branca-san-francisco-antoinette-cattani-16237024.php\">still own and operate it\u003c/a>. The drink was originally marketed as a medicinal tonic, allegedly treating everything from stomach problems to menstrual cramps. This was a time when a lot of cure-all ‘health tonics’ contained a bunch of herbs and things like opium and alcohol — which, let’s be honest, were doing most of the heavy lifting to make ailing consumers feel better. As such, Fernet’s appearance in San Francisco can be traced back to prohibition, when it was sold in pharmacies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12018902\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12018902\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fernet bottles sit on a shelf behind the bar at Bender’s Bar & Grill in San Francisco on Dec. 14, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the years, it became popular among the city’s old-school bartenders for the light, clean buzz you get when drinking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was something that they drank behind the bar because it was more of a high,” said Antoinette Cattani, former sales and marketing rep for Fernet-Branca, “You didn’t really get drunk on Fernet. I mean, I’m sure if you drink a bottle, you could be sloppy drunk. But Fernet kind of takes the edge off…You can still count your money, you could still function, you’re not sloppy. And there was just something about it that the bartenders really liked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truth of how Fernet-Branca went from niche Italian sipper, to a drink cool, tattooed bar-goers take huge shots of in San Francisco dives has a lot to do with Antoinette Cattani and her particular marketing skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Marketing Blitz\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the ’90s, Cattani lived in Los Angeles and worked for Southern Wine and Spirits, the distributor that sold Fernet-Branca in California. The story goes that a former colleague of hers who originally hired her to market Jägermeister had gone to work for Fernet-Branca, and he asked her to come meet him in a parking lot in Orange County to try something special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He opens his trunk … and he pulls out a little tiny bottle of Fernet, and he said, ‘Drink it!’ He’s like, ‘Take the whole thing!’ And I was like, OK. So I took it down. And then I was like, ‘Ugh, what was that?’ And then, as I was walking away, I felt that immediate, like I call it, the glow Fernet brings. It’s like this glowy, warm, fuzzy feeling. And I just, like, immediately got it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cattani was excited about Fernet-Branca and went to work for them. But her initial response to the spirit turns out to be a common one. If there’s one thing people will tell you about Fernet-Branca, it’s that it’s very much an acquired taste. It is a dark, syrupy-looking liqueur with a strongly medicinal smell and taste, and unlike other similar herbal digestifs, it is not sweet at all. Even though she was passionate about selling it, Cattani was not getting the kind of enthusiasm she expected back from bartenders she was pitching it to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she’ll never forget the time she was at the legendary Key Club in Los Angeles and when she gave someone a shot of Fernet-Branca, “This guy literally wiped his tongue and said, ‘Why would you do that to me?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she got the exact opposite reaction when she came to San Francisco. The bartenders here seemed to share her delight. So, Cattani moved up north and got to work. She immediately received a warm welcome from some influential people in the bar and restaurant industry and signed some big accounts. Then she got to work hitting bars around the city. Along with a partner, Cattani started hosting as many promotional events and parties as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The focus wasn’t just on getting bar patrons to like it. Cattani knew if she wanted people to sell it, the bartenders had to love it. Bars that committed to ordering 20 cases of Fernet at a time would be part of a “Pouring ’20s” club and get a plaque to display. She threw huge parties for the bars that sold the most Fernet and events specifically for bartenders in the city. Fernet sponsored art showings and drink specials during rock shows at places like Thee Parkside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bartenders, art and music, always with Fernet-Branca. I knew if I married it into that community that it would be endless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12018905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12018905\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL-800x1201.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1201\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL-800x1201.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL-1020x1532.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL-1023x1536.jpg 1023w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL.jpg 1332w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bartender Felix Connor pours shots of Fernet for customers at Bender’s Bar & Grill in San Francisco on Dec. 14, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The San Francisco Drink\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Cattani said when she started working for Fernet the company sold 18,000 cases a year nationally. By her third year, they were up to 44,000, with a good chunk of that in San Francisco. It wasn’t long until Fernet-Branca became synonymous with San Francisco’s bar community. You might even hear it referred to locally as the ‘bartender’s handshake.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d get a group of bartenders, and we’d go to New York…or even in Louisiana,” Cattani said. “We’d walk in and be like, ‘Can we get a shot of Fernet?’ And they’re like, ‘Oh, bartenders from San Francisco!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cattani no longer works for Fernet-Branca, but the impact of her time at the company has lasted. Fernet is now firmly rooted in the city as a spirit that’s cool because bartenders drink it, and thus, ordering it as a bar patron makes you cool by association. It also really does grow on you. But the company hasn’t given up its marketing strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually had a Fernet raffle earlier this year where they gifted us a skateboard,” said Felix Connor, a bartender at Bender’s Bar and Grill on South Van Ness, “It was a beautiful Fernet skateboard, so we raffled it off to people who bought a shot of Fernet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12018904\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12018904\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bartender Felix Connor talks with customers at Bender’s Bar & Grill in San Francisco on Dec. 14, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Connor said they sell a ton of Fernet at Bender’s, and as a bartender, it’s one of their go-to drinks. They also mentioned things like the Fernet Barback Olympics, where industry professionals compete by racing to tap kegs or see how much glassware they can carry. It’s an event the company has hosted annually for over a decade and was started in San Francisco. They also mentioned these very cool-sounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.fernetbranca.com/en/fernet-branca-world/fernet-branca-mints-coins\">Fernet-Branca coins\u003c/a> that are only given to bartenders at Fernet-sponsored events and seem to be very exclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so bartenders in the industry, we all know about the coins. Like, ‘I’ve never had a coin, but I’ve touched one before, and I want one.’ And so there’s like all this really great lore,” Connor said. “They’ve built this brand up, and I mean, that’s fun. You all want to be a part of something secret.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, of course, Connor said, they love pouring shots of Fernet-Branca for tourists visiting San Francisco who’ve never tried it. Though reactions, as you might expect, are mixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kelly O’Mara contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The San Francisco Bay Area has a rich history with cocktails and spirits. We claim to be the originators of the Martini and the Mai Tai, after all. But when it comes to spirits specifically, I’d argue only one has become quintessentially San Franciscan: Fernet-Branca. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s estimated that upwards of 35% of all the Fernet imported into the U.S. is consumed in San Francisco alone. Which — is surprising! If you know Fernet, you know it can be kind of a polarizing beverage, as we found when doing a taste test around the KQED office earlier this week …\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Music\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[waterfall of people saying they like it or hate it?] \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How did this bitter, herbal spirit become so popular in San Francisco? This week on Bay Curious, we’re going to find out. I’m Olivia Allen-Price. We’ll be right back.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">SPONSOR BREAK\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We decided to give this story to the person on the Bay Curious team who most likes Fernet-Branca… Producer Amanda Font.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’ve never had Fernet, let me describe it for you. It’s a dark, syrupy-looking liqueur with an intense herbal and strongly alcoholic aroma. It’s somewhat bitter and medicinal tasting with no sweetness and has sort of a cooling, numbing effect on the tongue. Personally, I kind of like it, but yeah, it’s an acquired taste. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fernet is a type of amaro or Italian digestif, something meant to be sipped in small amounts at the end of a meal. Amaros are basically alcohol infused with different blends of herbs, barks or flowers, giving each one a unique flavor. The word \u003cem>amaro\u003c/em> means ‘bitter’ in Italian.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though Fernet is a designation given to a type of liqueur, from here on out, we’ll be talking about one specific brand… the most popular one in San Francisco: Fernet-Branca. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s like a nice red wine where it’s not always soft and easy drinking, but it is always tasty.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is Felix Connor.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I have been a bartender for just about ten years. Over ten years in San Francisco. And I’ve lived here for 12 of them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Felix tends bar at a couple places, including Bender’s Bar and Grill on South Van Ness in San Francisco’s Mission District. I met them there on a recent rainy afternoon because a lot of the lore around this spirit in San Francisco focuses on bartenders. It’s become so popular with folks in the bar industry that people sometimes refer to a shot of Fernet as the “Bartender’s handshake.” It’s like a little wink and nod that you’re compatriots.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s something that is an acquired taste, and you have to know about it. And so there’s almost this like pride that comes with being like, no, I drink Fernet, and I like Fernet. And if I’m ordering Fernet, the person who’s pouring me a Fernet knows I’m probably a bartender or knows that I’ve been in the industry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Felix enjoys Fernet-Branca. But, and this turns out to be a pretty common story, they did NOT like it the first time they tried it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first shot of Fernet I ever had was when I must have been 21 or 22 bar backing, and it was given to me by the bartender I was bar backing for, and I shot that shot, and… it was horrible. and I did not like it very much. And so the first 4 or 5 times I had Fernet was definitely… I didn’t like it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But it eventually grew on them. Now, they say, it’s definitely one of their go-to drinks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s very like herbaceous, and it does have that menthol aspect, but it’s subtle, and it’s got just so many layers of flavor. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> And they say that Bender’s serves a ton of it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I know that definitely a lot of people who are transplants to San Francisco are getting into it. Partially, I think, because it’s, it’s cool. You know, like people know, the bartenders do it, and the bartenders have been like key holders to the city for a long time in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> People know SF bartenders like Fernet, so that makes it kind of cool, and then patrons drink it and feel like they’re in the loop. And all this adds up to San Francisco consuming a boatload of the stuff. The city is second in consumption only to the entire country of Argentina, where they mostly drink it mixed with Coca-Cola. But why do bartenders here like it so much in the first place? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I don’t know why or how it spread. But I do know it’s been like 25 years of this, at least, in the city.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Yeah, about 25 years. So did all the San Francisco bartenders simultaneously have a dream one night in the late 90s where an angel told them to start drinking Fernet-Branca?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m sorry that my Italian voice cuts through cement. You got to tell me when I’m at a ten to just keep it to a five. I’m very aware.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Of course not! This is America, baby. The real answer is brilliant marketing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When I found Fernet, I was still in Los Angeles and I was working for the distributor that had it at the time, which was Southern Wine and Spirits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> This is Antoinette Cattani. The evangelist bearing the joy of Fernet to the fine people of San Francisco. Early in her career, Antoinette had done sales and marketing for Jägermeister (you may have heard of it.) It’s a kind of German cousin to herbal Italian amaros like Fernet, but sweet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> And the gentleman who hired me for Jägermeister in the early nineties had just left Jägermeister and went to Fernet-Branca. And he said, Hey kiddo, you got to come in and talk to me about this brand. I’ve got something good for you.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> He tells her, “Drive out of LA, and come meet me in this parking lot in Orange County.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So I go to Orange County. And he pulls out a little tiny bottle of Fernet and he says, Drink it. And so I downed it. He says take the whole thing. And I was like, okay. And then I was like, Oh, what was that like? My immediate response was like, What the (beep) was that? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But within minutes, Antoinette says she knew there was something special about Fernet-Branca.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> And then as I was walking away, I felt that immediate, like I call it, the glow Fernet brings. It’s like this glowy, like warm, fuzzy feeling. And I just, like, immediately got it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Even though it meant taking a big pay cut, she went to work for Fernet-Branca in sales and marketing, first in her home city of Los Angeles. But she wasn’t really getting the response she expected when she went out to sell it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> People hated me because I was so excited and so passionate about it that I would go into these restaurants and bars and talk to people about it. So they were like waiting to taste this amazing, like delicious… And I was at the Key Club and this guy literally wiped his tongue and said, ‘Why would you do that to me?’ \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Antoinette says that kind of reaction was not uncommon. She got it \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">over and over \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">from bartenders in L.A. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And every time I came to San Francisco, it was the exact opposite. So my boss looked at me like we both had that moment. He’s like, You just need to move to San Francisco. And I was like, ‘I would love to move to San Francisco.’ \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So she did. She was put in touch with some influential folks in the restaurant and bar industry, and they opened doors for her. She signed a few contracts with some high profile restaurant clients. And then, she started doing footwork at bars around the city. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">My job was to know all the right bartenders, work with those bartenders and then do whatever I needed to do to get it behind the bar. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Now, this is not to say that none of the bartenders here drank Fernet-Branca before Antoinette showed up. It had some history in San Francisco, going back to prohibition when it was sold in pharmacies as a medicinal tonic for stomach issues. A lot of quote-unquote tonics back in the day contained a bunch of herbs, and oh, just something to help take the edge off your pain… like opium or alcohol. So in the late ’90s, when Antoinette moved to San Francisco, it was already being enjoyed by the city’s old-school bartenders. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was something that they drank behind the bar because it was more of a high. You didn’t really get drunk like Fernet. I mean, I’m sure if you drink a bottle, you could be sloppy drunk. But like Fernet was more of like, kind of takes the edge off and you get this high from it. You can still count your money, you could still function, you’re not sloppy. And there was just something about it that the bartenders really liked.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But Antionette knew she had to make it popular among a younger, hipper crowd. So she, along with another woman she worked with, started making the rounds and doing promotion events. They handed out shots at the Bay to Breakers race. Or they’d sponsor Fernet drink specials during rock shows at Thee Parkside. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was bartenders, art and music, always with Fernet-Branca. I knew if I married it into that community that, it would be endless.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> And when most liquor companies were just sending 2 hot girls into bars to do promotions, Antoinette was like, “No.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And our thing was like, why are we just going to send 2 girls? Isn’t there as many women in the bar as there are men? So we were like sending in either two guys or one guy and a girl. We didn’t just send in two girls and do it that way. So we were very different in everything we did.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> She says they were approachable, energetic, and when they went to a bar to host an event, they’d get people really fired up about Fernet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And then, and it is really contagious because whatever we’d be doing at this side of the bar, all of a sudden, everybody at the other end of the bar is interested. So next thing, you know, I’ve made my way down to every single barstool and I’ve talked to every single person in the bar, and every single person in the bar had a shot of Fernet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It started to become more popular among bar patrons, but the focus was still really on getting the bartenders and owners to love Fernet. If a bar would commit to buying 20 cases of Fernet at a time, they’d be part of the “Pouring ’20’s Club” and all the bartenders would get invited to this huge party once a year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And so I had old school cars and everybody would dress up and really good deejays.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Antoinette says when she started working for Fernet-Branca they were selling about 18,000 cases a year nationally. By her third year, they were up to 44,000. A good chunk of that increase was sales in San Francisco. Fernet-Branca and San Francisco were inextricably linked. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’d get a group of bartenders and we’d go to New York or something like that, we’d walk in or even in Louisiana, we’d walk in and be like, Can we get a shot of Fernet? They’re like, Oh, bartenders from San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So there you have it. Antoinette no longer works for Fernet-Branca, but the impact of the marketing blitz she helped create has lasted. This nearly 180-year-old, strongly medicinal-tasting Italian spirit is a drink imbibed by cool people in the know. And even though Fernet-Branca’s popularity seems like it might be self-sustaining now, it doesn’t mean they’ve stopped marketing it to bartenders. Back at Bender’s in the Mission, bartender Felix tells me about the kind of things Fernet is still doing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We actually had a Fernet raffle earlier this year where they gifted us a skateboard as merchandise. So it was a beautiful Fernet skateboard,\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So we raffled it off to people who bought a shot of Fernet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> And Felix mentioned these very cool-sounding metal coins minted by Fernet-Branca that can only be given to bartenders by Fernet at special events or promotions. And, like, it’s very exclusive. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And so, like bartenders in the industry, we all know about the coins. Like, “I’ve never had a coin, but I’ve touched one before, and I want one.” And so there’s like all this really great lore. They’ve built this brand up, and I mean, that’s fun. You all want to be a part of something secret. You want a secret coin. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hey, Fernet, if you’re listening… I think Felix over at Bender’s deserves a coin, don’t you? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of my favorite things to do with tourists is to make them drink Fernet. So, like, no matter which bar, if I’m, like, talking to somebody and they’ve never been to San Francisco before, I’ll just be like, so you’ve never had Fernet before?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Reactions, as you might guess, are mixed. So, as you’re out with friends this holiday season, maybe toast with a shot of Fernet-Branca…and get that warm and fuzzy glow people refer to. Or, if you’re one of the haters… Felix and I will toast for you. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Felix and Amanda cheers)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> That was Bay Curious producer Amanda Font. Big thanks to Kelly O’Mara and Ana De Almeida Amaral for their help on this story.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> That’s a wrap for Bay Curious in 2024. The show will be off next week. Back in your feeds on Jan. 2. In the meantime, why not listen back through the Bay Curious archive? Did you know we’ve made more than 400 episodes! Just head to your favorite podcast app, and scroll back, scroll back — and see what goodies you can find.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED. Our show is produced by Amanda Font, Ana De Almeida Amaral, Christopher Beale and me, Olivia Allen-Price. Extra support from Jen Chien, Katie Sprenger, Maha Sanad, Holly Kernan and the whole KQED Family.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> We hope you have a joyful holiday season and do something special to ring in the New Year. Might we suggest … a shot of Fernet?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Here’s to 2025! Cheers.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Takes a sip of Fernet and yelps)\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Wow.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\">\u003ci>View the full episode transcript.\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can a place be defined by a beverage? If I mention champagne, you must think of France. If I say mint julep, you’re thinking of the South. If you hear Malört, and you \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/15/dining/drinks/malort.html\">know what that is\u003c/a>, you know I’m talking about Chicago. So, what’s San Francisco’s defining drink? If you ask some people, especially bartenders, it’s Fernet-Branca. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n What do you wonder about the Bay Area, its culture or people that you want KQED to investigate?\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Ask Bay Curious.\u003c/a>\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference between Fernet and those other examples is this drink is not a product of San Francisco or even of California. But it’s certainly very beloved here. It’s estimated that more than 35% of the Fernet imported into the U.S. is consumed within San Francisco city limits. The only other place that drinks more Fernet-Branca is the whole country of Argentina, where \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernet_con_coca\">Fernet and cola\u003c/a> is a very popular drink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how did it become so wildly popular in this particular place?\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What’s ‘Fernet’?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Fernet is a type of amaro, a neutral spirit mixed with a unique blend of herbs, aromatic barks, roots or flowers. They’re typically used as a digestif — something meant to be sipped at the end of a large meal to help settle the stomach. The spirit must be made in Italy to be called an \u003cem>amaro\u003c/em> (which means “bitter” in Italian) but there are similar types of digestifs produced in countries throughout Europe. Think Jägermeister from Germany or Bénédictine from France.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fernet-Branca, the most popular brand in San Francisco, has been made in Italy since 1845. The company is headquartered in Milan, and Branca is the surname of the family who founded and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfgate.com/bars/article/fernet-branca-san-francisco-antoinette-cattani-16237024.php\">still own and operate it\u003c/a>. The drink was originally marketed as a medicinal tonic, allegedly treating everything from stomach problems to menstrual cramps. This was a time when a lot of cure-all ‘health tonics’ contained a bunch of herbs and things like opium and alcohol — which, let’s be honest, were doing most of the heavy lifting to make ailing consumers feel better. As such, Fernet’s appearance in San Francisco can be traced back to prohibition, when it was sold in pharmacies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12018902\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12018902\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-07-BL.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fernet bottles sit on a shelf behind the bar at Bender’s Bar & Grill in San Francisco on Dec. 14, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the years, it became popular among the city’s old-school bartenders for the light, clean buzz you get when drinking it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was something that they drank behind the bar because it was more of a high,” said Antoinette Cattani, former sales and marketing rep for Fernet-Branca, “You didn’t really get drunk on Fernet. I mean, I’m sure if you drink a bottle, you could be sloppy drunk. But Fernet kind of takes the edge off…You can still count your money, you could still function, you’re not sloppy. And there was just something about it that the bartenders really liked.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The truth of how Fernet-Branca went from niche Italian sipper, to a drink cool, tattooed bar-goers take huge shots of in San Francisco dives has a lot to do with Antoinette Cattani and her particular marketing skills.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Marketing Blitz\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the ’90s, Cattani lived in Los Angeles and worked for Southern Wine and Spirits, the distributor that sold Fernet-Branca in California. The story goes that a former colleague of hers who originally hired her to market Jägermeister had gone to work for Fernet-Branca, and he asked her to come meet him in a parking lot in Orange County to try something special.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He opens his trunk … and he pulls out a little tiny bottle of Fernet, and he said, ‘Drink it!’ He’s like, ‘Take the whole thing!’ And I was like, OK. So I took it down. And then I was like, ‘Ugh, what was that?’ And then, as I was walking away, I felt that immediate, like I call it, the glow Fernet brings. It’s like this glowy, warm, fuzzy feeling. And I just, like, immediately got it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cattani was excited about Fernet-Branca and went to work for them. But her initial response to the spirit turns out to be a common one. If there’s one thing people will tell you about Fernet-Branca, it’s that it’s very much an acquired taste. It is a dark, syrupy-looking liqueur with a strongly medicinal smell and taste, and unlike other similar herbal digestifs, it is not sweet at all. Even though she was passionate about selling it, Cattani was not getting the kind of enthusiasm she expected back from bartenders she was pitching it to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said she’ll never forget the time she was at the legendary Key Club in Los Angeles and when she gave someone a shot of Fernet-Branca, “This guy literally wiped his tongue and said, ‘Why would you do that to me?’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she got the exact opposite reaction when she came to San Francisco. The bartenders here seemed to share her delight. So, Cattani moved up north and got to work. She immediately received a warm welcome from some influential people in the bar and restaurant industry and signed some big accounts. Then she got to work hitting bars around the city. Along with a partner, Cattani started hosting as many promotional events and parties as possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The focus wasn’t just on getting bar patrons to like it. Cattani knew if she wanted people to sell it, the bartenders had to love it. Bars that committed to ordering 20 cases of Fernet at a time would be part of a “Pouring ’20s” club and get a plaque to display. She threw huge parties for the bars that sold the most Fernet and events specifically for bartenders in the city. Fernet sponsored art showings and drink specials during rock shows at places like Thee Parkside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bartenders, art and music, always with Fernet-Branca. I knew if I married it into that community that it would be endless.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12018905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12018905\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL-800x1201.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1201\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL-800x1201.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL-1020x1532.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL-1023x1536.jpg 1023w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-18-BL.jpg 1332w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bartender Felix Connor pours shots of Fernet for customers at Bender’s Bar & Grill in San Francisco on Dec. 14, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>The San Francisco Drink\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Cattani said when she started working for Fernet the company sold 18,000 cases a year nationally. By her third year, they were up to 44,000, with a good chunk of that in San Francisco. It wasn’t long until Fernet-Branca became synonymous with San Francisco’s bar community. You might even hear it referred to locally as the ‘bartender’s handshake.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’d get a group of bartenders, and we’d go to New York…or even in Louisiana,” Cattani said. “We’d walk in and be like, ‘Can we get a shot of Fernet?’ And they’re like, ‘Oh, bartenders from San Francisco!’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cattani no longer works for Fernet-Branca, but the impact of her time at the company has lasted. Fernet is now firmly rooted in the city as a spirit that’s cool because bartenders drink it, and thus, ordering it as a bar patron makes you cool by association. It also really does grow on you. But the company hasn’t given up its marketing strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We actually had a Fernet raffle earlier this year where they gifted us a skateboard,” said Felix Connor, a bartender at Bender’s Bar and Grill on South Van Ness, “It was a beautiful Fernet skateboard, so we raffled it off to people who bought a shot of Fernet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12018904\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12018904\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-1536x1023.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL-1920x1279.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/241214-Fernet-10-BL.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bartender Felix Connor talks with customers at Bender’s Bar & Grill in San Francisco on Dec. 14, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Connor said they sell a ton of Fernet at Bender’s, and as a bartender, it’s one of their go-to drinks. They also mentioned things like the Fernet Barback Olympics, where industry professionals compete by racing to tap kegs or see how much glassware they can carry. It’s an event the company has hosted annually for over a decade and was started in San Francisco. They also mentioned these very cool-sounding \u003ca href=\"https://www.fernetbranca.com/en/fernet-branca-world/fernet-branca-mints-coins\">Fernet-Branca coins\u003c/a> that are only given to bartenders at Fernet-sponsored events and seem to be very exclusive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so bartenders in the industry, we all know about the coins. Like, ‘I’ve never had a coin, but I’ve touched one before, and I want one.’ And so there’s like all this really great lore,” Connor said. “They’ve built this brand up, and I mean, that’s fun. You all want to be a part of something secret.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, of course, Connor said, they love pouring shots of Fernet-Branca for tourists visiting San Francisco who’ve never tried it. Though reactions, as you might expect, are mixed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Kelly O’Mara contributed to this story.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 id=\"episode-transcript\">Episode Transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The San Francisco Bay Area has a rich history with cocktails and spirits. We claim to be the originators of the Martini and the Mai Tai, after all. But when it comes to spirits specifically, I’d argue only one has become quintessentially San Franciscan: Fernet-Branca. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s estimated that upwards of 35% of all the Fernet imported into the U.S. is consumed in San Francisco alone. Which — is surprising! If you know Fernet, you know it can be kind of a polarizing beverage, as we found when doing a taste test around the KQED office earlier this week …\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Music\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[waterfall of people saying they like it or hate it?] \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How did this bitter, herbal spirit become so popular in San Francisco? This week on Bay Curious, we’re going to find out. I’m Olivia Allen-Price. We’ll be right back.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">SPONSOR BREAK\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We decided to give this story to the person on the Bay Curious team who most likes Fernet-Branca… Producer Amanda Font.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">If you’ve never had Fernet, let me describe it for you. It’s a dark, syrupy-looking liqueur with an intense herbal and strongly alcoholic aroma. It’s somewhat bitter and medicinal tasting with no sweetness and has sort of a cooling, numbing effect on the tongue. Personally, I kind of like it, but yeah, it’s an acquired taste. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Fernet is a type of amaro or Italian digestif, something meant to be sipped in small amounts at the end of a meal. Amaros are basically alcohol infused with different blends of herbs, barks or flowers, giving each one a unique flavor. The word \u003cem>amaro\u003c/em> means ‘bitter’ in Italian.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though Fernet is a designation given to a type of liqueur, from here on out, we’ll be talking about one specific brand… the most popular one in San Francisco: Fernet-Branca. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s like a nice red wine where it’s not always soft and easy drinking, but it is always tasty.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This is Felix Connor.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I have been a bartender for just about ten years. Over ten years in San Francisco. And I’ve lived here for 12 of them. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Felix tends bar at a couple places, including Bender’s Bar and Grill on South Van Ness in San Francisco’s Mission District. I met them there on a recent rainy afternoon because a lot of the lore around this spirit in San Francisco focuses on bartenders. It’s become so popular with folks in the bar industry that people sometimes refer to a shot of Fernet as the “Bartender’s handshake.” It’s like a little wink and nod that you’re compatriots.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s something that is an acquired taste, and you have to know about it. And so there’s almost this like pride that comes with being like, no, I drink Fernet, and I like Fernet. And if I’m ordering Fernet, the person who’s pouring me a Fernet knows I’m probably a bartender or knows that I’ve been in the industry.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Felix enjoys Fernet-Branca. But, and this turns out to be a pretty common story, they did NOT like it the first time they tried it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The first shot of Fernet I ever had was when I must have been 21 or 22 bar backing, and it was given to me by the bartender I was bar backing for, and I shot that shot, and… it was horrible. and I did not like it very much. And so the first 4 or 5 times I had Fernet was definitely… I didn’t like it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But it eventually grew on them. Now, they say, it’s definitely one of their go-to drinks. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s very like herbaceous, and it does have that menthol aspect, but it’s subtle, and it’s got just so many layers of flavor. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> And they say that Bender’s serves a ton of it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I know that definitely a lot of people who are transplants to San Francisco are getting into it. Partially, I think, because it’s, it’s cool. You know, like people know, the bartenders do it, and the bartenders have been like key holders to the city for a long time in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> People know SF bartenders like Fernet, so that makes it kind of cool, and then patrons drink it and feel like they’re in the loop. And all this adds up to San Francisco consuming a boatload of the stuff. The city is second in consumption only to the entire country of Argentina, where they mostly drink it mixed with Coca-Cola. But why do bartenders here like it so much in the first place? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I don’t know why or how it spread. But I do know it’s been like 25 years of this, at least, in the city.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Yeah, about 25 years. So did all the San Francisco bartenders simultaneously have a dream one night in the late 90s where an angel told them to start drinking Fernet-Branca?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m sorry that my Italian voice cuts through cement. You got to tell me when I’m at a ten to just keep it to a five. I’m very aware.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Of course not! This is America, baby. The real answer is brilliant marketing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When I found Fernet, I was still in Los Angeles and I was working for the distributor that had it at the time, which was Southern Wine and Spirits.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> This is Antoinette Cattani. The evangelist bearing the joy of Fernet to the fine people of San Francisco. Early in her career, Antoinette had done sales and marketing for Jägermeister (you may have heard of it.) It’s a kind of German cousin to herbal Italian amaros like Fernet, but sweet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> And the gentleman who hired me for Jägermeister in the early nineties had just left Jägermeister and went to Fernet-Branca. And he said, Hey kiddo, you got to come in and talk to me about this brand. I’ve got something good for you.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> He tells her, “Drive out of LA, and come meet me in this parking lot in Orange County.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So I go to Orange County. And he pulls out a little tiny bottle of Fernet and he says, Drink it. And so I downed it. He says take the whole thing. And I was like, okay. And then I was like, Oh, what was that like? My immediate response was like, What the (beep) was that? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But within minutes, Antoinette says she knew there was something special about Fernet-Branca.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> And then as I was walking away, I felt that immediate, like I call it, the glow Fernet brings. It’s like this glowy, like warm, fuzzy feeling. And I just, like, immediately got it.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Even though it meant taking a big pay cut, she went to work for Fernet-Branca in sales and marketing, first in her home city of Los Angeles. But she wasn’t really getting the response she expected when she went out to sell it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> People hated me because I was so excited and so passionate about it that I would go into these restaurants and bars and talk to people about it. So they were like waiting to taste this amazing, like delicious… And I was at the Key Club and this guy literally wiped his tongue and said, ‘Why would you do that to me?’ \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Antoinette says that kind of reaction was not uncommon. She got it \u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">over and over \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">from bartenders in L.A. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And every time I came to San Francisco, it was the exact opposite. So my boss looked at me like we both had that moment. He’s like, You just need to move to San Francisco. And I was like, ‘I would love to move to San Francisco.’ \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So she did. She was put in touch with some influential folks in the restaurant and bar industry, and they opened doors for her. She signed a few contracts with some high profile restaurant clients. And then, she started doing footwork at bars around the city. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">My job was to know all the right bartenders, work with those bartenders and then do whatever I needed to do to get it behind the bar. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Now, this is not to say that none of the bartenders here drank Fernet-Branca before Antoinette showed up. It had some history in San Francisco, going back to prohibition when it was sold in pharmacies as a medicinal tonic for stomach issues. A lot of quote-unquote tonics back in the day contained a bunch of herbs, and oh, just something to help take the edge off your pain… like opium or alcohol. So in the late ’90s, when Antoinette moved to San Francisco, it was already being enjoyed by the city’s old-school bartenders. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was something that they drank behind the bar because it was more of a high. You didn’t really get drunk like Fernet. I mean, I’m sure if you drink a bottle, you could be sloppy drunk. But like Fernet was more of like, kind of takes the edge off and you get this high from it. You can still count your money, you could still function, you’re not sloppy. And there was just something about it that the bartenders really liked.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But Antionette knew she had to make it popular among a younger, hipper crowd. So she, along with another woman she worked with, started making the rounds and doing promotion events. They handed out shots at the Bay to Breakers race. Or they’d sponsor Fernet drink specials during rock shows at Thee Parkside. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It was bartenders, art and music, always with Fernet-Branca. I knew if I married it into that community that, it would be endless.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> And when most liquor companies were just sending 2 hot girls into bars to do promotions, Antoinette was like, “No.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And our thing was like, why are we just going to send 2 girls? Isn’t there as many women in the bar as there are men? So we were like sending in either two guys or one guy and a girl. We didn’t just send in two girls and do it that way. So we were very different in everything we did.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> She says they were approachable, energetic, and when they went to a bar to host an event, they’d get people really fired up about Fernet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And then, and it is really contagious because whatever we’d be doing at this side of the bar, all of a sudden, everybody at the other end of the bar is interested. So next thing, you know, I’ve made my way down to every single barstool and I’ve talked to every single person in the bar, and every single person in the bar had a shot of Fernet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It started to become more popular among bar patrons, but the focus was still really on getting the bartenders and owners to love Fernet. If a bar would commit to buying 20 cases of Fernet at a time, they’d be part of the “Pouring ’20’s Club” and all the bartenders would get invited to this huge party once a year.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And so I had old school cars and everybody would dress up and really good deejays.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Antoinette says when she started working for Fernet-Branca they were selling about 18,000 cases a year nationally. By her third year, they were up to 44,000. A good chunk of that increase was sales in San Francisco. Fernet-Branca and San Francisco were inextricably linked. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Antoinette Cattani: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We’d get a group of bartenders and we’d go to New York or something like that, we’d walk in or even in Louisiana, we’d walk in and be like, Can we get a shot of Fernet? They’re like, Oh, bartenders from San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So there you have it. Antoinette no longer works for Fernet-Branca, but the impact of the marketing blitz she helped create has lasted. This nearly 180-year-old, strongly medicinal-tasting Italian spirit is a drink imbibed by cool people in the know. And even though Fernet-Branca’s popularity seems like it might be self-sustaining now, it doesn’t mean they’ve stopped marketing it to bartenders. Back at Bender’s in the Mission, bartender Felix tells me about the kind of things Fernet is still doing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">We actually had a Fernet raffle earlier this year where they gifted us a skateboard as merchandise. So it was a beautiful Fernet skateboard,\u003c/span> \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So we raffled it off to people who bought a shot of Fernet.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> And Felix mentioned these very cool-sounding metal coins minted by Fernet-Branca that can only be given to bartenders by Fernet at special events or promotions. And, like, it’s very exclusive. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And so, like bartenders in the industry, we all know about the coins. Like, “I’ve never had a coin, but I’ve touched one before, and I want one.” And so there’s like all this really great lore. They’ve built this brand up, and I mean, that’s fun. You all want to be a part of something secret. You want a secret coin. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hey, Fernet, if you’re listening… I think Felix over at Bender’s deserves a coin, don’t you? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Felix Connor: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">One of my favorite things to do with tourists is to make them drink Fernet. So, like, no matter which bar, if I’m, like, talking to somebody and they’ve never been to San Francisco before, I’ll just be like, so you’ve never had Fernet before?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Amanda Font:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Reactions, as you might guess, are mixed. So, as you’re out with friends this holiday season, maybe toast with a shot of Fernet-Branca…and get that warm and fuzzy glow people refer to. Or, if you’re one of the haters… Felix and I will toast for you. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Felix and Amanda cheers)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> That was Bay Curious producer Amanda Font. Big thanks to Kelly O’Mara and Ana De Almeida Amaral for their help on this story.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> That’s a wrap for Bay Curious in 2024. The show will be off next week. Back in your feeds on Jan. 2. In the meantime, why not listen back through the Bay Curious archive? Did you know we’ve made more than 400 episodes! Just head to your favorite podcast app, and scroll back, scroll back — and see what goodies you can find.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED. Our show is produced by Amanda Font, Ana De Almeida Amaral, Christopher Beale and me, Olivia Allen-Price. Extra support from Jen Chien, Katie Sprenger, Maha Sanad, Holly Kernan and the whole KQED Family.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> We hope you have a joyful holiday season and do something special to ring in the New Year. Might we suggest … a shot of Fernet?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Here’s to 2025! Cheers.\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">(Takes a sip of Fernet and yelps)\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Wow.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"raceName": "State Senate, District 7",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5748",
"raceName": "State Senate, District 9",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5749",
"raceName": "State Senate, District 11",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5750",
"raceName": "State Senate, District 13",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5751",
"raceName": "State Senate, District 15",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5763",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5765",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5772",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 12",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5774",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 14",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5775",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 15",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5776",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 16",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5777",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 17",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5778",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 18",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5779",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 19",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5780",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 20",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5781",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 21",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5783",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 23",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5784",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 24",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5786",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 25",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5787",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 26",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "5789",
"raceName": "State Assembly, District 28",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "6855",
"raceName": "SF Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "8514",
"raceName": "U.S. House of Representatives, District 10",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "8619",
"raceName": "U.S. Senate full term",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "82961",
"raceName": "U.S. Senate unexpired term",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat."
},
{
"id": "83019",
"raceName": "Oakland Mayor recall",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83020",
"raceName": "Alameda DA recall",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83060",
"raceName": "Proposition 2",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83061",
"raceName": "Proposition 3",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83062",
"raceName": "Proposition 4",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83063",
"raceName": "Proposition 5",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83064",
"raceName": "Proposition 6",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83065",
"raceName": "Proposition 32",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83066",
"raceName": "Proposition 33",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83067",
"raceName": "Proposition 34",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83068",
"raceName": "Proposition 35",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
},
{
"id": "83069",
"raceName": "Proposition 36",
"raceDescription": "Passes with majority vote."
}
],
"AlamedaChabotLasPositasCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaChabotLasPositasCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Chabot – Las Positas Community College District, Trustee Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27293,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Hector Garcia",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20349
},
{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso \r",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6944
}
]
},
"AlamedaChabotLasPositasCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea4": {
"id": "AlamedaChabotLasPositasCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Chabot - Las Positas Community College District, Trustee Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 38764,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Maria L Heredia ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 26185
},
{
"candidateName": "Joseph Grcar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12579
}
]
},
"AlamedaPeraltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "AlamedaPeraltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Peralta Community College District, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 21710,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Paulina Gonzalez",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14082
},
{
"candidateName": "Sinead Geneva Anderson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7628
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Joaquin Delta Community College District, Trustee Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 68,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ralph Lee White",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 36
},
{
"candidateName": "Shelly Stoll Swanson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 32
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Joaquin Delta Community College District, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 68,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Samuel Anderson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27
},
{
"candidateName": "Julie D. Kay",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23
},
{
"candidateName": "Dan Wright",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea6": {
"id": "AlamedaSanJoaquinDeltaCommunityCollegeDistrictTrusteeArea6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Joaquin Delta Community College District, Trustee Area 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 64,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Catalina Piña",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41
},
{
"candidateName": "Rosario Patrick",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Alameda Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "To three candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 76529,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Heather Little",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 21985
},
{
"candidateName": "Meleah Hall",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 21482
},
{
"candidateName": "Joyce Boyd",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11258
},
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Williams",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 21804
}
]
},
"AlamedaCastroValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5": {
"id": "AlamedaCastroValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Castro Valley Unified School District Governing Board, Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4669,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John Chung",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1272
},
{
"candidateName": "Mike Kusiak",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3397
}
]
},
"AlamedaDublinUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaDublinUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Dublin Unified School District Governing Board, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5101,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Kristian Reyes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3067
},
{
"candidateName": "Ramnath “Ram” Shanbhogue",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2034
}
]
},
"AlamedaEmeryUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaEmeryUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Emery Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6089,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Elsie Joyce Lee",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2651
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian Donahue",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 832
},
{
"candidateName": "Walter Pizarro",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 707
},
{
"candidateName": "John T. Van Geffen",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1899
}
]
},
"AlamedaFremontUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4": {
"id": "AlamedaFremontUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Fremont Unified School District Governing Board, Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13186,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ganesh Balamitran",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6580
},
{
"candidateName": "Rinu Nair",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6606
}
]
},
"AlamedaHaywardUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaHaywardUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Hayward Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 117571,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sophia Jauregui",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17198
},
{
"candidateName": "Luis Reynoso",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18567
},
{
"candidateName": "Sara Prada",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19824
},
{
"candidateName": "Austin Bruckner Carrillo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18762
},
{
"candidateName": "Simon “Peter” Gutierrez Bufete",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 21408
},
{
"candidateName": "Calyn Kelley",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12879
},
{
"candidateName": "Tom Wong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8933
}
]
},
"AlamedaLammersvilleJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaLammersvilleJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Lammersville Joint Unified School District Governing Board, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 76,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "David A. Pombo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 60
},
{
"candidateName": "Surekha Shekar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16
}
]
},
"AlamedaLivermoreValleyJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaLivermoreValleyJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. Includes votes from Alameda and Contra Costa counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 65867,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Maggie Tufts",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14895
},
{
"candidateName": "Amanda Pepper",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4177
},
{
"candidateName": "Jean Paulsen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2536
},
{
"candidateName": "Tara Boyce",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13219
},
{
"candidateName": "Christiaan Vandenheuvel",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15223
},
{
"candidateName": "Deena Kaplanis",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15817
}
]
},
"AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1": {
"id": "AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "New Haven Unified School District Governing Board, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4547,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Midji Kuo-Rovetta",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1214
},
{
"candidateName": "Patricio R. Urbi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2094
},
{
"candidateName": "Jatinder (JP) K. Sahi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1239
}
]
},
"AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea2": {
"id": "AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "New Haven Unified School District Governing Board, Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4448,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Melanie Freeberg",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2928
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle Parnala",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1520
}
]
},
"AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3": {
"id": "AlamedaNewHavenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "New Haven Unified School District Governing Board, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5229,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Lydia Idem",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1960
},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Gonzales",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3269
}
]
},
"AlamedaNewarkUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaNewarkUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Newark Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32762,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Aiden Hill",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7728
},
{
"candidateName": "Vikas Minglani",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3727
},
{
"candidateName": "Gabriel Anguiano Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7435
},
{
"candidateName": "Austin Block",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7622
},
{
"candidateName": "Phuong Nguyen",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6250
}
]
},
"AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3": {
"id": "AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Pleasanton Unified School District Governing Board, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7101,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Donalyn Harris",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3142
},
{
"candidateName": "Kelly Mokashi",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3959
}
]
},
"AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4": {
"id": "AlamedaPleasantonUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Pleasanton Unified School District Governing Board, Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6947,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jen Flynn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3309
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlie Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3638
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLorenzoUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Lorenzo Unified School District Governing Board, Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 3704,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Alicia Gonzalez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2363
},
{
"candidateName": "Penny Peck",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1341
}
]
},
"AlamedaSunolGlenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "AlamedaSunolGlenUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Sunol Glen Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 633,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Jergensen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 264
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Choin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 369
}
]
},
"AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 141989,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "John J. Bauters",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 70782
},
{
"candidateName": "Nikki Fortunato Bas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 71207
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlamedaCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaAlamedaCityCouncil",
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"location": "Alameda",
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{
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{
"candidateName": "Alex Spehr",
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8856,
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{
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8274,
"candidates": [
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{
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"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8170,
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{
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7959,
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{
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"AlamedaMeasureV": {
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure V",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8767,
"candidates": [
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{
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure W",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51630,
"candidates": [
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{
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure X",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 53242,
"candidates": [
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{
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Y",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52536,
"candidates": [
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{
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"AlamedaMeasureZ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureZ",
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure Z",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52929,
"candidates": [
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},
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
"AlamedaMeasureAA": {
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"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure AA",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52282,
"candidates": [
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{
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]
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"AlamedaMeasureBB": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure BB",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Affordable housing programs. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52882,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 29623
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23259
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureCC": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureCC",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure CC",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Affordable housing programs. Passes with majority vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51633,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18070
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 33563
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureDD": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureDD",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure DD",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. CAFO prohibition. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49700,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30761
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18939
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureEE": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureEE",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure EE",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52312,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23873
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28439
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureFF": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureFF",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure FF",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52489,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 31942
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20547
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureGG": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureGG",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure GG",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Fossil fuel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52229,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16178
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 36051
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureHH": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureHH",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure HH",
"raceDescription": "Berkeley. Indoor air quality. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 51108,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22205
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28903
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureII": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureII",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure II",
"raceDescription": "Dublin. Open Space Initiative. Passes with 50% vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25701,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13649
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12052
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureJJ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureJJ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure JJ",
"raceDescription": "Dublin. Government accountability. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25445,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19350
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6095
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureK1": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureK1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure K1",
"raceDescription": "Hayward. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 46707,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 38826
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7881
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureLL": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureLL",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure LL",
"raceDescription": "Newark. Transient occupancy tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15814,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12721
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3093
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureMM": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureMM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure MM",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Wildfire protection zone. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35275,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25125
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10150
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureNN": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureNN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure NN",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Parking tax. Passes with 2/3 vote. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 159573,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 112971
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 46602
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureOO": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureOO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure OO",
"raceDescription": "Oakland. Public ethics comission. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 150503,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 110317
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 40186
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasurePP": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasurePP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure PP",
"raceDescription": "Pleasanton. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34880,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15983
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18897
}
]
},
"AlamedaMeasureQQ": {
"id": "AlamedaMeasureQQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Measure QQ",
"raceDescription": "Union City. Gross receipts tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 24809,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 20249
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4560
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7969,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2072
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2150
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 393
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1490
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1864
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyCityCouncilFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany City Council Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top three candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top3",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7865.9493,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jennifer Hansen-Romero",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2002
},
{
"candidateName": "Peggy (Margaret) McQuaid",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2002
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Garrett-Pinguelo (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Tiedemann",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1823.9955
},
{
"candidateName": "Preston Jordan ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2037.9538
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducation",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7096,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1633
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1972
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 718
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2773
}
]
},
"AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaAlbanyBoardofEducationFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Albany Board of Education Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6949.5470000000005,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jolene Gazmen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1997.5386
},
{
"candidateName": "Dayna Inkeles",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2569.0084
},
{
"candidateName": "Brian L. Doss (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Veronica Davidson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2383
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayor": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 52493,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19978
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 19633
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11853
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 501
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 528
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyMayorFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley Mayor Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 49265,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Adena Ishii",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25156
},
{
"candidateName": "Sophie Hahn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24109
},
{
"candidateName": "Kate Harrison (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Naomi D. Pete (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Logan Bowie (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6873,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Terry Taplin",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4787
},
{
"candidateName": "Jenny Guarino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2086
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6344,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1526
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1459
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3359
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6096,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Deborah Matthews",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1833
},
{
"candidateName": "John “Chip” Moore (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ben Bartlett",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4263
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8585,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1063
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1721
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5801
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8262,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Nilang Gor (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Todd Andrew",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1995
},
{
"candidateName": "Shoshana O’Keefe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6267
}
]
},
"AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6": {
"id": "AlamedaBerkeleyCityCouncilDistrict6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Berkeley City Council, District 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7332,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brent Blackaby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4405
},
{
"candidateName": "Andy Katz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2927
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLarge",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 143599,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5406
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 30485
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4835
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 41871
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2254
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 39258
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2794
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9695
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5629
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1372
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilAtLargeFinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, At Large Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 127094,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Cristina “Tina” Tostado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Charlene Wang (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Mindy Ruth Pechenuk (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Rowena Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 72315
},
{
"candidateName": "Nancy Sidebotham (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "LeRonne L. Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 54779
},
{
"candidateName": "Fabian Robinson (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Shawn Danino (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Kanitha Matoury (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Selika Thomas (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29613,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2581
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22641
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4391
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict1FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 1 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29252,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Edward C. Frank (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Zac Unger",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 24350
},
{
"candidateName": "Len Raphael",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4902
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 20561,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1600
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9871
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1458
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6222
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 609
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 801
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19506,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Baba Afolabi (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Carroll Fife",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11437
},
{
"candidateName": "Michelle D. Hailey (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Warren Mitchell Logan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8069
},
{
"candidateName": "Shan M. Hirsch (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Meron Semedar (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12299,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6482
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1930
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3887
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12059,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Noel Gallo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7120
},
{
"candidateName": "Dominic Prado (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Erin Armstrong",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4939
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13089,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Merika Goolsby",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2063
},
{
"candidateName": "Ken Houston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4428
},
{
"candidateName": "Iris Merriouns",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4132
},
{
"candidateName": "Marcie Hodge",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2466
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7FinalRound": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityCouncilDistrict7FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Council, District 7 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12106,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Merika Goolsby (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ken Houston",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6303
},
{
"candidateName": "Iris Merriouns",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5803
},
{
"candidateName": "Marcie Hodge (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandCityAttorney": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandCityAttorney",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland City Attorney",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 137594,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brenda Harbin-Forte",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 56752
},
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Richardson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 80842
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 1 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28794,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Rachel Latta",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22409
},
{
"candidateName": "Benjamin Salop",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6385
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict3": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 3 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19777,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Dwayne Aikens Jr.",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8847
},
{
"candidateName": "VanCedric Williams",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10930
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict5": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 5 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12041,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sasha Ritzie-Hernandez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5578
},
{
"candidateName": "Patrice Berry",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6463
}
]
},
"AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict7": {
"id": "AlamedaOaklandSchoolDirectorDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "Oakland School Director, District 7 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 12366,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Clifford Thompson",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 7776
},
{
"candidateName": "Domonic Ware",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4590
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict1": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Leandro City Council, District 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 22501,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sbeydeh Viveros Walton",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22501
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict2": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Leandro City Council, District 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28755,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Ed Hernandez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14150
},
{
"candidateName": "Bryan Azevedo",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14605
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict4": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Leandro City Council, District 4 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 22361,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Fred Simon",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 22361
}
]
},
"AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict6": {
"id": "AlamedaSanLeandroCityCouncilDistrict6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Alameda",
"raceName": "San Leandro City Council, District 6 ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "9:01 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27155,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Robert Aguilar Bulatao",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10457
},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Boldt",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16698
}
]
},
"CCContraCostaCountyBoardofEducationGoverningBoardArea1": {
"id": "CCContraCostaCountyBoardofEducationGoverningBoardArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Contra Costa County Board of Education Governing Board, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 71155,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Anthony Edward Caro",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28949
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Nathan-Heiss",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 42206
}
]
},
"CCContraCostaCountyBoardofEducationGoverningBoardArea3": {
"id": "CCContraCostaCountyBoardofEducationGoverningBoardArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Contra Costa County Board of Education Governing Board, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 79805,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Yazmin Llamas",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 50322
},
{
"candidateName": "Vicki Gordon",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 29483
}
]
},
"CCContraCostaCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardWard2": {
"id": "CCContraCostaCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardWard2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Contra Costa Community College District Governing Board, Ward 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 104994,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Diana J. Honig",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 77127
},
{
"candidateName": "Kofi Opong-Mensah",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27867
}
]
},
"CCContraCostaCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardWard5": {
"id": "CCContraCostaCommunityCollegeDistrictGoverningBoardWard5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Contra Costa Community College District Governing Board, Ward 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 70073,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Debra Vinson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25582
},
{
"candidateName": "Fernando Sandoval",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 44491
}
]
},
"CCAcalanesUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "CCAcalanesUnionHighSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Acalanes Union High School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 94219,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Andrew Fontan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11782
},
{
"candidateName": "Sibyl Minighini",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10578
},
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Reicher",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28513
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Chopra",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23698
},
{
"candidateName": "Peter Catalano",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4987
},
{
"candidateName": "Stacey Schweppe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14661
}
]
},
"CCAntiochUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3": {
"id": "CCAntiochUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Antioch Unified School District Governing Board, Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 9022,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Scott Bergerhouse",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4191
},
{
"candidateName": "Dee Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4831
}
]
},
"CCAntiochUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4": {
"id": "CCAntiochUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Antioch Unified School District Governing Board, Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7986,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Gary Hack",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3157
},
{
"candidateName": "Olga Cobos-Smith",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4829
}
]
},
"CCLivermoreValleyJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard": {
"id": "CCLivermoreValleyJointUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoard",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Livermore Valley Joint Unified School District Governing Board",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat. Includes votes from Contra Costa and Alameda counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 65867,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Maggie Tufts",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14895
},
{
"candidateName": "Amanda Pepper",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4177
},
{
"candidateName": "Jean Paulsen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2536
},
{
"candidateName": "Tara Boyce",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13219
},
{
"candidateName": "Christiaan Vandenheuvel",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15223
},
{
"candidateName": "Deena Kaplanis",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 15817
}
]
},
"CCMartinezUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1": {
"id": "CCMartinezUnifiedSchoolDistrictGoverningBoardArea1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Contra Costa",
"raceName": "Martinez Unified School District Governing Board, Area 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:39 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 2828,
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Marin Municipal Water District Director, Division 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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{
"candidateName": "Larry L. Russell",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "Marin",
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Mary Stompe",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "North Marin Water District Director, Division 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Francis Drouillard",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "Michael H. Joly",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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"location": "Marin",
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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{
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"location": "Marin",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 66819,
"candidates": [
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"candidateName": "Yes",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"MarinMeasureC": {
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 807
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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"MarinMeasureH": {
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"location": "Marin",
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"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4733,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 2991
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{
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 4781,
"candidates": [
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7144,
"candidates": [
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},
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8565,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6623
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{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1942
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]
},
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"id": "MarinMeasureM",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure M",
"raceDescription": "Novato. Sales tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 26157,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11006
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]
},
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"id": "MarinMeasureN",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure N",
"raceDescription": "San Anselmo. Rent increase limit. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7470,
"candidates": [
{
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"voteCount": 2756
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
"MarinMeasureO": {
"id": "MarinMeasureO",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure O",
"raceDescription": "San Anselmo. Tenant benefits. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7560,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2556
},
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5004
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]
},
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"id": "MarinMeasureP",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure P",
"raceDescription": "San Rafael. Parcel tax. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 23788,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12375
},
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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]
},
"MarinMeasureQ": {
"id": "MarinMeasureQ",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure Q",
"raceDescription": "Stinson Beach Fire Protection District. Spending limit. Passes with majority vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 332,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 309
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 23
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]
},
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"id": "MarinMeasureR",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Marin",
"raceName": "Measure R",
"raceDescription": "Stinson Beach Fire Protection District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:57 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 335,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 274
},
{
"candidateName": "No",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
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"NapaNapaCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5": {
"id": "NapaNapaCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa County Board of Education, Trustee Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7504,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2163
},
{
"candidateName": "Gerald Parrott \r",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5341
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]
},
"NapaSolanoCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "NapaSolanoCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Solano County Board of Education, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. Includes votes from Napa and Solano counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28859,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10075
},
{
"candidateName": "Carol J. Kalamaras",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5417
},
{
"candidateName": "Amy Sharp",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13367
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyCollegeTrusteeArea6": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyCollegeTrusteeArea6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley College, Trustee Area 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8021,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4839
},
{
"candidateName": "Scott Owens",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3182
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea2": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea2",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 2",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6552,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4603
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{
"candidateName": "Kevin “KDub” West",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1949
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]
},
"NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea4": {
"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 5964,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2087
},
{
"candidateName": "Eve Ryser",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3877
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},
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"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 5",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2179
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},
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"id": "NapaNapaValleyUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Napa Valley Unified School District, Trustee Area 7",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"voteCount": 3199
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
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"id": "NapaFairfieldSuisunUnifiedSchoolDistrictTrusteeArea3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Fairfield-Suisun Unified School District, Trustee Area 3",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. Includes votes from Napa and Solano Counties.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 7982,
"candidates": [
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{
"candidateName": "Judi Honeychurch",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
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"id": "NapaAmericanCanyonMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "American Canyon Mayor",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 8998,
"candidates": [
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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},
{
"candidateName": "Pierre Washington",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4656
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]
},
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"id": "NapaAmericanCanyonCityCouncil",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "American Canyon City Council",
"raceDescription": "Top two candidates win seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:25 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13690,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 4312
},
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2796
},
{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3044
},
{
"candidateName": "Brando R. Cruz",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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]
},
"NapaCalistogaMayor": {
"id": "NapaCalistogaMayor",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Napa",
"raceName": "Calistoga Mayor",
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"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 362785,
"candidates": [
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 376489,
"candidates": [
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{
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"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"id": "SFMayorRound1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Mayor Round 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 390180,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "London Breed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 95117
},
{
"candidateName": "Mark Farrell",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 72115
},
{
"candidateName": "Henry Flynn",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1319
},
{
"candidateName": "Keith Freedman",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2079
},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Hirsch-Shell",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2897
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Lurie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 102720
},
{
"candidateName": "Nelson Mei",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1791
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Peskin",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 89215
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Robertson",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 812
},
{
"candidateName": "Ahsha Safai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11425
},
{
"candidateName": "Shahram Shariati",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1613
},
{
"candidateName": "Jon Soderstrom",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 412
},
{
"candidateName": "Ellen Zhou",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8665
}
]
},
"SFMayorRound3": {
"id": "SFMayorRound3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "San Francisco Mayor Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 331477,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "London Breed",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 149113
},
{
"candidateName": "Mark Farrell (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Henry Flynn (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Keith Freedman (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Dylan Hirsch-Shell (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Daniel Lurie",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 182364
},
{
"candidateName": "Nelson Mei (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Aaron Peskin (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Robertson (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ahsha Safai (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Shahram Shariati (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jon Soderstrom (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ellen Zhou (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 1 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35478,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sherman D'Silva",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 899
},
{
"candidateName": "Marjan Philhour",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14755
},
{
"candidateName": "Connie Chan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16670
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Boehner",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1344
},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Nossokoff",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1810
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict1FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 1 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 34299,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sherman D'Silva (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Marjan Philhour",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16499
},
{
"candidateName": "Connie Chan",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17800
},
{
"candidateName": "Jeremiah Boehner (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jen Nossokoff (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 3 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 28758,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sharon Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8489
},
{
"candidateName": "Moe Jamil",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 3753
},
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Ha Chau",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1565
},
{
"candidateName": "Eduard Navarro",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 879
},
{
"candidateName": "Danny Sauter",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11272
},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Susk",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2800
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict3FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 3 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 25568,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Sharon Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11512
},
{
"candidateName": "Moe Jamil (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Wendy Ha Chau (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Eduard Navarro (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Danny Sauter",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14056
},
{
"candidateName": "Matthew Susk (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result reflects redistributed votes. The results of the instant runoff will change as more first-choice votes are counted.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29698,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Autumn Hope Looijen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2606
},
{
"candidateName": "Bilal Mahmood",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11840
},
{
"candidateName": "Scotty Jacobs",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2796
},
{
"candidateName": "Allen Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 444
},
{
"candidateName": "Dean Preston",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12012
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict5FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 5 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27818,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Autumn Hope Looijen (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Bilal Mahmood",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14741
},
{
"candidateName": "Scotty Jacobs (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Allen Jones (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Dean Preston",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13077
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 7 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 37318,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Myrna Melgar",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17532
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Martin-Pinto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5135
},
{
"candidateName": "Edward S. Yee",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1244
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Boschetto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13407
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict7FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 7 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 35412,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Myrna Melgar",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 18916
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Martin-Pinto (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Edward S. Yee (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Matt Boschetto",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 16496
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 9 Round One",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32731,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jackie Fielder",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13844
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Jon Torres",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1140
},
{
"candidateName": "Roberto Hernandez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 6606
},
{
"candidateName": "Jaime Gutierrez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 931
},
{
"candidateName": "Trevor Chandler",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 9042
},
{
"candidateName": "Julian Bermudez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 600
},
{
"candidateName": "H. Brown",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 568
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict9FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 9 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 29409,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Jackie Fielder",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 17546
},
{
"candidateName": "Stephen Jon Torres (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Roberto Hernandez (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jaime Gutierrez (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Trevor Chandler",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11863
},
{
"candidateName": "Julian Bermudez (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "H. Brown (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 11 First Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This result only reflects voters’ first-choice candidate. If votes are redistributed in an instant runoff, they are not reflected in this result.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 27928,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Oscar Flores",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 2896
},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8675
},
{
"candidateName": "Roger Marenco",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 604
},
{
"candidateName": "Jose Morales",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 629
},
{
"candidateName": "Ernest “EJ” Jones",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 5441
},
{
"candidateName": "Adlah Chisti",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 1434
},
{
"candidateName": "Chyanne Chen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 8249
}
]
},
"SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11FinalRound": {
"id": "SFBoardofSupervisorsDistrict11FinalRound",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Board of Supervisors, District 11 Final Round",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. This is the latest ranked choice data provided by the Department of Elections office.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 23804,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Oscar Flores (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Michael Lai",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11803
},
{
"candidateName": "Roger Marenco (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Jose Morales (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Ernest “EJ” Jones (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Adlah Chisti (eliminated)",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 0
},
{
"candidateName": "Chyanne Chen",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 12001
}
]
},
"SFCityAttorney": {
"id": "SFCityAttorney",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "City Attorney ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 329174,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "David Chiu",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 272857
},
{
"candidateName": "Richard T. Woon",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 56317
}
]
},
"SFDistrictAttorney": {
"id": "SFDistrictAttorney",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "District Attorney",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 347374,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Brooke Jenkins ",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 228999
},
{
"candidateName": "Ryan Khojasteh",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 118375
}
]
},
"SFSheriff": {
"id": "SFSheriff",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Sheriff ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 314864,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Michael Juan",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 63768
},
{
"candidateName": "Paul Miyamoto",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 251096
}
]
},
"SFTreasurer": {
"id": "SFTreasurer",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Francisco",
"raceName": "Treasurer ",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat. ",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:55 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 300411,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "José Cisneros",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 300411
}
]
},
"SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea4": {
"id": "SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea4",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "County Board of Education, Trustee Area 4",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 36397,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Priya Hays",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 10568
},
{
"candidateName": "Chelsea Bonini",
"candidateIncumbent": true,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 25829
}
]
},
"SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5": {
"id": "SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea5",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "County Board of Education, Trustee Area 5",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 41938,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Maurice Goodman",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 14615
},
{
"candidateName": "Mike O’Neill",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 27323
}
]
},
"SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea6": {
"id": "SMCountyBoardofEducationTrusteeArea6",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "County Board of Education, Trustee Area 6",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 39921,
"candidates": [
{
"candidateName": "Patricia Love",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 28085
},
{
"candidateName": "Ester Adut",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 11836
}
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
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"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Measure GG",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15139,
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"candidateName": "Yes",
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"raceName": "Measure U",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidateParty": "",
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"SMMeasureJ": {
"id": "SMMeasureJ",
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"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Measure J",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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},
"SMMeasureEE": {
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"raceName": "Measure EE",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19170,
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{
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"SMMeasureS": {
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"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Measure S",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"SMMeasureX": {
"id": "SMMeasureX",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Measure X",
"raceDescription": "San Bruno Park School District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15828,
"candidates": [
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{
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"SMMeasureO": {
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"raceName": "Measure O",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15031,
"candidates": [
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"location": "San Mateo",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "San Mateo",
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"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 553,
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Measure JJ",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 6278,
"candidates": [
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"raceName": "Measure V",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 13252,
"candidates": [
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{
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"location": "San Mateo",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 15571,
"candidates": [
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"candidateParty": "",
"voteCount": 13009
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 9905,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 7729
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"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 19664,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 32216,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "San Mateo",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 17380,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"voteCount": 12703
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"raceName": "Measure L",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 14980,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 11206
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "San Mateo",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 42554,
"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 25271
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Measure W",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 24535,
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Measure I",
"raceDescription": "Broadmoor Police Protection District. Parcel tax. Passes with 2/3 vote.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"voteCount": 888
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"SMMeasureII": {
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"type": "localRace",
"location": "San Mateo",
"raceName": "Measure II",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "yesNo",
"timeUpdated": "7:16 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 3, 2024",
"totalVotes": 620,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"id": "SCCampbellCityCouncilDistrict1",
"type": "localRace",
"location": "Santa Clara",
"raceName": "Campbell City Council, District 1",
"raceDescription": "Top candidate wins seat.",
"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:54 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 5, 2024",
"totalVotes": 3029,
"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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{
"candidateName": "Juan Rodriguez",
"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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"type": "localRace",
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"raceName": "Campbell City Council, District 2",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top1",
"timeUpdated": "7:54 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 5, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
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"SCCupertinoCityCouncil": {
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"location": "Santa Clara",
"raceName": "Cupertino City Council",
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"raceReadTheStory": "",
"raceType": "top2",
"timeUpdated": "7:54 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 5, 2024",
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"candidates": [
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
"candidateParty": "",
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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{
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"candidateIncumbent": false,
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"SCGilroyMayor": {
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"timeUpdated": "7:54 PM",
"dateUpdated": "Dec 5, 2024",
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
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"candidateIncumbent": true,
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{
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