Climate Change Throws a Wrench in Water and Weather Forecasts
The Science of Snow
The Science of Snow
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Producer's Notes: DIY Fog at The Exploratorium
Producer's Notes: Science of Fog
Reporter's Notes: California at the Tipping Point
Reporter's Notes: Air Conditioning Reinvented
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He is fascinated by the dynamic processes that shape our planet and the science of reconstructing ancient landscapes preserved in the geologic record. Brian came to the Bay Area in 2003 and completed a Ph.D. in geology at Stanford University in 2008. He lives in Berkeley with his wife, a high school science teacher, and is currently working as a research scientist in the energy industry. Follow him on \u003ca href=\"http://www.twitter.com/clasticdetritus\">Twitter\u003c/a>.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Brian Romans | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/17c56b6efae79164ca77ee5cb5021bb1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/brian-romans"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_64428":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_64428","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"64428","score":null,"sort":[1389016826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding","title":"In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding","publishDate":1389016826,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says understanding that process could improve cloud-seeding techniques or show when it may not be effective, something that could be key as California relies more than ever on every last raindrop.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There’s no doubt about it – it’s dry out there. 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of California. So water managers are trying to squeeze out every last drop with an old technology: cloud seeding.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442706879,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1185},"headData":{"title":"In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding | KQED","description":"There’s no doubt about it – it’s dry out there. 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of California. So water managers are trying to squeeze out every last drop with an old technology: cloud seeding.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding","datePublished":"2014-01-06T14:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T23:54:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"64428 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=64428","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/01/06/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding/","disqusTitle":"In Dry Year, California Looks to Cloud Seeding","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","path":"/quest/64428/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Northern+California/Radio/Cloud+Seeding/Cloud_seeding_Jan_6_2014.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s snowpack is just \u003ca href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/news/newsreleases/2014/010314.pdf\">20 percent of normal\u003c/a> for this time of year, according to snow survey results released on Friday. That’s not surprising after 2013 ended as the driest year ever recorded in many parts of the state, but it’s fueling concerns about California’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With rationing looking likely, water managers are hoping to squeeze every last drop out of Mother Nature with cloud seeding. The decades-old technology is designed to wring extra moisture out of storm systems, though the storms have to appear in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much we can do,” says Jeff Tilley, who runs the cloud seeding program at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.dri.edu/\">Desert Research Institute\u003c/a> in Reno, Nevada. “If we could make the clouds appear out of the thin air, we would, but we can’t do that yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time of year, Tilley and his team are scouring weather imagery, waiting for the right conditions to turn on five ground-based cloud seeding towers. One sits at the summit of the Alpine Meadows Ski Resort, north of Lake Tahoe, right where the chairlift drops off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The large metal bunker with a chimney on top goes mostly unnoticed by skiers zipping by. It’s not a snow-making machine, like those the ski areas are relying on this winter. The chimney releases tiny particles of silver iodide – the seeds that rise thousands of feet into the clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water needs some sort of substance to condense upon,” says Tilley. Clouds are made of millions of tiny water droplets, but the droplets don’t automatically fall as rain or snow. They stick to tiny particles like dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>If a cloud doesn’t have enough dust, “you have these very static, dead clouds that don’t precipitate, don’t produce any water and just keep moving right through,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s where the silver iodide comes in. Tilley says it’s the right size and shape to help snowflakes form. Cloud seeding only works in certain conditions: cold temperatures with the right wind direction and cloud types. But over a season, Tilley says it can make a difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we find is a range of anywhere between eight and 15 percent increase in water,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The silver iodide eventually ends up in the local environment, where some worry it’s a contaminant, though Tilley says tests show it’s only a trace amount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cloud seeding has been used for six decades in California. In the early days, it was closer to “magical thinking,” an idea Tilley says has stuck around. “We get voodoo,” he says. “We get Dr. Frankenstein. We get all sorts of things. But we’ve been able to refine the technology.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Silver Bullet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For a long time there’s been hope that we could somehow figure out of a way to squeeze more water out of nature,” says Peter Gleick, president of \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacinst.org/\">The Pacific Institute\u003c/a>, a water policy think tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gleick says the problem with cloud seeding is that it’s tough to measure or verify how much water it produces and if it’s worth the investment. \u003ca href=\"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10829\">A review\u003c/a> by the National Academy of Sciences in 2003 found that more research needs to be done to prove its effectiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_65564\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-65564\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/12/DWR-map.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\" width=\"360\" height=\"535\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge - cloud seeding areas in California. (Source: California Department of Water Resources)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“But even more importantly, it’s limited no matter what,” says Gleick. “We get a certain number of clouds with moisture in them. If we can wring a little more out of those clouds, that’s sort of the idea behind cloud seeding. But we’re not going to wring a lot more out of those clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So it’s not a silver bullet,\" he says. \"There is no silver bullet for California’s water problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nine other western states also use cloud seeding, where it’s commonly done with airplanes. The Desert Research Institute is also looking into using drones, potentially cutting the cost of flights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Across California, water agencies and utilities spend $3-to-5 million a year on seeding, which is estimated to boost runoff by around four percent. That might not sound like much, but these days when every drop counts, Jeff Tilley says cloud seeding getting a second wind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think for the entire Intermountain West, it’s becoming more important,” he says. “It’s not going to be the whole answer but it can be one tool in the toolkit and it’s a cost-effective one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Snowstorms from Dust Storms\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Improving cloud seeding may depend on scientists unraveling something that’s still mysterious: what exactly makes it rain?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s incredibly complicated,” says Kim Prather, who studies atmospheric chemistry at the University of California-San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather wanted to know why some clouds produce snow in the Sierra Nevada and others don’t. So, she and her team flew an airplane through the clouds, testing them to see what kinds of tiny particles were forming snowflakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What she found was a big surprise. On snowy days, the clouds contained dust from a faraway source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Dust had made its way across the Pacific, clear from Asia and even Africa, the Middle East where there are these big dust storms,” she says. “Takes about 7-to-10 days to get here, but it makes it. It’s not a lot of dust. It’s just the right amount of dust that seeds the very top of the clouds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says that type of dust can boost snowfall, but other kinds of particles seem to have the opposite effect. Air pollution, from California sources and all the way from Asia, could be adding too many tiny cloud seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s only so much water available and in order to get rain, you have to have big enough droplets for them to fall. The more seeds you have, you have many more tiny droplets. If you have too many seeds, you’re not going to get precipitation out of that cloud.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Potentially it’s us affecting our own water supply,” she says. “Potentially it’s stuff coming from much farther away and to be able to sort that out, we’re just at the tip of the iceberg.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather says understanding that process could improve cloud-seeding techniques or show when it may not be effective, something that could be key as California relies more than ever on every last raindrop.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/64428/in-dry-year-california-looks-to-cloud-seeding","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_12536","quest_252","quest_621","quest_12540","quest_12538","quest_12537","quest_886","quest_13198","quest_12269","quest_10174","quest_13","quest_12535","quest_2682","quest_3108","quest_19","quest_12539"],"featImg":"quest_65559","label":"source_quest_64428"},"quest_17084":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17084","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17084","score":null,"sort":[1324663020000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"insuring-for-extreme-weather","title":"Climate Change Throws a Wrench in Water and Weather Forecasts","publishDate":1324663020,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2011 has been a record-breaking year for extreme weather events. There were a dozen disasters nationwide that cost more than a billion dollars, including floods and heat waves. Both the government and insurance companies try to plan for these events by predicting the risk. But climate change is making that tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us don't think about risk. We think about randomness. That's illustrated by a scene in the 1982 movie, \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp\">The World According to Garp\u003c/a>\", where Robin Williams is shopping for a new house with his wife. They're standing in front of one home when a plane crashes into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the crash, the Robin Williams character agrees to buy the house saying, \"It's been pre-disastered! We'll be safe here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not be a typical reaction, but climatologist Kelly Redmond says it reveals a lot about how we think about risk. \"It has to do with how we describe rare things. We spend societally an enormous amount of resources and time and attention guarding against the very worst possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/\">100-year flood\u003c/a>.\" That's a flood so severe that it has a one in one hundred chance of happening every year. But how do we know that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About the only way we can get at how rare a rare thing is is by looking at a past record,\" says Redmond. So for floods, government agencies look into the historical record to see when floods happened in the past. They use that record to predict future flood risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this relies on a very basic assumption. According to Redmond, the assumption is that the statistics of the future will look like the statistics of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a fancy term for this – it's called \u003ca href=\"http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/02/stationarity-is.html\">stationarity\u003c/a>. But there's a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know but what we suspect with changes in climate is that those statistics, especially about rare things, may change,\" says Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US is already warming. Climate models show that western states could see more extreme weather as the climate continues to change. So, Redmond says, chances are good the future won't look like the recent past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanine Jones of the California Department Water of Resources agrees, saying \"a lot of California's existing infrastructure was designed on assumptions that are no longer valid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of Water Forecasting in the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says using the past as a guide for the future is a huge part of water planning and building codes. The idea was first adopted in the 1940s and 50s, when dams and infrastructure were built at record speed in western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress was looking at all these water development plans coming in from the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation and wanting a common standard to compare all the projects,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they forecasted flood risk and water supply by looking at historical data. \"But they had very short data records. Maybe they only measured records of 20 years, 50 years. And that's not really very long,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, everything from building codes to home insurance is based on this short window of data. And so is another critical forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter, surveyors measure the Sierra Nevada snow pack every month, so they can crunch the numbers and predict the year's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very widely used by reservoir operators, by water agencies, by farmers who are looking at what are my chances for having a full water supply,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate models show that more precipitation will fall as rain in California, instead of snow. And that means spring runoff could behave very differently. \"At some point, conditions will change enough that we've reached a tipping point where those statistical approaches really aren't valid anymore,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accurate water forecast is crucial to California's economy. So Jones says water officials are looking at using computer models to forecast spring runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to updating flood risk and building codes to reflect climate change, Kelly Redmond says that could take decades. \"We have to get a buy in from the engineering community, the city planners. Because there's so much expense to goes into building a bridge or a culvert or a building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Breed of Insurance Company\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one industry that's taking note of climate change – insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased variability in climate is going to start to dramatically affect the profits of corporations worldwide,\" says David Friedberg, CEO of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.com/\">The Climate Corporation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Climate Corporation is something of a next generation insurance company. They start with computer models that simulate weather and climate patterns. \"We then use those sorts of models to determine what sort of price we should charge for certain weather events occurring,\" says Friedberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company works mostly with farmers, insuring them against extreme weather for between 40 and 400 dollars an acre. \"There's a range of things that can occur and that range is certainly widening. And as a result we should start to charge more for those sorts of events when we're insuring them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedberg says this kind of insurance makes sense to a lot of farmers they work with, who are already noticing changing weather patterns. Investor Vinod Kholsa and Google have also noticed and put millions into the company. They're betting new software will be the answer when today's methods no longer work.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"2011 has been a record-breaking year for extreme weather events. Both the government and insurance companies try to plan for these events by predicting the risk. But as Lauren Sommer reports, climate change is making that tougher. \r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366927270,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":939},"headData":{"title":"Climate Change Throws a Wrench in Water and Weather Forecasts | KQED","description":"2011 has been a record-breaking year for extreme weather events. Both the government and insurance companies try to plan for these events by predicting the risk. But as Lauren Sommer reports, climate change is making that tougher. \r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Climate Change Throws a Wrench in Water and Weather Forecasts","datePublished":"2011-12-23T17:57:00.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-25T22:01:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17084 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/insuring-for-extreme-weather/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/23/insuring-for-extreme-weather/","disqusTitle":"Climate Change Throws a Wrench in Water and Weather Forecasts","path":"/quest/17084/insuring-for-extreme-weather","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-26-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/12/2011-12-26-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>2011 has been a record-breaking year for extreme weather events. There were a dozen disasters nationwide that cost more than a billion dollars, including floods and heat waves. Both the government and insurance companies try to plan for these events by predicting the risk. But climate change is making that tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of us don't think about risk. We think about randomness. That's illustrated by a scene in the 1982 movie, \"\u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp\">The World According to Garp\u003c/a>\", where Robin Williams is shopping for a new house with his wife. They're standing in front of one home when a plane crashes into it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the crash, the Robin Williams character agrees to buy the house saying, \"It's been pre-disastered! We'll be safe here.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may not be a typical reaction, but climatologist Kelly Redmond says it reveals a lot about how we think about risk. \"It has to do with how we describe rare things. We spend societally an enormous amount of resources and time and attention guarding against the very worst possibilities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You've probably heard of the \"\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/FS-229-96/\">100-year flood\u003c/a>.\" That's a flood so severe that it has a one in one hundred chance of happening every year. But how do we know that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"About the only way we can get at how rare a rare thing is is by looking at a past record,\" says Redmond. So for floods, government agencies look into the historical record to see when floods happened in the past. They use that record to predict future flood risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this relies on a very basic assumption. According to Redmond, the assumption is that the statistics of the future will look like the statistics of the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a fancy term for this – it's called \u003ca href=\"http://aquadoc.typepad.com/waterwired/2008/02/stationarity-is.html\">stationarity\u003c/a>. But there's a problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What we don't know but what we suspect with changes in climate is that those statistics, especially about rare things, may change,\" says Redmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US is already warming. Climate models show that western states could see more extreme weather as the climate continues to change. So, Redmond says, chances are good the future won't look like the recent past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jeanine Jones of the California Department Water of Resources agrees, saying \"a lot of California's existing infrastructure was designed on assumptions that are no longer valid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>History of Water Forecasting in the West\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones says using the past as a guide for the future is a huge part of water planning and building codes. The idea was first adopted in the 1940s and 50s, when dams and infrastructure were built at record speed in western states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Congress was looking at all these water development plans coming in from the Corps of Engineers and the Bureau of Reclamation and wanting a common standard to compare all the projects,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So they forecasted flood risk and water supply by looking at historical data. \"But they had very short data records. Maybe they only measured records of 20 years, 50 years. And that's not really very long,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, everything from building codes to home insurance is based on this short window of data. And so is another critical forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the winter, surveyors measure the Sierra Nevada snow pack every month, so they can crunch the numbers and predict the year's water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It is very widely used by reservoir operators, by water agencies, by farmers who are looking at what are my chances for having a full water supply,\" says Jones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But climate models show that more precipitation will fall as rain in California, instead of snow. And that means spring runoff could behave very differently. \"At some point, conditions will change enough that we've reached a tipping point where those statistical approaches really aren't valid anymore,\" Jones says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An accurate water forecast is crucial to California's economy. So Jones says water officials are looking at using computer models to forecast spring runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when it comes to updating flood risk and building codes to reflect climate change, Kelly Redmond says that could take decades. \"We have to get a buy in from the engineering community, the city planners. Because there's so much expense to goes into building a bridge or a culvert or a building.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A New Breed of Insurance Company\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is one industry that's taking note of climate change – insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The increased variability in climate is going to start to dramatically affect the profits of corporations worldwide,\" says David Friedberg, CEO of San Francisco-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.com/\">The Climate Corporation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Climate Corporation is something of a next generation insurance company. They start with computer models that simulate weather and climate patterns. \"We then use those sorts of models to determine what sort of price we should charge for certain weather events occurring,\" says Friedberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company works mostly with farmers, insuring them against extreme weather for between 40 and 400 dollars an acre. \"There's a range of things that can occur and that range is certainly widening. And as a result we should start to charge more for those sorts of events when we're insuring them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Friedberg says this kind of insurance makes sense to a lot of farmers they work with, who are already noticing changing weather patterns. Investor Vinod Kholsa and Google have also noticed and put millions into the company. They're betting new software will be the answer when today's methods no longer work.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17084/insuring-for-extreme-weather","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_13203","quest_13202","quest_19"],"featImg":"quest_28710","label":"quest"},"quest_17075":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17075","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17075","score":null,"sort":[1298910600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-science-of-snow-2","title":"The Science of Snow","publishDate":1298910600,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. Lauren Sommer travels to Lake Tahoe where researchers are trying to understand the inner workings of snow a little bit better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. Lauren Sommer travels to Lake Tahoe where researchers are trying to understand the inner workings of snow a little bit better.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1310161074,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":3,"wordCount":75},"headData":{"title":"The Science of Snow | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Science of Snow","datePublished":"2011-02-28T16:30:00.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-08T21:37:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17075 http://science.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-snow/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/02/28/the-science-of-snow-2/","disqusTitle":"The Science of Snow","path":"/quest/17075/the-science-of-snow-2","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. Lauren Sommer travels to Lake Tahoe where researchers are trying to understand the inner workings of snow a little bit better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17075/the-science-of-snow-2","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_6"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_1881","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_3339","quest_2630","quest_2644","quest_3328","quest_2682","quest_3108","quest_3340","quest_19"],"featImg":"quest_12549","label":"quest"},"quest_19193":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_19193","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"19193","score":null,"sort":[1298670985000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-science-of-snow","title":"The Science of Snow","publishDate":1298670985,"format":"standard","headTitle":"The Science of Snow | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanches aren’t something most skiers and snowboarders have to think about. That’s because ski areas take preventative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the backside of \u003ca href=\"http://www.squaw.com/\">Squaw Valley Ski Resort\u003c/a>, two ski patrollers drop into a black diamond run known as Granite Chief. Below them are mounds of fresh, untouched powder – more than seven feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patrollers are throwing explosive charges onto the slopes to trigger smaller, less dangerous avalanches. Booms ring out across the mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-snow\">The Science of Snow\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The Sierras are known for getting tons of snow really quick,” says Will Paden, the avalanche forecaster at Squaw Valley Ski Resort. “We’re constantly trying to start the avalanches so that we don’t let the snow pack build up to be too deep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paden says on a day like today, they’ll use more than a thousand pounds of explosives to make the ski area safe. But the job isn’t over when the snow stops falling. The snowpack is constantly changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day could be perfect powder and then that afternoon the wind can pick up and put wind crust on top of that perfect powder and make it difficult skiing,” says Paden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanche forecasting is even more technical. “We had a lot of riming in this snow and some graupel events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To translate that, you have to go inside the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a slope outside of Truckee, Brandon Schwartz uses a shovel to cut a cross-section in the snow. As a forecaster with the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a>, Schwartz has dug thousands of avalanche pits like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vernal-pool\" width=\"260\" height=\"320\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12179\">\u003cem>An avalanche near Echo Summit in Lake Tahoe.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Travis Feist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>“We can feel the different hardness of all the layers that have formed in the snow that’s fallen over the last two to three days,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz is looking for weak layers of snow, which is where avalanches begin. He pulls out a saw and slices through the snow to isolate a one foot wide column. Then he places his shovel on top. “And we’ll just start to load on top of it first with ten taps just from my wrist, just from lifting my wrist and letting gravity pull my hand down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those taps simulate what a little weight would do to the snowpack, either from more snow falling or from a skier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz points to where the snowpack has broken away along a straight line. “So we got a pretty significant crack all the way across the column here. Definitely a difference in strength there and that’s what makes up the layers of snow pack and when we have these layers of different characteristics then we start to get some of the ingredients for a slab avalanche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and his team travel into the backcountry every day to assess the avalanche danger in the Tahoe region. Of the 36 people who died in avalanches across the United States last winter, almost all of them were in the backcountry. A large storm like this one means today the danger is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what makes some snow weaker than other snow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we have snow on the ground, a whole bunch of really interesting things happen. You think of the snow as being rather static, but it’s not at all,” says Jeff Dozier, an environmental scientist at the University of California-Santa Barbara who studies how snow impacts California’s water supply. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozier says to understand what’s happening, you have go all the way down to the level of a snowflake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the snow falls, the snow crystals will start to stick together. As they sit there, the crystals grow rounder and bond together. “And if you shovel snow, you see this. If you shovel snow when it’s new, you can stick the shovel in the snow and you can lift it. You shovel snow when it’s old, it’s hard to break that block of snow loose from its neighbor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a lot of snow falls quickly like it does in the Sierras, this bonding process may not happen fast enough to support the snowpack, which leads to avalanches. The warmer a snowpack is, the faster it bonds. But if it’s colder, sometimes a different kind of crystal grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically the temperature at the base of the snowpack – this is gonna be around zero degrees C. But on a very cold night, the temperature at the surface say might be -20 degrees C,” says Dozier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difference in temperature can create another shape of crystal – a faceted crystal. “They’re sort of angular. They don’t bond together very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These crystals look like grains of sugar and they create weak layers deep in the snowpack. A better understanding of snow crystals could help avalanche forecasters. Dozier says it could also help water managers trying to anticipate the snowpack melt in the spring, an event that’s critical to the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avalanche forecaster Brandon Schwartz in the field:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/zdUJ2KI4EQs?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.623317 -122.02352\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684974530,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":971},"headData":{"title":"The Science of Snow | KQED","description":"Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Science of Snow","datePublished":"2011-02-25T21:56:25.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:28:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/19193/the-science-of-snow","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche300.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been a harsh winter across the US. Snow has blanketed the Sierra Nevada, where the snowpack is well above normal. Lots of snow means good skiing, but it also means an increased danger of avalanches. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanches aren’t something most skiers and snowboarders have to think about. That’s because ski areas take preventative action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the backside of \u003ca href=\"http://www.squaw.com/\">Squaw Valley Ski Resort\u003c/a>, two ski patrollers drop into a black diamond run known as Granite Chief. Below them are mounds of fresh, untouched powder – more than seven feet deep. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patrollers are throwing explosive charges onto the slopes to trigger smaller, less dangerous avalanches. Booms ring out across the mountain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=”QUEST Audio Player” skin=”http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip” file=”http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2011/02/2011-02-28-quest.mp3″ ]\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Listen to the QUEST radio story \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/the-science-of-snow\">The Science of Snow\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv style=\"border-bottom:1px dotted #cecece;height:20px;margin-bottom:10px\"> \u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“The Sierras are known for getting tons of snow really quick,” says Will Paden, the avalanche forecaster at Squaw Valley Ski Resort. “We’re constantly trying to start the avalanches so that we don’t let the snow pack build up to be too deep.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paden says on a day like today, they’ll use more than a thousand pounds of explosives to make the ski area safe. But the job isn’t over when the snow stops falling. The snowpack is constantly changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One day could be perfect powder and then that afternoon the wind can pick up and put wind crust on top of that perfect powder and make it difficult skiing,” says Paden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Avalanche forecasting is even more technical. “We had a lot of riming in this snow and some graupel events.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To translate that, you have to go inside the snowpack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a slope outside of Truckee, Brandon Schwartz uses a shovel to cut a cross-section in the snow. As a forecaster with the non-profit \u003ca href=\"http://www.sierraavalanchecenter.org/\">Sierra Avalanche Center\u003c/a>, Schwartz has dug thousands of avalanche pits like this one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/02/avalanche.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"vernal-pool\" width=\"260\" height=\"320\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-12179\">\u003cem>An avalanche near Echo Summit in Lake Tahoe.\u003cbr>\nCredit: Travis Feist\u003c/em>\u003c/span>“We can feel the different hardness of all the layers that have formed in the snow that’s fallen over the last two to three days,” says Schwartz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz is looking for weak layers of snow, which is where avalanches begin. He pulls out a saw and slices through the snow to isolate a one foot wide column. Then he places his shovel on top. “And we’ll just start to load on top of it first with ten taps just from my wrist, just from lifting my wrist and letting gravity pull my hand down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those taps simulate what a little weight would do to the snowpack, either from more snow falling or from a skier. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz points to where the snowpack has broken away along a straight line. “So we got a pretty significant crack all the way across the column here. Definitely a difference in strength there and that’s what makes up the layers of snow pack and when we have these layers of different characteristics then we start to get some of the ingredients for a slab avalanche.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Schwartz and his team travel into the backcountry every day to assess the avalanche danger in the Tahoe region. Of the 36 people who died in avalanches across the United States last winter, almost all of them were in the backcountry. A large storm like this one means today the danger is high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what makes some snow weaker than other snow?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once we have snow on the ground, a whole bunch of really interesting things happen. You think of the snow as being rather static, but it’s not at all,” says Jeff Dozier, an environmental scientist at the University of California-Santa Barbara who studies how snow impacts California’s water supply. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozier says to understand what’s happening, you have go all the way down to the level of a snowflake. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the snow falls, the snow crystals will start to stick together. As they sit there, the crystals grow rounder and bond together. “And if you shovel snow, you see this. If you shovel snow when it’s new, you can stick the shovel in the snow and you can lift it. You shovel snow when it’s old, it’s hard to break that block of snow loose from its neighbor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a lot of snow falls quickly like it does in the Sierras, this bonding process may not happen fast enough to support the snowpack, which leads to avalanches. The warmer a snowpack is, the faster it bonds. But if it’s colder, sometimes a different kind of crystal grows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Typically the temperature at the base of the snowpack – this is gonna be around zero degrees C. But on a very cold night, the temperature at the surface say might be -20 degrees C,” says Dozier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That difference in temperature can create another shape of crystal – a faceted crystal. “They’re sort of angular. They don’t bond together very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These crystals look like grains of sugar and they create weak layers deep in the snowpack. A better understanding of snow crystals could help avalanche forecasters. Dozier says it could also help water managers trying to anticipate the snowpack melt in the spring, an event that’s critical to the state’s water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Avalanche forecaster Brandon Schwartz in the field:\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"560\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/zdUJ2KI4EQs?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 38.623317 -122.02352\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/19193/the-science-of-snow","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_6"],"tags":["quest_1881","quest_13203","quest_3339","quest_2630","quest_2644","quest_2682","quest_3108","quest_3340","quest_19"],"featImg":"quest_12521","label":"quest"},"quest_10895":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_10895","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"10895","score":null,"sort":[1291311047000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern","title":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern","publishDate":1291311047,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/elnino1.jpg\">\u003cem>El Nino temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennifer-skene/\">Jennifer Skene\u003c/a>'s post earlier this week here on the QUEST Community Science Blog about the potential \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/29/living-in-la-nina/\">effects of this winter's La Niña\u003c/a> is a great lead-in for discussing this climatic phenomenon in a bit more detail. As Jennifer noted, the La Niña weather pattern is the flip side of El Niño, which is when unusually warm waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean affect weather patterns for large swaths of North and South America. For California, El Niños typically result in increased precipitation in the winter months and La Niñas are characterized by drier conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. Although we don't hear much about the Southern Oscillation part, it is the atmospheric component of this linked ocean-atmosphere phenomenon. Although the physics of ENSO is still not fully understood and the subject of current research, the regularity of the pattern is well documented. The image below is a time series plot of ENSO events for the past 60 years. The positive values filled in with red are the warm ENSO phase (El Niño) and the negative values in blue are the cool ENSO phase (La Niña). The regularity isn't perfectly on beat -- it varies from 3-7 years between measurable events. But this is enough regularity to make ENSO one of the more predictable patterns climate scientists have studied.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10896\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"595\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the timing of ENSO cycles might have some predictability, the \u003cem>magnitude\u003c/em> of ENSO (the height/depth of the peaks) can vary significantly. Some are weak while others are quite strong. The 1997-1998 El Niño is considered to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">one of the strongest of the past 100 years\u003c/a> and is still in the memory of many Californians because of the intense \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/98wx.html\">precipitation and subsequent flooding it unleashed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's really interesting is that this 3-7 year pattern of alternating ENSO phases is just the shortest timescale in a climate phenomenon with multiple rhythms superimposed. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Paleoclimate research\u003c/a> has revealed that ENSO also beats at timescales of hundreds to thousands of years. The image below is very similar to the above diagram -- it has time in years on the horizontal axis and occurrence of ENSO events on the vertical axis. (Important difference to note are that the present is on the left side on this plot instead of the right side and time is in 'years ago' and not a date.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10897\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg 1293w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-400x140.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-800x279.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-1180x412.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-960x335.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plot goes back to 10,000 years ago and shows the variability in ENSO at a much longer timescale. Within those taller peaks in the plot are numerous individual El Niños that are grouped together in time. This doesn't mean that every single El Niño is very strong -- just that during a few hundred years there more of those strong El Niños. In addition to the peaks every several hundred years there is also an even longer-term trend of increasing ENSO events over 5,000 to 6,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a complex musical composition with multiple interacting rhythms, the interacting timescales of this climate phenomenon might result in weather patterns that defy our ability to predict confidently. The authors of the study looking at ENSO patterns for the past 10,000 conclude that bigger-scale changes in global climate (due to changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun) are driving those longer-timescale changes. A big question right now is how modern global climate change will affect ENSO. A warming ocean suggests El Niños will get more intense, but perhaps there are some unanticipated effects from the multiple interacting factors that still needs to be studied. We are improving our understanding of the Earth's climate systems but, as always, much more work needs to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Images: (1) El Nino anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a> (2) ENSO Index from 1950-2010; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a>; (3) Figure from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Moy et al. (2002)\u003c/a>; Nature 420\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443829098,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":712},"headData":{"title":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern | KQED","description":"El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern","datePublished":"2010-12-02T17:30:47.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:38:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10895 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=10895","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/12/02/the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern/","disqusTitle":"The Rhythms of the El Niño-La Niña Climate Pattern","path":"/quest/10895/the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/elnino1.jpg\">\u003cem>El Nino temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jennifer-skene/\">Jennifer Skene\u003c/a>'s post earlier this week here on the QUEST Community Science Blog about the potential \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/11/29/living-in-la-nina/\">effects of this winter's La Niña\u003c/a> is a great lead-in for discussing this climatic phenomenon in a bit more detail. As Jennifer noted, the La Niña weather pattern is the flip side of El Niño, which is when unusually warm waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean affect weather patterns for large swaths of North and South America. For California, El Niños typically result in increased precipitation in the winter months and La Niñas are characterized by drier conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>El Niño is the nickname of the climate pattern called the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, or ENSO. Although we don't hear much about the Southern Oscillation part, it is the atmospheric component of this linked ocean-atmosphere phenomenon. Although the physics of ENSO is still not fully understood and the subject of current research, the regularity of the pattern is well documented. The image below is a time series plot of ENSO events for the past 60 years. The positive values filled in with red are the warm ENSO phase (El Niño) and the negative values in blue are the cool ENSO phase (La Niña). The regularity isn't perfectly on beat -- it varies from 3-7 years between measurable events. But this is enough regularity to make ENSO one of the more predictable patterns climate scientists have studied.\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10896\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"595\" height=\"232\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the timing of ENSO cycles might have some predictability, the \u003cem>magnitude\u003c/em> of ENSO (the height/depth of the peaks) can vary significantly. Some are weak while others are quite strong. The 1997-1998 El Niño is considered to be \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">one of the strongest of the past 100 years\u003c/a> and is still in the memory of many Californians because of the intense \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist10/98wx.html\">precipitation and subsequent flooding it unleashed\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's really interesting is that this 3-7 year pattern of alternating ENSO phases is just the shortest timescale in a climate phenomenon with multiple rhythms superimposed. \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Paleoclimate research\u003c/a> has revealed that ENSO also beats at timescales of hundreds to thousands of years. The image below is very similar to the above diagram -- it has time in years on the horizontal axis and occurrence of ENSO events on the vertical axis. (Important difference to note are that the present is on the left side on this plot instead of the right side and time is in 'years ago' and not a date.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-10897\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21.jpg 1293w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-400x140.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-800x279.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-1180x412.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2010/11/ENSO-21-960x335.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This plot goes back to 10,000 years ago and shows the variability in ENSO at a much longer timescale. Within those taller peaks in the plot are numerous individual El Niños that are grouped together in time. This doesn't mean that every single El Niño is very strong -- just that during a few hundred years there more of those strong El Niños. In addition to the peaks every several hundred years there is also an even longer-term trend of increasing ENSO events over 5,000 to 6,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a complex musical composition with multiple interacting rhythms, the interacting timescales of this climate phenomenon might result in weather patterns that defy our ability to predict confidently. The authors of the study looking at ENSO patterns for the past 10,000 conclude that bigger-scale changes in global climate (due to changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun) are driving those longer-timescale changes. A big question right now is how modern global climate change will affect ENSO. A warming ocean suggests El Niños will get more intense, but perhaps there are some unanticipated effects from the multiple interacting factors that still needs to be studied. We are improving our understanding of the Earth's climate systems but, as always, much more work needs to be done.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Images: (1) El Nino anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a> (2) ENSO Index from 1950-2010; image from \u003ca href=\"http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs/outstand/mcph2969/mcph2969.shtml\">McPhaeden et al. of NOAA\u003c/a>; (3) Figure from \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v420/n6912/abs/nature01194.html\">Moy et al. (2002)\u003c/a>; Nature 420\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/10895/the-rhythms-of-the-el-nino-la-nina-climate-pattern","authors":["10171"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_944","quest_1224","quest_2114","quest_19"],"featImg":"quest_10907","label":"quest"},"quest_6814":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6814","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6814","score":null,"sort":[1280440809000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-how-to-make-fog","title":"Producer's Notes: DIY Fog at The Exploratorium","publishDate":1280440809,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes: DIY Fog at The Exploratorium | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>If you live in the Bay Area, you’re familiar with \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/advection_fog.html\">advection\u003c/a> fog – it’s the thick fog that blankets the coast during summertime mornings. Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley talks more about this phenomenon in our Science on the SPOT, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">Science of Fog\u003c/a>” story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For demonstration on how advection fog is created (and how you can do this at home), check out this video we filmed with \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">The Exploratorium\u003c/a>‘s \u003ca href=\"http://www.exo.net/~emuller/\">Eric Muller\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Ever wonder how advection fog is produced? Learn how from The Exploratorium.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975108,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":85},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: DIY Fog at The Exploratorium | KQED","description":"Ever wonder how advection fog is produced? Learn how from The Exploratorium.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: DIY Fog at The Exploratorium","datePublished":"2010-07-29T22:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:38:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/6814/producers-notes-how-to-make-fog","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you live in the Bay Area, you’re familiar with \u003ca href=\"http://nsidc.org/arcticmet/glossary/advection_fog.html\">advection\u003c/a> fog – it’s the thick fog that blankets the coast during summertime mornings. Todd Dawson of UC Berkeley talks more about this phenomenon in our Science on the SPOT, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">Science of Fog\u003c/a>” story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For demonstration on how advection fog is created (and how you can do this at home), check out this video we filmed with \u003ca href=\"http://www.exploratorium.edu/\">The Exploratorium\u003c/a>‘s \u003ca href=\"http://www.exo.net/~emuller/\">Eric Muller\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8014 -122.448\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6814/producers-notes-how-to-make-fog","authors":["2100"],"categories":["quest_6"],"tags":["quest_71","quest_285","quest_13195","quest_1119","quest_2361","quest_2395","quest_2486","quest_2951","quest_3004","quest_3021","quest_19"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6537":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6537","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6537","score":null,"sort":[1279650633000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-science-of-fog","title":"Producer's Notes: Science of Fog","publishDate":1279650633,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Producer’s Notes: Science of Fog | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/WS106-Fog_300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>While foggy days aren’t ideal for a summertime picnics, coastal fog does benefit the ecology of the Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally I wouldn’t be hoping for a chilly, foggy day during the summertime here in San Francisco. For the purposes of filming our Science on the SPOT story, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">Science of Fog\u003c/a>,” however, we hoped that the Presidio would be socked in with a thick blanket of fog for our interview with \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">UC Berkeley’s Todd Dawson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, Mother Nature cooperated with us to give us plenty of atmospheric fog to work with for our shoot. We interviewed Dawson about the two types of fog that are prevalent in the Bay Area, and about his \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-living/ci_15412963?nclick_check=1\">ongoing research\u003c/a> on the decline of fog along the California coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson also elaborated on some conflicting reports in the media on whether fog was declining or actually increasing. “There was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/06/DDJT187GK9.DTL\">study done previous to ours\u003c/a> over a shorter period of time. It’s only about 35 years. And the records came only from the Los Angeles area and from San Francisco. They weren’t a comprehensive sort of investigation of all of the temperature records that we’ve done throughout California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those investigators came to the conclusion based on a model that they had developed based on those just temperature records, [with] no fog data. They ran the model, and it gave them an output that says, ‘Oh, fog is going to be increasing.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our investigation is much longer. It takes place over more than 110 years. It’s hourly temperature records and precipitation records. It involves all of the fog data from the airports that we’ve been able to get throughout the entire state. And, of course, it’s a longer period. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just like the stock market, if you look at a small part of a change in the stock market, on any given day it might look like it’s rising. But if you look over 100 years of the stock market, you’re going to say that, ‘Ah, stocks have been declining steadily over that longer period of time.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what looks to be a bit of a conflict is really just because we’re looking at different windows of time and different kinds of information. And I think that’s why sometimes people kind of go, “Well, somebody told me that fog’s supposed to be increasing.’ And our data is saying no, it’s decreasing. It kind of depends on the window of time you’re looking at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.787437 -122.505198\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"While foggy days aren't ideal for a summertime picnics, coastal fog does benefit the ecology of the Bay Area.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1684975136,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":454},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Science of Fog | KQED","description":"While foggy days aren't ideal for a summertime picnics, coastal fog does benefit the ecology of the Bay Area.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Science of Fog","datePublished":"2010-07-20T18:30:33.000Z","dateModified":"2023-05-25T00:38:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/quest/6537/producers-notes-science-of-fog","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/07/WS106-Fog_300.jpg\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>While foggy days aren’t ideal for a summertime picnics, coastal fog does benefit the ecology of the Bay Area.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Normally I wouldn’t be hoping for a chilly, foggy day during the summertime here in San Francisco. For the purposes of filming our Science on the SPOT story, “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/science-on-the-spot-science-of-fog\">Science of Fog\u003c/a>,” however, we hoped that the Presidio would be socked in with a thick blanket of fog for our interview with \u003ca href=\"http://dawsonlab.synthasite.com/\">UC Berkeley’s Todd Dawson\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luckily, Mother Nature cooperated with us to give us plenty of atmospheric fog to work with for our shoot. We interviewed Dawson about the two types of fog that are prevalent in the Bay Area, and about his \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/bay-area-living/ci_15412963?nclick_check=1\">ongoing research\u003c/a> on the decline of fog along the California coast. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dawson also elaborated on some conflicting reports in the media on whether fog was declining or actually increasing. “There was a \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/06/DDJT187GK9.DTL\">study done previous to ours\u003c/a> over a shorter period of time. It’s only about 35 years. And the records came only from the Los Angeles area and from San Francisco. They weren’t a comprehensive sort of investigation of all of the temperature records that we’ve done throughout California. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those investigators came to the conclusion based on a model that they had developed based on those just temperature records, [with] no fog data. They ran the model, and it gave them an output that says, ‘Oh, fog is going to be increasing.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our investigation is much longer. It takes place over more than 110 years. It’s hourly temperature records and precipitation records. It involves all of the fog data from the airports that we’ve been able to get throughout the entire state. And, of course, it’s a longer period. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And just like the stock market, if you look at a small part of a change in the stock market, on any given day it might look like it’s rising. But if you look over 100 years of the stock market, you’re going to say that, ‘Ah, stocks have been declining steadily over that longer period of time.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what looks to be a bit of a conflict is really just because we’re looking at different windows of time and different kinds of information. And I think that’s why sometimes people kind of go, “Well, somebody told me that fog’s supposed to be increasing.’ And our data is saying no, it’s decreasing. It kind of depends on the window of time you’re looking at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.787437 -122.505198\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6537/producers-notes-science-of-fog","authors":["2100"],"categories":["quest_6"],"tags":["quest_71","quest_285","quest_13195","quest_1119","quest_2361","quest_2395","quest_2486","quest_2951","quest_3004","quest_3021","quest_19"],"label":"quest"},"quest_2070":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_2070","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"2070","score":null,"sort":[1239734649000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-california-at-the-tipping-point","title":"Reporter's Notes: California at the Tipping Point","publishDate":1239734649,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The conventional wisdom is that a warming planet means more wildfires--and in many cases the conventional wisdom is right. But globally it's a more complex question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last week, Max Moritz and his team at UC Berkeley's \u003ca title=\"UCB Fire Center\" href=\"http://firecenter.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Fire Research & Outreach\u003c/a> published a \u003ca title=\"PloS One - Fire study\" href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005102\">study that shows widely varied fire response\u003c/a> to climate changes around the world. Post-doctoral fellow \u003ca title=\"UCB Fire Center - staff\" href=\"http://firecenter.berkeley.edu/staff.htm\">Meg Krawchuk\u003c/a> was the lead data cruncher in the effort, with contributions from researchers at Texas Tech University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found were suggestions of rapid changes in fire regimes, and not all in the same direction. Some places (like most of California) will likely see a spike in the fire hazard, while other regions (like the Pacific Northwest) could see a retreat of wildfire frequency and intensity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"In contrast to any expectation that global warming should necessarily result in more fire, we find that regional increases in fire probabilities may be counter-balanced by decreases at other locations, due to the interplay of temperature and precipitation variables. Despite this net balance, our models predict substantial invasion and retreat of fire across large portions of the globe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Moritz has been stumping for new approaches to fire-climate analysis. He says rather than treat fire strictly as the product of other climate change variables, we should think of it also as a climate driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 533px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-777\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2009/04/moritz_firemap3_blog.png\" alt=\"Map shows areas of potential fire advance (orange) and retreat (blue) by 2010-2039 (medium-high emissions scenario)\" width=\"523\" height=\"205\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map shows areas of potential fire advance (orange) and retreat (blue) by 2010-2039 (medium-high emissions scenario)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>You can use the player below to hear an excerpt from my interview with Moritz, in which he explains the new perspective that he thinks his team's study brings to the fire-climate connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2009/04/moritz_web.mp3\"]\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The conventional wisdom is that a warming planet means more wildfires--and in many cases the conventional wisdom is right. But globally it's a more complex question.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457750653,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":309},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: California at the Tipping Point | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: California at the Tipping Point","datePublished":"2009-04-14T18:44:09.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T02:44:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"2070 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=2070","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/04/14/reporters-notes-california-at-the-tipping-point/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: California at the Tipping Point","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MDSh9MNwq8","path":"/quest/2070/reporters-notes-california-at-the-tipping-point","audioUrl":"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2009/04/moritz_web.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The conventional wisdom is that a warming planet means more wildfires--and in many cases the conventional wisdom is right. But globally it's a more complex question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last week, Max Moritz and his team at UC Berkeley's \u003ca title=\"UCB Fire Center\" href=\"http://firecenter.berkeley.edu/\">Center for Fire Research & Outreach\u003c/a> published a \u003ca title=\"PloS One - Fire study\" href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0005102\">study that shows widely varied fire response\u003c/a> to climate changes around the world. Post-doctoral fellow \u003ca title=\"UCB Fire Center - staff\" href=\"http://firecenter.berkeley.edu/staff.htm\">Meg Krawchuk\u003c/a> was the lead data cruncher in the effort, with contributions from researchers at Texas Tech University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What they found were suggestions of rapid changes in fire regimes, and not all in the same direction. Some places (like most of California) will likely see a spike in the fire hazard, while other regions (like the Pacific Northwest) could see a retreat of wildfire frequency and intensity:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>\"In contrast to any expectation that global warming should necessarily result in more fire, we find that regional increases in fire probabilities may be counter-balanced by decreases at other locations, due to the interplay of temperature and precipitation variables. Despite this net balance, our models predict substantial invasion and retreat of fire across large portions of the globe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Moritz has been stumping for new approaches to fire-climate analysis. He says rather than treat fire strictly as the product of other climate change variables, we should think of it also as a climate driver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 533px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-777\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2009/04/moritz_firemap3_blog.png\" alt=\"Map shows areas of potential fire advance (orange) and retreat (blue) by 2010-2039 (medium-high emissions scenario)\" width=\"523\" height=\"205\">\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map shows areas of potential fire advance (orange) and retreat (blue) by 2010-2039 (medium-high emissions scenario)\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>You can use the player below to hear an excerpt from my interview with Moritz, in which he explains the new perspective that he thinks his team's study brings to the fire-climate connection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[jwplayer config=\"QUEST Audio Player\" skin=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/themes/quest/glow.zip\" file=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2009/04/moritz_web.mp3\"]\u003cbr>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/2070/reporters-notes-california-at-the-tipping-point","authors":["221"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_285","quest_438","quest_621","quest_1095","quest_1224","quest_1395","quest_2893","quest_3108","quest_19"],"label":"quest"},"quest_810":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_810","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"810","score":null,"sort":[1220660690000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented","title":"Reporter's Notes: Air Conditioning Reinvented","publishDate":1220660690,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/air-conditioning-reinvented\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/radio2-46_air_conditioning3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A confession: When I first got the assignment to do a story about air conditioner efficiency, I didn't exactly leap from my seat in excitement. (Which is why extra kudos go to those who've made it as far as this web page!) But, really, I should have known better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AC seems mundane because it's ubiquitous – but because it's ubiquitous, its impact is astonishing. If you took air conditioning out of the picture, there might not be such thing as the California energy crisis. We could put dozens of power plants offline. In terms of global warming, it would be like taking hundreds of thousands of cars off the road, permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why air conditioning and not, say clothes dryers or refrigerators? Well, partly because AC sucks lots of power (especially central AC systems though, bought new, even those may be more efficient than your old window unit), partly because of the way we use them: all at once. When heat waves hit, Californians turn on their ACs practically in unison, hitting up a beleaguered electricity grid that fires up every creaky last turbine to handle the load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, it comes as no surprise that a number of Californians are putting serious energy into making air conditioning work better. At the top of that list is \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a> Commissioner Art Rosenfeld, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/Lab-Rosenfeld-wins-Fermi.html\" target=\"_blank\">the efficiency guru\u003c/a> who, perhaps more than any other person, can be credited for California's remarkable efficiency gains over the last 30 years. We also hear from AC inventor and \u003ca href=\"http://www.proctoreng.com/\" target=\"_blank\">entrepreneur John Proctor\u003c/a>. And thanks also go to Jeff Scalier, of Antioch-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.bluestarHVAC.com\" target=\"_blank\">Blue Star Heating and Air Conditioning\u003c/a>, who introduced me to his very satisfied customer, Al Mason, and whose mother I hope enjoys the CD we send her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to retrofit your central AC system to tailor it to California climate (and make it 20 percent more efficient) a number of Bay Area installers are ready to do it. Here are some of them, courtesy of Proctor Engineering:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Vtech HVAC Services, Antioch, 925-752-6075\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Bland A/C & Heating, Inc., Bakersfield, 661-836-3880\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Herrera Heating & Air Conditioning, Bakersfield, 510-750-6972\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Action Air Conditioning, Clovis, Fresno, 559-292-8640\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- California Indoor Comfort, Fresno Area, 559-276-7457\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Certified Heating and Air Conditioning, Fresno County, 559-273-8048\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- ReNu, Marin County, 415-462-0245\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Queirolo's Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc., San Joaquin County, 209-464-9658\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Leo's Heating & Air Conditioning, San Joaquin Valley, 209-271-7873\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Air Solutions Heating & Air, Stanislaus County, 209-380-3032\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Air Flo Pro, Stockton, 209-915-4730\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- University Refrigeration, Stockton, 209-609-8400\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- CPR Sheet Metal, Inc., Vacaville, 707-628-7495\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Right Now Air, Vacaville, 707-447-3063\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/05/reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/air-conditioning-reinvented\">Air Conditioning Reinvented\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.973 -122.517\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A confession: When I first got the assignment to do a story about air conditioner efficiency, I didn't exactly leap from my seat in excitement. (Which is why extra kudos go to those who've made it as far as this web page!) But, really, I should have known better.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830067,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":474},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Air Conditioning Reinvented | KQED","description":"A confession: When I first got the assignment to do a story about air conditioner efficiency, I didn't exactly leap from my seat in excitement. (Which is why extra kudos go to those who've made it as far as this web page!) But, really, I should have known better.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Air Conditioning Reinvented","datePublished":"2008-09-06T00:24:50.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:54:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"810 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=810","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/05/reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Air Conditioning Reinvented","path":"/quest/810/reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/air-conditioning-reinvented\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/radio2-46_air_conditioning3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A confession: When I first got the assignment to do a story about air conditioner efficiency, I didn't exactly leap from my seat in excitement. (Which is why extra kudos go to those who've made it as far as this web page!) But, really, I should have known better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AC seems mundane because it's ubiquitous – but because it's ubiquitous, its impact is astonishing. If you took air conditioning out of the picture, there might not be such thing as the California energy crisis. We could put dozens of power plants offline. In terms of global warming, it would be like taking hundreds of thousands of cars off the road, permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why air conditioning and not, say clothes dryers or refrigerators? Well, partly because AC sucks lots of power (especially central AC systems though, bought new, even those may be more efficient than your old window unit), partly because of the way we use them: all at once. When heat waves hit, Californians turn on their ACs practically in unison, hitting up a beleaguered electricity grid that fires up every creaky last turbine to handle the load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, it comes as no surprise that a number of Californians are putting serious energy into making air conditioning work better. At the top of that list is \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a> Commissioner Art Rosenfeld, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/Lab-Rosenfeld-wins-Fermi.html\" target=\"_blank\">the efficiency guru\u003c/a> who, perhaps more than any other person, can be credited for California's remarkable efficiency gains over the last 30 years. We also hear from AC inventor and \u003ca href=\"http://www.proctoreng.com/\" target=\"_blank\">entrepreneur John Proctor\u003c/a>. And thanks also go to Jeff Scalier, of Antioch-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.bluestarHVAC.com\" target=\"_blank\">Blue Star Heating and Air Conditioning\u003c/a>, who introduced me to his very satisfied customer, Al Mason, and whose mother I hope enjoys the CD we send her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to retrofit your central AC system to tailor it to California climate (and make it 20 percent more efficient) a number of Bay Area installers are ready to do it. Here are some of them, courtesy of Proctor Engineering:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Vtech HVAC Services, Antioch, 925-752-6075\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Bland A/C & Heating, Inc., Bakersfield, 661-836-3880\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Herrera Heating & Air Conditioning, Bakersfield, 510-750-6972\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Action Air Conditioning, Clovis, Fresno, 559-292-8640\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- California Indoor Comfort, Fresno Area, 559-276-7457\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Certified Heating and Air Conditioning, Fresno County, 559-273-8048\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- ReNu, Marin County, 415-462-0245\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Queirolo's Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc., San Joaquin County, 209-464-9658\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Leo's Heating & Air Conditioning, San Joaquin Valley, 209-271-7873\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Air Solutions Heating & Air, Stanislaus County, 209-380-3032\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Air Flo Pro, Stockton, 209-915-4730\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- University Refrigeration, Stockton, 209-609-8400\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- CPR Sheet Metal, Inc., Vacaville, 707-628-7495\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Right Now Air, Vacaville, 707-447-3063\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/05/reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/air-conditioning-reinvented\">Air Conditioning Reinvented\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.973 -122.517\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/810/reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_56","quest_91","quest_252","quest_621","quest_13197","quest_13198","quest_1334","quest_1421","quest_1586","quest_13206","quest_19"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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