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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This post was written by Masha Pershay, KQED Learning intern.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.earthsciweek.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Earth Science Week\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was organized by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.americangeosciences.org/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">American Geosciences Institute\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> almost two decades ago in order to help people understand and appreciate the earth sciences. This is the perfect time to learn how the atmosphere, the oceans, and earth processes have shaped—and are continuing to shape—our planet. To celebrate this year's Earth Science Week (October 9-15), explore some of geologist Andrew Alden’s geological outings around the Bay Area, and learn the history of rock formations beneath some of the most iconic local landscapes. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-shell-beach/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: Shell Beach\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis beach in Sonoma County is of particular interest for geologists because of the wide range of rocks found here, which have been grouped into a category called \u003ci>Franciscan Melange.\u003c/i> Learn how the subduction zones and tectonic mixing affected the history of the rocks on Shell Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-san-bruno-mountain/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: San Bruno Mountain\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Just south of the city of San Francisco, San Bruno Mountain not only offers spectacular views of the bay, but also holds a lot of information about the geological history of the Bay Area. Study the complete anatomy of San Bruno Mountain with the special map provided in this article. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-los-trancos-open-space/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: Los Trancos Open Space\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The San Andreas Fault runs through Los Trancos, making it the perfect location for observing this earthquake trail and surrounding landscape features. Using lidar, a laser-based mapping technology, geologists are able to create detailed topographic images of the San Andreas Fault. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: Marin Headlands\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Marin Headlands are known for their distinctive cliffs and iconic views of the Golden Gate Bridge, as well as visually stunning rocks called ribbon chert. Learn about the different types of rocks and minerals that make up the Marin Headlands.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/24/geological-outings-around-the-bay-natural-bridges/\">\u003cb>Geological Outings Around the Bay: Natural Bridges\u003c/b>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Located off the coast of Santa Cruz, Natural Bridges is a fabulous place to observe rocks with intricate patterns that date back as far as 10 million years. Learn about the different processes that rocks undergo throughout their lifetime.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>What are earthquakes? Get a new perspective on these powerful phenomena with our collection of videos and infographics co-produced with KQED, originally designed with middle and high school educators in mind. You and your students will learn why earthquakes happen, how they've shaped the Bay Area, and what you can do to prepare for the next one. We've included ideas for how to structure a sequence of learning tasks, but feel free to pick and choose!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you want to use the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> resources with students or to polish your own content knowledge, the following guide provides ideas for how to get started.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1. The Earth's Structure\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Core, Mantle and Crust\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Before learning about earthquakes, let’s look at the inside of our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>View the video \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/inside-the-earth-exploring-earth%E2%80%99s-layers\" target=\"_blank\">Inside the Earth: Exploring Earth's Layers\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and consider the following questions:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>What are distinct characteristics of each layer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is Earth's surface impacted by its interior?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Read more about the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers\" target=\"_blank\">core, mantle and crust\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Plate Boundaries\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Movement in narrow zones along plate boundaries causes most earthquakes. Most seismic activity occurs at three types of plate boundaries – convergent, divergent, and transform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Observe the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/plate_boundaries_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">three types of plate boundaries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and note where they occur on Earth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Review the brief description of each boundary type.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After watching the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edb7FMcGrAE&index=4&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Boundaries video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, research and find specific examples of convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Evidence of Earth’s Layers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>During an earthquake, different types of seismic waves move through the Earth, traveling through solids or liquids differently. This helps scientists understand the properties and composition of the Earth’s layers – the core, mantle, and crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Look at the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDfIgoXaXis&index=2&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Seismic Waves video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and discuss with a friend how P and S waves travel differently through the Earth's layers.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>2. Plate Movement through Geologic Time\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>The Supercontinent Cycle\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Today’s configuration of continents is dramatically different than it was in the past. Learn how previous supercontinents formed and then broke up again over hundreds of millions of years due to plate tectonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-shaping-the-continents\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Tectonics: Shaping the Continents video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to witness how Earth's forces have shaped the continents from present day to millions of years ago. Choose a location to follow back in time and describe its path.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxJTuzaonB0&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Back in Time: 200 Million Years Ago to Present Day video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> on the Earthquake YouTube playlist. Pause the video two to three times while you are watching and reflect on how the land masses have changed over time.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Formation of the Atlantic Ocean\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The breakup of Pangaea was fueled by the formation of the Atlantic Ocean as new crust was formed along the underwater ridge. By speeding up geologic time through computer simulations, we can witness the movement of the plates and the beginning of this great ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>You are about to witness the formation of the Atlantic Ocean. Before watching, predict when the Atlantic began to form.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After viewing this timelapse video from\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADsjdu27WaM&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=10\" target=\"_blank\">200 Million Years to Present Day\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, describe what the Atlantic might look like in millions of years.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Some \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/evidence-of-plate-tectonics\" target=\"_blank\">Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> comes from what we know about previous life on Earth. Scientists have found fossils of the same land-dwelling animal in Africa and South America. How did similar fossils come to be so far apart? Evidence of plate tectonics has also been gathered from clues left by glaciers and the shapes of coastlines. This has helped scientists to piece together the previous configuration of the continents. How is this possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>After viewing the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/recordsinrock-hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Records in Rock graphic\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of fossil evidence, make a list of questions that you have about fossil records and the connection to plate tectonics.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Similar fossils from South America and Africa are now separated by an ocean. What connections can you make between \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxJTuzaonB0&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">this video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and the previous graphic? What new questions do you have?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>View this \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/remnants_in_rock_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Remnants in Rock graphic\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of glacier evidence and discuss how it supports the idea of a past supercontinent.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/complementary-coasts_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Complementary Coasts graphic\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> provides evidence of complementary coastlines along Africa and South America. Look at a world map and determine other coastlines that could fit together based on their shapes.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Plate Tectonics Shaped Human History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plate tectonics played an important role in the history of ancient civilizations both by causing destructive events and opportunities for life to flourish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-and-ancient-civilizations\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Tectonics and Ancient Civilizations video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and consider why early civilizations would spring up in tectonically active areas.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>3. Earthquake 101\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Anatomy of an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although the Earth’s surface is moving and changing through geologic time, we usually do not see it happening before our eyes, but we can experience it through earthquakes. As the plates move past each other, along fault zones, they sometimes get caught and pressure builds up. When the plates finally give and slip due to the increased pressure, energy is released as seismic waves, causing the ground to shake. This is an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Anatomy of an Earthquake diagram\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, describe the relationship between the faults and the plates. How are the focus and the epicenter different?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Design a demonstration or model using everyday materials showing how earthquakes occur (built-up strain and sudden energy release).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Fault Types\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Basic fault types found around the world are normal, reverse, and strike-slip. How do fault types relate to plate boundaries?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>View \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm\" target=\"_blank\">these animations\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn about the basic fault types. Use your own words and hand movements to describe the different fault types to a friend.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Read \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/faults-where-earthquakes-occur\" target=\"_blank\">Faults: Where Earthquakes Occur \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>to learn more about the different types of faults.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Determining the Epicenter\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>How is the location of the earthquake slip determined? The process is called triangulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFJ_l3uFkPI&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=5\" target=\"_blank\">Epicenter video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn how to determine the epicenter of an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use the online activity \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecourseware.com/virtualearthquake/vquakeexecute.html\">Virtual Earthquake by Geology Labs On-Line\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to practice finding the epicenter of an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Alternatively, do this activity to \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/educators/lesson-plans/earthquakes-and-tectonic-plates\" target=\"_blank\">learn how to triangulate\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then, discuss the following questions with a friend:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Why is it necessary to have information from three seismograph stations for triangulation? Why is it not possible to find the epicenter using information from just two stations?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is it important to know where the epicenter of an earthquake is located?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can scientists learn about faults from mapping earthquake epicenters?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Measuring Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are generally described by their magnitude (the energy released) and intensity (the damage that is done). Learn how these are measured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read more about \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/\" target=\"_blank\">measuring earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXMKSOsv3QA&index=10&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Magnitude video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> from a scientist at the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center about earthquake energy release. Describe the difference between a 6.9 and an 8.5 earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Compare the two earthquakes in the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1135/Loma_Prieta/BA_1906_vs_Loma_Prieta.html\">Intensity Comparison of the 1906 and 1989 Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> animation. Make some observations about their intensities.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Seismic Waves\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>An earthquake generates a series of seismic waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake. They travel through the interior and near the surface of the Earth. Learn about the different types of seismic waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/educators/lesson-plans/measuring-earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\">Build your own seismograph\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to experience the phenomenon firsthand.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDfIgoXaXis&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=2\" target=\"_blank\">Seismic Waves animation\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and answer the following questions:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>What are the different kinds of waves?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which wave moves the fastest?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which wave causes the most destruction?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After watching the animation, review with a friend how the buildings fared on the different substrates. On which type of substrate is it safest to build?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>4. Bay Area Earthquakes\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Faults\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California lies within an active seismic zone, straddling the Pacific and North American plates, which are grinding past each other. There are many active faults in California that are capable of creating major earthquakes. The Bay Area sits on a series of active faults that include the San Andreas, Calaveras, and Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read more about \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area Faults\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/bayareafaultplaneslabeled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area Fault Planes image\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to determine how many fault planes cut through the Bay Area. Why do you think there are so many?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhFMtCmHc9c&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=6\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault: Predictable Peril video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and discuss: Why are scientists so concerned about earthquakes occurring on the Hayward Fault?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Based on the evidence of the video above, what type of fault is the Hayward Fault? Why do you think so? (Review the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fault animations\u003c/a>.)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas Fault, part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates, has been the source of damaging earthquakes in the Bay Area. In 1906 a large earthquake occurred on the San Andreas Fault that led to the destruction of many city blocks in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y43k3Fzrw4A&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=15\" target=\"_blank\">The Science Behind the 1906 Earthquake video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and collect the following information:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Where was the focus of the 1906 Earthquake?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What do the red and yellow colors represent on the simulation and how are they related?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Personal Accounts of Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Below are oral history accounts from the 1906 earthquake. Explore these documents and answer the questions provided. Then, seek out a family member or family friend who experienced the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Compare and contrast events as told from several perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Explore these \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org:8080/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/personal_accounts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">oral history accounts from the 1906 earthquake\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Compare and contrast the first-person narratives.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why do personal accounts differ from each other?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use this \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org:8080/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/339s1_eqoralhistory.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">guide to conduct your own interviews\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of family or family friends who experienced the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Share your findings of your interviews with your fellow students. Do these personal accounts differ from each other? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>5. Get Prepared\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Engineering Preparedness\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California has experienced many damaging earthquakes. From the damage caused, scientists and engineers have learned how to design buildings that will better withstand the shaking. Over the past few decades, many structures have undergone earthquake retrofitting in the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hoSqazNmfY&index=13&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">The Shaking Table at UC Berkeley video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn more about how engineers make our built environment better able to withstand earthquakes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>View the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu9WpKxfByc&index=11&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">The New Bay Bridge: Earthquake Makeover \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>video to learn about changes to the new Bay Bridge in the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do Before an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Creating an emergency plan, preparing an earthquake kit, and safely storing and securing heavy items are a few ways to prepare for the big one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake\" target=\"_blank\">How to Prepare for an Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Make a list of items for your classroom earthquake kit and create a kit that you store at school.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Develop an emergency plan. Think about a few places where you spend the majority of your time. This may be at home, at school, in your car, etc.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do During an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are unpredictable and can happen at any time. It is important to know what to do when an earthquake occurs whether you are at home, at work or at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Go to the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ready.gov/earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\">FEMA Ready website\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and research what to do during an earthquake. Relate this information to your plans for preparing for an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If an earthquake occurred at home, at work, or at play, what would you do? Imagine realistic scenarios and consider where you would drop, cover, and hold on. Do these locations have hazards?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do After an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The more prepared you are after an earthquake, the better. Consider the information you have learned regarding what to do before and after an earthquake. It is not known what the situation will actually be after an earthquake. What are necessary steps that you can take to assess the situation and your safety?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If you don't already know, take the time to learn how to turn off water and gas in your home.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Set a safe location to meet your family or friends after an earthquake. How will you get there? What would you bring with you?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Connections to NGSS Disciplinary Core Ideas\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>ESS1.C The History of Planet Earth\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) Local, regional, and global patterns of rock formations reveal changes over time due to earth forces, such as earthquakes. The presence and location of certain fossil types indicate the order in which rock layers were formed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Continental rocks, which can be older than 4 billion years, are generally much older than the rocks of the ocean floor, which are less than 200 million years old.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS2.A Earth Materials and Systems\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle and crust. Motions of the mantle and crust occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement of denser materials toward the interior.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS2.B Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) The locations of mountain ranges, deep ocean trenches, ocean floor structures, earthquakes, and volcanoes occur in patterns. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur in bands that are often along the boundaries between continents and oceans. Major mountain chains form inside continents or near their edges. Maps can help locate the different land and water features areas of Earth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Maps of ancient land and water patterns, based on investigations of rocks and fossils, make clear how Earth’s plates have moved great distances, collided, and spread apart.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) The planet’s systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth’s history and will determine its future.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for understanding its geologic history. Plate movements are responsible for most continental and ocean-floor features and for the distribution of most rocks and minerals within Earth’s crust.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Plate tectonics can be viewed as the surface expression of mantle convection.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS3.B Natural Hazards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Mapping the history of natural hazards in a region, combined with an understanding of related geologic forces can help forecast the locations and likelihoods of future events.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Natural hazards and other geologic events have shaped the course of human history; [they] have significantly altered the sizes of human populations and have driven human migrations.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>PS4.A Wave Properties\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between layers to probe structures deep in the planet.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What are earthquakes? Get a new perspective on these powerful phenomena with our collection of videos and infographics co-produced with KQED, originally designed with middle and high school educators in mind. You and your students will learn why earthquakes happen, how they've shaped the Bay Area, and what you can do to prepare for the next one. We've included ideas for how to structure a sequence of learning tasks, but feel free to pick and choose!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether you want to use the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> resources with students or to polish your own content knowledge, the following guide provides ideas for how to get started.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>1. The Earth's Structure\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Core, Mantle and Crust\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Before learning about earthquakes, let’s look at the inside of our planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>View the video \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/inside-the-earth-exploring-earth%E2%80%99s-layers\" target=\"_blank\">Inside the Earth: Exploring Earth's Layers\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and consider the following questions:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>What are distinct characteristics of each layer?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>How is Earth's surface impacted by its interior?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Read more about the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/from-core-to-crust-defining-earths-layers\" target=\"_blank\">core, mantle and crust\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Plate Boundaries\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Movement in narrow zones along plate boundaries causes most earthquakes. Most seismic activity occurs at three types of plate boundaries – convergent, divergent, and transform.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Observe the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/plate_boundaries_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">three types of plate boundaries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and note where they occur on Earth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Review the brief description of each boundary type.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After watching the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edb7FMcGrAE&index=4&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Boundaries video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, research and find specific examples of convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Evidence of Earth’s Layers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>During an earthquake, different types of seismic waves move through the Earth, traveling through solids or liquids differently. This helps scientists understand the properties and composition of the Earth’s layers – the core, mantle, and crust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Look at the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDfIgoXaXis&index=2&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Seismic Waves video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and discuss with a friend how P and S waves travel differently through the Earth's layers.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>2. Plate Movement through Geologic Time\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>The Supercontinent Cycle\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Today’s configuration of continents is dramatically different than it was in the past. Learn how previous supercontinents formed and then broke up again over hundreds of millions of years due to plate tectonics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-shaping-the-continents\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Tectonics: Shaping the Continents video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to witness how Earth's forces have shaped the continents from present day to millions of years ago. Choose a location to follow back in time and describe its path.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxJTuzaonB0&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">Back in Time: 200 Million Years Ago to Present Day video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> on the Earthquake YouTube playlist. Pause the video two to three times while you are watching and reflect on how the land masses have changed over time.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Formation of the Atlantic Ocean\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The breakup of Pangaea was fueled by the formation of the Atlantic Ocean as new crust was formed along the underwater ridge. By speeding up geologic time through computer simulations, we can witness the movement of the plates and the beginning of this great ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>You are about to witness the formation of the Atlantic Ocean. Before watching, predict when the Atlantic began to form.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After viewing this timelapse video from\u003cstrong> \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADsjdu27WaM&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=10\" target=\"_blank\">200 Million Years to Present Day\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, describe what the Atlantic might look like in millions of years.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Some \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/evidence-of-plate-tectonics\" target=\"_blank\">Evidence of Plate Tectonics\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> comes from what we know about previous life on Earth. Scientists have found fossils of the same land-dwelling animal in Africa and South America. How did similar fossils come to be so far apart? Evidence of plate tectonics has also been gathered from clues left by glaciers and the shapes of coastlines. This has helped scientists to piece together the previous configuration of the continents. How is this possible?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>After viewing the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/recordsinrock-hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Records in Rock graphic\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of fossil evidence, make a list of questions that you have about fossil records and the connection to plate tectonics.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Similar fossils from South America and Africa are now separated by an ocean. What connections can you make between \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxJTuzaonB0&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=8\" target=\"_blank\">this video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and the previous graphic? What new questions do you have?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>View this \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/remnants_in_rock_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Remnants in Rock graphic\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of glacier evidence and discuss how it supports the idea of a past supercontinent.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/styles/manual_crop_standard_960x540/public/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/complementary-coasts_hero_copyrite2012.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cstrong>Complementary Coasts graphic\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> provides evidence of complementary coastlines along Africa and South America. Look at a world map and determine other coastlines that could fit together based on their shapes.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Plate Tectonics Shaped Human History\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Plate tectonics played an important role in the history of ancient civilizations both by causing destructive events and opportunities for life to flourish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/plate-tectonics-and-ancient-civilizations\" target=\"_blank\">Plate Tectonics and Ancient Civilizations video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and consider why early civilizations would spring up in tectonically active areas.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>3. Earthquake 101\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Anatomy of an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Although the Earth’s surface is moving and changing through geologic time, we usually do not see it happening before our eyes, but we can experience it through earthquakes. As the plates move past each other, along fault zones, they sometimes get caught and pressure builds up. When the plates finally give and slip due to the increased pressure, energy is released as seismic waves, causing the ground to shake. This is an earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Using the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/02/07/earthquakes/\" target=\"_blank\">Anatomy of an Earthquake diagram\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, describe the relationship between the faults and the plates. How are the focus and the epicenter different?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Design a demonstration or model using everyday materials showing how earthquakes occur (built-up strain and sudden energy release).\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Fault Types\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Basic fault types found around the world are normal, reverse, and strike-slip. How do fault types relate to plate boundaries?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>View \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm\" target=\"_blank\">these animations\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn about the basic fault types. Use your own words and hand movements to describe the different fault types to a friend.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Read \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/faults-where-earthquakes-occur\" target=\"_blank\">Faults: Where Earthquakes Occur \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>to learn more about the different types of faults.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Determining the Epicenter\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>How is the location of the earthquake slip determined? The process is called triangulation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SFJ_l3uFkPI&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=5\" target=\"_blank\">Epicenter video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn how to determine the epicenter of an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use the online activity \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencecourseware.com/virtualearthquake/vquakeexecute.html\">Virtual Earthquake by Geology Labs On-Line\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to practice finding the epicenter of an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Alternatively, do this activity to \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/educators/lesson-plans/earthquakes-and-tectonic-plates\" target=\"_blank\">learn how to triangulate\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Then, discuss the following questions with a friend:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Why is it necessary to have information from three seismograph stations for triangulation? Why is it not possible to find the epicenter using information from just two stations?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why is it important to know where the epicenter of an earthquake is located?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What can scientists learn about faults from mapping earthquake epicenters?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Measuring Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are generally described by their magnitude (the energy released) and intensity (the damage that is done). Learn how these are measured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read more about \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/measuring-earthquakes-intensity-and-magnitude/\" target=\"_blank\">measuring earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YXMKSOsv3QA&index=10&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">Magnitude video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> from a scientist at the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center about earthquake energy release. Describe the difference between a 6.9 and an 8.5 earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Compare the two earthquakes in the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2005/1135/Loma_Prieta/BA_1906_vs_Loma_Prieta.html\">Intensity Comparison of the 1906 and 1989 Earthquakes\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> animation. Make some observations about their intensities.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Seismic Waves\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>An earthquake generates a series of seismic waves that transmit the energy released by an earthquake. They travel through the interior and near the surface of the Earth. Learn about the different types of seismic waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/educators/lesson-plans/measuring-earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\">Build your own seismograph\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to experience the phenomenon firsthand.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDfIgoXaXis&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=2\" target=\"_blank\">Seismic Waves animation\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and answer the following questions:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>What are the different kinds of waves?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which wave moves the fastest?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Which wave causes the most destruction?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>After watching the animation, review with a friend how the buildings fared on the different substrates. On which type of substrate is it safest to build?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>4. Bay Area Earthquakes\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Bay Area Faults\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California lies within an active seismic zone, straddling the Pacific and North American plates, which are grinding past each other. There are many active faults in California that are capable of creating major earthquakes. The Bay Area sits on a series of active faults that include the San Andreas, Calaveras, and Hayward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read more about \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/04/15/san-francisco-bay-area-earthquakes-and-faults/\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area Faults\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/sites/default/files/assets/images/explorescience/earthquake/bayareafaultplaneslabeled.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Bay Area Fault Planes image\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to determine how many fault planes cut through the Bay Area. Why do you think there are so many?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Watch the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhFMtCmHc9c&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=6\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault: Predictable Peril video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and discuss: Why are scientists so concerned about earthquakes occurring on the Hayward Fault?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Based on the evidence of the video above, what type of fault is the Hayward Fault? Why do you think so? (Review the \u003ca href=\"http://www.iris.washington.edu/gifs/animations/faults.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fault animations\u003c/a>.)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>The Great San Francisco Earthquake of 1906\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The San Andreas Fault, part of the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates, has been the source of damaging earthquakes in the Bay Area. In 1906 a large earthquake occurred on the San Andreas Fault that led to the destruction of many city blocks in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y43k3Fzrw4A&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw&index=15\" target=\"_blank\">The Science Behind the 1906 Earthquake video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and collect the following information:\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>Where was the focus of the 1906 Earthquake?\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>What do the red and yellow colors represent on the simulation and how are they related?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>Personal Accounts of Earthquakes\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Below are oral history accounts from the 1906 earthquake. Explore these documents and answer the questions provided. Then, seek out a family member or family friend who experienced the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Compare and contrast events as told from several perspectives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Explore these \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org:8080/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/personal_accounts.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">oral history accounts from the 1906 earthquake\u003c/a>. \u003c/strong>\n\u003col>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>Compare and contrast the first-person narratives.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Why do personal accounts differ from each other?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ol>\n\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Use this \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org:8080/sites/default/files/assets/docs/pdf/339s1_eqoralhistory.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">guide to conduct your own interviews\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> of family or family friends who experienced the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Share your findings of your interviews with your fellow students. Do these personal accounts differ from each other? Why?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>5. Get Prepared\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>Engineering Preparedness\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>California has experienced many damaging earthquakes. From the damage caused, scientists and engineers have learned how to design buildings that will better withstand the shaking. Over the past few decades, many structures have undergone earthquake retrofitting in the Bay Area and beyond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Watch \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hoSqazNmfY&index=13&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">The Shaking Table at UC Berkeley video\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> to learn more about how engineers make our built environment better able to withstand earthquakes.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>View the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cu9WpKxfByc&index=11&list=PLS14biAqBAtE_wpsyXkZbbb7Wwq4DkUzw\" target=\"_blank\">The New Bay Bridge: Earthquake Makeover \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>video to learn about changes to the new Bay Bridge in the San Francisco Bay Area.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do Before an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Creating an emergency plan, preparing an earthquake kit, and safely storing and securing heavy items are a few ways to prepare for the big one!\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Read \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/how-to-prepare-for-an-earthquake\" target=\"_blank\">How to Prepare for an Earthquake\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Make a list of items for your classroom earthquake kit and create a kit that you store at school.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Develop an emergency plan. Think about a few places where you spend the majority of your time. This may be at home, at school, in your car, etc.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do During an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Earthquakes are unpredictable and can happen at any time. It is important to know what to do when an earthquake occurs whether you are at home, at work or at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Go to the \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ready.gov/earthquakes\" target=\"_blank\">FEMA Ready website\u003c/a>\u003c/strong> and research what to do during an earthquake. Relate this information to your plans for preparing for an earthquake.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>If an earthquake occurred at home, at work, or at play, what would you do? Imagine realistic scenarios and consider where you would drop, cover, and hold on. Do these locations have hazards?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>What to Do After an Earthquake\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The more prepared you are after an earthquake, the better. Consider the information you have learned regarding what to do before and after an earthquake. It is not known what the situation will actually be after an earthquake. What are necessary steps that you can take to assess the situation and your safety?\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>If you don't already know, take the time to learn how to turn off water and gas in your home.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Set a safe location to meet your family or friends after an earthquake. How will you get there? What would you bring with you?\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003chr>\n\u003ch2>Connections to NGSS Disciplinary Core Ideas\u003c/h2>\n\u003ch3>ESS1.C The History of Planet Earth\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) Local, regional, and global patterns of rock formations reveal changes over time due to earth forces, such as earthquakes. The presence and location of certain fossil types indicate the order in which rock layers were formed.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Tectonic processes continually generate new ocean sea floor at ridges and destroy old sea floor at trenches.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Continental rocks, which can be older than 4 billion years, are generally much older than the rocks of the ocean floor, which are less than 200 million years old.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS2.A Earth Materials and Systems\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Evidence from deep probes and seismic waves, reconstructions of historical changes in Earth’s surface and its magnetic field, and an understanding of physical and chemical processes lead to a model of Earth with a hot but solid inner core, a liquid outer core, a solid mantle and crust. Motions of the mantle and crust occur primarily through thermal convection, which involves the cycling of matter due to the outward flow of energy from Earth’s interior and gravitational movement of denser materials toward the interior.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS2.B Plate Tectonics and Large-Scale System Interactions\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) The locations of mountain ranges, deep ocean trenches, ocean floor structures, earthquakes, and volcanoes occur in patterns. Most earthquakes and volcanoes occur in bands that are often along the boundaries between continents and oceans. Major mountain chains form inside continents or near their edges. Maps can help locate the different land and water features areas of Earth.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Maps of ancient land and water patterns, based on investigations of rocks and fossils, make clear how Earth’s plates have moved great distances, collided, and spread apart.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) The planet’s systems interact over scales that range from microscopic to global in size, and they operate over fractions of a second to billions of years. These interactions have shaped Earth’s history and will determine its future.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Plate tectonics is the unifying theory that explains the past and current movements of the rocks at Earth’s surface and provides a framework for understanding its geologic history. Plate movements are responsible for most continental and ocean-floor features and for the distribution of most rocks and minerals within Earth’s crust.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Plate tectonics can be viewed as the surface expression of mantle convection.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>ESS3.B Natural Hazards\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grade 4) A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 6-8) Mapping the history of natural hazards in a region, combined with an understanding of related geologic forces can help forecast the locations and likelihoods of future events.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Natural hazards and other geologic events have shaped the course of human history; [they] have significantly altered the sizes of human populations and have driven human migrations.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch3>PS4.A Wave Properties\u003c/h3>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>(Grades 9-12) Geologists use seismic waves and their reflection at interfaces between layers to probe structures deep in the planet.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most earthquakes happen along plate boundaries. Many of these locations are also where mountain building or volcanic activity occurs. Certain areas, sometimes referred to as earthquake belts, are more prone to earthquakes. One belt runs northward through the western Pacific Ocean, across the Aleutian Islands, and then down the western coasts of North and South America. This belt includes the Bay Area faults and is called the “Ring of Fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_141905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2304px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-141905 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png\" alt=\"major Bay Area Faults\" width=\"2304\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png 2304w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-400x533.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-800x1067.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-768x1024.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1440x1920.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1180x1573.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-960x1280.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2304px) 100vw, 2304px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major Bay Area Faults \u003ccite>((Courtesy of California Academy of Sciences))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The City of San Francisco experienced major earthquakes in 1906 and 1989 due to its location along the San Andreas fault. However, of the major fault systems in the Bay Area, the Hayward Fault is of most concern to geologists. Extending almost 40 miles from Fremont to San Pablo Bay, the Hayward Fault runs under some of the most densely populated areas in the country. More than two million people live and work along the fault. BART, major gas lines, schools, and trauma centers sit on or near the fault. The Hayward Fault is a prime candidate in Northern California for a magnitude 7 earthquake within the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhFMtCmHc9c&w=640&h=360]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have observed cracks and deformed curbs on sidewalks and streets in areas near the fault. These are evidence of creep, a phenomenon of slow movement on the surface of the ground even though deep beneath the surface the rock is stuck in place. When the rock that’s stuck builds up enough tension, the fault then ruptures, or slips, causing a major earthquake. The last major earthquake on the Hayward Fault was in 1868—more than 140 years ago—and historically, major earthquakes have occurred along that fault about every 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most earthquakes happen along plate boundaries. Many of these locations are also where mountain building or volcanic activity occurs. Certain areas, sometimes referred to as earthquake belts, are more prone to earthquakes. One belt runs northward through the western Pacific Ocean, across the Aleutian Islands, and then down the western coasts of North and South America. This belt includes the Bay Area faults and is called the “Ring of Fire.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_141905\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2304px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-141905 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png\" alt=\"major Bay Area Faults\" width=\"2304\" height=\"3072\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled.png 2304w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-400x533.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-800x1067.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-768x1024.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1440x1920.png 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-1180x1573.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2016/04/BayAreaFaultPlanesLabeled-960x1280.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2304px) 100vw, 2304px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Major Bay Area Faults \u003ccite>((Courtesy of California Academy of Sciences))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The City of San Francisco experienced major earthquakes in 1906 and 1989 due to its location along the San Andreas fault. However, of the major fault systems in the Bay Area, the Hayward Fault is of most concern to geologists. Extending almost 40 miles from Fremont to San Pablo Bay, the Hayward Fault runs under some of the most densely populated areas in the country. More than two million people live and work along the fault. BART, major gas lines, schools, and trauma centers sit on or near the fault. The Hayward Fault is a prime candidate in Northern California for a magnitude 7 earthquake within the next 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/GhFMtCmHc9c'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/GhFMtCmHc9c'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Geologists have observed cracks and deformed curbs on sidewalks and streets in areas near the fault. These are evidence of creep, a phenomenon of slow movement on the surface of the ground even though deep beneath the surface the rock is stuck in place. When the rock that’s stuck builds up enough tension, the fault then ruptures, or slips, causing a major earthquake. The last major earthquake on the Hayward Fault was in 1868—more than 140 years ago—and historically, major earthquakes have occurred along that fault about every 140 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Scientists use triangulation to find the epicenter of an earthquake. When seismic data is collected from at least three different locations, it can be used to determine the epicenter by where it intersects. Every earthquake is recorded on numerous seismographs located in different directions. Each seismograph records the times when the first (P waves) and second (S waves) seismic waves arrive. From that information, scientists can determine how fast the waves are traveling. Knowing this helps them calculate the distance from the epicenter to each seismograph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To determine the direction each wave traveled, scientists draw circles around the seismograph locations. The radius of each circle equals the known distance to the epicenter. Where these three circles intersect is the epicenter.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>This post is part of \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/earthquakes\">Exploring Earthquakes\u003c/a>, a rich collection of resources co-presented by the California Academy of Sciences and KQED. This material is also available as a free \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/book/earthquake/id552255768?mt=11\">iBooks textbook\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/course/earthquake/id552092722\">iTunes U course\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don’t miss \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/exhibits/earthquake-life-on-a-dynamic-planet\">Earthquake\u003c/a>, an interactive exhibit at the Academy exploring the seismic forces that impact us today and featuring the Shake House, an earthquake simulator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>California is earthquake country. For engineers, that means they need to build buildings and bridges that can stand up to the destructive power of earthquakes. But engineers can’t just wait around for the next big one to hit. Instead, they use a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/10/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table/\">giant shaking table to simulate earthquakes\u003c/a>. Your classroom doesn’t have a shaking table, but there are still some great classroom activities to help students better understand earthquakes. Check them out below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.earthsys.lp_earthquakes/earthquakes/\">What Causes an Earthquake?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this lesson from PBS LearningMedia, a mixture of video resources and hands-on activities provides students with a great understanding of what causes earthquakes and how scientists are trying to better predict them. Students learn about plate tectonics, explore the concepts of stress, strain and vibration using silly putty and a sugar cube, and discuss different kinds of earthquake damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/lessons_plans/dont-need-seismograph-study-earthquakes/\">\u003cstrong>You Don’t Need a Seismograph to Study Earthquakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis lesson plan from PBS NewsHour is broken down into three parts. First, students will research specific earthquakes from the last 20 years. Then, using rope and a slinky, students can simulate the waves of an earthquake, known as p waves and s waves. Finally, using styrofoam, toothpicks and glue, students can simulate a transform boundary, which is where two tectonic plates meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/activities/2913_volcano.html\">\u003cstrong>Volcano’s Deadly Warning\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nDesigned for a high school classroom, this activity from NOVA will teach students to identify the different patterns exhibited by volcanic seismic waves by sketching the wave patterns. To understand how these complex waves are formed, students will combine two simple sine waves. By plotting various points, students will explore the concepts of constructive versus destructive interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tryengineering.org/lesson-plans/shake-it-seismographs\">\u003cstrong>Build Your Own Seismograph\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn this activity, students learn how to build their own seismographs out of everyday items. Then, they test the device’s ability to record a simulated classroom earthquake. Students then present their findings to the class. Curriculum alignment sheets are included, allowing teachers to target any age group from 8-18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California is earthquake country. For engineers, that means they need to build buildings and bridges that can stand up to the destructive power of earthquakes. But engineers can’t just wait around for the next big one to hit. Instead, they use a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/10/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table/\">giant shaking table to simulate earthquakes\u003c/a>. Your classroom doesn’t have a shaking table, but there are still some great classroom activities to help students better understand earthquakes. Check them out below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/resource/ess05.sci.ess.earthsys.lp_earthquakes/earthquakes/\">What Causes an Earthquake?\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIn this lesson from PBS LearningMedia, a mixture of video resources and hands-on activities provides students with a great understanding of what causes earthquakes and how scientists are trying to better predict them. Students learn about plate tectonics, explore the concepts of stress, strain and vibration using silly putty and a sugar cube, and discuss different kinds of earthquake damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/lessons_plans/dont-need-seismograph-study-earthquakes/\">\u003cstrong>You Don’t Need a Seismograph to Study Earthquakes\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nThis lesson plan from PBS NewsHour is broken down into three parts. First, students will research specific earthquakes from the last 20 years. Then, using rope and a slinky, students can simulate the waves of an earthquake, known as p waves and s waves. Finally, using styrofoam, toothpicks and glue, students can simulate a transform boundary, which is where two tectonic plates meet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/activities/2913_volcano.html\">\u003cstrong>Volcano’s Deadly Warning\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nDesigned for a high school classroom, this activity from NOVA will teach students to identify the different patterns exhibited by volcanic seismic waves by sketching the wave patterns. To understand how these complex waves are formed, students will combine two simple sine waves. By plotting various points, students will explore the concepts of constructive versus destructive interference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://tryengineering.org/lesson-plans/shake-it-seismographs\">\u003cstrong>Build Your Own Seismograph\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\nIn this activity, students learn how to build their own seismographs out of everyday items. Then, they test the device’s ability to record a simulated classroom earthquake. Students then present their findings to the class. Curriculum alignment sheets are included, allowing teachers to target any age group from 8-18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>An earthquake generates a series of seismic waves that travel through the interior or near the surface of the Earth. There are four types of seismic waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How will three identically engineered buildings react to an earthquake on different types of substrate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first set of waves to be detected by seismographs are \u003cstrong>P waves, or primary waves\u003c/strong>, as they’re the fastest. They’re compressional or longitudinal waves that push and pull the ground in the direction the wave is traveling. They usually cause very little damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>S waves, or secondary waves\u003c/strong>, come next since they travel more slowly than P waves. They travel in the same direction, but they shake the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling. S waves are more dangerous than P waves because they have greater amplitude and produce vertical and horizontal motion of the ground surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowest waves, surface waves, arrive last. They travel only along the surface of the Earth. There are two types of surface waves: Love and Rayleigh waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Love waves\u003c/strong> move back and forth horizontally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rayleigh waves\u003c/strong> cause both vertical and horizontal ground motion. These can be the most destructive waves as they roll along lifting and dropping the ground as they pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to learn more about earthquakes? Check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/10/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table/\">video about how engineers use a giant shaking table\u003c/a> to design earthquake safe structures.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>An earthquake generates a series of seismic waves that travel through the interior or near the surface of the Earth. There are four types of seismic waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How will three identically engineered buildings react to an earthquake on different types of substrate?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first set of waves to be detected by seismographs are \u003cstrong>P waves, or primary waves\u003c/strong>, as they’re the fastest. They’re compressional or longitudinal waves that push and pull the ground in the direction the wave is traveling. They usually cause very little damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>S waves, or secondary waves\u003c/strong>, come next since they travel more slowly than P waves. They travel in the same direction, but they shake the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling. S waves are more dangerous than P waves because they have greater amplitude and produce vertical and horizontal motion of the ground surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The slowest waves, surface waves, arrive last. They travel only along the surface of the Earth. There are two types of surface waves: Love and Rayleigh waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Love waves\u003c/strong> move back and forth horizontally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rayleigh waves\u003c/strong> cause both vertical and horizontal ground motion. These can be the most destructive waves as they roll along lifting and dropping the ground as they pass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Want to learn more about earthquakes? Check out this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2016/03/10/simulating-earthquakes-with-a-shaking-table/\">video about how engineers use a giant shaking table\u003c/a> to design earthquake safe structures.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"ngqJALTleeosh2JhvSQygf3ACavDlNee\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a widely held belief, you can’t squeeze water from a rock. But researchers from UC Berkeley who are trying to better understand where water is stored in nature are challenging that old adage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly ten years of studying a steep, 20-square-mile area near the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River\" target=\"_blank\">South Fork Eel River\u003c/a> in coastal Mendocino County, the scientists have shown that for trees and other plants, deep and highly fractured rock formations beneath the Earth’s surface are a much larger water reservoir than was previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek.\" width=\"900\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-400x301.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-800x603.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek. \u003ccite>(Credit: Collin Bode, 2010)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The work to understand the role that “rock water” plays in the hydrologic cycle began in 2006 when researchers from UC Berkeley embarked on a multi-year study sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmkeck.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Foundation \u003c/a>called the Hydrowatch project. It was designed to precisely monitor and measure the pathways of water in Mendocino County’s \u003ca href=\"http://angelo.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve \u003c/a>as it cycles from the groundwater table to the tops of trees and into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really interested in learning the fate of precipitation in the land surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/todd-dawson/\" target=\"_blank\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, professor of \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. “So really trying to figure out when precipitation arrives at the site, where does it get into the rock, where does it get into the stream, how does is recharge the ground water, how much of it is used by the vegetation, and ultimately, how much of it ends up in the streams and going back out to the Pacific Ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning more about where water consumed by forests, or flowing through streams actually comes from is important, the scientists say, in better understanding the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the project expanded to become part of a landmark study sponsored by the National Science Foundation called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\" target=\"_blank\">Critical Zone Observatories Program\u003c/a>. Today, the site is called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/\" target=\"_blank\">Eel River CZO\u003c/a> and it’s part of a national network of ten similar watershed observation sites across the United States - each with unique climate, geology and vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg\" alt=\"The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact.\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact. \u003ccite>(Credit: National Critical Zone Observatories)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “critical zone” is relatively new and is being used by scientists to define the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. It represents a groundbreaking new approach to studying the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">hydrologic cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The critical zone really tries to capture this idea of the zone between bedrock beneath our feet, and the top of the vegetation where the trees are interacting with the atmosphere,” explains Dawson. “So it’s everything in between. It’s rock, it’s soil, it’s the vegetation, and it’s the atmosphere that’s coupled to that vegetation. That’s the critical zone. It’s where life meets rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg\" alt=\"The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface.\" width=\"640\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-400x463.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-800x926.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1180x1366.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-960x1112.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. \u003ccite>(Credit: Chorover et al., Catalina Jemez CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists across a broad range of earth, life and computer sciences – from microbiologists to geologists to electrical engineers - are now working together to conduct research and share data within the most comprehensive hydrologic science network in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve rarely studied all those things together at one site,” says \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/people/person/dietrich-william/\" target=\"_blank\">William Dietrich\u003c/a>, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley and lead Investigator at the Eel River CZO. “Geologists rarely work with microbiologists, and now all of us are working together at the same site to merge our information to see how each of the pieces work interdependently and impact the other pieces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: William Dietrich)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To gather information, researchers at the ten national sites scale trees and towers hundreds of feet tall and drill deep into bedrock to place sensors that collect climate information. Their instruments transmit real-time measurements of things like air temperature, rock moisture, soil, air and water content and stream flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the sites have so many instruments that the vegetation and landscapes look almost bionic. One tree in UC Merced’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/sierra/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Sierra CZO\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Kings_River\" target=\"_blank\">North Fork Kings River\u003c/a> in Fresno County has been dubbed the “critical zone tree” because it’s adorned with nearly 200 sensors that measure things like humidity, temperature, and water movement through the tree via sap flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg\" alt='The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors. \u003ccite>(Credit: Southern Sierra CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a plant physiologist, Dawson’s part in the project is to provide information on the role that plants and trees are playing in how water moves through the Eel River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five to eighty percent of the water on this planet is recycled through agriculture, through forests, through the plants,” he explains. “You take those plants away, you remove that straw in the Earth, that conduit for water to move out of the soil and back into the atmosphere, and that eventually can lead to deserts expanding. It changes the climate. We know for example when trees were cut down in the Amazon, there was less precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the team’s main discoveries was that large amounts of water in the Eel River watershed is stored in the massive network of fractures in the rock that can be tens to hundreds of feet thick. This “rock water reservoir” is hidden deep inside the Earth, away from the influence of evaporation. It sits beneath the soil and above the saturated layer commonly called ground water and occupies the deepest part of what hydrologists call the “unsaturated zone”. Many trees reach their deep roots into this matrix of water-filled rock fissures and use the water stored there when other water sources dry out or become unavailable. Different types of rock store water in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thinking of them as different types of sponges in the subsurface in the way they take up and retain moisture and give back that moisture to the vegetation that is rooted into them,” says Dietrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In additional to discovering the amount of water stored in underground rock fractures, Dawson and his team have learned that different types of trees actually use the “rock water” in very different ways depending on climate conditions. For example, the rock matrix inside slopes of hills is a key water resource for the largest trees in the watershed, like Douglas firs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardwood trees like tanoak, madrone and live oaks rely largely on precipitation. But when drier times come, they shift to using the more stable groundwater below the surface and then may draw on some \"rock water\" in later summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: Anthony Ambrose)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers play a larger role in moving water out of the subsurface areas in winter and early spring, Dawson says. And hardwoods are playing a larger role in summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climate and the forest change over time,” he adds, “this will lead to changes in how water enters and leaves these ecosystems because of what the vegetation on the land surface is composed of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work being done within the National Critical Zone Observatories Program is timely because of a growing sense of urgency within the scientific community that as climate is changing and lands are changing because of human use of the land surface, we’re permanently disturbing the way the Earth works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t put a singular focus on understanding the critical zone,” explains Dawson, “as we march into the future and climate continues to change we’re not going to know how to mitigate for the kinds of impacts that humans and climate are actually having on resource balance on planet Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"ngqJALTleeosh2JhvSQygf3ACavDlNee\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a widely held belief, you can’t squeeze water from a rock. But researchers from UC Berkeley who are trying to better understand where water is stored in nature are challenging that old adage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly ten years of studying a steep, 20-square-mile area near the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Fork_Eel_River\" target=\"_blank\">South Fork Eel River\u003c/a> in coastal Mendocino County, the scientists have shown that for trees and other plants, deep and highly fractured rock formations beneath the Earth’s surface are a much larger water reservoir than was previously known.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94852\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94852\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek.\" width=\"900\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-400x301.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/LiDAR3D_Landslide_Tenmile_900_678_80auto-800x603.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LiDAR image illustrating a deep seated landslide underneath vegetative cover at the South Fork Eel River confluence with Tenmile Creek. \u003ccite>(Credit: Collin Bode, 2010)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The work to understand the role that “rock water” plays in the hydrologic cycle began in 2006 when researchers from UC Berkeley embarked on a multi-year study sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wmkeck.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Keck Foundation \u003c/a>called the Hydrowatch project. It was designed to precisely monitor and measure the pathways of water in Mendocino County’s \u003ca href=\"http://angelo.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve \u003c/a>as it cycles from the groundwater table to the tops of trees and into the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We were really interested in learning the fate of precipitation in the land surface,” explains \u003ca href=\"http://nature.berkeley.edu/dawsonlab/people/todd-dawson/\" target=\"_blank\">Todd Dawson\u003c/a>, professor of \u003ca href=\"https://ib.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\">Integrative Biology at UC Berkeley\u003c/a>. “So really trying to figure out when precipitation arrives at the site, where does it get into the rock, where does it get into the stream, how does is recharge the ground water, how much of it is used by the vegetation, and ultimately, how much of it ends up in the streams and going back out to the Pacific Ocean.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Learning more about where water consumed by forests, or flowing through streams actually comes from is important, the scientists say, in better understanding the impact of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2013, the project expanded to become part of a landmark study sponsored by the National Science Foundation called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\" target=\"_blank\">Critical Zone Observatories Program\u003c/a>. Today, the site is called the \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/\" target=\"_blank\">Eel River CZO\u003c/a> and it’s part of a national network of ten similar watershed observation sites across the United States - each with unique climate, geology and vegetation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94854\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94854\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg\" alt=\"The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact.\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/CZONationalMap-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ten environmental observatories within the CZO Network study the Earth's outer skin - where water, atmosphere, soil, ecosystems interact. \u003ccite>(Credit: National Critical Zone Observatories)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The term “critical zone” is relatively new and is being used by scientists to define the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. It represents a groundbreaking new approach to studying the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle\" target=\"_blank\">hydrologic cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The critical zone really tries to capture this idea of the zone between bedrock beneath our feet, and the top of the vegetation where the trees are interacting with the atmosphere,” explains Dawson. “So it’s everything in between. It’s rock, it’s soil, it’s the vegetation, and it’s the atmosphere that’s coupled to that vegetation. That’s the critical zone. It’s where life meets rock.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94858\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg\" alt=\"The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface.\" width=\"640\" height=\"741\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1440x1667.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-400x463.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-800x926.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-1180x1366.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/czone_chorover_et_al_catalina_jemez_czo-960x1112.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The critical zone is defined as the zone that is tectonically, geologically and biologically active across the Earth’s surface. \u003ccite>(Credit: Chorover et al., Catalina Jemez CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists across a broad range of earth, life and computer sciences – from microbiologists to geologists to electrical engineers - are now working together to conduct research and share data within the most comprehensive hydrologic science network in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve rarely studied all those things together at one site,” says \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/eel/people/person/dietrich-william/\" target=\"_blank\">William Dietrich\u003c/a>, professor of Earth and Planetary Science at UC Berkeley and lead Investigator at the Eel River CZO. “Geologists rarely work with microbiologists, and now all of us are working together at the same site to merge our information to see how each of the pieces work interdependently and impact the other pieces.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94856\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94856\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg\" alt=\"Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/IMG_3788-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researchers collect soil and rock samples at the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: William Dietrich)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To gather information, researchers at the ten national sites scale trees and towers hundreds of feet tall and drill deep into bedrock to place sensors that collect climate information. Their instruments transmit real-time measurements of things like air temperature, rock moisture, soil, air and water content and stream flow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the sites have so many instruments that the vegetation and landscapes look almost bionic. One tree in UC Merced’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/sierra/\" target=\"_blank\">Southern Sierra CZO\u003c/a> on the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Fork_Kings_River\" target=\"_blank\">North Fork Kings River\u003c/a> in Fresno County has been dubbed the “critical zone tree” because it’s adorned with nearly 200 sensors that measure things like humidity, temperature, and water movement through the tree via sap flux.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94860\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-94860\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg\" alt='The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors.' width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/critical_zone_tree_1-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The \"critical zone tree\" in UC Merced’s Southern Sierra CZO has nearly 200 sensors. \u003ccite>(Credit: Southern Sierra CZO)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As a plant physiologist, Dawson’s part in the project is to provide information on the role that plants and trees are playing in how water moves through the Eel River watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Seventy-five to eighty percent of the water on this planet is recycled through agriculture, through forests, through the plants,” he explains. “You take those plants away, you remove that straw in the Earth, that conduit for water to move out of the soil and back into the atmosphere, and that eventually can lead to deserts expanding. It changes the climate. We know for example when trees were cut down in the Amazon, there was less precipitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the team’s main discoveries was that large amounts of water in the Eel River watershed is stored in the massive network of fractures in the rock that can be tens to hundreds of feet thick. This “rock water reservoir” is hidden deep inside the Earth, away from the influence of evaporation. It sits beneath the soil and above the saturated layer commonly called ground water and occupies the deepest part of what hydrologists call the “unsaturated zone”. Many trees reach their deep roots into this matrix of water-filled rock fissures and use the water stored there when other water sources dry out or become unavailable. Different types of rock store water in different ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are thinking of them as different types of sponges in the subsurface in the way they take up and retain moisture and give back that moisture to the vegetation that is rooted into them,” says Dietrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In additional to discovering the amount of water stored in underground rock fractures, Dawson and his team have learned that different types of trees actually use the “rock water” in very different ways depending on climate conditions. For example, the rock matrix inside slopes of hills is a key water resource for the largest trees in the watershed, like Douglas firs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardwood trees like tanoak, madrone and live oaks rely largely on precipitation. But when drier times come, they shift to using the more stable groundwater below the surface and then may draw on some \"rock water\" in later summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_94861\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 900px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-94861\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg\" alt=\"Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO.\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto.jpg 900w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/todd_dawson_trapping_vapor_900_675_80auto-800x600.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Todd Dawson trapping water vapor in the Eel River CZO. \u003ccite>(Credit: Anthony Ambrose)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Conifers play a larger role in moving water out of the subsurface areas in winter and early spring, Dawson says. And hardwoods are playing a larger role in summer and fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As climate and the forest change over time,” he adds, “this will lead to changes in how water enters and leaves these ecosystems because of what the vegetation on the land surface is composed of.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The work being done within the National Critical Zone Observatories Program is timely because of a growing sense of urgency within the scientific community that as climate is changing and lands are changing because of human use of the land surface, we’re permanently disturbing the way the Earth works.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we don’t put a singular focus on understanding the critical zone,” explains Dawson, “as we march into the future and climate continues to change we’re not going to know how to mitigate for the kinds of impacts that humans and climate are actually having on resource balance on planet Earth.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster",
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"content": "\u003cp>Every year around this time, millions of people around the world participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\" target=\"_blank\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>. It's an opportunity for communities to think about one very unpleasant fact: big earthquakes can and do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ShakeOut happens this month because here in California, it's \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/its-earthquake-season-join-californias-great-shakeout/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake Season\u003c/a>.\" October 17 marks the anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/\" target=\"_blank\">Loma Prieta earthquake\u003c/a>, which shook Northern California in 1989, killing 63 people and causing an estimated $6 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84599\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-84599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg\" alt=\"The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-960x642.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s another big earthquake anniversary in October that people don’t hear much about. It predated the 1906 quake by nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred on the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/hayward_fault.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in the East Bay. A lesser-known cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanandreasfault.org/\" target=\"_blank\">San Andreas Fault\u003c/a>, the Hayward Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust up to 20 miles deep that stretches roughly 70 miles from San Pablo Bay in the north to Fremont and Milpitas at its southernmost end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Idr82IP0vOAXDXScpJEacfwcmzIgFdSX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1868, the towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Fremont were hardest hit. Luckily, the area had a population of only about 1000 people at the time. Still, 30 people died in the 1868 earthquake and hundreds of buildings from the East Bay to San Francisco to Gilroy were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-84601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg\" alt=\"A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. \u003ccite>(Credit: The Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And today, more than 2.5 million people live within a stone’s throw of the Hayward Fault, including in densely populated areas like downtown Oakland. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wgcep.org/UCERF3\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey’s 2015 statewide earthquake forecast\u003c/a>, for every year that passes without a significant seismic event, the chance of another massive earthquake on the Hayward Fault increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly moving, little amounts every year,” says Tom Brocher, a senior seismologist at the USGS in Menlo Park. “And it’s allowing the Earth to move very slowly without creating large earthquakes. The problem is it’s not moving enough. And so we’ll still have big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault to make up the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84603\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-84603 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, paleoseismologists (geologists who study ancient earthquakes) at the USGS have been digging trenches across the Hayward Fault, peering into tectonic time in order to find evidence of fossil earthquakes. Once found, they are able to radiocarbon date the quakes to determine the magnitudes and dates they occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dug one trench near the Fremont BART station where they were able to find evidence of 12 major earthquakes on the Hayward Fault over the last 2,000 years. Their conclusion: the Bay Area is overdue for another big one on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the USGS updated its California earthquake forecast report. According to the report, there’s a greater chance of a very large (magnitude 7.5 or greater) earthquake on the Hayward fault that was previously thought. The chance of that occurring in the next 30 years is 3.6 percent, which seems pretty low, but the probability is up 93.7 percent from the prior forecast seven years ago. It’s also more likely that there will be a 6.7 or greater earthquake on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, with a probability of 14.4 percent, up 1.2 percent from the prior forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be more worried now? Andrew Alden, a geologist who runs the \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland Geology\u003c/a> blog, doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of the Earth’s crust is hardly different from what it was seven years ago when the USGS issued its previous forecast,” he wrote recently. “It’s we who have changed our knowledge and models have progressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alden is referring in part to new technology that has been employed recently to deepen our understanding of tectonic activity. In May, UC Berkeley seismologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/users/echaussard/SiteNew/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Estelle Chaussard\u003c/a> published an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\">earthquake model \u003c/a>that provides the clearest picture yet of the relationship between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras Fault, which lies just south of the Hayward Fault and runs from San Jose past Hollister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a satellite-based imaging technique that very accurately surveys the ground, combined with high-resolution photography, Chaussard was able to detect the exact zones where the ground near the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been creeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot? An end-to-end rupture of the Hayward Fault could cause an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. If that happened, there’s a high probability that the quake could continue onto the Calaveras Fault, causing it to rupture and raising the magnitude to around 7.8, spreading the devastation through the entire South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, these types of events will be devastating to the 7 million people who live and work in the Bay Area. And the cost could easily reach upwards of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford geophysicist Mary Lou Zoback specializes in risk and catastrophe modeling. The picture she paints of the Bay Area after a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault is nothing less than terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roadways will be shut down, the soft, water-saturated sandy deposits along the margin of the bay where we have airports and approaches to bridges, they’re likely to liquefy, ripping apart the roads,” she says. “We can we assume transportation networks will be completely disrupted and destroyed. Water will likely be shut down. There will be fires because gas lines will rupture. There won’t be enough water to fight the fires. Power will be down. Communications will be down. I often say it would be a lot like Katrina but here, we’d be speaking 150 languages as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing anyone can do to prevent earthquakes or even to predict them. So why do we need to know all this scary stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we recover from the earthquake,” says Brocher, “is determined by how well we’ve prepared for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquake scientists and disaster officials recommend that every household prepare a quake plan, get \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf72.org/supplies\" target=\"_blank\">a kit to survive \u003c/a>for three days after a major earthquake and make sure the buildings you live and work in are reinforced and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every year around this time, millions of people around the world participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\" target=\"_blank\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>. It's an opportunity for communities to think about one very unpleasant fact: big earthquakes can and do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ShakeOut happens this month because here in California, it's \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/its-earthquake-season-join-californias-great-shakeout/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake Season\u003c/a>.\" October 17 marks the anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/\" target=\"_blank\">Loma Prieta earthquake\u003c/a>, which shook Northern California in 1989, killing 63 people and causing an estimated $6 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84599\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-84599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg\" alt=\"The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-960x642.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s another big earthquake anniversary in October that people don’t hear much about. It predated the 1906 quake by nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred on the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/hayward_fault.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in the East Bay. A lesser-known cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanandreasfault.org/\" target=\"_blank\">San Andreas Fault\u003c/a>, the Hayward Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust up to 20 miles deep that stretches roughly 70 miles from San Pablo Bay in the north to Fremont and Milpitas at its southernmost end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Idr82IP0vOAXDXScpJEacfwcmzIgFdSX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1868, the towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Fremont were hardest hit. Luckily, the area had a population of only about 1000 people at the time. Still, 30 people died in the 1868 earthquake and hundreds of buildings from the East Bay to San Francisco to Gilroy were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-84601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg\" alt=\"A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. \u003ccite>(Credit: The Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And today, more than 2.5 million people live within a stone’s throw of the Hayward Fault, including in densely populated areas like downtown Oakland. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wgcep.org/UCERF3\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey’s 2015 statewide earthquake forecast\u003c/a>, for every year that passes without a significant seismic event, the chance of another massive earthquake on the Hayward Fault increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly moving, little amounts every year,” says Tom Brocher, a senior seismologist at the USGS in Menlo Park. “And it’s allowing the Earth to move very slowly without creating large earthquakes. The problem is it’s not moving enough. And so we’ll still have big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault to make up the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84603\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-84603 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, paleoseismologists (geologists who study ancient earthquakes) at the USGS have been digging trenches across the Hayward Fault, peering into tectonic time in order to find evidence of fossil earthquakes. Once found, they are able to radiocarbon date the quakes to determine the magnitudes and dates they occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dug one trench near the Fremont BART station where they were able to find evidence of 12 major earthquakes on the Hayward Fault over the last 2,000 years. Their conclusion: the Bay Area is overdue for another big one on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the USGS updated its California earthquake forecast report. According to the report, there’s a greater chance of a very large (magnitude 7.5 or greater) earthquake on the Hayward fault that was previously thought. The chance of that occurring in the next 30 years is 3.6 percent, which seems pretty low, but the probability is up 93.7 percent from the prior forecast seven years ago. It’s also more likely that there will be a 6.7 or greater earthquake on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, with a probability of 14.4 percent, up 1.2 percent from the prior forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be more worried now? Andrew Alden, a geologist who runs the \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland Geology\u003c/a> blog, doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of the Earth’s crust is hardly different from what it was seven years ago when the USGS issued its previous forecast,” he wrote recently. “It’s we who have changed our knowledge and models have progressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alden is referring in part to new technology that has been employed recently to deepen our understanding of tectonic activity. In May, UC Berkeley seismologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/users/echaussard/SiteNew/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Estelle Chaussard\u003c/a> published an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\">earthquake model \u003c/a>that provides the clearest picture yet of the relationship between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras Fault, which lies just south of the Hayward Fault and runs from San Jose past Hollister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a satellite-based imaging technique that very accurately surveys the ground, combined with high-resolution photography, Chaussard was able to detect the exact zones where the ground near the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been creeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot? An end-to-end rupture of the Hayward Fault could cause an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. If that happened, there’s a high probability that the quake could continue onto the Calaveras Fault, causing it to rupture and raising the magnitude to around 7.8, spreading the devastation through the entire South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, these types of events will be devastating to the 7 million people who live and work in the Bay Area. And the cost could easily reach upwards of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford geophysicist Mary Lou Zoback specializes in risk and catastrophe modeling. The picture she paints of the Bay Area after a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault is nothing less than terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roadways will be shut down, the soft, water-saturated sandy deposits along the margin of the bay where we have airports and approaches to bridges, they’re likely to liquefy, ripping apart the roads,” she says. “We can we assume transportation networks will be completely disrupted and destroyed. Water will likely be shut down. There will be fires because gas lines will rupture. There won’t be enough water to fight the fires. Power will be down. Communications will be down. I often say it would be a lot like Katrina but here, we’d be speaking 150 languages as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing anyone can do to prevent earthquakes or even to predict them. So why do we need to know all this scary stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we recover from the earthquake,” says Brocher, “is determined by how well we’ve prepared for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquake scientists and disaster officials recommend that every household prepare a quake plan, get \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf72.org/supplies\" target=\"_blank\">a kit to survive \u003c/a>for three days after a major earthquake and make sure the buildings you live and work in are reinforced and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Fill up a glass of water to quench your thirst. Wonder where it comes from? Chances are it’s from underground water sources called aquifers, which provide fresh water for most people on Earth. Unlike highly visible rivers and streams or lakes and ponds, aquifers are beneath the surface, so finding them is tricky\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71469\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71469 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Goeke\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke shows how a rocky outcrop is a model for understanding an aquifer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But water scientists, like University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke, know where to look for clues to groundwater deposits. Goeke took us to a rocky outcrop along a rural highway to see exposed layers of rock, sand, and gravel. “Aquifers are water-saturated layers of gravels and sands,” he said. “The open spaces between these grains store and transmit water. These outcrops give us an idea of what aquifers look like below the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Great Plains is one of the world’s largest aquifer systems, stretching from the Dakotas to Texas. Other regions in the U.S. contain a patchwork of aquifers, so locating them is no easy task. And as more states grapple with prolonged drought, it’s become critical for leaders of natural resource districts to map and manage aquifers that provide water for people and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71472\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71472\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71472\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling core samples is how hydrogeologists map aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, Jim Goeke and his colleagues have had only one practical option to find aquifers. They drill a series of test holes in search of samples of sediments that store and transmit water. “Depending on where you are, you can find sands and gravels and silts and clays,” explained Goeke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71490\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71490\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples-187x169.jpg\" alt=\"Drill Core Samples\" width=\"150\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hydrogeologist Jim Goeke examines drill core samples.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At each drill hole, geologists analyze the samples, layer by layer, to map the water-bearing sands and gravels that form aquifers. But drilling is costly and time consuming, so test holes are only drilled every three to six miles. And since they are so far apart, geologists can only estimate the shape of an aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71501\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71501\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Cannia\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Cannia is a geologist for Exploration Resources International.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Cannia, a geologist for Exploration Resources International, “Our method has been analyzing a series of drill holes and using our training and imagination to fill in the dots between sites to define aquifers.” So, getting results from drill surveys may take months or years to complete. That’s been the practice for 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Cannia is meeting with leaders of Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District to use a new option. Cannia’s company is pioneering a high-tech device to detect groundwater reserves that can map aquifers in a matter of days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71492\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71492 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM Rig\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technicians prepare the SkyTEM rig for aerial mapping.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new tool is called SkyTEM. It’s an aerial geophysical survey system -- towed by helicopter -- that measures aquifers electronically. SkyTEM uses electromagnetics, a global positioning system, lasers, loggers, and a computer strapped to a giant hexagon-shaped frame. Constructed from nonconductive fiberglass and wood, the frame will not interfere with SkyTEM’s electronics as they probe the ground for electrically conductive layers. Ringing the bottom of the frame is a cable of wound copper wires that acts as a transmitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71474\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71479\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71474\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"in flight, the SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers from 100 feet in the air.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the helicopter flies 50 miles per hour, it pulls the SkyTEM rig 100 feet above the ground, traveling back and forth in parallel lines along a predetermined mapped grid. The target for this survey is a 150-square-mile area in southeast Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannia explained that SkyTEM creates precise records by shooting rapid-fire electromagnetic waves, similar to radio signals, into the ground every 9 feet -- to a depth of 900 feet -- all the way to bedrock. “The rocks feel that radio signal and then get a little energy and send energy back out,” said Cannia. “It says, ‘I’m a sandstone’ or ‘I’m a sand and gravel body’ or ‘I’m clay and silt.’ And that’s what we’re mapping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71478\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71478 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM sends electromagnetic waves into the ground to map sands and gravels that make up aquifers. Graphic: Scott Beachler/NET Television.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM measures electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity. The sand and gravel aquifer materials resist. “So, that’s what we want to see if you want to know where the aquifer is,” he added. But clays and silts are electrically conductive, like putty. Cannia explained, “Not much water gets through putty, so that tells us where the aquifer isn’t. Between those two we map that difference and we make a map of where everything is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along each flight line, the SkyTEM signals are averaged together to produce a virtual borehole that displays in vivid colors. Blue and green mark silts and clays, while yellow and red reveal the sands and gravels that make up aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71476\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71476 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM images portray detailed 3-D maps of the area’s geology, showing the size and shape of aquifers, how much water they hold, and whether they're connected to other aquifers or surface water streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71509\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71509\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71509\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\" width=\"350\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When it’s all done,” said Cannia, “you’ll look at a picture sideways through that map and see what geologists always want to see. We want to know what’s real, knowing where we have aquifer material and where we don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes SkyTEM a good alternative to traditional aquifer mapping using drill holes? SkyTEM maps reduce the number of drill holes required to understand an aquifer. And to ensure SkyTEM images are accurate, geologists compare them to existing drill-hole sediment samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time of uncertain climate future, SkyTEM maps are an invaluable asset for natural resource districts, precisely identifying the location of aquifers and helping to manage groundwater use for the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The broadcast version of this story is titled \"Mapping Hidden Waters.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Fill up a glass of water to quench your thirst. Wonder where it comes from? Chances are it’s from underground water sources called aquifers, which provide fresh water for most people on Earth. Unlike highly visible rivers and streams or lakes and ponds, aquifers are beneath the surface, so finding them is tricky\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71469\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71469\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71469 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Goeke-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Goeke\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke shows how a rocky outcrop is a model for understanding an aquifer.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But water scientists, like University of Nebraska hydrogeologist Jim Goeke, know where to look for clues to groundwater deposits. Goeke took us to a rocky outcrop along a rural highway to see exposed layers of rock, sand, and gravel. “Aquifers are water-saturated layers of gravels and sands,” he said. “The open spaces between these grains store and transmit water. These outcrops give us an idea of what aquifers look like below the ground.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beneath the Great Plains is one of the world’s largest aquifer systems, stretching from the Dakotas to Texas. Other regions in the U.S. contain a patchwork of aquifers, so locating them is no easy task. And as more states grapple with prolonged drought, it’s become critical for leaders of natural resource districts to map and manage aquifers that provide water for people and agriculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71472\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71472\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71472\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/DrillingWS-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Drilling core samples is how hydrogeologists map aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Traditionally, Jim Goeke and his colleagues have had only one practical option to find aquifers. They drill a series of test holes in search of samples of sediments that store and transmit water. “Depending on where you are, you can find sands and gravels and silts and clays,” explained Goeke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71490\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 150px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71490\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71490\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Drill-Core-Samples-187x169.jpg\" alt=\"Drill Core Samples\" width=\"150\" height=\"135\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hydrogeologist Jim Goeke examines drill core samples.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At each drill hole, geologists analyze the samples, layer by layer, to map the water-bearing sands and gravels that form aquifers. But drilling is costly and time consuming, so test holes are only drilled every three to six miles. And since they are so far apart, geologists can only estimate the shape of an aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71501\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 200px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71501\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71501\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg\" alt=\"Jim Cannia\" width=\"200\" height=\"113\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jim-Cania1-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jim Cannia is a geologist for Exploration Resources International.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to Jim Cannia, a geologist for Exploration Resources International, “Our method has been analyzing a series of drill holes and using our training and imagination to fill in the dots between sites to define aquifers.” So, getting results from drill surveys may take months or years to complete. That’s been the practice for 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now Cannia is meeting with leaders of Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District to use a new option. Cannia’s company is pioneering a high-tech device to detect groundwater reserves that can map aquifers in a matter of days or weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71492\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71492 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Rig-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM Rig\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Technicians prepare the SkyTEM rig for aerial mapping.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new tool is called SkyTEM. It’s an aerial geophysical survey system -- towed by helicopter -- that measures aquifers electronically. SkyTEM uses electromagnetics, a global positioning system, lasers, loggers, and a computer strapped to a giant hexagon-shaped frame. Constructed from nonconductive fiberglass and wood, the frame will not interfere with SkyTEM’s electronics as they probe the ground for electrically conductive layers. Ringing the bottom of the frame is a cable of wound copper wires that acts as a transmitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71474\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71479\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71474\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-POV1.jpg-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"in flight, the SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers. \" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The SkyTEM rig electronically maps aquifers from 100 feet in the air.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the helicopter flies 50 miles per hour, it pulls the SkyTEM rig 100 feet above the ground, traveling back and forth in parallel lines along a predetermined mapped grid. The target for this survey is a 150-square-mile area in southeast Nebraska’s Lower Platte South Natural Resources District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cannia explained that SkyTEM creates precise records by shooting rapid-fire electromagnetic waves, similar to radio signals, into the ground every 9 feet -- to a depth of 900 feet -- all the way to bedrock. “The rocks feel that radio signal and then get a little energy and send energy back out,” said Cannia. “It says, ‘I’m a sandstone’ or ‘I’m a sand and gravel body’ or ‘I’m clay and silt.’ And that’s what we’re mapping.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71478\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71478\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71478 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Radar1.jpg-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM sends electromagnetic waves into the ground to map sands and gravels that make up aquifers. Graphic: Scott Beachler/NET Television.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM measures electrical conductivity and electrical resistivity. The sand and gravel aquifer materials resist. “So, that’s what we want to see if you want to know where the aquifer is,” he added. But clays and silts are electrically conductive, like putty. Cannia explained, “Not much water gets through putty, so that tells us where the aquifer isn’t. Between those two we map that difference and we make a map of where everything is.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along each flight line, the SkyTEM signals are averaged together to produce a virtual borehole that displays in vivid colors. Blue and green mark silts and clays, while yellow and red reveal the sands and gravels that make up aquifers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71476\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71476 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Grid-1-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">SkyTEM mapping produces colorful displays of aquifers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>SkyTEM images portray detailed 3-D maps of the area’s geology, showing the size and shape of aquifers, how much water they hold, and whether they're connected to other aquifers or surface water streams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71509\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-71509\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-71509\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/SkyTEM-Aquifer-3D-2-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\" width=\"350\" height=\"197\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">3-D SkyTEM aquifer map.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When it’s all done,” said Cannia, “you’ll look at a picture sideways through that map and see what geologists always want to see. We want to know what’s real, knowing where we have aquifer material and where we don’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What makes SkyTEM a good alternative to traditional aquifer mapping using drill holes? SkyTEM maps reduce the number of drill holes required to understand an aquifer. And to ensure SkyTEM images are accurate, geologists compare them to existing drill-hole sediment samples.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time of uncertain climate future, SkyTEM maps are an invaluable asset for natural resource districts, precisely identifying the location of aquifers and helping to manage groundwater use for the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The broadcast version of this story is titled \"Mapping Hidden Waters.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"perspectives": {
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"planet-money": {
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"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
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"source": "Possible"
},
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},
"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
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"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
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