In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the Ivanpah solar farm, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.
The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s BrightSource Energy, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, NRG Energy and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.
It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.
“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said Carl Zichella, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”
Ivanpah, which received a $1.6 billion loan guarantee by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.
“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.
On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.
For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.
At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.
The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in Abu Dhabi and Spain.
Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.
“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.
Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the Solana solar farm, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.
Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.
“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said Ileene Anderson, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.
Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.
Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.
“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.
The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.
“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”
Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones” on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.
In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. The plan would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.
“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.
Largest Solar Farms in the World
When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:
Name
Country
State/Province
Capacity (megawatts)
Developer
Agua Caliente
USA
AZ
278
First Solar
California Valley Solar Ranch
USA
CA
250
SunPower
Charanka Solar Park
India
Gujarat
214
Several
CPI Golmud Power Station
China
Quinghai
200
CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.
Mesquite Solar 1
USA
AZ
150
Sempra Generation
Source: SEIA
Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.
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She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_62728":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_62728","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"62728","found":true},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening","title":"Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening","publishDate":1383663655,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST Sustainability Science – TV series | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":11767,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">As World’s Largest Solar Thermal Plant Opens, California Looks to End Solar Wars\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The largest solar plant in the world - in California’s Mojave Desert - goes through its last test before opening, after a debate that pitted renewable energy against a threatened tortoise. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565559,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1545},"headData":{"title":"Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening | KQED","description":"The largest solar plant in the world - in California’s Mojave Desert - goes through its last test before opening, after a debate that pitted renewable energy against a threatened tortoise. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening","datePublished":"2013-11-05T15:00:55.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:19:19.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"},"authorsData":[{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"}],"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3872_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg","width":640,"height":360},"twImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3872_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg","width":640,"height":360},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"},"tagData":{"tags":["concentrating solar power","concentrating solar thermal","desert tortoise","full-image","Ivanpah","kqed","largest solar plant","Mojave Desert","News","pbs","QUEST","QUEST Northern California","solar energy","television","United States Geological Survey (USGS)","video"]}},"disqusIdentifier":"62728 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=62728","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/11/05/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening/","disqusTitle":"Largest Solar Plant in the World Goes Through Last Test Before Opening","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A--1eRAcQd0","path":"/quest/62728/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the last major step before the world’s largest solar plant opens in California’s Mojave Desert, engineers at the \u003ca title=\"Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/ivanpah-solar-project\">Ivanpah solar farm\u003c/a>, 40 miles south of Las Vegas, are testing the huge water boilers on top of the plant’s three 459-foot towers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $2.2 billion project is scheduled to start delivering electricity to the power grid by the end of the year, said Joseph Desmond, vice-president of marketing for Oakland’s \u003ca title=\"BrightSource Energy\" href=\"http://www.brightsourceenergy.com/\">BrightSource Energy\u003c/a>, the plant’s developer. Ivanpah is owned by BrightSource, \u003ca title=\"NRG Energy\" href=\"http://www.nrgenergy.com/\">NRG Energy\u003c/a> and Google, and is being built by Bechtel. The plant’s electricity will be purchased by Pacific Gas and Electric, in Northern California, and by Southern California Edison.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It will deliver 377 megawatts of power, enough electricity for 140,000 houses, said Desmond, and about the same output as a medium-sized natural gas-fired plant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63257\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63257\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/3921_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Power tower surrounded by mirrors\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At Ivanpah, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged around three towers like this one. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This is a major milestone for renewable energy development in North America,” said \u003ca title=\"Carl Zichella, NRDC\" href=\"http://www.nrdc.org/about/staff/carl-zichella\">Carl Zichella\u003c/a>, senior policy analyst at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental group in San Francisco. “A plant like this creates economies of scale that will reduce the costs in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah, which received a \u003ca title=\"DOE press release\" href=\"http://energy.gov/articles/doe-finalizes-16-billion-loan-guarantee-brightsource-energy-inc\">$1.6 billion loan guarantee\u003c/a> by the federal Department of Energy in 2011, is one of seven massive solar plants scheduled to open in California by 2014. In the works for years, together they’re part of the coming of age of big solar in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The boom is fueled in part by state laws designed to promote renewable energy. In California, under a measure signed by Gov. Jerry Brown two years ago, utilities are required to produce \u003ca title=\"KQED series about California's push for renewable energy\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/science/climatewatch/33by20/\">33 percent of their electricity from solar, wind and other renewable sources by 2020\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California was among the very first states to adopt a policy that required utilities to buy a certain percentage of their electricity from renewable energy sources,” said Zichella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roughly 30 states now have similar laws, which are known as \u003ca title=\"Database on renewable portfolio standards\" href=\"http://www.dsireusa.org/rpsdata/index.cfm\">renewable portfolio standards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Thursday, U.S. Sen. Edward Markey, D-Mass., introduced a bill to require every utility in America to produce 25 percent of its electricity from renewable sources by 2025. Environmentalists cheered the news, although similar bills in Congress have failed in recent years due to opposition from Republican leaders and from lawmakers who represent regions that do not have as much wind or sunshine as other areas and worry that such rules would increase monthly utility bills for consumers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63258\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63258\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4123_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Mirrors and boiler at Ivanpah solar farm\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mirrors concentrate the sun's heat onto a 120-foot boiler atop a 459-foot tower. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the next two to three weeks, engineers at Ivanpah will painstakingly point tens of thousands of mirrors onto a boiler full of water on Unit 1. Their goal: to heat the steam inside to a searing 1,400 degrees Fahrenheit, said Tim Fisk, Ivanpah project director. That’s six times hotter than boiling water. The high-pressure steam powers a turbine, which in turn generates electricity. The “loading of the boiler,” as this step is known, is the last major step before Unit 1 can start delivering electricity to the grid. Afterward boilers on the plant’s other two units will undergo similar tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At each of the plant’s three units, 100,000 to 120,000 mirrors are arranged in a circular pattern around a tower as tall as a 45-story building, on top of which sits the boiler. The mirrors are controlled by computers, which move them during the day, sunflower-like, so that they’re always picking up the sun’s rays and sending them to the boiler, a 120-foot high black rectangle of steel tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63359\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63359\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/solar_power_1200-300x160.jpg\" alt=\"Concentrating solar power v. photovoltaic\" width=\"300\" height=\"160\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Click to enlarge.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The technology is called concentrating solar thermal, and is different than the photovoltaic solar panels commonly used on rooftop installations, which transform the sun into electricity through a chemical reaction. Similar plants exist in \u003ca title=\"Shams 1\" href=\"http://www.abengoa.com/web/en/noticias_y_publicaciones/noticias/historico/2013/03_marzo/solar_20130314_2.html\">Abu Dhabi\u003c/a> and \u003ca title=\"Andasol solar plant\" href=\"http://www.solarmillennium.de/english/archiv/press/press-releases/archive-2011/2011_09_30-inauguration.html\">Spain\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Concentrating solar thermal technology offers the promise of getting around one of solar energy’s shortcomings. Because the sun only shines during the day, plants stop producing electricity at dusk. Concentrating solar thermal plants can be built to store heat in large vats full of molten salt, and can draw that heat to continue producing electricity for a few hours after sundown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63259\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63259\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/4199_Ivanpah_Mingasson_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"One of Ivanpah's three towers and turbines\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The boiler atop a 459-foot tower delivers high-pressure steam to the turbine at the bottom, which uses it to generate electricity. Photo: Gilles Mingasson / Getty Images for Bechtel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you add storage, you’re essentially making this a power plant just like a natural gas plant, meaning it has the ability to be flexible, controllable, and deliver power when it’s most valued and most needed onto the grid,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ivanpah doesn’t include storage, but the first U.S. plant with storage, the \u003ca title=\"Solana solar plant\" href=\"http://www.abengoasolar.com/web/en/nuestras_plantas/plantas_en_operacion/estados_unidos/\">Solana solar farm\u003c/a>, opened 70 miles southwest of Phoenix, in Gila Bend, Arizona, in September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the advantages of large solar plants in the desert, Ivanpah, which is located on about 3,500 acres of federal land owned by the Bureau of Land Management, ran into challenges. While the Mojave Desert is one of the best solar resources in the world and is located relatively near dense population centers like Los Angeles that need the electricity, parts of the desert are also home to endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63263\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63263\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Ivanpah_LasVegas_5-2-13-5-3-13_1505_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Desert tortoises in the Mojave Desert are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Photo: Joshua Cassidy / QUEST Northern California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“From the get-go, we knew that the Ivanpah project was located in an area that had fairly high density of desert tortoise in it,” said \u003ca title=\"Ileene Anderson, Center for Biological Diversity\" href=\"http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/about/staff/\">Ileene Anderson\u003c/a>, a biologist with the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group in Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worried that habitat disruption would impact desert tortoises, which are classified as “threatened” under the Endangered Species Act, the group testified against the project. After it was reduced in size, it obtained federal and state permits, and construction began in 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Initial surveys had led BrightSource officials to believe that they’d find 30 tortoises on the site where they were building the plant. But rains created favorable conditions for tortoises, and resulted in the company finding 173 instead. The company transferred the tortoises to pens and later moved them back onto wild land. More than 50 additional tortoises have been born in captivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you take into account the care and monitoring of all the tortoises involved in the program, it works out to be about $55,000 per tortoise,” said Desmond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_63255\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-63255\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/10/Tortoise_hatchling_Kristina_Drake_USGS_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Desert tortoise hatchling\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The care of each desert tortoise found on the Ivanpah site, or born in captivity, costs the project some $55,000, said the project's developers. Photo: Kristina Drake, USGS.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The tension between protecting threatened species and pushing for large-scale solar plants in the desert put environmental groups at odds with each other during Ivanpah’s construction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been genuine local concerns about the location of some of the earlier projects that have led people to feel not so committed to some of the renewable energy options,” said Zichella. “There’s no such thing as an impact-free energy source. If we’re going to deal with climate change, we have to understand that. And if we can choose the locations for these facilities very carefully, we can avoid a lot of the biggest problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Efforts are underway to find the best places for large renewable energy projects. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/energy/solar_energy.html\">Interior Department has identified “solar energy zones”\u003c/a> on public land in six southwestern states. These 300,000 acres are close to transmission lines and have fewer threatened species than other locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, government agencies and environmental groups are working to identify large tracts in the Mojave Desert suitable for both wind and solar plants. \u003ca title=\"Desert Renewable Energy Conservation Plan web page\" href=\"http://www.drecp.org/\">The plan\u003c/a> would also set aside land for desert species. A full draft of the plan’s environmental review is expected this fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re engaged in that process and very much looking forward to help crafting a good plan that allows for renewable energy development, as well as allowing for good, strong conservation to occur,” said Anderson.\u003cbr>\n\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Largest Solar Farms in the World\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When it opens in the next few months, the Ivanpah solar farm will be the largest in the world, providing 370 megawatts - enough electricity for 140,000 homes. The largest now:\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv id=\"solar farm table\">\n\u003ctable>\n\u003cthead>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Name\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Country\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">State/Province\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Capacity (megawatts)\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003cth>\u003cspan style=\"color: #000080\">Developer\u003c/span>\u003c/th>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/thead>\n\u003ctbody>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Agua Caliente\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>278\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>First Solar\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>California Valley Solar Ranch\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>250\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>SunPower\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>Charanka Solar Park\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>India\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Gujarat\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>214\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Several\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd nowrap>CPI Golmud Power Station\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>China\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Quinghai\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>200\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>CPI Huanghe Hydropower Co.\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003ctr>\n\u003ctd>Mesquite Solar 1\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>USA\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>AZ\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>150\u003c/td>\n\u003ctd>Sempra Generation\u003c/td>\n\u003c/tr>\n\u003c/tbody>\n\u003c/table>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Source: SEIA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting contributed by KQED Science radio reporter Lauren Sommer. Tortoise footage: Stephen M. Wessells, USGS.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/science/audio/as-worlds-largest-solar-thermal-plant-opens-california-looks-to-end-solar-wars/\">As World’s Largest Solar Thermal Plant Opens, California Looks to End Solar Wars\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/62728/largest-solar-plant-in-the-world-goes-through-last-test-before-opening","authors":["6186"],"series":["quest_11767"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11765","quest_8","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_12395","quest_12394","quest_12397","quest_12269","quest_12393","quest_3351","quest_12396","quest_10630","quest_13203","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2700","quest_2893","quest_3321","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_3357"],"featImg":"quest_62734","label":"quest_11767","isLoading":false,"hasAllInfo":true}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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