Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns
CRISPR Cures Inherited Disorder in Mice, Paving Way for Genetic Therapy Before Birth
In Rare Case, Patient Developed Resistance to CAR-T and Died
Is the Federal Government Politicizing Research Involving Fetal Tissue?
Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start
Multi-Gene Test May Find Risk for Heart Disease and More
Ambitious 'Human Cell Atlas' Aims To Catalog Every Type Of Cell In The Body
Genetic Tests Can Hurt Your Chances Of Getting Some Types Of Insurance
Potential DNA Damage From CRISPR ‘Seriously Underestimated,’ Study Finds
The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases
Anti-Aging Researcher Faces Loss of His Inspiration: His 96-Year-Old Dad
Researchers Find Herpes Viruses In Alzheimer's Brains
Player sponsored by
window.__IS_SSR__=true
window.__INITIAL_STATE__={
"attachmentsReducer": {
"audio_0": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_0",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background0.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_1": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_1",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background1.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_2": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_2",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background2.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_3": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_3",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background3.jpg"
}
}
},
"audio_4": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "audio_4",
"imgSizes": {
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/themes/KQED-unified/img/audio_bgs/background4.jpg"
}
}
},
"placeholder": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "placeholder",
"imgSizes": {
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"height": 512,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"large": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"1536x1536": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1536x1024.jpg",
"width": 1536,
"height": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"height": 533,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"height": 576,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-160x107.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 107,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"small": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"height": 372,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1020x680.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"height": 680,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1-1920x1280.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 32,
"height": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 50,
"height": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 64,
"height": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 96,
"height": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 128,
"height": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-1333x1333-1-160x160.jpg",
"width": 160,
"height": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg"
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/KQED-Default-Image-816638274-2000x1333-1.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1333
}
}
},
"futureofyou_445020": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_445020",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "445020",
"found": true
},
"parent": 445019,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-520x346.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 346
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-160x106.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 106
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-960x639.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 639
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-375x250.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 250
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8.jpg",
"width": 2000,
"height": 1331
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-1020x679.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 679
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-1200x799.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 799
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-800x532.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 532
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-1920x1278.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1278
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-1180x785.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 785
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-1920x1278.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1278
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-768x511.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 511
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/10/gettyimages-952218804_enl-c202597a13ed2b2ac22ed4e2ec6153b4c09db3c8-240x160.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 160
}
},
"publishDate": 1539363026,
"modified": 1539363144,
"caption": "DNA sleuthing helped identify Joseph James DeAngelo, the suspected East Area Rapist, who was arraigned in a Sacramento, Calif., courtroom in April.\n",
"description": "DNA sleuthing helped identify Joseph James DeAngelo, the suspected East Area Rapist, who was arraigned in a Sacramento, Calif., courtroom in April.",
"title": "DNA sleuthing helped identify Joseph James DeAngelo, the suspected East Area Rapist, who was arraigned in a Sacramento, Calif., courtroom in April.",
"credit": "Randy Pench/Sacramento Bee/TNS via Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_1194": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_1194",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1194",
"found": true
},
"parent": 1168,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-400x267.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 267
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-320x213.jpg",
"width": 320,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 213
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"height": 1280
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-800x533.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 533
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-1180x787.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 787
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-768x512.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 512
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-75x75.jpg",
"width": 75,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 75
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/04/NHGRIcrispr-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1428078628,
"modified": 1460050960,
"caption": "The gene editing tool CRISPR allows scientists to remove a damaged part of DNA and replace it with a healthy one.",
"description": null,
"title": "NHGRIcrispr",
"credit": "Ernesto del Aguila III/NHGRI",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_217336": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_217336",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "217336",
"found": true
},
"parent": 217172,
"imgSizes": {
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-400x300.jpg",
"width": 400,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 300
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3.jpg",
"width": 1279,
"height": 959
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/08/NCIExtra3-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
}
},
"publishDate": 1470434623,
"modified": 1538437974,
"caption": "An image of cancer cells.",
"description": "When cancer cells metastasize to the bone microenvironment from the primary site, they secrete factors that stimulate osteoclasts both to resorb mineralized bone matrix and release stored growth factors that further enhance the growth of cancer cells. This image shows a large multinucleated osteoclast (red) resorbing bone matrix (orange) adjacent to cancer cells (blue).",
"title": "NCIExtra3",
"credit": "Khalid Mohammad, Theresa Guise",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_444642": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_444642",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "444642",
"found": true
},
"parent": 444641,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496.jpg",
"width": 1899,
"height": 1424
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/gettyimages-1019985912-e04f7beb45ca145138151c849e5b6e1619f68496-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1538074009,
"modified": 1538074009,
"caption": null,
"description": "A conservative think tank said that the Health and Human Services announcement doesn't go far enough and that Secretary Alex Azar \"should redirect those funds to modern science and better alternatives.",
"title": "A conservative think tank said that the Health and Human Services announcement doesn't go far enough and that Secretary Alex Azar \"should redirect those funds to modern science and better alternatives.\"",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_444292": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_444292",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "444292",
"found": true
},
"parent": 444281,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-520x319.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 319
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-160x98.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 98
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-960x588.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 588
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-375x230.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 230
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2.jpg",
"width": 3000,
"height": 1839
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-1020x625.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 625
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-1180x723.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 723
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-1200x736.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 736
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-800x490.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 490
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-1920x1177.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1177
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-1180x723.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 723
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-1920x1177.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1177
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-768x471.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 471
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/09/GettyImages-1946364-2-240x147.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 147
}
},
"publishDate": 1536176596,
"modified": 1536176637,
"caption": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands from a double helix model on display at the Science Museum April 23, 2003 in London. \n",
"description": null,
"title": "GettyImages-1946364 (2)",
"credit": "Paul Gilham/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443979": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443979",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443979",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443977,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-520x319.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 319
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-160x98.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 98
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-960x588.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 588
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-375x230.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 230
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1.jpg",
"width": 3000,
"height": 1839
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-1020x625.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 625
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-1180x723.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 723
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-1200x736.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 736
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-800x490.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 490
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-1920x1177.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1177
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-1180x723.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 723
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-1920x1177.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1177
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-768x471.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 471
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/GettyImages-1946364-1-240x147.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 147
}
},
"publishDate": 1534319952,
"modified": 1534319995,
"caption": "Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands from a double helix model on display at the Science Museum April 23, 2003 in London. ",
"description": null,
"title": "GettyImages-1946364 (1)",
"credit": "Paul Gilham/Getty Images",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443906": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443906",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443906",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443905,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57.jpg",
"width": 4951,
"height": 3713
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/regeva-1-68958cd4d128903fad2dd13406ad8ea6708e0d57-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1534172626,
"modified": 1534172729,
"caption": "Aviv Regev, a core member of the Broad Institute, is leading the international Human Cell Atlas Consortium.",
"description": "Aviv Regev, a core member of the Broad Institute, is leading the international Human Cell Atlas Consortium.",
"title": "Aviv Regev, a core member of the Broad Institute, is leading the international Human Cell Atlas Consortium.",
"credit": " Casey Atkins/Broad Institute",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443830": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443830",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443830",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443829,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1.jpg",
"width": 1971,
"height": 1478
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-1920x1440.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1440
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/08/gettyimages-932736614-genetic-test-172f45cbf0a593ef5bb66f0fee21d9b7a8f613e1-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1533649746,
"modified": 1533649746,
"caption": null,
"description": "The results of genetic testing --whether done for health reasons or ancestry searches -- can be used by insurance underwriters in evaulating an application for life insurance, or a disability or long-term-care polic",
"title": "The results of genetic testing --whether done for health reasons or ancestry searches — can be used by insurance underwriters in evaulating an application for life insurance, or a disability or long-term-care policy.",
"credit": null,
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443405": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443405",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443405",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443403,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-520x293.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 293
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-1024x576.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-960x540.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576.jpg",
"width": 1024,
"height": 576
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/07/DNABreak-1024x576-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1531813223,
"modified": 1531813242,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DNA string with clipping path",
"credit": "Adobe",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_443067": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_443067",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443067",
"found": true
},
"parent": 443063,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-520x333.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 333
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-160x103.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 103
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-960x616.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 616
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-375x240.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 240
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256.jpg",
"width": 5639,
"height": 3616
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1020x654.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 654
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1180x757.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 757
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1200x769.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 769
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-800x513.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 513
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-lrg": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1920x1231.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1231
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1180x757.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 757
},
"full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-1920x1231.jpg",
"width": 1920,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 1231
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-768x492.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 492
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/iStock-684089256-240x154.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 154
}
},
"publishDate": 1530222394,
"modified": 1530222438,
"caption": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Portrait of loving senior couple celebrating birthday together, mature woman closing eyes of smiling old man presenting him birthday cake with candles as surprise",
"credit": "iStock",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_442947": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_442947",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "442947",
"found": true
},
"parent": 442945,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-520x293.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 293
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-160x90.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 90
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-960x540.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 540
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-375x211.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 211
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900.jpg",
"width": 1600,
"height": 900
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-1020x574.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 574
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-1200x675.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 675
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-800x450.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 450
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-1180x664.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 664
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-768x432.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 432
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900-240x135.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 135
}
},
"publishDate": 1529540572,
"modified": 1529540595,
"caption": "Leon Peshkin monitors his 97 year-old father Miron Peshkin at Hebrew SeniorLife on June 14, 2018. Peshkin is looking for signs of responsiveness in his father to educate his decision on whether to continue life support. ",
"description": null,
"title": "0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin008-1600x900",
"credit": "Ruby Wallau/STAT",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
},
"futureofyou_442960": {
"type": "attachments",
"id": "futureofyou_442960",
"meta": {
"index": "attachments_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "442960",
"found": true
},
"parent": 442958,
"imgSizes": {
"small": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-520x390.jpg",
"width": 520,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 390
},
"twentyfourteen-full-width": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-1038x576.jpg",
"width": 1038,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-160x120.jpg",
"width": 160,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 120
},
"fd-sm": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-960x720.jpg",
"width": 960,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 720
},
"post-thumbnail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-672x372.jpg",
"width": 672,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 372
},
"xsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-375x281.jpg",
"width": 375,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 281
},
"kqedFullSize": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"height": 900
},
"large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-1020x765.jpg",
"width": 1020,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 765
},
"xlarge": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"complete_open_graph": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-1200x900.jpg",
"width": 1200,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 900
},
"guest-author-50": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-50x50.jpg",
"width": 50,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 50
},
"guest-author-96": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-96x96.jpg",
"width": 96,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 96
},
"medium": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-800x600.jpg",
"width": 800,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 600
},
"guest-author-64": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-64x64.jpg",
"width": 64,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 64
},
"guest-author-32": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-32x32.jpg",
"width": 32,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 32
},
"fd-med": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-1180x885.jpg",
"width": 1180,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 885
},
"detail": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-150x150.jpg",
"width": 150,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 150
},
"medium_large": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-768x576.jpg",
"width": 768,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 576
},
"guest-author-128": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-128x128.jpg",
"width": 128,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 128
},
"xxsmall": {
"file": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2018/06/sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85-240x180.jpg",
"width": 240,
"mimeType": "image/jpeg",
"height": 180
}
},
"publishDate": 1529606021,
"modified": 1529606047,
"caption": "Several circular herpes virus particles are seen near a cell membrane. Roseola herpes virus causes a childhood illness marked by skin rashes and now has been found in brains with Alzheimer's disease.\n",
"description": null,
"title": "sciencesource_ss21282963-62ce9b9d18a7451091c338a46a94b2eed479e7c1-s1200-c85",
"credit": "NCI/Science Source",
"status": "inherit",
"isLoading": false,
"fetchFailed": false
}
},
"audioPlayerReducer": {
"postId": "stream_live",
"isPaused": true,
"isPlaying": false,
"pfsActive": false,
"pledgeModalIsOpen": true,
"playerDrawerIsOpen": false,
"liveAudioPlayStartedAt": 0,
"liveAudioPlayContext": ""
},
"authorsReducer": {
"byline_futureofyou_445019": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_445019",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_445019",
"name": "Rob Stein, NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_444942": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_444942",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_444942",
"name": "Sharon Begley\u003cbr />STAT",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_444751": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_444751",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_444751",
"name": "Andrew Joseph\u003cbr />STAT",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_444641": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_444641",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_444641",
"name": "Laurel Wamsley, NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_444281": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_444281",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_444281",
"name": "Marilynn Marchione\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443977": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443977",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443977",
"name": "Lauran Neergaard\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443905": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443905",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443905",
"name": "Karen Weintraub, NPR",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443829": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443829",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443829",
"name": "Michelle Andrews, KHN",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443403": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443403",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443403",
"name": "Sharon Begley\u003cbr />STAT",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_443063": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_443063",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_443063",
"name": "Meghana Keshavan\u003cbr />STAT",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_442945": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_442945",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_442945",
"name": "Karen Weintraub\u003cbr />STAT",
"isLoading": false
},
"byline_futureofyou_442958": {
"type": "authors",
"id": "byline_futureofyou_442958",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"slug": "byline_futureofyou_442958",
"name": "Jon Hamilton, NPR",
"isLoading": false
}
},
"pagesReducer": {
"futureofyou_collection_your-genes": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1094",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1094",
"score": 16.593105
},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Genes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Genes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1094,
"slug": "your-genes",
"isLoading": false,
"title": "Your Genes",
"pageMeta": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"WpPageTemplate": "page-topic-editorial"
},
"blocks": [
{
"blockName": "kqed/post-list",
"attrs": {
"layout": "cardArticle2",
"query": "posts/futureofyou?collection=your-genes",
"seeMore": true,
"paginated": false,
"page": 1
}
},
{
"blockName": "kqed/ad"
}
]
}
},
"pfsSessionReducer": {},
"postsReducer": {
"stream_live": {
"type": "live",
"id": "stream_live",
"audioUrl": "https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio",
"title": "Live Stream",
"excerpt": "Live Stream information currently unavailable.",
"link": "/radio",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "KQED Live",
"link": "/"
}
},
"stream_kqedNewscast": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "stream_kqedNewscast",
"audioUrl": "https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1",
"title": "KQED Newscast",
"featImg": "",
"label": {
"name": "88.5 FM",
"link": "/"
}
},
"futureofyou_445019": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_445019",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "445019",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1539363244000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1539363244,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns",
"title": "Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Police in California \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made headlines\u003c/a> this spring when they charged a former police officer with being the Golden State Killer, a man who allegedly committed a series of notorious rapes and murders in the 1970s and '80s.[contextly_sidebar id=\"wnxqjWPunPnkNxirmoKmxB8OyxTBzMuy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities revealed they used DNA from a publicly available genealogy website to crack the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, police around the country have started doing the same sort of thing to solve other cold cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/management/yaniv_erlich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yaniv Erlich, \u003c/a>the chief science officer at the Israeli company \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MyHeritage\u003c/a>, to investigate just how easy it is to use public genealogy databases to track down people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to quantify how powerful this technique is to identify individuals,\" Erlich says. So he and his colleagues analyzed the genomes of 1.28 million people in the company's database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aau4832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, the researchers projected that they could identify third cousins and more closely related relatives in more than 60 percent of people of European descent. (They chose this group because most people in their database have that ancestry.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of like each person in this database is a beacon that illuminates hundreds of distant relatives,\" Erlich says. \"So it's enough to have your third cousin or your second cousin once-removed in these databases to actually identify you.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"B44UUm4fmJ0qJhwetu8JjvUYBxbNVQtq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers combined their strategy with other information, such a specific geographic area or the approximate age of a person, they could quickly reduce a list of possibilities to just a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, you need the genealogical records. You need to do the work. But you have enough power to to get very close,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's not all. Erlich estimates that as his and other databases grow, investigators will essentially be able to identify anyone in the United States within that ethnic background within a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems that very quickly we can get virtually to nearly everyone,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another part of the study, the researchers went even further to see if they could do the same thing with other DNA databases. They were able to use their techniques to identify a supposedly anonymous woman whose DNA was stored in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,000 Genomes Project\u003c/a>, a National Institutes of Health research database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This technique doesn't only get you criminals,\" Erlich says. \"You can also use this technique for other purposes — maybe purposes that could be illegitimate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, he says, raises serious questions about privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The police currently [are] using these techniques to find ... [murderers] and bad people,\" Erlich says. \"But are we OK with using this technique to identify people in a political demonstration who left their DNA behind? There are many scenarios that you can think about misuse.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"EdtIiFNqDOAH81r6zsse3iX6ZCM6PiDN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some people involved in genealogical forensics defend the use of the techniques to help solves serious crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was excited to see this demonstration that genetic genealogy is so powerful,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.parabon-nanolabs.com/nanolabs/news-events/2015/10/snapshot-ishi-presentation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ellen Greytak\u003c/a>, director of bioinformatics at \u003ca href=\"https://parabon-nanolabs.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parabon Nanolabs, Inc.\u003c/a>, which helps police solve crimes this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're working on these cases that haven't been able to be solved for decades. They are all either homicide or sexual assault. And some of these are horrific,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Greytak and her colleagues caution that this study suggests the process is easier than it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a number of problematic assumptions made in the study that do not reflect the reality of the work I am doing,\" writes \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/p/about-me.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CeCe Moore\u003c/a>, who works with Parabon, in an e-mail. \"The study demonstrates the power of genetic genealogy in a theoretical way, but does not fully capture the challenges of the work in practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others argue that the findings underscore the need to make sure people know what they're getting into when they provide their genetic information to genealogy services and other databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you make those decisions to put the genome out in the world it's really hard to dial it back,\" \u003ca href=\"https://its.law.nyu.edu/facultyprofiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=profile.overview&personid=31567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erin Murphy\u003c/a>, a professor at the New York University School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And more importantly,\" she says, \"you've made a decision not just for yourself but for your siblings, for your distant cousins, people you don't even know you're related to, for your children, for your children's children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31180-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em> found that it could be possible to link ancestry databases to older law enforcement DNA databases, giving police yet another potential tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were trying to pose the question of whether a newer, more modern system of genetic markers could be tested against the old system and still get matches and find relatives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/noah-rosenberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Rosenberg\u003c/a>, a biology professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking these studies together, some bioethicists and legal experts say they show that it's important to take steps to protect genetic information and make sure people providing DNA samples are aware of the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can tell people that we can de-identify their data,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bioethics.nih.gov/people/berkman-bio.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benjamin Berkman\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the National Institutes of Health, who was speaking for himself, not NIH. \"We can tell them about all the procedural and technical safeguards that we've put in place to protect the confidentiality of their data. But I don't think we can promise people anonymity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Berkman says, \"it's incumbent on anyone collecting and aggregating and sharing genomic data to be clear exactly how the data will be treated and whether there are any risks to genomic privacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Erlich proposes that all genetic information be encrypted to protect the information and enable people to explicitly provide consent for using their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It sounds geeky and complicated, but it's very simple in practice,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Easy+DNA+Identifications+With+Genealogy+Databases+Raise+Privacy+Concerns&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "445019 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445019",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/12/easy-dna-identifications-with-genealogy-databases-raise-privacy-concerns/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 989,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 32
},
"modified": 1539363353,
"excerpt": "A majority of Americans of European descent could be linked to third cousins, or closer relatives, using genealogy databases, a study finds. Soon it may be possible to identify nearly everyone by DNA.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A majority of Americans of European descent could be linked to third cousins, or closer relatives, using genealogy databases, a study finds. Soon it may be possible to identify nearly everyone by DNA.",
"title": "Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns",
"datePublished": "2018-10-12T09:54:04-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-10-12T09:55:53-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "easy-dna-identifications-with-genealogy-databases-raise-privacy-concerns",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=656268742&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprStoryDate": "Thu, 11 Oct 2018 15:58:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Thu, 11 Oct 2018 16:51:42 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/11/656268742/easy-dna-identifications-with-genealogy-databases-raise-privacy-concerns?ft=nprml&f=656268742",
"nprAudio": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/10/20181011_atc_easy_dna_identifications_with_genealogy_databases_raise_privacy_concerns.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=251&p=2&story=656268742&ft=nprml&f=656268742",
"nprImageAgency": "Randy Pench/Sacramento Bee/TNS via Getty Images",
"source": "DIY Health",
"nprAudioM3u": "http://api.npr.org/m3u/1656682250-420468.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=251&p=2&story=656268742&ft=nprml&f=656268742",
"nprStoryId": "656268742",
"nprByline": "Rob Stein, NPR",
"audioTrackLength": 251,
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Thu, 11 Oct 2018 18:53:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/445019/easy-dna-identifications-with-genealogy-databases-raise-privacy-concerns",
"audioUrl": "https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/10/20181011_atc_easy_dna_identifications_with_genealogy_databases_raise_privacy_concerns.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=251&p=2&story=656268742&ft=nprml&f=656268742",
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Police in California \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made headlines\u003c/a> this spring when they charged a former police officer with being the Golden State Killer, a man who allegedly committed a series of notorious rapes and murders in the 1970s and '80s.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities revealed they used DNA from a publicly available genealogy website to crack the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, police around the country have started doing the same sort of thing to solve other cold cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/management/yaniv_erlich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yaniv Erlich, \u003c/a>the chief science officer at the Israeli company \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MyHeritage\u003c/a>, to investigate just how easy it is to use public genealogy databases to track down people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to quantify how powerful this technique is to identify individuals,\" Erlich says. So he and his colleagues analyzed the genomes of 1.28 million people in the company's database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aau4832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, the researchers projected that they could identify third cousins and more closely related relatives in more than 60 percent of people of European descent. (They chose this group because most people in their database have that ancestry.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of like each person in this database is a beacon that illuminates hundreds of distant relatives,\" Erlich says. \"So it's enough to have your third cousin or your second cousin once-removed in these databases to actually identify you.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers combined their strategy with other information, such a specific geographic area or the approximate age of a person, they could quickly reduce a list of possibilities to just a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, you need the genealogical records. You need to do the work. But you have enough power to to get very close,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's not all. Erlich estimates that as his and other databases grow, investigators will essentially be able to identify anyone in the United States within that ethnic background within a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems that very quickly we can get virtually to nearly everyone,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another part of the study, the researchers went even further to see if they could do the same thing with other DNA databases. They were able to use their techniques to identify a supposedly anonymous woman whose DNA was stored in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,000 Genomes Project\u003c/a>, a National Institutes of Health research database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This technique doesn't only get you criminals,\" Erlich says. \"You can also use this technique for other purposes — maybe purposes that could be illegitimate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, he says, raises serious questions about privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The police currently [are] using these techniques to find ... [murderers] and bad people,\" Erlich says. \"But are we OK with using this technique to identify people in a political demonstration who left their DNA behind? There are many scenarios that you can think about misuse.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some people involved in genealogical forensics defend the use of the techniques to help solves serious crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was excited to see this demonstration that genetic genealogy is so powerful,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.parabon-nanolabs.com/nanolabs/news-events/2015/10/snapshot-ishi-presentation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ellen Greytak\u003c/a>, director of bioinformatics at \u003ca href=\"https://parabon-nanolabs.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parabon Nanolabs, Inc.\u003c/a>, which helps police solve crimes this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're working on these cases that haven't been able to be solved for decades. They are all either homicide or sexual assault. And some of these are horrific,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Greytak and her colleagues caution that this study suggests the process is easier than it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a number of problematic assumptions made in the study that do not reflect the reality of the work I am doing,\" writes \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/p/about-me.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CeCe Moore\u003c/a>, who works with Parabon, in an e-mail. \"The study demonstrates the power of genetic genealogy in a theoretical way, but does not fully capture the challenges of the work in practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others argue that the findings underscore the need to make sure people know what they're getting into when they provide their genetic information to genealogy services and other databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you make those decisions to put the genome out in the world it's really hard to dial it back,\" \u003ca href=\"https://its.law.nyu.edu/facultyprofiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=profile.overview&personid=31567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erin Murphy\u003c/a>, a professor at the New York University School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And more importantly,\" she says, \"you've made a decision not just for yourself but for your siblings, for your distant cousins, people you don't even know you're related to, for your children, for your children's children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31180-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em> found that it could be possible to link ancestry databases to older law enforcement DNA databases, giving police yet another potential tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were trying to pose the question of whether a newer, more modern system of genetic markers could be tested against the old system and still get matches and find relatives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/noah-rosenberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Rosenberg\u003c/a>, a biology professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking these studies together, some bioethicists and legal experts say they show that it's important to take steps to protect genetic information and make sure people providing DNA samples are aware of the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can tell people that we can de-identify their data,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bioethics.nih.gov/people/berkman-bio.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benjamin Berkman\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the National Institutes of Health, who was speaking for himself, not NIH. \"We can tell them about all the procedural and technical safeguards that we've put in place to protect the confidentiality of their data. But I don't think we can promise people anonymity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Berkman says, \"it's incumbent on anyone collecting and aggregating and sharing genomic data to be clear exactly how the data will be treated and whether there are any risks to genomic privacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Erlich proposes that all genetic information be encrypted to protect the information and enable people to explicitly provide consent for using their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It sounds geeky and complicated, but it's very simple in practice,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Easy+DNA+Identifications+With+Genealogy+Databases+Raise+Privacy+Concerns&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/445019/easy-dna-identifications-with-genealogy-databases-raise-privacy-concerns",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_445019"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_464",
"futureofyou_17",
"futureofyou_197"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1093",
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_445020",
"label": "source_futureofyou_445019"
},
"futureofyou_444942": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_444942",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "444942",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1539118849000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1539118849,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "CRISPR Cures Inherited Disorder in Mice, Paving Way for Genetic Therapy Before Birth",
"title": "CRISPR Cures Inherited Disorder in Mice, Paving Way for Genetic Therapy Before Birth",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Nearly 40 years after surgeons first \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2011/02/9366/ucsf-surgeon-reflects-performing-worlds-first-fetal-surgery-30-years-ago\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">operated on fetuses\u003c/a> to cure devastating abnormalities, researchers have taken the first step toward curing genetic disease before birth via genome editing: scientists reported on Monday that they used the genome editing technique CRISPR to alter the DNA of laboratory mice in the womb, eliminating an often-fatal liver disease before the animals had even been born.[contextly_sidebar id=\"kLt87B75fzdQ6XiJiVHbmy8S3RDMp2KF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The research, by a team at the University of Pennsylvania and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), is a very early proof of concept. But while CRISPRing human fetuses is years away, at best, the success in mice bolsters what Dr. William Peranteau, who co-led the study, calls his dream of curing genetic diseases before birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">“A lot more animal work needs to be done before we can even think about applying this [fetal genome editing] clinically,” said Peranteau, a pediatric and fetal surgeon at CHOP. “But I think fetal genome editing may be where fetal surgery [which is now routine] once was, and that one day we’ll use it to treat diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon Waddington of University College London, a leader in research to develop fetal gene therapy who was not involved in the new study, called the CRISPR approach “an elegant refinement of the brute-force technology” that’s been the focus of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0106-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">animal studies\u003c/a> of fetal genetic therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success in mouse fetuses raises the possibility that, even before \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/25/can-gene-therapy-halt-diseases-in-babies-before-theyre-even-born/\">traditional gene therapy\u003c/a> is ready to treat inherited disorders in utero, genome editing might emerge as a safer, more effective approach. In traditional gene therapy, an entire healthy gene is ferried, typically by a virus, into cells containing a disease-causing gene. With CRISPR, only the mutated bit of a defective gene is changed. It’s the difference between retyping a whole 5,000 word document and using Word’s “find and replace” to correct a typo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think this represents a safer and more precise way to make changes in the genome,” said Dr. Kiran Musunuru of Penn and a co-leader of the study. “It’s is the better way forward if you want to take CRISPR into the clinic.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"WspKwnRfkmuJ8Ui6Pu5mBgKtCSqZqfJ5\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rationale for fetal genetic therapy is simple: it could halt a disease before it causes irreversible and even fatal damage. In people, the inherited liver disease that the scientists targeted in mice, called hereditary tyrosinemia type 1, starts damaging the liver months before birth. Another rationale: because a fetus’s immune system is immature, it is less likely than even a newborn’s to attack the alien CRISPR molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0184-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature Medicine\u003c/a>, Musunuru and his colleagues gently opened the uterus of a pregnant mouse, removed the fetus from the amniotic sac, and injected CRISPR into the vitelline vein, which is near the surface of the sac and connects to the liver. “We wanted to make sure we got the genome editor into the liver rather than everywhere else,” Musunuru said. The fetus was then replaced in the uterus and was born normally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of using the original form of CRISPR, which cuts DNA where a gene is mutated and inserts a replacement string of A’s, T’s, C’s, and G’s, the scientists used the form of CRISPR called base editing. \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/04/20/clever-crispr-advance-unveiled/%5D\">Invented\u003c/a> just two years ago, base editing changes an incorrect DNA letter, or base, to the correct one, such as a C to a T or a G to an A. Its advantage is that it doesn’t need to cut DNA to do this, as CRISPR 1.0 does; those cuts can wreak \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/16/crispr-potential-dna-damage-underestimated/\">genetic havoc\u003c/a>, with unknown consequences for CRISPR’d cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a dry run, the scientists first made a CRISPR base editor that changes a \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PCSK9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gene called PCSK9\u003c/a>, which makes a protein that helps regulate the amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream, into a super-cholesterol-lowering form. When injected into mouse fetuses, the base editor changed liver cells as intended and left other organs alone. Crucially, the mouse mother showed no effects of the CRISPR treatment. After birth, the baby mice had ultra-low cholesterol levels, showing that the CRISPR base editor had worked. Only about 15 percent of the liver cells of the baby mice had been edited, but that fraction remained stable through the animals’ adulthood.[contextly_sidebar id=\"7RKromVt2cYnSDdz2L7SJg04iooF89dn\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of genetic havoc from the base editing was low: about 2 percent, compared to 40 percent for many uses of traditional CRISPR. And none of the likely spots for “off target” effects — DNA sites that resemble the target and so might be inadvertently edited — showed any sign of being altered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Philadelphia scientists then tried their technique on hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. HT1, which strikes 1 in 100,000 newborns worldwide, is \u003ca href=\"https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/2658/tyrosinemia-type-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caused by\u003c/a> any of several mutations in a \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/FAH\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gene called FAH\u003c/a>. All the mutations cause the build-up of toxic breakdown products of the amino acid tyrosine, a component of protein, and ultimately destroy the liver. Treatment with the drug nitisinone and a strict tyrosine-free diet is not always effective, with the result that children sometimes develop fatal liver failure or liver cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists used their base editor on a gene related to the disease-causing one. If this gene, \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/HPD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called HPD\u003c/a>, is disabled, then no toxic metabolites of tyrosine ever get to where FAH is unable to handle them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing a C to a T in the HPD gene disabled it. No toxic molecules built up in the livers of the fetal mice. No other organs showed signs of editing, no off-target effects were detected, and having only 15 percent of their liver cells edited was enough to cure the mice and keep them cured into adulthood. “We weren’t expecting it, but the genome-edited mice did much better” than mice treated with nitisinone, Musunuru said. “They survived longer and gained more weight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists hope to study fetal base editing for other severe congenital diseases. It remains to be seen whether this technique or conventional gene therapy, which provides an entire replacement gene, will work better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d consider that CRISPR isn’t a replacement” for the latter, Waddington said, “but will be an additional tool” for curing genetic diseases in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/08/crispr-cures-inherited-disorder-in-mice-paving-way-for-genetic-therapy-before-birth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "444942 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444942",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/09/crispr-cures-inherited-disorder-in-mice-paving-way-for-genetic-therapy-before-birth/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1141,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 16
},
"modified": 1539042769,
"excerpt": "In mice with a fatal genetic disease, toxic proteins begin accumulating in the liver before birth. CRISPR performed in utero reversed the condition.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "In mice with a fatal genetic disease, toxic proteins begin accumulating in the liver before birth. CRISPR performed in utero reversed the condition.",
"title": "CRISPR Cures Inherited Disorder in Mice, Paving Way for Genetic Therapy Before Birth | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "CRISPR Cures Inherited Disorder in Mice, Paving Way for Genetic Therapy Before Birth",
"datePublished": "2018-10-09T14:00:49-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-10-08T16:52:49-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "crispr-cures-inherited-disorder-in-mice-paving-way-for-genetic-therapy-before-birth",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Sharon Begley\u003cbr />STAT",
"source": "Hope/Hype",
"path": "/futureofyou/444942/crispr-cures-inherited-disorder-in-mice-paving-way-for-genetic-therapy-before-birth",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">Nearly 40 years after surgeons first \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2011/02/9366/ucsf-surgeon-reflects-performing-worlds-first-fetal-surgery-30-years-ago\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">operated on fetuses\u003c/a> to cure devastating abnormalities, researchers have taken the first step toward curing genetic disease before birth via genome editing: scientists reported on Monday that they used the genome editing technique CRISPR to alter the DNA of laboratory mice in the womb, eliminating an often-fatal liver disease before the animals had even been born.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The research, by a team at the University of Pennsylvania and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), is a very early proof of concept. But while CRISPRing human fetuses is years away, at best, the success in mice bolsters what Dr. William Peranteau, who co-led the study, calls his dream of curing genetic diseases before birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">“A lot more animal work needs to be done before we can even think about applying this [fetal genome editing] clinically,” said Peranteau, a pediatric and fetal surgeon at CHOP. “But I think fetal genome editing may be where fetal surgery [which is now routine] once was, and that one day we’ll use it to treat diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simon Waddington of University College London, a leader in research to develop fetal gene therapy who was not involved in the new study, called the CRISPR approach “an elegant refinement of the brute-force technology” that’s been the focus of \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0106-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">animal studies\u003c/a> of fetal genetic therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success in mouse fetuses raises the possibility that, even before \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/25/can-gene-therapy-halt-diseases-in-babies-before-theyre-even-born/\">traditional gene therapy\u003c/a> is ready to treat inherited disorders in utero, genome editing might emerge as a safer, more effective approach. In traditional gene therapy, an entire healthy gene is ferried, typically by a virus, into cells containing a disease-causing gene. With CRISPR, only the mutated bit of a defective gene is changed. It’s the difference between retyping a whole 5,000 word document and using Word’s “find and replace” to correct a typo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We think this represents a safer and more precise way to make changes in the genome,” said Dr. Kiran Musunuru of Penn and a co-leader of the study. “It’s is the better way forward if you want to take CRISPR into the clinic.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rationale for fetal genetic therapy is simple: it could halt a disease before it causes irreversible and even fatal damage. In people, the inherited liver disease that the scientists targeted in mice, called hereditary tyrosinemia type 1, starts damaging the liver months before birth. Another rationale: because a fetus’s immune system is immature, it is less likely than even a newborn’s to attack the alien CRISPR molecules.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their study, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0184-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature Medicine\u003c/a>, Musunuru and his colleagues gently opened the uterus of a pregnant mouse, removed the fetus from the amniotic sac, and injected CRISPR into the vitelline vein, which is near the surface of the sac and connects to the liver. “We wanted to make sure we got the genome editor into the liver rather than everywhere else,” Musunuru said. The fetus was then replaced in the uterus and was born normally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead of using the original form of CRISPR, which cuts DNA where a gene is mutated and inserts a replacement string of A’s, T’s, C’s, and G’s, the scientists used the form of CRISPR called base editing. \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/04/20/clever-crispr-advance-unveiled/%5D\">Invented\u003c/a> just two years ago, base editing changes an incorrect DNA letter, or base, to the correct one, such as a C to a T or a G to an A. Its advantage is that it doesn’t need to cut DNA to do this, as CRISPR 1.0 does; those cuts can wreak \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/16/crispr-potential-dna-damage-underestimated/\">genetic havoc\u003c/a>, with unknown consequences for CRISPR’d cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a dry run, the scientists first made a CRISPR base editor that changes a \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/PCSK9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gene called PCSK9\u003c/a>, which makes a protein that helps regulate the amount of cholesterol in the bloodstream, into a super-cholesterol-lowering form. When injected into mouse fetuses, the base editor changed liver cells as intended and left other organs alone. Crucially, the mouse mother showed no effects of the CRISPR treatment. After birth, the baby mice had ultra-low cholesterol levels, showing that the CRISPR base editor had worked. Only about 15 percent of the liver cells of the baby mice had been edited, but that fraction remained stable through the animals’ adulthood.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The amount of genetic havoc from the base editing was low: about 2 percent, compared to 40 percent for many uses of traditional CRISPR. And none of the likely spots for “off target” effects — DNA sites that resemble the target and so might be inadvertently edited — showed any sign of being altered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Philadelphia scientists then tried their technique on hereditary tyrosinemia type 1. HT1, which strikes 1 in 100,000 newborns worldwide, is \u003ca href=\"https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/2658/tyrosinemia-type-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">caused by\u003c/a> any of several mutations in a \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/FAH\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gene called FAH\u003c/a>. All the mutations cause the build-up of toxic breakdown products of the amino acid tyrosine, a component of protein, and ultimately destroy the liver. Treatment with the drug nitisinone and a strict tyrosine-free diet is not always effective, with the result that children sometimes develop fatal liver failure or liver cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists used their base editor on a gene related to the disease-causing one. If this gene, \u003ca href=\"https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/HPD\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">called HPD\u003c/a>, is disabled, then no toxic metabolites of tyrosine ever get to where FAH is unable to handle them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Changing a C to a T in the HPD gene disabled it. No toxic molecules built up in the livers of the fetal mice. No other organs showed signs of editing, no off-target effects were detected, and having only 15 percent of their liver cells edited was enough to cure the mice and keep them cured into adulthood. “We weren’t expecting it, but the genome-edited mice did much better” than mice treated with nitisinone, Musunuru said. “They survived longer and gained more weight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists hope to study fetal base editing for other severe congenital diseases. It remains to be seen whether this technique or conventional gene therapy, which provides an entire replacement gene, will work better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’d consider that CRISPR isn’t a replacement” for the latter, Waddington said, “but will be an additional tool” for curing genetic diseases in the womb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/08/crispr-cures-inherited-disorder-in-mice-paving-way-for-genetic-therapy-before-birth/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/444942/crispr-cures-inherited-disorder-in-mice-paving-way-for-genetic-therapy-before-birth",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_444942"
],
"programs": [
"futureofyou_54"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_94",
"futureofyou_927",
"futureofyou_324"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1097",
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_1194",
"label": "source_futureofyou_444942"
},
"futureofyou_444751": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_444751",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "444751",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1538506822000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1538506822,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "In Rare Case, Patient Developed Resistance to CAR-T and Died",
"title": "In Rare Case, Patient Developed Resistance to CAR-T and Died",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">To make CAR-T therapies, the pioneering cancer treatments, scientists introduce a gene into the body’s immune cells that \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/12/06/cancer-car-t-factory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">turns them into cancer-homing attackers\u003c/a>. But in one case described by scientists Monday, the gene was inadvertently delivered to a cancer cell instead, camouflaging it from the therapy and allowing the cancer to develop resistance to treatment.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2oDy3tMb8Wl0Nea5cfkgpFgdjClpiQ4V\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The patient ultimately died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The case, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0201-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in the journal Nature Medicine, appears to have been exceedingly rare — one occurrence among \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/17/car-t-bottleneck-cell-collection-centers-feel-crunch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the hundreds of cases\u003c/a> of CAR-T treatment that have been examined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">But as the treatments become more widely used, experts say, the case also points to the importance of researchers understanding all the ways in which \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/10/27/car-t-kite-cell-journey/\" rel=\"noopener\">the process of making them\u003c/a> can go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“We’re going to need papers like this one” to identify how cancers can become resistant to CAR-Ts, said Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/jason_westin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jason Westin\u003c/a>, who leads the aggressive lymphoma team at MD Anderson Cancer Center and who was not involved in the new report. “But this CAR-T data is one of the most exciting things we’ve seen in cancer in forever. Having rare theoretical things that actually happen is concerning, but it should in no way temper the potential for the future of CAR-T cells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors have discussed the case, which occurred about five years ago, at scientific meetings, helping to spread awareness. And the process of manufacturing CAR-Ts has improved over that time, reducing the chance that a cancer cell inadvertently receives the gene meant for immune cells.[contextly_sidebar id=\"sNFqnG5MPMrhzsMuBzMQ3TNcRwq8tXmr\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting much better at getting a purer starting population” of immune cells, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g20001883/p8587263\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jos Melenhorst\u003c/a>, an immunology expert at the University of Pennsylvania and one of the authors of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subject of the newly described case was a 20-year-old man with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He was participating in a Phase 1 clinical trial for a CAR-T product then called CTL019, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2017/august/fda-approves-personalized-cellular-therapy-for-advanced-leukemia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was developed\u003c/a> by researchers at Penn and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with any CAR-T patient, the man had immune cells called T cells scooped out from his blood through a process called apheresis. Then, those cells were supercharged with a gene that codes for a receptor (the CAR in CAR-T) that turns the cells into bloodhounds on the scent for a specific marker on cancer cells — in this case, a protein called CD19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was infused with a phalanx of the killer T cells, which then swarmed and annihilated the cancer cells. Within a month, his cancer seemed to be in complete remission, Melenhorst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as researchers tracked the patient, they noticed something odd. They kept seeing signs of CAR-marked cells, but it wasn’t the body’s T cells expressing CAR anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ran a battery of experiments and confirmed their suspicions: a leukemic B cell had gotten lumped together with the T cells during the manufacturing process and had also taken up the CAR gene. As a result, the leukemia cell was expressing the CAR, which then attached to the CD19 markers, effectively shielding it from the CD19-sniffing machinery of the boosted T cells. It was as if in a game of musical chairs the targeted seat was already filled by the time the music stopped.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nOqcMe5IVLJeCcUCHhq3Pk58784HwGoF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The CAR-T cell couldn’t bind to the CD19 molecule, and thereby it was essentially hiding in plain sight,” Melenhorst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the T cells attacked the rest of the leukemia cells, this cell laid low for the most part, slowly proliferating into more resistant cancer cells over time. After about nine months, the patient’s cancer — now resistant to CAR-T — had fully returned. He ultimately died from complications from his leukemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melenhorst noted that the case reaches back to the early days of clinical CAR-T use and that improvements in technology since then have allowed manufacturers to ensure that the cells into which they are introducing the CAR gene are less likely to include B cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A version of the treatment the patient received was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/30/novartis-car-t-cancer-approved/\" rel=\"noopener\">ultimately approved\u003c/a> as Novartis’s Kymriah in 2017; the paper published Monday includes some authors from Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research. In a statement, Novartis noted that the manufacturing process used in the case described in the paper was done at Penn and differs from the company’s manufacturing process, which was used in later clinical trials and now for commercial use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not aware of any cases of this happening in the more than 400 patients treated with CTL019/Kymriah manufactured by Novartis for clinical trials or the commercial setting,” the statement said.[contextly_sidebar id=\"DMUx1aVKuHIZSHJYTfdQfqpmBWfT4XxH\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said it has checks throughout the process to clear out B cells and that it is following Kymriah patients for 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Novartis is continually making improvements to our Kymriah manufacturing process to reduce variability and safely deliver this transformational, personalized treatment to patients in need around the world,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/01/car-t-resistance-cancer-cell-hiding/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "444751 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444751",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/02/in-rare-case-patient-developed-resistance-to-car-t/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 909,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 17
},
"modified": 1538438140,
"excerpt": "How a gene was inadvertently delivered to a cancer cell, camouflaging it from the therapy and allowing the cancer to develop resistance to treatment. \r\n\r\nThe patient ultimately died.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "How a gene was inadvertently delivered to a cancer cell, camouflaging it from the therapy and allowing the cancer to develop resistance to treatment. \r\n\r\nThe patient ultimately died.",
"title": "In Rare Case, Patient Developed Resistance to CAR-T and Died | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "In Rare Case, Patient Developed Resistance to CAR-T and Died",
"datePublished": "2018-10-02T12:00:22-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-10-01T16:55:40-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "in-rare-case-patient-developed-resistance-to-car-t",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Andrew Joseph\u003cbr />STAT",
"source": "Hope/Hype",
"path": "/futureofyou/444751/in-rare-case-patient-developed-resistance-to-car-t",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">To make CAR-T therapies, the pioneering cancer treatments, scientists introduce a gene into the body’s immune cells that \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2016/12/06/cancer-car-t-factory/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">turns them into cancer-homing attackers\u003c/a>. But in one case described by scientists Monday, the gene was inadvertently delivered to a cancer cell instead, camouflaging it from the therapy and allowing the cancer to develop resistance to treatment.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The patient ultimately died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"danger-zone\">The case, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0201-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reported\u003c/a> in the journal Nature Medicine, appears to have been exceedingly rare — one occurrence among \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/17/car-t-bottleneck-cell-collection-centers-feel-crunch/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the hundreds of cases\u003c/a> of CAR-T treatment that have been examined.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">But as the treatments become more widely used, experts say, the case also points to the importance of researchers understanding all the ways in which \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/10/27/car-t-kite-cell-journey/\" rel=\"noopener\">the process of making them\u003c/a> can go wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"\">“We’re going to need papers like this one” to identify how cancers can become resistant to CAR-Ts, said Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://faculty.mdanderson.org/profiles/jason_westin.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jason Westin\u003c/a>, who leads the aggressive lymphoma team at MD Anderson Cancer Center and who was not involved in the new report. “But this CAR-T data is one of the most exciting things we’ve seen in cancer in forever. Having rare theoretical things that actually happen is concerning, but it should in no way temper the potential for the future of CAR-T cells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study’s authors have discussed the case, which occurred about five years ago, at scientific meetings, helping to spread awareness. And the process of manufacturing CAR-Ts has improved over that time, reducing the chance that a cancer cell inadvertently receives the gene meant for immune cells.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re getting much better at getting a purer starting population” of immune cells, said \u003ca href=\"https://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g20001883/p8587263\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jos Melenhorst\u003c/a>, an immunology expert at the University of Pennsylvania and one of the authors of the report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The subject of the newly described case was a 20-year-old man with B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He was participating in a Phase 1 clinical trial for a CAR-T product then called CTL019, which \u003ca href=\"https://www.pennmedicine.org/news/news-releases/2017/august/fda-approves-personalized-cellular-therapy-for-advanced-leukemia\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was developed\u003c/a> by researchers at Penn and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As with any CAR-T patient, the man had immune cells called T cells scooped out from his blood through a process called apheresis. Then, those cells were supercharged with a gene that codes for a receptor (the CAR in CAR-T) that turns the cells into bloodhounds on the scent for a specific marker on cancer cells — in this case, a protein called CD19.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patient was infused with a phalanx of the killer T cells, which then swarmed and annihilated the cancer cells. Within a month, his cancer seemed to be in complete remission, Melenhorst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as researchers tracked the patient, they noticed something odd. They kept seeing signs of CAR-marked cells, but it wasn’t the body’s T cells expressing CAR anymore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They ran a battery of experiments and confirmed their suspicions: a leukemic B cell had gotten lumped together with the T cells during the manufacturing process and had also taken up the CAR gene. As a result, the leukemia cell was expressing the CAR, which then attached to the CD19 markers, effectively shielding it from the CD19-sniffing machinery of the boosted T cells. It was as if in a game of musical chairs the targeted seat was already filled by the time the music stopped.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The CAR-T cell couldn’t bind to the CD19 molecule, and thereby it was essentially hiding in plain sight,” Melenhorst said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the T cells attacked the rest of the leukemia cells, this cell laid low for the most part, slowly proliferating into more resistant cancer cells over time. After about nine months, the patient’s cancer — now resistant to CAR-T — had fully returned. He ultimately died from complications from his leukemia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Melenhorst noted that the case reaches back to the early days of clinical CAR-T use and that improvements in technology since then have allowed manufacturers to ensure that the cells into which they are introducing the CAR gene are less likely to include B cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A version of the treatment the patient received was \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/08/30/novartis-car-t-cancer-approved/\" rel=\"noopener\">ultimately approved\u003c/a> as Novartis’s Kymriah in 2017; the paper published Monday includes some authors from Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research. In a statement, Novartis noted that the manufacturing process used in the case described in the paper was done at Penn and differs from the company’s manufacturing process, which was used in later clinical trials and now for commercial use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not aware of any cases of this happening in the more than 400 patients treated with CTL019/Kymriah manufactured by Novartis for clinical trials or the commercial setting,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company said it has checks throughout the process to clear out B cells and that it is following Kymriah patients for 15 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Novartis is continually making improvements to our Kymriah manufacturing process to reduce variability and safely deliver this transformational, personalized treatment to patients in need around the world,” the statement said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/10/01/car-t-resistance-cancer-cell-hiding/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">story\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/444751/in-rare-case-patient-developed-resistance-to-car-t",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_444751"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_103",
"futureofyou_1470",
"futureofyou_190",
"futureofyou_61"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1097",
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_217336",
"label": "source_futureofyou_444751"
},
"futureofyou_444641": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_444641",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "444641",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1538075041000
]
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "governments-decision-to-review-research-of-fetal-tissue-blasted-as-political-move",
"title": "Is the Federal Government Politicizing Research Involving Fetal Tissue?",
"publishDate": 1538075041,
"format": "standard",
"headTitle": "Is the Federal Government Politicizing Research Involving Fetal Tissue? | KQED",
"labelTerm": {},
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 3:45 pm ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Health and Human Services says it is reviewing all medical research involving human fetal tissue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HHS \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2018/09/24/statement-from-the-department-of-health-and-human-services.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said this week\u003c/a> that it will conduct an audit of “all acquisitions involving human fetal tissue” as well as “all research involving fetal tissue to ensure consistency with statutes and regulations governing such research and to ensure the adequacy of procedures and oversight of this research in light of the serious regulatory, moral, and ethical considerations involved.”[contextly_sidebar id=”SsrZIxp3cgGelsMqmovjR5mXFrobSZOz”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, HHS announced that it has canceled \u003ca href=\"https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/search.do?q=advanced+bioscience+resources+VENDOR_DUNS_NUMBER%3A%22786845982%22&s=FPDSNG.COM&templateName=1.4.4&indexName=awardfull&sortBy=SIGNED_DATE&desc=Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a $15,000 contract\u003c/a> for a California-based company called Advanced Bioscience Resources to provide the Food and Drug Administration with human fetal tissue to develop testing protocols. The contract was terminated, HHS said, because the department “was not sufficiently assured that the contract included the appropriate protections applicable to fetal tissue research or met all other procurement requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use fetal tissue in medical research because it grows quickly and is highly versatile and long-lasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows us to answer specific questions that can’t be answered by adult tissue, which is far more specialized,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIH Associate Director for Science Policy Carrie Wolinetz \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/29/444214443/research-on-fetal-tissue-draws-renewed-political-scientific-scrutiny\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told NPR’s Rob Stein\u003c/a> in 2015. “Fetal tissue can contain information — about structural features, or the architecture of organs — that cells in a dish alone can’t provide. And this is sometimes very important to our understanding of disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fetal tissue used in scientific research often comes from aborted fetuses. In an email to NPR, \u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a professor of law and bioethics at the University of Wisconsin, explains why that is.[contextly_sidebar id=”G1kyrCYVpzDmWCInUE7H0cF8gc9zn4Ce”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Miscarriages are not often an available source, as they do not take place in a controlled environment and may be due to genetic or other anomalies that would render the cadaveric tissues useless,” she says. “Therefore, the tissue usually comes from a fetus that has been aborted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the small size of the canceled FDA contract, some observers said the larger political symbolism is evident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My instinct is that this is driven by politics, and is part of the overall effort to stigmatize and eventually criminalize abortion, as well as part of a larger campaign to roll-back the clock on sexual and reproductive rights,” Charo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, \u003ca href=\"https://lozierinstitute.org/team-member/david-prentice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Prentice\u003c/a>, vice president and research director for the Charlotte Lozier Institute, a conservative think tank opposed to abortion, says the HHS announcement doesn’t go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Canceling a small FDA contract … seems designed to mollify some Members of Congress and groups who were outraged by the continuing funding of fetal tissue research with taxpayer dollars,” Prentice writes in an email to NPR. “But what’s needed is wholesale reform across the breadth of HHS. Use of fetal tissue is antiquated research, and [HHS Secretary Alex] Azar should redirect those funds to modern science and better alternatives, including adult stem cells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Science\u003c/em> notes that on earlier this month, 45 groups opposed to abortion \u003ca href=\"https://www.sba-list.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Group-Letter-to-Azar-FDA-and-fetal-tissue-FINAL-with-Signatures.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to Azar calling the FDA contract for fetal tissue “shocking” and “unacceptable.” A few days later, 85 members of Congress \u003ca href=\"https://chrissmith.house.gov/uploadedfiles/2018-09-17_-chs-hartzler-walker_letter_on_fda_fetal_tissue_contract.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to the FDA’s commissioner, urging the agency to cancel the contract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Institutes of Health, which also falls under HHS, spent $98 million last fiscal year on research that involved human fetal tissue. The NIH said it “concurs that it is important that research involving human fetal tissue should be consistent with the statutes and regulation governing such research and that it is important to have adequate procedures for oversight.”[contextly_sidebar id=”xJs8IF14XoPynhHrniTrS5E5qgAhyVmm”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Use of fetal tissue in research has been controversial for some time, \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> magazine reported on Tuesday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In 2016, \u003ca href=\"https://energycommerce.house.gov/news/press-release/house-creates-select-panel-investigate-handling-infant-lives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Republican members of the House of Representatives\u003c/a>, led by Representative Marsha Blackburn (TN), \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/01/fact-checking-congress-s-fetal-tissue-report\">produced a report\u003c/a> that urged the federal government to transition to obtaining fetal tissue from miscarriages and stillbirths. But opponents of fetal tissue research have failed repeatedly to pass legislation that would end funding for research using tissue from electively aborted fetuses — most recently earlier this month, when language prohibiting such funding was stripped from a 2019 HHS spending bill.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://trentcenter.duke.edu/node/221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ross McKinney\u003c/a>, chief scientific officer at the Association of American Medical Colleges, says fetal tissue was key in the development of major medical advances such as vaccines for polio, rubella, measles, chickenpox, adenovirus and rabies, as well as treatments for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cystic fibrosis and hemophilia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unique characteristics of this tissue are essential to the study of fetal diseases, like those caused by Zika virus, and hold promise for advancing biomedical research in other areas as well, bringing hope to patients struggling with diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis,” he writes in an email to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fetal tissue continues to be an important resource for biomedical research, and the Association of American Medical Colleges fully supports its availability as one of the scientific methods that could save and improve lives.”[contextly_sidebar id=”GY9wMG5EY8EjMrFWoS2AArgcQmiE5UTu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/01/28/464594826/in-wake-of-videos-planned-parenthood-investigations-find-no-fetal-tissue-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a 2015 brouhaha\u003c/a>, the Obama-era HHS \u003ca href=\"https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/3514/4709/3497/HHS_Letter_2015_08_14_-_FT_Research.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to two Republican senators calling the use of fetal tissue in medical research “an instrumental component of our attempts to understand, treat, and cure a number of conditions and diseases that affect millions of Americans,” noting that scientists in the U.S. have been working with fetal tissue \u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44129.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">since the 1930s\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR science correspondent Rob Stein contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Health+And+Human+Services+Says+It%27s+Reviewing+Use+Of+Fetal+Tissue+For+Research&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
"blocks": [],
"excerpt": "The audit has been called a political gesture to placate anti-abortion groups that oppose use of the tissue. Fetal tissue has played a part in developing vaccines and medical treatments.",
"status": "publish",
"parent": 0,
"modified": 1721118247,
"stats": {
"hasAudio": false,
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"paragraphCount": 24,
"wordCount": 968
},
"headData": {
"title": "Is the Federal Government Politicizing Research Involving Fetal Tissue?",
"description": "The audit has been called a political gesture to placate anti-abortion groups that oppose use of the tissue. Fetal tissue has played a part in developing vaccines and medical treatments.",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogDescription": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"twDescription": "",
"twImgId": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Is the Federal Government Politicizing Research Involving Fetal Tissue?",
"datePublished": "2018-09-27T12:04:01-07:00",
"dateModified": "2024-07-16T01:24:07-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"source": "Health",
"sticky": false,
"nprImageCredit": "Chip Somodevilla",
"nprByline": "Laurel Wamsley, NPR",
"nprImageAgency": "Getty Images",
"nprStoryId": "651838889",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=651838889&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/2018/09/26/651838889/health-and-human-services-says-its-reviewing-use-of-fetal-tissue-for-research?ft=nprml&f=651838889",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Wed, 26 Sep 2018 16:17:00 -0400",
"nprStoryDate": "Wed, 26 Sep 2018 15:12:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Wed, 26 Sep 2018 16:18:07 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/444641/governments-decision-to-review-research-of-fetal-tissue-blasted-as-political-move",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Updated at 3:45 pm ET\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Health and Human Services says it is reviewing all medical research involving human fetal tissue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>HHS \u003ca href=\"https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2018/09/24/statement-from-the-department-of-health-and-human-services.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">said this week\u003c/a> that it will conduct an audit of “all acquisitions involving human fetal tissue” as well as “all research involving fetal tissue to ensure consistency with statutes and regulations governing such research and to ensure the adequacy of procedures and oversight of this research in light of the serious regulatory, moral, and ethical considerations involved.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, HHS announced that it has canceled \u003ca href=\"https://www.fpds.gov/ezsearch/search.do?q=advanced+bioscience+resources+VENDOR_DUNS_NUMBER%3A%22786845982%22&s=FPDSNG.COM&templateName=1.4.4&indexName=awardfull&sortBy=SIGNED_DATE&desc=Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a $15,000 contract\u003c/a> for a California-based company called Advanced Bioscience Resources to provide the Food and Drug Administration with human fetal tissue to develop testing protocols. The contract was terminated, HHS said, because the department “was not sufficiently assured that the contract included the appropriate protections applicable to fetal tissue research or met all other procurement requirements.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use fetal tissue in medical research because it grows quickly and is highly versatile and long-lasting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It allows us to answer specific questions that can’t be answered by adult tissue, which is far more specialized,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NIH Associate Director for Science Policy Carrie Wolinetz \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/09/29/444214443/research-on-fetal-tissue-draws-renewed-political-scientific-scrutiny\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">told NPR’s Rob Stein\u003c/a> in 2015. “Fetal tissue can contain information — about structural features, or the architecture of organs — that cells in a dish alone can’t provide. And this is sometimes very important to our understanding of disease.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fetal tissue used in scientific research often comes from aborted fetuses. In an email to NPR, \u003ca href=\"https://law.wisc.edu/profiles/racharo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alta Charo\u003c/a>, a professor of law and bioethics at the University of Wisconsin, explains why that is.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Miscarriages are not often an available source, as they do not take place in a controlled environment and may be due to genetic or other anomalies that would render the cadaveric tissues useless,” she says. “Therefore, the tissue usually comes from a fetus that has been aborted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the small size of the canceled FDA contract, some observers said the larger political symbolism is evident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My instinct is that this is driven by politics, and is part of the overall effort to stigmatize and eventually criminalize abortion, as well as part of a larger campaign to roll-back the clock on sexual and reproductive rights,” Charo says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, \u003ca href=\"https://lozierinstitute.org/team-member/david-prentice/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Prentice\u003c/a>, vice president and research director for the Charlotte Lozier Institute, a conservative think tank opposed to abortion, says the HHS announcement doesn’t go far enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Canceling a small FDA contract … seems designed to mollify some Members of Congress and groups who were outraged by the continuing funding of fetal tissue research with taxpayer dollars,” Prentice writes in an email to NPR. “But what’s needed is wholesale reform across the breadth of HHS. Use of fetal tissue is antiquated research, and [HHS Secretary Alex] Azar should redirect those funds to modern science and better alternatives, including adult stem cells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Science\u003c/em> notes that on earlier this month, 45 groups opposed to abortion \u003ca href=\"https://www.sba-list.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Group-Letter-to-Azar-FDA-and-fetal-tissue-FINAL-with-Signatures.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to Azar calling the FDA contract for fetal tissue “shocking” and “unacceptable.” A few days later, 85 members of Congress \u003ca href=\"https://chrissmith.house.gov/uploadedfiles/2018-09-17_-chs-hartzler-walker_letter_on_fda_fetal_tissue_contract.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to the FDA’s commissioner, urging the agency to cancel the contract.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Institutes of Health, which also falls under HHS, spent $98 million last fiscal year on research that involved human fetal tissue. The NIH said it “concurs that it is important that research involving human fetal tissue should be consistent with the statutes and regulation governing such research and that it is important to have adequate procedures for oversight.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Use of fetal tissue in research has been controversial for some time, \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> magazine reported on Tuesday:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“In 2016, \u003ca href=\"https://energycommerce.house.gov/news/press-release/house-creates-select-panel-investigate-handling-infant-lives/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Republican members of the House of Representatives\u003c/a>, led by Representative Marsha Blackburn (TN), \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/01/fact-checking-congress-s-fetal-tissue-report\">produced a report\u003c/a> that urged the federal government to transition to obtaining fetal tissue from miscarriages and stillbirths. But opponents of fetal tissue research have failed repeatedly to pass legislation that would end funding for research using tissue from electively aborted fetuses — most recently earlier this month, when language prohibiting such funding was stripped from a 2019 HHS spending bill.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://trentcenter.duke.edu/node/221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ross McKinney\u003c/a>, chief scientific officer at the Association of American Medical Colleges, says fetal tissue was key in the development of major medical advances such as vaccines for polio, rubella, measles, chickenpox, adenovirus and rabies, as well as treatments for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, cystic fibrosis and hemophilia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The unique characteristics of this tissue are essential to the study of fetal diseases, like those caused by Zika virus, and hold promise for advancing biomedical research in other areas as well, bringing hope to patients struggling with diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis,” he writes in an email to NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Fetal tissue continues to be an important resource for biomedical research, and the Association of American Medical Colleges fully supports its availability as one of the scientific methods that could save and improve lives.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2016/01/28/464594826/in-wake-of-videos-planned-parenthood-investigations-find-no-fetal-tissue-sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a 2015 brouhaha\u003c/a>, the Obama-era HHS \u003ca href=\"https://www.plannedparenthood.org/files/3514/4709/3497/HHS_Letter_2015_08_14_-_FT_Research.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sent a letter\u003c/a> to two Republican senators calling the use of fetal tissue in medical research “an instrumental component of our attempts to understand, treat, and cure a number of conditions and diseases that affect millions of Americans,” noting that scientists in the U.S. have been working with fetal tissue \u003ca href=\"https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44129.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">since the 1930s\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>NPR science correspondent Rob Stein contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Health+And+Human+Services+Says+It%27s+Reviewing+Use+Of+Fetal+Tissue+For+Research&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/444641/governments-decision-to-review-research-of-fetal-tissue-blasted-as-political-move",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_444641"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_342",
"futureofyou_1176",
"futureofyou_1615",
"futureofyou_294"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_444642",
"label": "source_futureofyou_444641"
},
"futureofyou_444281": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_444281",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "444281",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1536178859000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1536178859,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start",
"title": "Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Early, partial results from a historic gene editing study give encouraging signs that the treatment may be safe and having at least some of its hoped-for effect, but it’s too soon to know whether it ultimately will succeed.[contextly_sidebar id=\"nLB0LaskunDkFSzX8O5LVSxfj3Ayt7CZ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results announced Wednesday are from the first human \u003ca href=\"//mps2study.com/study-overview/?pn=\">test\u003c/a> of gene editing in the body, an attempt to permanently change someone’s DNA to cure a disease — in this case, a genetic disorder called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Mucopolysaccharidoses-Fact-Sheet\">Hunter syndrome\u003c/a> that often kills people in their teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two patients who got a medium dose of the treatment, urine levels of large sugar compounds that are hallmarks of Hunter syndrome had fallen by half, on average, four months later — a possible sign the treatment is working. Two others who got a low dose have seen little change in these sugars so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no way to know yet whether the change in the middle-dose patients is due to the gene editing or something else, but the fact their sugars have declined consistently since treatment suggests it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot absolutely say it’s a treatment effect” but the drop is “really encouraging,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Muenzer of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The main goal of early treatment studies is to test safety, though researchers also look for hints that the therapy is working. Muenzer gave the results at a conference in Greece and consults for the treatment’s maker, California-based Sangamo Therapeutics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s president, Dr. Sandy Macrae, said tests in about five months will reveal more, but the change in the middle-dose group so far “looks really good.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"FMPymRVSamCP4f8RpmzlwSdu0yioj0rt\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most rational explanation for this is that what we hoped was going to happen has happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several independent experts agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results are exciting” and suggest that the gene editing is working to some degree, without safety concerns so far, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist and member of a National Institutes of Health panel that reviewed the study before it began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Porteus, a genetics expert at Stanford University who consults for two other companies developing gene therapies, said more time is needed to see how the patients’ immune system continues to react to the treatment and whether the effects last, but added, “I would be excited about continuing to push along” based on these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing is intended as a more precise way to do gene therapy, to knock out a bad gene or supply a good one that’s missing. Doctors hope it will give a way to address a host of diseases that can’t be treated well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, a Phoenix-area man with Hunter syndrome, Brian Madeux, became the first person to test this inside the body. He lacks a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain large sugar compounds called GAGs. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through an IV, Madeux received many copies of a corrective gene and a gene-editing tool called zinc finger nucleases to help put it in a precise spot in his DNA. He was one of the two patients given a very low dose of the treatment, because this first-in-human testing called for extreme caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Madeux and the other low-dose patient, levels of the tell-tale sugar compounds in urine rose 9 percent on average after four months. Muenzer said it’s hard to know whether this is a significant change; little is known about the biology of these compounds, including whether they fluctuate during the day or before or after meals.[contextly_sidebar id=\"g6IAb2xjtv0z0Te9cBhCwQAn8pi68Yxx\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A liver biopsy on one patient given a low dose of the therapy found no evidence that the gene editing had occurred, but Sangamo scientists said this dose is far below the level at which such signs had been detected in research on primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other patients were given a middle dose that was twice what the first two patients received. Their GAG levels declined by 51 percent after four months, on average. Two of the main types of these sugars that accumulate in tissues declined 32 percent and 61 percent, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet known if declines like these can improve patients’ health or slow the progression of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not proof that this is a successful therapy yet, that these patients had enough gene editing to now supply them with the enzyme they need for the rest of their life,” Muenzer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said an important goal was met: the treatment seems safe. There were two serious side effects — one patient was hospitalized for bronchitis and another for an irregular heartbeat — but those were deemed due to their disease and pre-existing conditions, not the gene treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood tests did not detect the missing enzyme. Company scientists said this could be because any that was being made was rapidly used by cells rather than getting into the bloodstream — an explanation some outside experts agreed with. What counts, they said, was seeing the result of enzyme activity, the drop in sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Steps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more patients have been given the highest dose being tested — 10 times the starting dose — for a total of six patients in the study. The next step is to start taking patients off the weekly enzyme treatments they’ve been receiving to see if the gene therapy has changed their bodies so they make enough of the enzyme themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More results are expected at a medical meeting in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to see sustained levels for this to be practical. If this only works for six months, that’s not very beneficial,” Muenzer said. “Time’s going to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview at his home in Arizona last month, Madeux, 45, told The Associated Press he volunteered for the study in hope of being able to stop the weekly, three-hour enzyme infusions, but also to help find a treatment for future generations with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m old and having Hunter’s has done a lot of damage to my body,” Madeux said. “I’m actually pretty lucky I’ve lived this long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "444281 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444281",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/09/05/historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1104,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 30
},
"modified": 1536177185,
"excerpt": "Partial results for gene editing study give promising signs that the treatment may be safe and have at least some of its hoped - for effect.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Partial results for gene editing study give promising signs that the treatment may be safe and have at least some of its hoped - for effect.",
"title": "Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Historic Gene Editing Attempt in First Human Off to a Positive Start",
"datePublished": "2018-09-05T13:20:59-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-09-05T12:53:05-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Marilynn Marchione\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"source": "Your Genes",
"path": "/futureofyou/444281/historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Early, partial results from a historic gene editing study give encouraging signs that the treatment may be safe and having at least some of its hoped-for effect, but it’s too soon to know whether it ultimately will succeed.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results announced Wednesday are from the first human \u003ca href=\"//mps2study.com/study-overview/?pn=\">test\u003c/a> of gene editing in the body, an attempt to permanently change someone’s DNA to cure a disease — in this case, a genetic disorder called \u003ca href=\"https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Mucopolysaccharidoses-Fact-Sheet\">Hunter syndrome\u003c/a> that often kills people in their teens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two patients who got a medium dose of the treatment, urine levels of large sugar compounds that are hallmarks of Hunter syndrome had fallen by half, on average, four months later — a possible sign the treatment is working. Two others who got a low dose have seen little change in these sugars so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no way to know yet whether the change in the middle-dose patients is due to the gene editing or something else, but the fact their sugars have declined consistently since treatment suggests it might be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I cannot absolutely say it’s a treatment effect” but the drop is “really encouraging,” said the study leader, Dr. Joseph Muenzer of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The main goal of early treatment studies is to test safety, though researchers also look for hints that the therapy is working. Muenzer gave the results at a conference in Greece and consults for the treatment’s maker, California-based Sangamo Therapeutics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s president, Dr. Sandy Macrae, said tests in about five months will reveal more, but the change in the middle-dose group so far “looks really good.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most rational explanation for this is that what we hoped was going to happen has happened,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several independent experts agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results are exciting” and suggest that the gene editing is working to some degree, without safety concerns so far, said Dr. Howard Kaufman, a Boston scientist and member of a National Institutes of Health panel that reviewed the study before it began.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Matthew Porteus, a genetics expert at Stanford University who consults for two other companies developing gene therapies, said more time is needed to see how the patients’ immune system continues to react to the treatment and whether the effects last, but added, “I would be excited about continuing to push along” based on these results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How It Works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing is intended as a more precise way to do gene therapy, to knock out a bad gene or supply a good one that’s missing. Doctors hope it will give a way to address a host of diseases that can’t be treated well now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In November, a Phoenix-area man with Hunter syndrome, Brian Madeux, became the first person to test this inside the body. He lacks a gene that makes an enzyme that breaks down certain large sugar compounds called GAGs. These build up in cells and cause havoc throughout the body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through an IV, Madeux received many copies of a corrective gene and a gene-editing tool called zinc finger nucleases to help put it in a precise spot in his DNA. He was one of the two patients given a very low dose of the treatment, because this first-in-human testing called for extreme caution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Results\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Madeux and the other low-dose patient, levels of the tell-tale sugar compounds in urine rose 9 percent on average after four months. Muenzer said it’s hard to know whether this is a significant change; little is known about the biology of these compounds, including whether they fluctuate during the day or before or after meals.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A liver biopsy on one patient given a low dose of the therapy found no evidence that the gene editing had occurred, but Sangamo scientists said this dose is far below the level at which such signs had been detected in research on primates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two other patients were given a middle dose that was twice what the first two patients received. Their GAG levels declined by 51 percent after four months, on average. Two of the main types of these sugars that accumulate in tissues declined 32 percent and 61 percent, respectively.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is not yet known if declines like these can improve patients’ health or slow the progression of the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not proof that this is a successful therapy yet, that these patients had enough gene editing to now supply them with the enzyme they need for the rest of their life,” Muenzer said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said an important goal was met: the treatment seems safe. There were two serious side effects — one patient was hospitalized for bronchitis and another for an irregular heartbeat — but those were deemed due to their disease and pre-existing conditions, not the gene treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blood tests did not detect the missing enzyme. Company scientists said this could be because any that was being made was rapidly used by cells rather than getting into the bloodstream — an explanation some outside experts agreed with. What counts, they said, was seeing the result of enzyme activity, the drop in sugars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Next Steps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two more patients have been given the highest dose being tested — 10 times the starting dose — for a total of six patients in the study. The next step is to start taking patients off the weekly enzyme treatments they’ve been receiving to see if the gene therapy has changed their bodies so they make enough of the enzyme themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More results are expected at a medical meeting in February.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to see sustained levels for this to be practical. If this only works for six months, that’s not very beneficial,” Muenzer said. “Time’s going to tell.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview at his home in Arizona last month, Madeux, 45, told The Associated Press he volunteered for the study in hope of being able to stop the weekly, three-hour enzyme infusions, but also to help find a treatment for future generations with the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m old and having Hunter’s has done a lot of damage to my body,” Madeux said. “I’m actually pretty lucky I’ve lived this long.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/444281/historic-gene-editing-attempt-in-first-human-off-to-a-positive-start",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_444281"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_647",
"futureofyou_103",
"futureofyou_295"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1097",
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_444292",
"label": "source_futureofyou_444281"
},
"futureofyou_443977": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443977",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443977",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1534348813000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1534348813,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Multi-Gene Test May Find Risk for Heart Disease and More",
"title": "Multi-Gene Test May Find Risk for Heart Disease and More",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>You know your cholesterol, your blood pressure ... your heart gene score? Researchers say a new way of analyzing genetic test data may one day help identify people at high risk of a youthful heart attack in time to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, gene testing mostly focuses on rare mutations in one or a few genes, like those that cause cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease, or the BRCA gene responsible for a small fraction of breast cancer. It is less useful for some of the most common diseases, such as heart disease or diabetes, because they are influenced by vast numbers of genes-gone-wrong working together in complicated ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday, researchers reported a new way to measure millions of small genetic variations that add up to cause harm, letting them calculate someone’s inherited risk for the most common form of heart disease and four other serious disorders. The potential cardiac impact: They estimated that up to 25 million Americans may have triple the average person’s risk for coronary artery disease even if they haven’t yet developed warning signs like high cholesterol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I foresee is in five years, each person will know this risk number, this ‘polygenic risk score,’ similar to the way each person knows his or her cholesterol,” said Dr. Sekar Kathiresan who led the research team from the Broad Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the approach pans out and doctors adopt it, a bad score wouldn’t mean you’d get a disease, just that your genetic makeup increases the chance — one more piece of information in deciding care. For example, when the researchers tested the system using a DNA database from Britain, less than 1 percent of people with the lowest risk scores were diagnosed with coronary artery disease, compared to 11 percent of people with the highest risk score.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are things you can do to lower the risk,” Kathiresan said — the usual advice about diet, exercise, cholesterol medication and not smoking helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side, a low-risk score “doesn’t give you a free pass,” he added. An unhealthy lifestyle could overwhelm the protection of good genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scoring system also can predict an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, breast cancer and an irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation, the team reported in the journal Nature Genetics — noting that next steps include learning what might likewise lower those risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t require the most sophisticated type of genetic testing. Instead, Kathiresan can calculate risk scores for those five diseases — eventually maybe more — simply by reanalyzing the kind of raw data people receive after sending a cheek swab to companies like 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A geneticist who specializes in cardiovascular disease, he hopes to open a website where people can send in such data to learn their heart risk, as part of continuing research. Kathiresan and co-author Dr. Amit Khera, a Mass General cardiologist, are co-inventors on a patent application for the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other scientists and companies have long sought ways to measure risk from multiple, additive gene effects — the “poly” in polygenic — and Myriad Genetics has begun selling a type of polygenic test for breast cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But specialists in heart disease and genetics who weren’t involved with the research called the new findings exciting because of their scope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results should be eye-opening for cardiologists,” said Dr. Charles C. Hong, director of cardiovascular research at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. “The only disappointment is that this score applies only to those with European ancestry, so I wonder if similar scores are in the works for the large majority of the world population that is not white.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hong pointed to a friend who recently died of a massive heart attack despite being a super-fit marathon runner who’d never smoked, the kind of puzzling death that doctors have long hoped that a better understanding of genetics could help to prevent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the variation in disease risk comes from an enormous number of very tiny effects” in genes, agreed Stanford University genetics professor Jonathan Pritchard. “This is the first time polygenic scores have really been shown to reach the level of precision where they can have an impact” on patient health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the Boston-based team combed previous studies that mapped the DNA of large numbers of people, looking for links to the five diseases — not outright mutations but minor misspellings in the genetic code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each variation alone would have only a tiny effect on health. They developed a computerized system that analyzed how those effects add up, and tested it using DNA and medical records from 400,000 people stored in Britain’s UK Biobank. Scores more than three times the average person’s risk were deemed high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443977 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443977",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/15/multi-gene-test-may-find-risk-for-heart-disease-and-more/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 873,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 21
},
"modified": 1534320042,
"excerpt": "Researchers have reported a new way to measure millions of small genetic variations that add up to cause harm.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Researchers have reported a new way to measure millions of small genetic variations that add up to cause harm.",
"title": "Multi-Gene Test May Find Risk for Heart Disease and More | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Multi-Gene Test May Find Risk for Heart Disease and More",
"datePublished": "2018-08-15T09:00:13-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-08-15T01:00:42-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "multi-gene-test-may-find-risk-for-heart-disease-and-more",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Lauran Neergaard\u003cbr />The Associated Press",
"source": "Health",
"path": "/futureofyou/443977/multi-gene-test-may-find-risk-for-heart-disease-and-more",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>You know your cholesterol, your blood pressure ... your heart gene score? Researchers say a new way of analyzing genetic test data may one day help identify people at high risk of a youthful heart attack in time to help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, gene testing mostly focuses on rare mutations in one or a few genes, like those that cause cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease, or the BRCA gene responsible for a small fraction of breast cancer. It is less useful for some of the most common diseases, such as heart disease or diabetes, because they are influenced by vast numbers of genes-gone-wrong working together in complicated ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monday, researchers reported a new way to measure millions of small genetic variations that add up to cause harm, letting them calculate someone’s inherited risk for the most common form of heart disease and four other serious disorders. The potential cardiac impact: They estimated that up to 25 million Americans may have triple the average person’s risk for coronary artery disease even if they haven’t yet developed warning signs like high cholesterol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What I foresee is in five years, each person will know this risk number, this ‘polygenic risk score,’ similar to the way each person knows his or her cholesterol,” said Dr. Sekar Kathiresan who led the research team from the Broad Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the approach pans out and doctors adopt it, a bad score wouldn’t mean you’d get a disease, just that your genetic makeup increases the chance — one more piece of information in deciding care. For example, when the researchers tested the system using a DNA database from Britain, less than 1 percent of people with the lowest risk scores were diagnosed with coronary artery disease, compared to 11 percent of people with the highest risk score.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are things you can do to lower the risk,” Kathiresan said — the usual advice about diet, exercise, cholesterol medication and not smoking helps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the flip side, a low-risk score “doesn’t give you a free pass,” he added. An unhealthy lifestyle could overwhelm the protection of good genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scoring system also can predict an increased risk of Type 2 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, breast cancer and an irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation, the team reported in the journal Nature Genetics — noting that next steps include learning what might likewise lower those risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t require the most sophisticated type of genetic testing. Instead, Kathiresan can calculate risk scores for those five diseases — eventually maybe more — simply by reanalyzing the kind of raw data people receive after sending a cheek swab to companies like 23andMe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A geneticist who specializes in cardiovascular disease, he hopes to open a website where people can send in such data to learn their heart risk, as part of continuing research. Kathiresan and co-author Dr. Amit Khera, a Mass General cardiologist, are co-inventors on a patent application for the system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other scientists and companies have long sought ways to measure risk from multiple, additive gene effects — the “poly” in polygenic — and Myriad Genetics has begun selling a type of polygenic test for breast cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But specialists in heart disease and genetics who weren’t involved with the research called the new findings exciting because of their scope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The results should be eye-opening for cardiologists,” said Dr. Charles C. Hong, director of cardiovascular research at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. “The only disappointment is that this score applies only to those with European ancestry, so I wonder if similar scores are in the works for the large majority of the world population that is not white.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hong pointed to a friend who recently died of a massive heart attack despite being a super-fit marathon runner who’d never smoked, the kind of puzzling death that doctors have long hoped that a better understanding of genetics could help to prevent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the variation in disease risk comes from an enormous number of very tiny effects” in genes, agreed Stanford University genetics professor Jonathan Pritchard. “This is the first time polygenic scores have really been shown to reach the level of precision where they can have an impact” on patient health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the Boston-based team combed previous studies that mapped the DNA of large numbers of people, looking for links to the five diseases — not outright mutations but minor misspellings in the genetic code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each variation alone would have only a tiny effect on health. They developed a computerized system that analyzed how those effects add up, and tested it using DNA and medical records from 400,000 people stored in Britain’s UK Biobank. Scores more than three times the average person’s risk were deemed high.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press Health & Science Department receives \u003ca href=\"http://bit.ly/2G0n9w6\">support\u003c/a> from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute’s Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443977/multi-gene-test-may-find-risk-for-heart-disease-and-more",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443977"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_17",
"futureofyou_324",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_279"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1093",
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443979",
"label": "source_futureofyou_443977"
},
"futureofyou_443905": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443905",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443905",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1534183257000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1534183257,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Ambitious 'Human Cell Atlas' Aims To Catalog Every Type Of Cell In The Body",
"title": "Ambitious 'Human Cell Atlas' Aims To Catalog Every Type Of Cell In The Body",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://visitor.r20.constantcontact.com/manage/optin?v=001_E1ee4Kj9gBjf5py2sBtL-47gyrIXV_gSD2QylhrTvks5INjcehh4OTbt1TnUgDKomnPSWBQ3lm4NYbUJBMek2yviIHXnKVAOLjoUMMieTvSjNjB63IqMh9YG026R7gmdK7rGtkm55RtE4gOjB5EGZnCEwptndWGLAvuVLQh3c909XJSbGPjZKFTBuYqcp7rsrwCn4BxH6wH3dUKrBAiCQ%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Sign up for the CommonHealth newsletter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to receive a weekly digest of WBUR's best health, medicine and science coverage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you flip open a biology textbook or do a quick \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=how+many+cell+types+in+the+human+body&oq=how+many+cell+types+in+the+human+body&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.6903j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">search\u003c/a> on Google, you'll quickly learn that there are a few hundred types of cells in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And it's true, because in broad categories, a few hundred is a good characterization,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://biology.mit.edu/profile/aviv-regev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aviv Regev\u003c/a>, a core member of the Broad Institute, a genetics research center in Cambridge, Mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But look a little closer, as Regev has been doing, and a far more complicated picture emerges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one really knows how many there will be,\" she says. Immunologists had already counted more than 300 in the immune system alone. The eye's retina, other research showed, has more than 100. How many in the whole body? Regev won't even try to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People guess anything from the thousands to the tens of thousands. I'm not guessing,\" she says. \"I would rather actually get the measurements done and have a precise answer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last two years Regev, a professor of biology at MIT, has been co-leading a massive international effort to get that answer. Called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.humancellatlas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human Cell Atlas Consortium\u003c/a>, the effort aims to account for and better understand every cell type and sub-type, and how they interact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Human Cell Atlas has received less attention than the $3 billion \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/10001772/all-about-the--human-genome-project-hgp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human Genome Project\u003c/a>, which was completed in 2003 after 15 years of work. But it's equally ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regev's co-chair, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sanger.ac.uk/people/directory/teichmann-sarah\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sarah Teichmann\u003c/a>, uses Legos as a metaphor for their quest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of like we're trying to find out what are all the different colors of Lego building blocks that we have in our bodies,\" Teichmann says. \"We're trying to find out how those building blocks — how those Lego parts — fit together in three dimensions within each tissue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at all those building blocks, Teichmann and Regev say, will offer many new insights into how the body works and what goes wrong in disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regev and colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital published t\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0393-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heir first major Human Cell Atlas\u003c/a> finding earlier this month in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. Working first in mice and then human tissue, they discovered that the lining of the windpipe — the tube that connects the throat and lungs — has seven cell types instead of the expected six.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that new type of cell could prove crucial for understanding and eventually developing a cure for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cff.org/What-is-CF/About-Cystic-Fibrosis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers had believed that the disease was caused by a faulty protein made by a common cell in the windpipe's lining. But instead, the Broad-MGH team discovered that the bad protein is made in this rare, seventh cell type, which they named a pulmonary ionocyte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference sounds small, but it could save years of wasted research effort trying to repair the wrong cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It sort of changes the problem,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://hsci.harvard.edu/people/jayaraj-rajagopal-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Jay Rajagopal\u003c/a> of MGH and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, who helped lead the windpipe work. Another team of researchers, led by \u003ca href=\"https://klein.hms.harvard.edu/people/allon-klein\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Allon Klein \u003c/a>from Harvard Medical School and \u003ca href=\"https://www.novartis.com/our-science/postdoc-program/leadership/aron-b-jaffe-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aron B. Jaffe\u003c/a> from the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research in Cambridge, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0394-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed the finding\u003c/a> in a separate \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without knowing about this seventh cell type, scientists have been able to develop drugs that have given cystic fibrosis patients hope of living into middle age. \"The progress has been amazing,\" Rajagopal says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, while the drugs treat the disease they can't cure it. A cure, Rajagopal says, will require targeting the precise cell where the faulty protein is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now that we have this new piece of the puzzle I think it will direct research that much more,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another new paper related to the atlas, British researchers reported Friday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6402/594\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> that kidney cancer in children starts in different cell types than kidney cancer in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the technological advances that enabled the Human Cell Atlas came in 2014, when Regev and colleagues at Harvard — Steve McCarroll and David Weitz — made improvements to a technology called single-cell RNA sequencing, which reads the RNA in each cell to see which genes are active and identifies different cell types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of a sudden, we moved from something that was very laborious and we could do maybe a few dozen or a few hundred, to something where we could do many, many thousands in a 15- to 20-minute experiment,\" Regev says. \"We said, 'That's at the right scale that we could actually do the human body.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regev and Teichmann, head of cellular genetics at the Wellcome Sanger Institute in the United Kingdom, formed the Human Cell Atlas Consortium in late 2016. The consortium includes 500 scientists from around the world; projects related to the Human Cell Atlas have received $200 million from the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regev says she got interested in the project because human cells are so fascinating. As soon as she realized she could feasibly count and analyze them, she wanted to dig in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is nothing more remarkable than the cell,\" she says. \"It's the basic unit of life. It cannot be reduced to anything simpler — not the DNA, not the genes. It's this phenomenal entity that knows how to take many different pieces of information, make very quick and sophisticated decisions, act on them and continue on its way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajagopal says he's also excited to learn more about how cells \"talk\" with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I tend to think of cell tissues really as, like, societies — where cells are the individuals and there's a lot of communication from one cell to another, and some cells are sensing the environment and then sending signals to their neighbors,\" he says. Technological advances are allowing the cell atlas researchers to eavesdrop on this \"conversation\" for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the atlas won't solve every problem in medicine, just as having the entire map of the human genome from the Human Genome Project didn't fix everything. But, Regev says, it's a good place to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We knew the lessons from the Human Genome Project were [that] rallying together the entire community would really let you get a full answer to a question. And that full answer will empower everyone to do better and faster and higher-resolution biology,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teichmann, who specializes in immunology, says she expects the cell atlas will take another five to 10 years to complete. But she sees possibilities for improving treatments for diseases – asthma, perhaps, or cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is huge potential — huge potential,\" she says. \"You know there are very clear things that we can learn by drilling down to the single cell level in those diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally ran on WBUR's \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/commonhealth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Common Health\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/inside/staff/karen-weintraub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Karen Weintraub\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a Common Health contributing writer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WBUR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WBUR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ambitious+%27Human+Cell+Atlas%27+Aims+To+Catalog+Every+Type+Of+Cell+In+The+Body&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443905 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443905",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/13/ambitious-human-cell-atlas-aims-to-catalog-every-type-of-cell-in-the-body/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1173,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 34
},
"modified": 1534172906,
"excerpt": "Already the project has revealed a previously unknown type of cell in the windpipe that might play a role in cystic fibrosis — and lead to a new treatment, scientists say.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Already the project has revealed a previously unknown type of cell in the windpipe that might play a role in cystic fibrosis — and lead to a new treatment, scientists say.",
"title": "Ambitious 'Human Cell Atlas' Aims To Catalog Every Type Of Cell In The Body | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Ambitious 'Human Cell Atlas' Aims To Catalog Every Type Of Cell In The Body",
"datePublished": "2018-08-13T11:00:57-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-08-13T08:08:26-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "ambitious-human-cell-atlas-aims-to-catalog-every-type-of-cell-in-the-body",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=636938467&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Karen Weintraub, NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Mon, 13 Aug 2018 05:00:20 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Mon, 13 Aug 2018 05:00:20 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/08/13/636938467/ambitious-human-cell-atlas-aims-to-catalog-every-type-of-cell-in-the-body?ft=nprml&f=636938467",
"nprImageAgency": "Broad Institute",
"nprImageCredit": "Casey Atkins",
"source": "Health",
"nprStoryId": "636938467",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Mon, 13 Aug 2018 05:00:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/443905/ambitious-human-cell-atlas-aims-to-catalog-every-type-of-cell-in-the-body",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://visitor.r20.constantcontact.com/manage/optin?v=001_E1ee4Kj9gBjf5py2sBtL-47gyrIXV_gSD2QylhrTvks5INjcehh4OTbt1TnUgDKomnPSWBQ3lm4NYbUJBMek2yviIHXnKVAOLjoUMMieTvSjNjB63IqMh9YG026R7gmdK7rGtkm55RtE4gOjB5EGZnCEwptndWGLAvuVLQh3c909XJSbGPjZKFTBuYqcp7rsrwCn4BxH6wH3dUKrBAiCQ%3D%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Sign up for the CommonHealth newsletter\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to receive a weekly digest of WBUR's best health, medicine and science coverage.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you flip open a biology textbook or do a quick \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=how+many+cell+types+in+the+human+body&oq=how+many+cell+types+in+the+human+body&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.6903j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">search\u003c/a> on Google, you'll quickly learn that there are a few hundred types of cells in the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And it's true, because in broad categories, a few hundred is a good characterization,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://biology.mit.edu/profile/aviv-regev/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aviv Regev\u003c/a>, a core member of the Broad Institute, a genetics research center in Cambridge, Mass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But look a little closer, as Regev has been doing, and a far more complicated picture emerges.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"No one really knows how many there will be,\" she says. Immunologists had already counted more than 300 in the immune system alone. The eye's retina, other research showed, has more than 100. How many in the whole body? Regev won't even try to predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"People guess anything from the thousands to the tens of thousands. I'm not guessing,\" she says. \"I would rather actually get the measurements done and have a precise answer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the last two years Regev, a professor of biology at MIT, has been co-leading a massive international effort to get that answer. Called the \u003ca href=\"https://www.humancellatlas.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human Cell Atlas Consortium\u003c/a>, the effort aims to account for and better understand every cell type and sub-type, and how they interact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Human Cell Atlas has received less attention than the $3 billion \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/10001772/all-about-the--human-genome-project-hgp/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human Genome Project\u003c/a>, which was completed in 2003 after 15 years of work. But it's equally ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regev's co-chair, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sanger.ac.uk/people/directory/teichmann-sarah\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sarah Teichmann\u003c/a>, uses Legos as a metaphor for their quest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of like we're trying to find out what are all the different colors of Lego building blocks that we have in our bodies,\" Teichmann says. \"We're trying to find out how those building blocks — how those Lego parts — fit together in three dimensions within each tissue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking at all those building blocks, Teichmann and Regev say, will offer many new insights into how the body works and what goes wrong in disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regev and colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital published t\u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0393-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heir first major Human Cell Atlas\u003c/a> finding earlier this month in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>. Working first in mice and then human tissue, they discovered that the lining of the windpipe — the tube that connects the throat and lungs — has seven cell types instead of the expected six.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that new type of cell could prove crucial for understanding and eventually developing a cure for \u003ca href=\"https://www.cff.org/What-is-CF/About-Cystic-Fibrosis/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">cystic fibrosis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers had believed that the disease was caused by a faulty protein made by a common cell in the windpipe's lining. But instead, the Broad-MGH team discovered that the bad protein is made in this rare, seventh cell type, which they named a pulmonary ionocyte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference sounds small, but it could save years of wasted research effort trying to repair the wrong cell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It sort of changes the problem,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://hsci.harvard.edu/people/jayaraj-rajagopal-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Jay Rajagopal\u003c/a> of MGH and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, who helped lead the windpipe work. Another team of researchers, led by \u003ca href=\"https://klein.hms.harvard.edu/people/allon-klein\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Allon Klein \u003c/a>from Harvard Medical School and \u003ca href=\"https://www.novartis.com/our-science/postdoc-program/leadership/aron-b-jaffe-phd\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aron B. Jaffe\u003c/a> from the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research in Cambridge, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0394-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">confirmed the finding\u003c/a> in a separate \u003cem>Nature \u003c/em>paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even without knowing about this seventh cell type, scientists have been able to develop drugs that have given cystic fibrosis patients hope of living into middle age. \"The progress has been amazing,\" Rajagopal says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, while the drugs treat the disease they can't cure it. A cure, Rajagopal says, will require targeting the precise cell where the faulty protein is made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Now that we have this new piece of the puzzle I think it will direct research that much more,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another new paper related to the atlas, British researchers reported Friday in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6402/594\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> that kidney cancer in children starts in different cell types than kidney cancer in adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the technological advances that enabled the Human Cell Atlas came in 2014, when Regev and colleagues at Harvard — Steve McCarroll and David Weitz — made improvements to a technology called single-cell RNA sequencing, which reads the RNA in each cell to see which genes are active and identifies different cell types.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All of a sudden, we moved from something that was very laborious and we could do maybe a few dozen or a few hundred, to something where we could do many, many thousands in a 15- to 20-minute experiment,\" Regev says. \"We said, 'That's at the right scale that we could actually do the human body.' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regev and Teichmann, head of cellular genetics at the Wellcome Sanger Institute in the United Kingdom, formed the Human Cell Atlas Consortium in late 2016. The consortium includes 500 scientists from around the world; projects related to the Human Cell Atlas have received $200 million from the National Institutes of Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regev says she got interested in the project because human cells are so fascinating. As soon as she realized she could feasibly count and analyze them, she wanted to dig in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is nothing more remarkable than the cell,\" she says. \"It's the basic unit of life. It cannot be reduced to anything simpler — not the DNA, not the genes. It's this phenomenal entity that knows how to take many different pieces of information, make very quick and sophisticated decisions, act on them and continue on its way.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajagopal says he's also excited to learn more about how cells \"talk\" with each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I tend to think of cell tissues really as, like, societies — where cells are the individuals and there's a lot of communication from one cell to another, and some cells are sensing the environment and then sending signals to their neighbors,\" he says. Technological advances are allowing the cell atlas researchers to eavesdrop on this \"conversation\" for the first time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Making the atlas won't solve every problem in medicine, just as having the entire map of the human genome from the Human Genome Project didn't fix everything. But, Regev says, it's a good place to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We knew the lessons from the Human Genome Project were [that] rallying together the entire community would really let you get a full answer to a question. And that full answer will empower everyone to do better and faster and higher-resolution biology,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teichmann, who specializes in immunology, says she expects the cell atlas will take another five to 10 years to complete. But she sees possibilities for improving treatments for diseases – asthma, perhaps, or cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is huge potential — huge potential,\" she says. \"You know there are very clear things that we can learn by drilling down to the single cell level in those diseases.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story originally ran on WBUR's \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/commonhealth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Common Health\u003c/a>\u003cem>. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org/inside/staff/karen-weintraub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>Karen Weintraub\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> is a Common Health contributing writer.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 WBUR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.wbur.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WBUR\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Ambitious+%27Human+Cell+Atlas%27+Aims+To+Catalog+Every+Type+Of+Cell+In+The+Body&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443905/ambitious-human-cell-atlas-aims-to-catalog-every-type-of-cell-in-the-body",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443905"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1060",
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1521",
"futureofyou_1595",
"futureofyou_1594",
"futureofyou_324",
"futureofyou_61"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443906",
"label": "source_futureofyou_443905"
},
"futureofyou_443829": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443829",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443829",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1533675608000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1533675608,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Genetic Tests Can Hurt Your Chances Of Getting Some Types Of Insurance",
"title": "Genetic Tests Can Hurt Your Chances Of Getting Some Types Of Insurance",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Taking a genetic test in your 20s or 30s could, indeed, affect your ability to get long-term-care insurance later — or at least the price you'll pay. And people who are considering enrolling in Medicare \u003cem>after\u003c/em> age 65 would do well to read the fine print of the sign-up rules. Readers have insurance questions on these topics this month, and we have answers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Can getting a genetic test interfere with being able to buy long-term-care insurance in the future? If you do get a plan, can the insurer drop you after you find out the results of a genetic test?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, long-term-care insurers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/11/627287642/has-genetic-privacy-been-strained-by-trumps-recent-aca-moves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can indeed use genetic test results\u003c/a> when they decide whether to offer you coverage. The federal Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act does prohibit insurers from asking for or using your genetic information to make decisions about whether to sell you \u003cem>health\u003c/em> insurance or how much to charge you. But those privacy protections don't apply to long-term-care policies, life insurance or disability insurance.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qQSelkzIcg9rHvmpdeoo1Q3hIhLbJVzz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you apply for a long-term-care policy, the insurer is permitted to review your medical records and ask you questions about your health history and that of your family. It's all part of the underwriting process to determine whether to offer you a policy and how much to charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the insurer asks you whether you've undergone genetic testing, you generally must disclose it, even if the testing was performed through a direct-to-consumer site like 23andMe, says Catherine Theroux, a spokeswoman for \u003ca href=\"https://www.limra.com/News_Center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LIMRA\u003c/a>, an insurance industry trade group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You need to release any medically relevant information,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some states provide extra consumer protections related to genetic testing and long-term-care insurance, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.gwu.edu/sonia-m-suter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonia Mateu Suter\u003c/a>, a law professor at George Washington University who specializes in genetics and the law. But most follow federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get genetic testing after you have a policy, the results can't affect your coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once the policy has been underwritten and issued, the insurer doesn't revoke the policy if new medical information comes to light,\" Theroux says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Can I switch Medigap insurance companies midway through the year? I found a less expensive policy.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It depends. Under federal law, when people turn 65 and first enroll in Medicare Part B they have a six-month window to sign up for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/supplement-other-insurance/medigap/whats-medigap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medigap plan\u003c/a> — a commercial policy that picks up some of the out-of-pocket costs for services that Medicare doesn't cover. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/part-a/what-part-a-covers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medicare Part A covers\u003c/a> hospitalization, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/part-b/what-medicare-part-b-covers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medicare Part B covers\u003c/a> outpatient services.) During that six-month period, insurers have to accept enrollees, even if they have health problems.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AH3oYgfcAwGcfBrC61gPsQfir4oB7Yc7\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're still within that six-month period now and you want to switch plans, go right ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you're past the six-month window, under federal law, insurers are required to sell you a plan only in certain circumstances — such as if you lose your retiree coverage or Medicare Advantage plan. If you don't meet the criteria, insurers can decline to cover you or charge you more for preexisting medical conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many states have provided more robust protections, however. Three states — Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York — have year-round open enrollment and require insurers to offer coverage. And Maine requires a one-month \"guaranteed issue\" open-enrollment period every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some states guarantee current policyholders a chance to switch Medigap plans at certain points during the year. Other states have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/medigap-enrollment-and-consumer-protections-vary-across-states/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">additional qualifying events\u003c/a> that allow people to switch Medigap plans, according to data from the Kaiser Family Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first thing the person should do is check with her state insurance department to find out her rights related to buying a Medigap plan,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncoa.org/centerforbenefits/about-the-center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandy Bauer\u003c/a>, associate director at the Center for Benefits Access at the National Council on Aging. If you decide to go ahead and switch, she says, it is wise to sign up for a new plan before terminating your current policy.[contextly_sidebar id=\"t6VA7YIl0My5E1I6mIhIw1XmFGiwNdrT\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: I did not enroll in Medicare Part B when I turned 65 because I already have a regular plan that covers everything. I was told that the insurer would keep paying as usual, but now the company says it will pay only part and that I have to buy Medicare Part B. I didn't want to pay for two policies. Is there anything I can do to avoid that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From your description, it's hard to know exactly what's going on, but we can make educated guesses. Typically, when people turn 65, it makes sense to sign up for Medicare unless they or their spouse are working and getting health insurance from an employer. For others, at age 65, Medicare typically becomes their primary insurer and any other coverage they have becomes secondary, filling in gaps in Medicare coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have an individual policy that you bought on the health insurance exchange, and decide to hang on to it instead of signing up for Medicare, your premiums and other costs could be higher than they would be on Medicare, depending on your income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you're not receiving employee coverage and you don't enroll in Medicare Part B, you could be subject to a permanent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/your-medicare-costs/part-b-costs/penalty/part-b-late-enrollment-penalty.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">late enrollment penalty\u003c/a> of 10 percent of the policy's premium for every 12 months that you could have signed up for Part B but didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could also owe a premium penalty for not signing up for a Part D prescription drug plan. (Most people don't owe any premium for Medicare Part A, so there's no penalty for late sign-up.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your best move now may be to call 800-Medicare or visit your local \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/contacts/#resources/ships\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state health insurance assistance program\u003c/a> to help sort out your coverage issues, including whether to drop your current coverage and sign up for Medicare Part B and Part D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Kaiser Health News. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Genetic+Tests+Can+Hurt+Your+Chances+Of+Getting+Some+Types+Of+Insurance&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443829 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443829",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/07/genetic-tests-can-hurt-your-chances-of-getting-some-types-of-insurance/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1020,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 24
},
"modified": 1533650118,
"excerpt": "Federal law keeps insurers from using genetic test results when pricing and issuing health insurance. But the tests might keep you from being able to get life insurance or a long-term-care policy.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Federal law keeps insurers from using genetic test results when pricing and issuing health insurance. But the tests might keep you from being able to get life insurance or a long-term-care policy.",
"title": "Genetic Tests Can Hurt Your Chances Of Getting Some Types Of Insurance | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Genetic Tests Can Hurt Your Chances Of Getting Some Types Of Insurance",
"datePublished": "2018-08-07T14:00:08-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-08-07T06:55:18-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "genetic-tests-can-hurt-your-chances-of-getting-some-types-of-insurance",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=636026264&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Michelle Andrews, KHN",
"nprStoryDate": "Tue, 07 Aug 2018 09:00:18 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Tue, 07 Aug 2018 09:08:23 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/08/07/636026264/genetic-tests-can-hurt-your-chances-of-getting-some-types-of-insurance?ft=nprml&f=636026264",
"nprImageAgency": "Science Photo Library RF/Getty Images",
"source": "Health",
"nprStoryId": "636026264",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Tue, 07 Aug 2018 09:08:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/443829/genetic-tests-can-hurt-your-chances-of-getting-some-types-of-insurance",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Taking a genetic test in your 20s or 30s could, indeed, affect your ability to get long-term-care insurance later — or at least the price you'll pay. And people who are considering enrolling in Medicare \u003cem>after\u003c/em> age 65 would do well to read the fine print of the sign-up rules. Readers have insurance questions on these topics this month, and we have answers:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Can getting a genetic test interfere with being able to buy long-term-care insurance in the future? If you do get a plan, can the insurer drop you after you find out the results of a genetic test?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, long-term-care insurers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/11/627287642/has-genetic-privacy-been-strained-by-trumps-recent-aca-moves\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can indeed use genetic test results\u003c/a> when they decide whether to offer you coverage. The federal Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act does prohibit insurers from asking for or using your genetic information to make decisions about whether to sell you \u003cem>health\u003c/em> insurance or how much to charge you. But those privacy protections don't apply to long-term-care policies, life insurance or disability insurance.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you apply for a long-term-care policy, the insurer is permitted to review your medical records and ask you questions about your health history and that of your family. It's all part of the underwriting process to determine whether to offer you a policy and how much to charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the insurer asks you whether you've undergone genetic testing, you generally must disclose it, even if the testing was performed through a direct-to-consumer site like 23andMe, says Catherine Theroux, a spokeswoman for \u003ca href=\"https://www.limra.com/News_Center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LIMRA\u003c/a>, an insurance industry trade group.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You need to release any medically relevant information,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some states provide extra consumer protections related to genetic testing and long-term-care insurance, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.law.gwu.edu/sonia-m-suter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonia Mateu Suter\u003c/a>, a law professor at George Washington University who specializes in genetics and the law. But most follow federal law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you get genetic testing after you have a policy, the results can't affect your coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Once the policy has been underwritten and issued, the insurer doesn't revoke the policy if new medical information comes to light,\" Theroux says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: Can I switch Medigap insurance companies midway through the year? I found a less expensive policy.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It depends. Under federal law, when people turn 65 and first enroll in Medicare Part B they have a six-month window to sign up for a \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/supplement-other-insurance/medigap/whats-medigap.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medigap plan\u003c/a> — a commercial policy that picks up some of the out-of-pocket costs for services that Medicare doesn't cover. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/part-a/what-part-a-covers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medicare Part A covers\u003c/a> hospitalization, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/what-medicare-covers/part-b/what-medicare-part-b-covers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Medicare Part B covers\u003c/a> outpatient services.) During that six-month period, insurers have to accept enrollees, even if they have health problems.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you're still within that six-month period now and you want to switch plans, go right ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you're past the six-month window, under federal law, insurers are required to sell you a plan only in certain circumstances — such as if you lose your retiree coverage or Medicare Advantage plan. If you don't meet the criteria, insurers can decline to cover you or charge you more for preexisting medical conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many states have provided more robust protections, however. Three states — Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York — have year-round open enrollment and require insurers to offer coverage. And Maine requires a one-month \"guaranteed issue\" open-enrollment period every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some states guarantee current policyholders a chance to switch Medigap plans at certain points during the year. Other states have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/medigap-enrollment-and-consumer-protections-vary-across-states/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">additional qualifying events\u003c/a> that allow people to switch Medigap plans, according to data from the Kaiser Family Foundation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The first thing the person should do is check with her state insurance department to find out her rights related to buying a Medigap plan,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncoa.org/centerforbenefits/about-the-center/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brandy Bauer\u003c/a>, associate director at the Center for Benefits Access at the National Council on Aging. If you decide to go ahead and switch, she says, it is wise to sign up for a new plan before terminating your current policy.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q: I did not enroll in Medicare Part B when I turned 65 because I already have a regular plan that covers everything. I was told that the insurer would keep paying as usual, but now the company says it will pay only part and that I have to buy Medicare Part B. I didn't want to pay for two policies. Is there anything I can do to avoid that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From your description, it's hard to know exactly what's going on, but we can make educated guesses. Typically, when people turn 65, it makes sense to sign up for Medicare unless they or their spouse are working and getting health insurance from an employer. For others, at age 65, Medicare typically becomes their primary insurer and any other coverage they have becomes secondary, filling in gaps in Medicare coverage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you have an individual policy that you bought on the health insurance exchange, and decide to hang on to it instead of signing up for Medicare, your premiums and other costs could be higher than they would be on Medicare, depending on your income.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if you're not receiving employee coverage and you don't enroll in Medicare Part B, you could be subject to a permanent \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/your-medicare-costs/part-b-costs/penalty/part-b-late-enrollment-penalty.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">late enrollment penalty\u003c/a> of 10 percent of the policy's premium for every 12 months that you could have signed up for Part B but didn't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could also owe a premium penalty for not signing up for a Part D prescription drug plan. (Most people don't owe any premium for Medicare Part A, so there's no penalty for late sign-up.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your best move now may be to call 800-Medicare or visit your local \u003ca href=\"https://www.medicare.gov/contacts/#resources/ships\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">state health insurance assistance program\u003c/a> to help sort out your coverage issues, including whether to drop your current coverage and sign up for Medicare Part B and Part D.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Kaiser Health News. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Genetic+Tests+Can+Hurt+Your+Chances+Of+Getting+Some+Types+Of+Insurance&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443829/genetic-tests-can-hurt-your-chances-of-getting-some-types-of-insurance",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443829"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_452",
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1015",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_419",
"futureofyou_35"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443830",
"label": "source_futureofyou_443829"
},
"futureofyou_443403": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443403",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443403",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1531854049000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1531854049,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Potential DNA Damage From CRISPR ‘Seriously Underestimated,’ Study Finds",
"title": "Potential DNA Damage From CRISPR ‘Seriously Underestimated,’ Study Finds",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>From the earliest days of the CRISPR-Cas9 era, scientists have known that the first step in how it \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/04/how-crispr-works-visualized/\">edits genomes\u003c/a> — snipping DNA — creates an unholy mess: Cellular repairmen frantically try to fix the cuts by throwing random chunks of DNA into the breach and deleting other random bits. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/Nbt.4192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research\u003c/a> published on Monday suggests that’s only the tip of a Titanic-sized iceberg: CRISPR-Cas9 can cause significantly greater genetic havoc than experts thought, the study concludes, perhaps enough to threaten the health of patients who would one day receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/21/crispr-sickle-cell-clinical-trials/\">CRISPR-based therapy\u003c/a>.[contextly_sidebar id=\"y9TqAZzR84fJHw52DmhRAZZb04jkzjxD\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results come hard on the heels of two \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/11/crispr-hurdle-edited-cells-might-cause-cancer/\">studies\u003c/a> that identified a related issue: Some CRISPR’d cells might be missing a key anti-cancer mechanism and therefore be able to initiate tumors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA damage found in the new study included deletions of thousands of DNA bases, including at spots far from the edit. Some of the deletions can silence genes that should be active and activate genes that should be silent, including cancer-causing genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA chaos that CRISPR unleashes has been “seriously underestimated,” said geneticist Allan Bradley of England’s Wellcome Sanger Institute, who led the study. “This should be a wake-up call.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading CRISPR companies scrambled to play down the latest threat to what they hope will be a multibillion-dollar business \u003cstrong>— \u003c/strong>and to their stock prices, but investors reacted with alarm. Within the first 20 minutes of when the study was released, the three publicly traded CRISPR companies lost more than $300 million in value, and it was downhill from there: CRISPR Therapeutics ended down 8.6 percent, Editas Medicine fell 7 percent, and Intellia Therapeutics lost nearly 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies questioned whether the CRISPR-caused DNA damage reported in the new study applied to the kind of cells they’re planning to CRISPR. They emphasized that if genomic scrambling is at all common then it should also be seen in earlier forms of genome-editing such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/30/crispr-talens-gene-editing/\">zinc fingers and TALENs\u003c/a> (but apparently isn’t). And they insisted they’re on the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not Pollyannaish about this,” said geneticist Tom Barnes, chief innovation officer at Intellia. For its mouse experiments, Intellia analyzes edited genomes for collateral damage both near the editing target and tens of thousands of DNA letters away, he said, but “we have not seen any [cancer-causing] transformation of these cells, even with all the edits we’ve introduced.”[contextly_sidebar id=\"X3REPdHlQY5Hjsf4rQxCF5iuUbyNXJ8K\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Editas spokeswoman Cristi Barnett said the possibility of genetic chaos from CRISPR is “an interesting topic” that the company “actively examine[s].” The reported DNA havoc, she said, is not “specifically problematic in our work to make CRISPR-based medicines.” CRISPR Therapeutics did not respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Academic scientists were less dismissive of the new study, in Nature Biotechnology. One leading CRISPR developer called it “well-done and credible,” “a cautionary note to the [genome-editing] community,” and consistent with other research showing that the DNA cuts that CRISPR makes, called double-stranded breaks, “can induce the types of genomic DNA rearrangements and deletions they report.” He asked not to be identified so as not to jeopardize business relationships with genome-editing companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as critics of last month’s studies asked why, if CRISPR’d cells can initiate cancer, no CRISPR’d mice had turned up with tumors, so scientists raised similar questions about the new genomic havoc finding: Why don’t scientists see it when they analyze the DNA of CRISPR’d cells?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You find what you look for,” said Bradley. “No one is looking at the impact [of these DNA changes] on downstream genes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And few studies conduct full-out genome sequencing of CRISPR’d cells. Moreover, scientists typically search for one form of the collateral damage the Sanger study found — deletions of thousands of DNA bases (the double helix’s famous A’s, T’s, C’s, and G’s) — using a standard technique called PCR, which makes millions of DNA copies. But to work, PCR must attach to a “binding site” on DNA; CRISPR sometimes deletes that binding site, said Bradley, whose team used a different technique to analyze the double helix for collateral damage from CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sanger scientists didn’t set out to find collateral DNA damage from CRISPR. As they investigated how CRISPR might change gene expression, a “weird thing” showed up, Bradley said: The target DNA was accurately changed, but that set off a chain reaction that engulfed genes far from the target. The scientists therefore changed course.[contextly_sidebar id=\"dkt97iGOrAQULIvrxP1t89Dkl2rYRsky\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they aimed CRISPR at different targets in mouse embryonic stem cells, mouse blood-making cells, and human retinal cells, “extensive on-target genomic damage [was] a common outcome,” they wrote in their paper. In one case, genomes in about two-thirds of the CRISPR’d cells showed the expected small-scale inadvertent havoc, but 21 percent had DNA deletions of more than 250 bases and up to 6,000 bases long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since therapeutic uses of CRISPR would edit the genomes of billions of cells in, say, a patient’s liver, even rare DNA damage “makes it likely that one or more edited cells … would be endowed with an important [disease-causing] lesion,” the scientists wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Biotechnology took a year to publish the paper, after asking Bradley numerous variations of “are you sure?” and “did you consider this?” and asking him to run additional experiments, Bradley said. The results all held up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03399448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial\u003c/a> using CRISPR’d cells began recruiting patients this year. It will use CRISPR to make immune cells, removed from patients with any of four types of cancer, attack telltale molecules on the tumor cells’ surface. Asked what genome analysis he plans to do, lead investigator Dr. Edward Stadtmauer of the University of Pennsylvania said, “We are doing extensive testing of the final cellular product as well as the cells within the patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of adverse consequences from CRISPR’d cells has caused some company officials to argue that if, say, their therapy cures a child of a devastating disease, but increases her risk of cancer, that might be an acceptable trade-off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That argument may well prevail. In 2003, however, when a boy in a gene therapy trial in France \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200301163480314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developed leukemia\u003c/a> because the repair gene landed in the wrong place in his genome and activated a cancer-causing gene, it shut down gene therapy development on both sides of the Atlantic for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/16/crispr-potential-dna-damage-underestimated/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443403 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443403",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/17/potential-dna-damage-from-crispr-seriously-underestimated-study-finds/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 1198,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 22
},
"modified": 1531933835,
"excerpt": "Leading CRISPR companies scrambled to play down the latest threat to what they hope will be a multibillion-dollar business.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Leading CRISPR companies scrambled to play down the latest threat to what they hope will be a multibillion-dollar business.",
"title": "Potential DNA Damage From CRISPR ‘Seriously Underestimated,’ Study Finds | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Potential DNA Damage From CRISPR ‘Seriously Underestimated,’ Study Finds",
"datePublished": "2018-07-17T12:00:49-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-07-18T10:10:35-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "potential-dna-damage-from-crispr-seriously-underestimated-study-finds",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Sharon Begley\u003cbr />STAT",
"source": "Hope/Hype",
"path": "/futureofyou/443403/potential-dna-damage-from-crispr-seriously-underestimated-study-finds",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>From the earliest days of the CRISPR-Cas9 era, scientists have known that the first step in how it \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/04/how-crispr-works-visualized/\">edits genomes\u003c/a> — snipping DNA — creates an unholy mess: Cellular repairmen frantically try to fix the cuts by throwing random chunks of DNA into the breach and deleting other random bits. \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/Nbt.4192\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research\u003c/a> published on Monday suggests that’s only the tip of a Titanic-sized iceberg: CRISPR-Cas9 can cause significantly greater genetic havoc than experts thought, the study concludes, perhaps enough to threaten the health of patients who would one day receive \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/21/crispr-sickle-cell-clinical-trials/\">CRISPR-based therapy\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results come hard on the heels of two \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/11/crispr-hurdle-edited-cells-might-cause-cancer/\">studies\u003c/a> that identified a related issue: Some CRISPR’d cells might be missing a key anti-cancer mechanism and therefore be able to initiate tumors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA damage found in the new study included deletions of thousands of DNA bases, including at spots far from the edit. Some of the deletions can silence genes that should be active and activate genes that should be silent, including cancer-causing genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The DNA chaos that CRISPR unleashes has been “seriously underestimated,” said geneticist Allan Bradley of England’s Wellcome Sanger Institute, who led the study. “This should be a wake-up call.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Leading CRISPR companies scrambled to play down the latest threat to what they hope will be a multibillion-dollar business \u003cstrong>— \u003c/strong>and to their stock prices, but investors reacted with alarm. Within the first 20 minutes of when the study was released, the three publicly traded CRISPR companies lost more than $300 million in value, and it was downhill from there: CRISPR Therapeutics ended down 8.6 percent, Editas Medicine fell 7 percent, and Intellia Therapeutics lost nearly 10 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies questioned whether the CRISPR-caused DNA damage reported in the new study applied to the kind of cells they’re planning to CRISPR. They emphasized that if genomic scrambling is at all common then it should also be seen in earlier forms of genome-editing such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2017/11/30/crispr-talens-gene-editing/\">zinc fingers and TALENs\u003c/a> (but apparently isn’t). And they insisted they’re on the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re not Pollyannaish about this,” said geneticist Tom Barnes, chief innovation officer at Intellia. For its mouse experiments, Intellia analyzes edited genomes for collateral damage both near the editing target and tens of thousands of DNA letters away, he said, but “we have not seen any [cancer-causing] transformation of these cells, even with all the edits we’ve introduced.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement, Editas spokeswoman Cristi Barnett said the possibility of genetic chaos from CRISPR is “an interesting topic” that the company “actively examine[s].” The reported DNA havoc, she said, is not “specifically problematic in our work to make CRISPR-based medicines.” CRISPR Therapeutics did not respond to requests for comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Academic scientists were less dismissive of the new study, in Nature Biotechnology. One leading CRISPR developer called it “well-done and credible,” “a cautionary note to the [genome-editing] community,” and consistent with other research showing that the DNA cuts that CRISPR makes, called double-stranded breaks, “can induce the types of genomic DNA rearrangements and deletions they report.” He asked not to be identified so as not to jeopardize business relationships with genome-editing companies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just as critics of last month’s studies asked why, if CRISPR’d cells can initiate cancer, no CRISPR’d mice had turned up with tumors, so scientists raised similar questions about the new genomic havoc finding: Why don’t scientists see it when they analyze the DNA of CRISPR’d cells?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You find what you look for,” said Bradley. “No one is looking at the impact [of these DNA changes] on downstream genes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And few studies conduct full-out genome sequencing of CRISPR’d cells. Moreover, scientists typically search for one form of the collateral damage the Sanger study found — deletions of thousands of DNA bases (the double helix’s famous A’s, T’s, C’s, and G’s) — using a standard technique called PCR, which makes millions of DNA copies. But to work, PCR must attach to a “binding site” on DNA; CRISPR sometimes deletes that binding site, said Bradley, whose team used a different technique to analyze the double helix for collateral damage from CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sanger scientists didn’t set out to find collateral DNA damage from CRISPR. As they investigated how CRISPR might change gene expression, a “weird thing” showed up, Bradley said: The target DNA was accurately changed, but that set off a chain reaction that engulfed genes far from the target. The scientists therefore changed course.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they aimed CRISPR at different targets in mouse embryonic stem cells, mouse blood-making cells, and human retinal cells, “extensive on-target genomic damage [was] a common outcome,” they wrote in their paper. In one case, genomes in about two-thirds of the CRISPR’d cells showed the expected small-scale inadvertent havoc, but 21 percent had DNA deletions of more than 250 bases and up to 6,000 bases long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since therapeutic uses of CRISPR would edit the genomes of billions of cells in, say, a patient’s liver, even rare DNA damage “makes it likely that one or more edited cells … would be endowed with an important [disease-causing] lesion,” the scientists wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nature Biotechnology took a year to publish the paper, after asking Bradley numerous variations of “are you sure?” and “did you consider this?” and asking him to run additional experiments, Bradley said. The results all held up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The one U.S. \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03399448\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clinical trial\u003c/a> using CRISPR’d cells began recruiting patients this year. It will use CRISPR to make immune cells, removed from patients with any of four types of cancer, attack telltale molecules on the tumor cells’ surface. Asked what genome analysis he plans to do, lead investigator Dr. Edward Stadtmauer of the University of Pennsylvania said, “We are doing extensive testing of the final cellular product as well as the cells within the patient.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The possibility of adverse consequences from CRISPR’d cells has caused some company officials to argue that if, say, their therapy cures a child of a devastating disease, but increases her risk of cancer, that might be an acceptable trade-off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That argument may well prevail. In 2003, however, when a boy in a gene therapy trial in France \u003ca href=\"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200301163480314\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developed leukemia\u003c/a> because the repair gene landed in the wrong place in his genome and activated a cancer-causing gene, it shut down gene therapy development on both sides of the Atlantic for years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/07/16/crispr-potential-dna-damage-underestimated/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443403/potential-dna-damage-from-crispr-seriously-underestimated-study-finds",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443403"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1062",
"futureofyou_73"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_103",
"futureofyou_94",
"futureofyou_17",
"futureofyou_1275",
"futureofyou_830",
"futureofyou_61"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1097",
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443405",
"label": "source_futureofyou_443403"
},
"futureofyou_443063": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_443063",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "443063",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1530222945000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"term": 1094
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1530222945,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases",
"title": "The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Humans are living longer than ever before. But does our species have a fixed shelf life, or could we prolong our lives indefinitely?[contextly_sidebar id=\"SE82E4G0jfBm3Ty2BPZtQeC1Q2URGkhF\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat3119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity — findings that come amid a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heated debate\u003c/a> on the question and that will almost surely be disputed by scientists who caution against putting too much hope in new advances in technology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographers looked at data from nearly 4,000 Italians above the age of 105 and noticed that, with each passing year, they were no more likely to die than they had been before reaching that age. In other words, after a certain age, the risk for death plateaus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing death rates, among extreme ages, go down a little bit,” said Ken Wachter, a professor of demography and statistics at University of California, Berkeley, who helped lead the study. “That means we’re not coming up against a limit to lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 study examined global demographic data, and concluded that humans have an upper limit of 115 years — with an occasional outlier surpassing expectations. That paper, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a>, was rebutted in subsequent papers — with this latest paper serving, potentially, as another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what the Science paper found: A person’s risk of dying gets statistically higher with each passing year — until they hit 80. The idea is that those who were less fit, in a Darwinian sense, die out before they hit extreme old age. The survivors, who have proven their mettle as hardy stock, wind up less likely to die with each passing year. After 80, the death rates actually begin to decelerate — and after 105, the death rates plateau, according to the Science study.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YLSkNwloHkug4PGaOdi82m9E00o7xkuz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have survived to extreme old age — say, 110 years — aren’t any more likely to die than a person who is a few years younger. Rather, the idea is that the most genetically robust people survive into old age — and could potentially continue to live for an indefinite amount of time, if technology advances permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper’s methodology is “well-done,” but sheds little new light on the concept of mortality plateaus, said Tom Kirkwood, associate dean for aging at the Newcastle University Institute for Aging. Furthermore, it observes trends of aging but does nothing to explain why some people live for such long stretches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of demographic study cannot identify the reasons for an apparent plateau, which are rooted in biology and which so far remain elusive,” Kirkwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One scientific faction puts a hard stop on the human lifespan at 115 years. The 2016 paper in Nature found that the maximum reported age of death increased until the mid-1990s, then plateaued. That suggested that despite all the advances in technology since, the upper limit of age could not surpass 115. To increase the limit, scientists would have to develop interventions that would tackle aging on too many different fronts — and that’s just not possible with the current technology we have, said Jan Vijg, chair of genetics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and an author of the Nature paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vijg thinks that a mortality plateau observed in the latest research doesn’t disprove his paper.[contextly_sidebar id=\"q3Z6RZoUG6JjLbtDvzjWH1Vt9KhybMkM\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re very lucky as a human, have good genes, and are lucky to avoid diseases, you probably do have a higher chance to live just a little longer than others — that’s selection,” Vijg said. “But this is far from saying ‘since mortality no longer increases, that means that humans can continue to live longer and longer.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people are still very close to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a strong business incentive behind the idea that there’s no limit on human longevity. Case in point: Just this week, AbbVie and Google parent company Alphabet said they’d pour an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/26/google-calico-abbvie-aging/\">additional $1 billion\u003c/a> to fund Alphabet spinout Calico, which is working covertly on aging science. But not everyone accepts the premise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a believer that there is going to be some silver bullet, some magic drug or substance or intervention that will have a major impact on aging overall,” Wachter said. “The hope is that as we understand the interaction between genes and our behaviors, along with environments, toxins, and medicines, we’ll be able to better tune the life course for widespread improvements in lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have gradually been extending their lifespans over millennia — with the biggest leaps being made in the past century or so. But our genes, by and large, often date back to caveman times, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that shows is that the way our bodies are put together, and our genetic heritage, is very permissive,” Wachter said. “We strongly believe that the patterns we’re seeing — which include this leveling out at extreme ages — partly reflect the processes of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/28/human-longevity-limits-aging/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "443063 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443063",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/28/the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 907,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 20
},
"modified": 1530222945,
"excerpt": "A new study suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity, findings that come amid a heated debate on the question.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "A new study suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity, findings that come amid a heated debate on the question.",
"title": "The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "The Age Plateau: Study Suggests, At Certain Age, Risk of Death No Longer Increases",
"datePublished": "2018-06-28T14:55:45-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-28T14:55:45-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Meghana Keshavan\u003cbr />STAT",
"path": "/futureofyou/443063/the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humans are living longer than ever before. But does our species have a fixed shelf life, or could we prolong our lives indefinitely?\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study in \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aat3119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Science\u003c/a> suggests that we haven’t yet hit our limit on longevity — findings that come amid a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">heated debate\u003c/a> on the question and that will almost surely be disputed by scientists who caution against putting too much hope in new advances in technology and medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Demographers looked at data from nearly 4,000 Italians above the age of 105 and noticed that, with each passing year, they were no more likely to die than they had been before reaching that age. In other words, after a certain age, the risk for death plateaus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing death rates, among extreme ages, go down a little bit,” said Ken Wachter, a professor of demography and statistics at University of California, Berkeley, who helped lead the study. “That means we’re not coming up against a limit to lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2016 study examined global demographic data, and concluded that humans have an upper limit of 115 years — with an occasional outlier surpassing expectations. That paper, \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/human-age-limit-claim-sparks-debate-1.20750\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published in Nature\u003c/a>, was rebutted in subsequent papers — with this latest paper serving, potentially, as another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here’s what the Science paper found: A person’s risk of dying gets statistically higher with each passing year — until they hit 80. The idea is that those who were less fit, in a Darwinian sense, die out before they hit extreme old age. The survivors, who have proven their mettle as hardy stock, wind up less likely to die with each passing year. After 80, the death rates actually begin to decelerate — and after 105, the death rates plateau, according to the Science study.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those who have survived to extreme old age — say, 110 years — aren’t any more likely to die than a person who is a few years younger. Rather, the idea is that the most genetically robust people survive into old age — and could potentially continue to live for an indefinite amount of time, if technology advances permit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper’s methodology is “well-done,” but sheds little new light on the concept of mortality plateaus, said Tom Kirkwood, associate dean for aging at the Newcastle University Institute for Aging. Furthermore, it observes trends of aging but does nothing to explain why some people live for such long stretches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This kind of demographic study cannot identify the reasons for an apparent plateau, which are rooted in biology and which so far remain elusive,” Kirkwood said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One scientific faction puts a hard stop on the human lifespan at 115 years. The 2016 paper in Nature found that the maximum reported age of death increased until the mid-1990s, then plateaued. That suggested that despite all the advances in technology since, the upper limit of age could not surpass 115. To increase the limit, scientists would have to develop interventions that would tackle aging on too many different fronts — and that’s just not possible with the current technology we have, said Jan Vijg, chair of genetics at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and an author of the Nature paper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vijg thinks that a mortality plateau observed in the latest research doesn’t disprove his paper.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re very lucky as a human, have good genes, and are lucky to avoid diseases, you probably do have a higher chance to live just a little longer than others — that’s selection,” Vijg said. “But this is far from saying ‘since mortality no longer increases, that means that humans can continue to live longer and longer.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These people are still very close to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a strong business incentive behind the idea that there’s no limit on human longevity. Case in point: Just this week, AbbVie and Google parent company Alphabet said they’d pour an \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/26/google-calico-abbvie-aging/\">additional $1 billion\u003c/a> to fund Alphabet spinout Calico, which is working covertly on aging science. But not everyone accepts the premise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m not a believer that there is going to be some silver bullet, some magic drug or substance or intervention that will have a major impact on aging overall,” Wachter said. “The hope is that as we understand the interaction between genes and our behaviors, along with environments, toxins, and medicines, we’ll be able to better tune the life course for widespread improvements in lifespan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humans have gradually been extending their lifespans over millennia — with the biggest leaps being made in the past century or so. But our genes, by and large, often date back to caveman times, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What that shows is that the way our bodies are put together, and our genetic heritage, is very permissive,” Wachter said. “We strongly believe that the patterns we’re seeing — which include this leveling out at extreme ages — partly reflect the processes of evolution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/28/human-longevity-limits-aging/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/443063/the-age-plateau-study-suggests-at-certain-age-risk-of-death-no-longer-increases",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_443063"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1564",
"futureofyou_532",
"futureofyou_141",
"futureofyou_1565",
"futureofyou_61"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_443067",
"label": "futureofyou_1094"
},
"futureofyou_442945": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_442945",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "442945",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1529614854000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {
"site": "futureofyou",
"term": 1094
},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1529614854,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Anti-Aging Researcher Faces Loss of His Inspiration: His 96-Year-Old Dad",
"title": "Anti-Aging Researcher Faces Loss of His Inspiration: His 96-Year-Old Dad",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Leonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin, white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks, voice raised to reach him through the fog of age, poor hearing, and illness. “Papa,” he asks in their native Russian, “are you in pain?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost imperceptibly, Miron Peshkin, age 96 and silenced by a minor heart attack, delirium, antibiotic-resistant infections, and six months of medical care, shifts his head to indicate “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The younger Peshkin, 48, studies the biology of aging at Harvard Medical School in Boston. A broad-shouldered man with a twinkle always lurking in his brown eyes, Peshkin has been obsessed with aging since childhood because he worried that his father — then as old as other kids’ grandparents — would soon pass away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How funny it is,” Peshkin said, “that I had to be super worried he was going to die when I was 10. And here I am almost 50, and he’s still around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as Miron lies virtually motionless in a nursing home, Peshkin fights his own battles with aging a few miles away, in a fifth-floor lab just off the Harvard Medical School quad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab’s main attraction is a mammoth, glass-fronted incubator stocked with tiny crustaceans called water fleas. Peshkin is raising them to try to understand their natural lifespan. Once he knows how unusual it is for these bugs to survive past the 40 days they typically live at room temperature, he will begin dosing them with drugs to see if he can extend that trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin prepares to feed water fleas in his lab at Harvard Medical School. He studies their life cycle to better understand aging in humans. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Peshkin and his parents also contribute to research in a less conventional way. All three have donated their genetic code and cells to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those cells have been altered to reproduce indefinitely. Their usefulness to research will far outlast Miron’s life, and probably his mother’s and Peshkin’s too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what Peshkin’s aiming for, he said, quoting Woody Allen’s famous line about wanting to achieve immortality — not through his work — but by not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Peshkin continues to fight for his father’s life, despite the increasing futility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, he understands that his father is old and unlikely to recover. But no, he isn’t ready to stop aggressive medical care, Peshkin has told the chaplain at the Catholic hospital that treated his father, and at the Jewish nursing home where Miron now lies in a world mostly his own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin highlights the irony: Persecuted for decades in Russia for being Jewish, Miron has no real faith — except in science. And yet these people of faith want to decide his fate. Plus, Peshkin has come, over the six months of his father’s illness, to doubt the medical care that keeps him alive. Too many times doctors told him his father was gone; only to have him bounce back and become himself once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So every day Peshkin drives to the nursing home to stroke his father’s head, stretch his arms, talk to him, and check in with caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Peshkin continues to struggle with the question that has haunted him since childhood: Why must his father die?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just didn’t make sense the whole idea that you have to get old, your parents, your loved ones have to get old and die,” Peshkin said. “It just made absolutely no sense to me and it still doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 993px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 04\" width=\"993\" height=\"509\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cstrong>(Left) Aaron Peshkin with young Miron Peshkin in 1924. (Right) Miron Peshkin and Leonid Peshkin in 1973. Courtesy Leon Peshkin.\u003c/strong>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lifelong Interest in Longevity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-aging research is one of today’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/22/laura-deming-profile-longevity-fund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hottest fields\u003c/a>. Billionaires donate fortunes to advance work aimed at slowing the hands of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the genesis of Peshkin’s interest in longevity goes back 43 years, to the streets of Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking in the park with his babysitter, they crossed paths with a fancy funeral — big crowd, brass band, bright red open casket. Peshkin doesn’t remember who died, but he does remember the questions it left him with: What is death? Why do we have to die? Why put someone in a box who looks so alive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents had always answered his questions before. But this time, their explanations were inadequate and awkward. Their inability to satisfy his curiosity made as big an impression on him as the funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father was a scientist, first in the aviation industry and then — when he was kicked out for being Jewish — in the oil and gas business, studying how liquified gas moves through sand. Working for the state, Miron didn’t earn much, so he translated technical documents from German and English into Russian for extra cash. Peshkin’s mother, Klavdia Logvinskaya, worked herself up from lab technician to engineer, researching additives that influence the properties of metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were always demanding of their son. They told Peshkin he had to be 10 times better than everyone else to overcome the discrimination he would face as a Jew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, almost all the adults Peshkin knew were the Ph.D.-level scientists who were his parents’ friends. “It was clear that science is the only thing worth doing in life,” he said. As a young boy, a family friend showed him how to memorize a string of 50 facts after just a few minutes of study. “It gave me this idea of power over nature,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 10, after watching some television hospital dramas, Peshkin remembers taking a cord from an old desk lamp and having it at the ready to shock his father’s heart, in case he went into cardiac arrest. “It’s very good he never had a heart attack, because I would have finished him,” Peshkin said dryly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin came to the United States in 1995 to attend Brown University, where he trained in statistical machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, before switching to systems biology. His parents joined him in Boston a decade ago as political refugees, fleeing anti-Semitism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother, sitting in his office recently after a nearby doctor’s appointment, reminds him in Russian that he also promised to build an engine to replace their failing hearts, so they would never die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He still holds onto that dream of keeping them alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I’m not a very religious man. I don’t think there is some kind of rational design or purpose,” he said. “Even if there is, I’m not ready to accept [it].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for Clues to Reverse Aging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most exciting, perhaps fanciful, biomedical research involves slowing the aging process. Research in animals is especially tantalizing. Deprive a worm of calories and it will live longer. A number of drugs extend life in animals and are being studied to see if they can reduce the risk of age-related diseases in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-aging scientists themselves pop supplements or gratefully accept diagnoses of pre-diabetes so they can start taking drugs that have shown promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin’s own research focuses on the water flea, Latin name Daphnia, an insect barely visible to the naked eye. Known primarily as food for aquarium fish, these mostly transparent crustaceans eat algae and protozoa and survive for about 40 days when kept at room temperature. (They live longer in warmer environments.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that “on average” that troubles Peshkin. No one knows the full range of a Daphnia’s lifespan. So, if a Daphnia lives for 60 days while given a particular drug, is that a potential silver bullet or simply the water flea equivalent of human outlier, akin to his father living to 96? Or if they continue having offspring and resist turning opaque — the water flea version of going gray — does that mean that he’s extended their “healthspan,” which is the true goal of all anti-aging research?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said water fleas make a good research species because of their relatively short lifespans, and because unlike flies or worms, they can be precisely dosed with medication. It’s hard to tell how much an individual fly is consuming; worms are very efficient at excreting nutrients they don’t need. Water fleas, on the other hand, have to absorb the medication Peshkin gives them, because they’re swimming in it, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can reproduce asexually, unless under stress, so all of his Daphnia are identical genetic clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mentioned one cool trick with Daphnia that many middle school sciences classes try: Add caffeine to their water and you can watch their heartbeats speed up. (When Peshkin’s wife was pregnant seven yeas ago, he was worried about her addiction to coffee. He pumped tadpoles full of caffeine during their entire developmental process — and saw no issues in their offspring. His wife remains addicted.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, before Peshkin’s research funding didn’t come through and his water fleas died, he got encouraging early results from the fleas when he tried them on a drug called Wortmannin, shown to extend the life of fruit flies. He froze one Daphnia every day so he could later examine the genes that were turned on and off during development, and as the animal aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he’s starting to build up his colony again in collaboration with Marc Kirschner, the founding director of Harvard’s systems biology department. “Our target is getting a steady supply of old animals. It’s trickier than it sounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He compares his scientific process to the child’s game Twenty Questions. “I use drugs as questions,” he said, interrogating them to see if they can extend the life of water fleas, and therefore, potentially, humans. “I want to find the minimal number of questions that allow you to get an answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 01\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin in his office at Harvard Medical School. His genome will become the reference for labs all over the world. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Henrietta Lacks 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human cells used most often in research labs around the world came originally from a Maryland woman named \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacksfamily.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henrietta Lacks\u003c/a>, who died of cervical cancer in 1951. The doctors who treated her did not get her permission before shipping descendants of her cells all over the world. The ethics of that were questionable back then and are certainly unacceptable today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Harvard geneticist George Church set out to amass human genome, health and trait data for research, he made informed consent a huge part of the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron was the 15th person to sign up for the Personal Genome Project, which now counts hundreds of participants; Peshkin and his mother soon followed. The three don’t share the privacy concerns some people have about making their genetic information public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t invent my genome,” Peshkin said. “This idea that it’s mine in the sense of property is sort of foreign to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother said she can’t imagine ways that publishing her genome might hurt her. “This is for science and scientists,” Logvinskaya said in Russian, while Peshkin translated. “Those are not villains. Those are not random people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years after volunteering their information, Personal Genome Project organizers approached the family with a request: Would they participate in a federally funded effort to develop a standard for genetic sequencing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other fields set standards. A cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, for instance, sits in a basement vault in the U.K., providing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/where-and-how-is-the-uks-national-standard-kilogram-stored-(faq-mass-and-density)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reference weight\u003c/a> used around the world for a kilogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when scientists sequence a genome, they have no way of knowing the accuracy of that sequence or whether it’s good enough, because they have no high-quality benchmark to compare it to. It’s that benchmark that the Genome in a Bottle project is working to create, said Justin Zook, a scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and co-leader of the initiative. In addition to the Peshkin family, they’ve now sequenced one pilot genome and one man of Han Chinese descent. They plan to add that man’s parents soon, and eventually others that reflect more ethnic and racial diversity, Zook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said he briefly contemplated one far-out concern with the project: If his was the reference genome, could his own body become valuable to a scientist who wanted to, say, test an Alzheimer’s drug on the real person it was designed to treat?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If my brain is the best brain for the experiment because they’ve been working with cells derived from me, maybe there’s suddenly a price on my head,” Peshkin said. “It’s more like a great plot for a movie, and I dismissed it because I thought it’s a very, very unlikely scenario to worry about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data associated with the Genome in a Bottle samples were downloaded to about 15,000 computers worldwide in 2017, Zook said, suggesting that there’s a strong appetite for the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weirdly, Peshkin won’t be able to study his own samples; it wouldn’t be safe. Like Henrietta Lacks’ original cells, the ones he donated have been modified to reproduce indefinitely, which is essential for their scientific usefulness. But that makes them extremely dangerous to Peshkin himself — and only him. If he comes into contact with his own modified cells, his body won’t recognize them as foreign. “They will keep multiplying and growing on me and eventually will kill me,” he said matter-of-factly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 05\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin exercises his father’s arm to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Privacy vs. Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Personal Genome Project is now considering what tissue to collect from Miron when his heart or another organ finally gives out, said Michael F. Chou, a lecturer in genetics and director of human subjects research for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron’s gene sequence and tissue will be publicly available and connected with his health records; \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/gtex-useful-expression-cancer-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other\u003c/a> gene expression data from tissue has been anonymized. Without that personal data, researchers can’t know if their pancreatic tissue sample came from a diabetic who died of a heart attack in his 50s, for instance, or from someone like Miron, who has lived nearly two decades longer than the average American male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound morbid to contemplate such ideas. But though Peshkin still sees death as pointless and illogical, it would be even more meaningless in his view to bury an intact body in the ground where it can do no good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the best we can do is leave our body to science, even though a lot of science is also a waste,” Peshkin said. “I think that science is the best thing we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t much more time left to make these kinds of decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last two weeks Miron has slipped further away. Peshkin is sure his father, whose 97th birthday is July 9, can still hear him. But Miron is not as responsive as he was, his eyes are less alert, his stare more vacant. Peshkin would have given up already if his father hadn’t bounced back twice before, though he concedes that chances are now slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father’s palliative care team has scheduled a meeting for Wednesday afternoon. Peshkin expects they will pressure him to dial back on Miron’s aggressive medical care, potentially hastening his demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wonders aloud when he will be ready to accept what he still doesn’t think should be inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I will try to fend it off for a little longer,” Peshkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misclassified Daphnia on first reference and Peshkin’s field of research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/20/anti-aging-researcher-father-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "442945 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442945",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/21/anti-aging-researcher-faces-loss-of-his-inspiration-his-96-yr-old-dad/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 2819,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 67
},
"modified": 1529722265,
"excerpt": null,
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Leonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin, white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks, voice raised to reach him through the fog of age, poor hearing, and illness. “Papa,” he asks in their native Russian, “are you in pain?” Almost imperceptibly, Miron",
"title": "Anti-Aging Researcher Faces Loss of His Inspiration: His 96-Year-Old Dad | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Anti-Aging Researcher Faces Loss of His Inspiration: His 96-Year-Old Dad",
"datePublished": "2018-06-21T14:00:54-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-22T19:51:05-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "anti-aging-researcher-faces-loss-of-his-inspiration-his-96-yr-old-dad",
"status": "publish",
"nprByline": "Karen Weintraub\u003cbr />STAT",
"path": "/futureofyou/442945/anti-aging-researcher-faces-loss-of-his-inspiration-his-96-yr-old-dad",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Leonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin, white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks, voice raised to reach him through the fog of age, poor hearing, and illness. “Papa,” he asks in their native Russian, “are you in pain?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost imperceptibly, Miron Peshkin, age 96 and silenced by a minor heart attack, delirium, antibiotic-resistant infections, and six months of medical care, shifts his head to indicate “no.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The younger Peshkin, 48, studies the biology of aging at Harvard Medical School in Boston. A broad-shouldered man with a twinkle always lurking in his brown eyes, Peshkin has been obsessed with aging since childhood because he worried that his father — then as old as other kids’ grandparents — would soon pass away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How funny it is,” Peshkin said, “that I had to be super worried he was going to die when I was 10. And here I am almost 50, and he’s still around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, as Miron lies virtually motionless in a nursing home, Peshkin fights his own battles with aging a few miles away, in a fifth-floor lab just off the Harvard Medical School quad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab’s main attraction is a mammoth, glass-fronted incubator stocked with tiny crustaceans called water fleas. Peshkin is raising them to try to understand their natural lifespan. Once he knows how unusual it is for these bugs to survive past the 40 days they typically live at room temperature, he will begin dosing them with drugs to see if he can extend that trajectory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin003-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin prepares to feed water fleas in his lab at Harvard Medical School. He studies their life cycle to better understand aging in humans. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Peshkin and his parents also contribute to research in a less conventional way. All three have donated their genetic code and cells to science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those cells have been altered to reproduce indefinitely. Their usefulness to research will far outlast Miron’s life, and probably his mother’s and Peshkin’s too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s not what Peshkin’s aiming for, he said, quoting Woody Allen’s famous line about wanting to achieve immortality — not through his work — but by not dying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Peshkin continues to fight for his father’s life, despite the increasing futility.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yes, he understands that his father is old and unlikely to recover. But no, he isn’t ready to stop aggressive medical care, Peshkin has told the chaplain at the Catholic hospital that treated his father, and at the Jewish nursing home where Miron now lies in a world mostly his own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin highlights the irony: Persecuted for decades in Russia for being Jewish, Miron has no real faith — except in science. And yet these people of faith want to decide his fate. Plus, Peshkin has come, over the six months of his father’s illness, to doubt the medical care that keeps him alive. Too many times doctors told him his father was gone; only to have him bounce back and become himself once again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So every day Peshkin drives to the nursing home to stroke his father’s head, stretch his arms, talk to him, and check in with caregivers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Peshkin continues to struggle with the question that has haunted him since childhood: Why must his father die?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just didn’t make sense the whole idea that you have to get old, your parents, your loved ones have to get old and die,” Peshkin said. “It just made absolutely no sense to me and it still doesn’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 993px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Leonid_Composite.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 04\" width=\"993\" height=\"509\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cstrong>(Left) Aaron Peshkin with young Miron Peshkin in 1924. (Right) Miron Peshkin and Leonid Peshkin in 1973. Courtesy Leon Peshkin.\u003c/strong>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Lifelong Interest in Longevity\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anti-aging research is one of today’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/05/22/laura-deming-profile-longevity-fund/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hottest fields\u003c/a>. Billionaires donate fortunes to advance work aimed at slowing the hands of time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the genesis of Peshkin’s interest in longevity goes back 43 years, to the streets of Moscow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Walking in the park with his babysitter, they crossed paths with a fancy funeral — big crowd, brass band, bright red open casket. Peshkin doesn’t remember who died, but he does remember the questions it left him with: What is death? Why do we have to die? Why put someone in a box who looks so alive?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents had always answered his questions before. But this time, their explanations were inadequate and awkward. Their inability to satisfy his curiosity made as big an impression on him as the funeral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father was a scientist, first in the aviation industry and then — when he was kicked out for being Jewish — in the oil and gas business, studying how liquified gas moves through sand. Working for the state, Miron didn’t earn much, so he translated technical documents from German and English into Russian for extra cash. Peshkin’s mother, Klavdia Logvinskaya, worked herself up from lab technician to engineer, researching additives that influence the properties of metal alloys.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were always demanding of their son. They told Peshkin he had to be 10 times better than everyone else to overcome the discrimination he would face as a Jew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up, almost all the adults Peshkin knew were the Ph.D.-level scientists who were his parents’ friends. “It was clear that science is the only thing worth doing in life,” he said. As a young boy, a family friend showed him how to memorize a string of 50 facts after just a few minutes of study. “It gave me this idea of power over nature,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At age 10, after watching some television hospital dramas, Peshkin remembers taking a cord from an old desk lamp and having it at the ready to shock his father’s heart, in case he went into cardiac arrest. “It’s very good he never had a heart attack, because I would have finished him,” Peshkin said dryly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin came to the United States in 1995 to attend Brown University, where he trained in statistical machine learning, a type of artificial intelligence, before switching to systems biology. His parents joined him in Boston a decade ago as political refugees, fleeing anti-Semitism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother, sitting in his office recently after a nearby doctor’s appointment, reminds him in Russian that he also promised to build an engine to replace their failing hearts, so they would never die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He still holds onto that dream of keeping them alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I guess I’m not a very religious man. I don’t think there is some kind of rational design or purpose,” he said. “Even if there is, I’m not ready to accept [it].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Searching for Clues to Reverse Aging\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the most exciting, perhaps fanciful, biomedical research involves slowing the aging process. Research in animals is especially tantalizing. Deprive a worm of calories and it will live longer. A number of drugs extend life in animals and are being studied to see if they can reduce the risk of age-related diseases in people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many anti-aging scientists themselves pop supplements or gratefully accept diagnoses of pre-diabetes so they can start taking drugs that have shown promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin’s own research focuses on the water flea, Latin name Daphnia, an insect barely visible to the naked eye. Known primarily as food for aquarium fish, these mostly transparent crustaceans eat algae and protozoa and survive for about 40 days when kept at room temperature. (They live longer in warmer environments.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s that “on average” that troubles Peshkin. No one knows the full range of a Daphnia’s lifespan. So, if a Daphnia lives for 60 days while given a particular drug, is that a potential silver bullet or simply the water flea equivalent of human outlier, akin to his father living to 96? Or if they continue having offspring and resist turning opaque — the water flea version of going gray — does that mean that he’s extended their “healthspan,” which is the true goal of all anti-aging research?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said water fleas make a good research species because of their relatively short lifespans, and because unlike flies or worms, they can be precisely dosed with medication. It’s hard to tell how much an individual fly is consuming; worms are very efficient at excreting nutrients they don’t need. Water fleas, on the other hand, have to absorb the medication Peshkin gives them, because they’re swimming in it, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can reproduce asexually, unless under stress, so all of his Daphnia are identical genetic clones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He mentioned one cool trick with Daphnia that many middle school sciences classes try: Add caffeine to their water and you can watch their heartbeats speed up. (When Peshkin’s wife was pregnant seven yeas ago, he was worried about her addiction to coffee. He pumped tadpoles full of caffeine during their entire developmental process — and saw no issues in their offspring. His wife remains addicted.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, before Peshkin’s research funding didn’t come through and his water fleas died, he got encouraging early results from the fleas when he tried them on a drug called Wortmannin, shown to extend the life of fruit flies. He froze one Daphnia every day so he could later examine the genes that were turned on and off during development, and as the animal aged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he’s starting to build up his colony again in collaboration with Marc Kirschner, the founding director of Harvard’s systems biology department. “Our target is getting a steady supply of old animals. It’s trickier than it sounds,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He compares his scientific process to the child’s game Twenty Questions. “I use drugs as questions,” he said, interrogating them to see if they can extend the life of water fleas, and therefore, potentially, humans. “I want to find the minimal number of questions that allow you to get an answer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin001-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 01\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin in his office at Harvard Medical School. His genome will become the reference for labs all over the world. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Henrietta Lacks 2.0\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The human cells used most often in research labs around the world came originally from a Maryland woman named \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacksfamily.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Henrietta Lacks\u003c/a>, who died of cervical cancer in 1951. The doctors who treated her did not get her permission before shipping descendants of her cells all over the world. The ethics of that were questionable back then and are certainly unacceptable today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when Harvard geneticist George Church set out to amass human genome, health and trait data for research, he made informed consent a huge part of the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron was the 15th person to sign up for the Personal Genome Project, which now counts hundreds of participants; Peshkin and his mother soon followed. The three don’t share the privacy concerns some people have about making their genetic information public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t invent my genome,” Peshkin said. “This idea that it’s mine in the sense of property is sort of foreign to me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His mother said she can’t imagine ways that publishing her genome might hurt her. “This is for science and scientists,” Logvinskaya said in Russian, while Peshkin translated. “Those are not villains. Those are not random people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few years after volunteering their information, Personal Genome Project organizers approached the family with a request: Would they participate in a federally funded effort to develop a standard for genetic sequencing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other fields set standards. A cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy, for instance, sits in a basement vault in the U.K., providing the \u003ca href=\"http://www.npl.co.uk/reference/faqs/where-and-how-is-the-uks-national-standard-kilogram-stored-(faq-mass-and-density)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reference weight\u003c/a> used around the world for a kilogram.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when scientists sequence a genome, they have no way of knowing the accuracy of that sequence or whether it’s good enough, because they have no high-quality benchmark to compare it to. It’s that benchmark that the Genome in a Bottle project is working to create, said Justin Zook, a scientist at the National Institute of Standards and Technology and co-leader of the initiative. In addition to the Peshkin family, they’ve now sequenced one pilot genome and one man of Han Chinese descent. They plan to add that man’s parents soon, and eventually others that reflect more ethnic and racial diversity, Zook said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>Peshkin said he briefly contemplated one far-out concern with the project: If his was the reference genome, could his own body become valuable to a scientist who wanted to, say, test an Alzheimer’s drug on the real person it was designed to treat?\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>“If my brain is the best brain for the experiment because they’ve been working with cells derived from me, maybe there’s suddenly a price on my head,” Peshkin said. “It’s more like a great plot for a movie, and I dismissed it because I thought it’s a very, very unlikely scenario to worry about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So he agreed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data associated with the Genome in a Bottle samples were downloaded to about 15,000 computers worldwide in 2017, Zook said, suggesting that there’s a strong appetite for the information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weirdly, Peshkin won’t be able to study his own samples; it wouldn’t be safe. Like Henrietta Lacks’ original cells, the ones he donated have been modified to reproduce indefinitely, which is essential for their scientific usefulness. But that makes them extremely dangerous to Peshkin himself — and only him. If he comes into contact with his own modified cells, his body won’t recognize them as foreign. “They will keep multiplying and growing on me and eventually will kill me,” he said matter-of-factly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure class=\"clear\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"extendsBeyondTextColumn\" src=\"https://www.statnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/0613_STAT_LeonidPeshkin010-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"Leon Peshkin 05\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peshkin exercises his father’s arm to activate his muscles and get the blood flowing. (Ruby Wallau/STAT)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Privacy vs. Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Personal Genome Project is now considering what tissue to collect from Miron when his heart or another organ finally gives out, said Michael F. Chou, a lecturer in genetics and director of human subjects research for the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miron’s gene sequence and tissue will be publicly available and connected with his health records; \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/blog/gtex-useful-expression-cancer-research\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">other\u003c/a> gene expression data from tissue has been anonymized. Without that personal data, researchers can’t know if their pancreatic tissue sample came from a diabetic who died of a heart attack in his 50s, for instance, or from someone like Miron, who has lived nearly two decades longer than the average American male.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound morbid to contemplate such ideas. But though Peshkin still sees death as pointless and illogical, it would be even more meaningless in his view to bury an intact body in the ground where it can do no good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the best we can do is leave our body to science, even though a lot of science is also a waste,” Peshkin said. “I think that science is the best thing we have.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There isn’t much more time left to make these kinds of decisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last two weeks Miron has slipped further away. Peshkin is sure his father, whose 97th birthday is July 9, can still hear him. But Miron is not as responsive as he was, his eyes are less alert, his stare more vacant. Peshkin would have given up already if his father hadn’t bounced back twice before, though he concedes that chances are now slim.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His father’s palliative care team has scheduled a meeting for Wednesday afternoon. Peshkin expects they will pressure him to dial back on Miron’s aggressive medical care, potentially hastening his demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He wonders aloud when he will be ready to accept what he still doesn’t think should be inevitable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think I will try to fend it off for a little longer,” Peshkin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Correction: An earlier version of this story misclassified Daphnia on first reference and Peshkin’s field of research.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "floatright"
},
"numeric": [
"floatright"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/06/20/anti-aging-researcher-father-death/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">STAT\u003c/a>, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/442945/anti-aging-researcher-faces-loss-of-his-inspiration-his-96-yr-old-dad",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_442945"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_1539",
"futureofyou_1549",
"futureofyou_1538",
"futureofyou_1548",
"futureofyou_1531",
"futureofyou_1545",
"futureofyou_1540",
"futureofyou_532",
"futureofyou_1530",
"futureofyou_1550",
"futureofyou_1537",
"futureofyou_1543",
"futureofyou_1542",
"futureofyou_1551",
"futureofyou_1541",
"futureofyou_141",
"futureofyou_952",
"futureofyou_61",
"futureofyou_1553",
"futureofyou_1532",
"futureofyou_1552",
"futureofyou_1547",
"futureofyou_1536",
"futureofyou_294",
"futureofyou_1544",
"futureofyou_1546",
"futureofyou_1533",
"futureofyou_198",
"futureofyou_1535",
"futureofyou_1534"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1093",
"futureofyou_1097",
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_442947",
"label": "futureofyou_1094"
},
"futureofyou_442958": {
"type": "posts",
"id": "futureofyou_442958",
"meta": {
"index": "posts_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "442958",
"score": null,
"sort": [
1529606096000
]
},
"parent": 0,
"labelTerm": {},
"blocks": [],
"publishDate": 1529606096,
"format": "standard",
"disqusTitle": "Researchers Find Herpes Viruses In Alzheimer's Brains",
"title": "Researchers Find Herpes Viruses In Alzheimer's Brains",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>Two common herpes viruses appear to play a role in Alzheimer's disease.[contextly_sidebar id=\"xGMrgC5mfby5S92heGXjVDaxhvly8p6M\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The viruses, best known for causing a distinctive skin rash in young children, are abundant in brain tissue from people with Alzheimer's, a team of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(18)30421-5\">reports\u003c/a> Thursday in \u003cem>Neuron.\u003c/em> The team also found evidence that the viruses can interact with brain cells in ways that could accelerate the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our hypothesis is that they put gas on the flame,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/joel-dudley\">Joel Dudley\u003c/a>, an author of the study and an associate professor of genetics and genomic sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding adds credence to a decades-old idea that an infection can cause Alzheimer's disease. It also suggests that it may be possible to prevent or \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/clinical-trials/valacyclovir-mild-alzheimers-disease\">slow Alzheimer's using antiviral drugs\u003c/a>, or drugs that modulate how immune cells in the brain respond to an infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study doesn't prove that herpes viruses are involved in Alzheimer's, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/about/staff/hodes-richard\">Dr. Richard Hodes\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute on Aging, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The data are very provocative, but fall short of showing a direct causal role,\" he says. \"And if viral infections are playing a part, they are not the sole actor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the study offers strong evidence that viral infections can influence the course of Alzheimer's, Hodes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of scientific discoveries, this one was an accident. \"Viruses were the last thing we were looking for,\" Dudley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and a team of researchers were using genetic data to look for differences between healthy brain tissue and brain tissue from people who died with Alzheimer's.[contextly_sidebar id=\"8UKShQkLN6fHi6cnpzNKDWdZydXn4g8E\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to identify new targets for drugs. Instead, the team kept finding hints that that brain tissue from Alzheimer's patients contained higher levels of viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we started analyzing the differences, it just sort of came screaming out at us from the data,\" Dudley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found that levels of two human herpes viruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7, were up to twice as high in brain tissue from people with Alzheimer's. They confirmed the finding by analyzing data from a consortium of brain banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These herpes viruses are extremely common, and can cause a skin rash called \u003ca href=\"http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/roseola.html\">roseola\u003c/a> in young children. But the viruses also can get into the brain, where they may remain inactive for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the researchers knew the viruses were associated with Alzheimer's they started trying to figure out how a virus could affect the course of a brain disease. That meant identifying interactions between the virus genes and other genes in brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We mapped out the social network, if you will, of which genes the viruses are friends with and who they're talking to inside the brain,\" Dudley says. In essence, he says, they wanted to know: \"If the viruses are tweeting, who's tweeting back?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what they found was that the herpes virus genes were interacting with genes known to increase a person's risk for Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also found that these Alzheimer's risk genes seem to make a person's brain more vulnerable to infection with the two herpes viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just having herpes virus present in the brain isn't enough to cause Alzheimer's, Dudley says. Something needs to activate the viruses, which causes them to begin replicating.[contextly_sidebar id=\"gGYh4qorVVvYdrsEtJY48IAc6q49hNUX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear what causes the activation, Dudley says, though he suspects some sort of change in the internal functions of brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the viruses do become active, they appear to influence things like the accumulation of the plaques and tangles in the brain associated with Alzheimer's. \"They are sort of throwing a wrench in the works,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herpes viruses also seem to trigger an immune response in certain brain cells, Hodes says. These cells are part of an ancient immune system that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/18/580475245/scientists-explore-ties-between-alzheimers-and-brains-ancient-immune-system\">previously been implicated\u003c/a> in Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most previous efforts to prevent or treat Alzheimer's have involved trying to reduce the plaques and tangles associated with the disease. Those efforts have failed to improve brain function even when they accomplished their immediate goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those \"distressing and disappointing failures\" suggest it's time for some new approaches, Hodes says. And the new study suggests at least two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is to give antiviral drugs to people with high levels of herpes virus in their brains. The Institute on Aging is already funding a study to test this approach in people in the early stages of Alzheimer's, Hodes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach is to prevent the brain's immune cells from reacting to the virus in ways that accelerate Alzheimer's, Hodes says. That's tricky, he says, because simply disabling the brain's immune cells could be harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Hodes is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more we learn about the disease process and the more targets we can address,\" he says, \"the greater the probability we are going to slow or prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+Find+Herpes+Viruses+In+Brains+Marked+By+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
"disqusIdentifier": "442958 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442958",
"disqusUrl": "https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/21/researchers-find-herpes-viruses-in-alzheimers-brains/",
"stats": {
"hasVideo": false,
"hasChartOrMap": false,
"hasAudio": false,
"hasPolis": false,
"wordCount": 866,
"hasGoogleForm": false,
"hasGallery": false,
"hasHearkenModule": false,
"iframeSrcs": [],
"paragraphCount": 29
},
"modified": 1529606195,
"excerpt": "Two herpes viruses that cause skin rashes in toddlers may accelerate Alzheimer's disease when they infect brain cells. The finding suggests antiviral drugs might help protect the brain.",
"headData": {
"twImgId": "",
"twTitle": "",
"ogTitle": "",
"ogImgId": "",
"twDescription": "",
"description": "Two herpes viruses that cause skin rashes in toddlers may accelerate Alzheimer's disease when they infect brain cells. The finding suggests antiviral drugs might help protect the brain.",
"title": "Researchers Find Herpes Viruses In Alzheimer's Brains | KQED",
"ogDescription": "",
"schema": {
"@context": "https://schema.org",
"@type": "Article",
"headline": "Researchers Find Herpes Viruses In Alzheimer's Brains",
"datePublished": "2018-06-21T11:34:56-07:00",
"dateModified": "2018-06-21T11:36:35-07:00",
"image": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"
}
},
"guestAuthors": [],
"slug": "researchers-find-herpes-viruses-in-alzheimers-brains",
"status": "publish",
"nprApiLink": "http://api.npr.org/query?id=621908340&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004",
"nprByline": "Jon Hamilton, NPR",
"nprStoryDate": "Thu, 21 Jun 2018 11:16:00 -0400",
"nprLastModifiedDate": "Thu, 21 Jun 2018 11:31:51 -0400",
"nprHtmlLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/21/621908340/researchers-find-herpes-viruses-in-brains-marked-by-alzheimers-disease?ft=nprml&f=621908340",
"source": "Health",
"nprStoryId": "621908340",
"nprRetrievedStory": "1",
"nprPubDate": "Thu, 21 Jun 2018 11:31:00 -0400",
"path": "/futureofyou/442958/researchers-find-herpes-viruses-in-alzheimers-brains",
"audioTrackLength": null,
"parsedContent": [
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Two common herpes viruses appear to play a role in Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The viruses, best known for causing a distinctive skin rash in young children, are abundant in brain tissue from people with Alzheimer's, a team of scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(18)30421-5\">reports\u003c/a> Thursday in \u003cem>Neuron.\u003c/em> The team also found evidence that the viruses can interact with brain cells in ways that could accelerate the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our hypothesis is that they put gas on the flame,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/joel-dudley\">Joel Dudley\u003c/a>, an author of the study and an associate professor of genetics and genomic sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai in New York City.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The finding adds credence to a decades-old idea that an infection can cause Alzheimer's disease. It also suggests that it may be possible to prevent or \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/clinical-trials/valacyclovir-mild-alzheimers-disease\">slow Alzheimer's using antiviral drugs\u003c/a>, or drugs that modulate how immune cells in the brain respond to an infection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the study doesn't prove that herpes viruses are involved in Alzheimer's, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nia.nih.gov/about/staff/hodes-richard\">Dr. Richard Hodes\u003c/a>, director of the National Institute on Aging, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
},
{
"type": "component",
"content": "",
"name": "ad",
"attributes": {
"named": {
"label": "fullwidth"
},
"numeric": [
"fullwidth"
]
}
},
{
"type": "contentString",
"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The data are very provocative, but fall short of showing a direct causal role,\" he says. \"And if viral infections are playing a part, they are not the sole actor.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, the study offers strong evidence that viral infections can influence the course of Alzheimer's, Hodes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like a lot of scientific discoveries, this one was an accident. \"Viruses were the last thing we were looking for,\" Dudley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and a team of researchers were using genetic data to look for differences between healthy brain tissue and brain tissue from people who died with Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to identify new targets for drugs. Instead, the team kept finding hints that that brain tissue from Alzheimer's patients contained higher levels of viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we started analyzing the differences, it just sort of came screaming out at us from the data,\" Dudley says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team found that levels of two human herpes viruses, HHV-6 and HHV-7, were up to twice as high in brain tissue from people with Alzheimer's. They confirmed the finding by analyzing data from a consortium of brain banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These herpes viruses are extremely common, and can cause a skin rash called \u003ca href=\"http://kidshealth.org/en/parents/roseola.html\">roseola\u003c/a> in young children. But the viruses also can get into the brain, where they may remain inactive for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the researchers knew the viruses were associated with Alzheimer's they started trying to figure out how a virus could affect the course of a brain disease. That meant identifying interactions between the virus genes and other genes in brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We mapped out the social network, if you will, of which genes the viruses are friends with and who they're talking to inside the brain,\" Dudley says. In essence, he says, they wanted to know: \"If the viruses are tweeting, who's tweeting back?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what they found was that the herpes virus genes were interacting with genes known to increase a person's risk for Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also found that these Alzheimer's risk genes seem to make a person's brain more vulnerable to infection with the two herpes viruses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But just having herpes virus present in the brain isn't enough to cause Alzheimer's, Dudley says. Something needs to activate the viruses, which causes them to begin replicating.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not clear what causes the activation, Dudley says, though he suspects some sort of change in the internal functions of brain cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once the viruses do become active, they appear to influence things like the accumulation of the plaques and tangles in the brain associated with Alzheimer's. \"They are sort of throwing a wrench in the works,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herpes viruses also seem to trigger an immune response in certain brain cells, Hodes says. These cells are part of an ancient immune system that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/18/580475245/scientists-explore-ties-between-alzheimers-and-brains-ancient-immune-system\">previously been implicated\u003c/a> in Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most previous efforts to prevent or treat Alzheimer's have involved trying to reduce the plaques and tangles associated with the disease. Those efforts have failed to improve brain function even when they accomplished their immediate goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those \"distressing and disappointing failures\" suggest it's time for some new approaches, Hodes says. And the new study suggests at least two.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One is to give antiviral drugs to people with high levels of herpes virus in their brains. The Institute on Aging is already funding a study to test this approach in people in the early stages of Alzheimer's, Hodes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another approach is to prevent the brain's immune cells from reacting to the virus in ways that accelerate Alzheimer's, Hodes says. That's tricky, he says, because simply disabling the brain's immune cells could be harmful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Hodes is optimistic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The more we learn about the disease process and the more targets we can address,\" he says, \"the greater the probability we are going to slow or prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Researchers+Find+Herpes+Viruses+In+Brains+Marked+By+Alzheimer%27s+Disease&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
"attributes": {
"named": {},
"numeric": []
}
}
],
"link": "/futureofyou/442958/researchers-find-herpes-viruses-in-alzheimers-brains",
"authors": [
"byline_futureofyou_442958"
],
"categories": [
"futureofyou_1",
"futureofyou_73",
"futureofyou_1064"
],
"tags": [
"futureofyou_999",
"futureofyou_673",
"futureofyou_952",
"futureofyou_1056",
"futureofyou_652"
],
"collections": [
"futureofyou_1094"
],
"featImg": "futureofyou_442960",
"label": "source_futureofyou_442958"
}
},
"podcastsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"podcasts": {}
},
"radioProgramsReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"radioPrograms": {}
},
"programsReducer": {
"all-things-considered": {
"id": "all-things-considered",
"title": "All Things Considered",
"info": "Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/all-things-considered"
},
"american-suburb-podcast": {
"id": "american-suburb-podcast",
"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 19
},
"link": "/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"
}
},
"baycurious": {
"id": "baycurious",
"title": "Bay Curious",
"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Bay Curious",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/news/series/baycurious",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 3
},
"link": "/podcasts/baycurious",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/9a90d476-aa04-455d-9a4c-0871ed6216d4/bay-curious",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"
}
},
"bbc-world-service": {
"id": "bbc-world-service",
"title": "BBC World Service",
"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "BBC World Service"
},
"link": "/radio/program/bbc-world-service",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
"rss": "https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"
}
},
"californiareport": {
"id": "californiareport",
"title": "The California Report",
"tagline": "California, day by day",
"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 8
},
"link": "/californiareport",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-the-california-report/id79681292",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/26099305-72af-4542-9dde-ac1807fe36d5/kqed-s-the-california-report",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432285393/the-california-report",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-the-california-report-podcast-8838",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcram/feed/podcast"
}
},
"californiareportmagazine": {
"id": "californiareportmagazine",
"title": "The California Report Magazine",
"tagline": "Your state, your stories",
"info": "Every week, The California Report Magazine takes you on a road trip for the ears: to visit the places and meet the people who make California unique. The in-depth storytelling podcast from the California Report.",
"airtime": "FRI 4:30pm-5pm, 6:30pm-7pm, 11pm-11:30pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-California-Report-Magazine-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The California Report Magazine",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareportmagazine",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
"link": "/californiareportmagazine",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-california-report-magazine/id1314750545",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM3NjkwNjk1OTAz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/564733126/the-california-report-magazine",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-california-report-magazine",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/tcrmag/feed/podcast"
}
},
"city-arts": {
"id": "city-arts",
"title": "City Arts & Lectures",
"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.cityarts.net/",
"airtime": "SUN 1pm-2pm, TUE 10pm, WED 1am",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
"subscribe": {
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/City-Arts-and-Lectures-p692/",
"rss": "https://www.cityarts.net/feed/"
}
},
"closealltabs": {
"id": "closealltabs",
"title": "Close All Tabs",
"tagline": "Your irreverent guide to the trends redefining our world",
"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/CAT_2_Tile-scaled.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Close All Tabs",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 1
},
"link": "/podcasts/closealltabs",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/close-all-tabs/id214663465",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC6993880386",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/92d9d4ac-67a3-4eed-b10a-fb45d45b1ef2/close-all-tabs",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/6LAJFHnGK1pYXYzv6SIol6?si=deb0cae19813417c"
}
},
"code-switch-life-kit": {
"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
}
},
"commonwealth-club": {
"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
"forum": {
"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/forum",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
"link": "/forum",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"
}
},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
}
},
"here-and-now": {
"id": "here-and-now",
"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
"airtime": "MON-THU 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/here-and-now",
"subsdcribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/hiddenbrain.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/423302056/hidden-brain",
"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/hidden-brain/id1028908750?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Science-Podcasts/Hidden-Brain-p787503/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
}
},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Arts--Culture-Podcasts/How-I-Built-This-p910896/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
}
},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/hyphenaci%C3%B3n/id1191591838",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
"youtube": "https://www.youtube.com/c/kqedarts",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
}
},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/790253322/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/jerrybrown/feed/podcast/",
"tuneIn": "http://tun.in/pjGcK",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/54C1dmuyFyKMFttY6X2j6r?si=K8SgRCoISNK6ZbjpXrX5-w",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/44420f75-3b0e-4301-ab3b-16da6b09e543/the-political-mind-of-jerry-brown"
}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/xtTd",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Latino-USA-p621/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201853034&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/APM-Marketplace-p88/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"
}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/e0c2d153-ad36-4c8d-901d-f1da6a724824/political-breakdown",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/572155894/political-breakdown",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/political-breakdown",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/07RVyIjIdk2WDuVehvBMoN",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/tag/political-breakdown/feed/podcast"
}
},
"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
}
},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pri.org/programs/the-world",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "PRI"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pri-the-world",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pris-the-world-latest-edition/id278196007?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/PRIs-The-World-p24/",
"rss": "http://feeds.feedburner.com/pri/theworld"
}
},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
"airtime": "SUN 12am-1am, SAT 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/radiolab1400.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolab/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/radiolab",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/radiolab/id152249110?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/RadioLab-p68032/",
"rss": "https://feeds.wnyc.org/radiolab"
}
},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/reveal300px.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/reveal",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/reveal/id886009669",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Reveal-p679597/",
"rss": "http://feeds.revealradio.org/revealpodcast"
}
},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Rightnowish-Podcast-Tile-500x500-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Rightnowish with Pendarvis Harshaw",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 16
},
"link": "/podcasts/rightnowish",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/721590300/rightnowish",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/rightnowish/feed/podcast",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/rightnowish/id1482187648",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/rightnowish",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMxMjU5MTY3NDc4",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/7kEJuafTzTVan7B78ttz1I"
}
},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
"airtime": "FRI 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Science-Friday-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/science-friday",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/science-friday",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=73329284&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Science-Friday-p394/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/science-friday"
}
},
"snap-judgment": {
"id": "snap-judgment",
"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
"airtime": "SAT 1pm-2pm, 9pm-10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Snap-Judgment-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Snap Judgment",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 4
},
"link": "https://snapjudgment.org",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/snap-judgment/id283657561",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/449018144/snap-judgment",
"stitcher": "https://www.pandora.com/podcast/snap-judgment/PC:241?source=stitcher-sunset",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3Cct7ZWmxHNAtLgBTqjC5v",
"rss": "https://snap.feed.snapjudgment.org/"
}
},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
"info": "Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Sold-Out-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Sold Out: Rethinking Housing in America",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/soldout",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/soldout",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/911586047/s-o-l-d-o-u-t-a-new-future-for-housing",
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/introducing-sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america/id1531354937",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/soldout",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/38dTBSk2ISFoPiyYNoKn1X",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/sold-out-rethinking-housing-in-america",
"tunein": "https://tunein.com/radio/SOLD-OUT-Rethinking-Housing-in-America-p1365871/"
}
},
"spooked": {
"id": "spooked",
"title": "Spooked",
"tagline": "True-life supernatural stories",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Spooked-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Spooked",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 7
},
"link": "https://spookedpodcast.org/",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/spooked/id1279361017",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/549547848/snap-judgment-presents-spooked",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/76571Rfl3m7PLJQZKQIGCT",
"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/TBotaapn"
}
},
"tech-nation": {
"id": "tech-nation",
"title": "Tech Nation Radio Podcast",
"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
"airtime": "FRI 10pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Tech-Nation-Radio-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://technation.podomatic.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "science",
"source": "Tech Nation Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tech-nation",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://technation.podomatic.com/rss2.xml"
}
},
"ted-radio-hour": {
"id": "ted-radio-hour",
"title": "TED Radio Hour",
"info": "The TED Radio Hour is a journey through fascinating ideas, astonishing inventions, fresh approaches to old problems, and new ways to think and create.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm, SAT 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/tedRadioHour.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/ted-radio-hour/?showDate=2018-06-22",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/ted-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/8vsS",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=523121474&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/TED-Radio-Hour-p418021/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510298/podcast.xml"
}
},
"thebay": {
"id": "thebay",
"title": "The Bay",
"tagline": "Local news to keep you rooted",
"info": "Host Devin Katayama walks you through the biggest story of the day with reporters and newsmakers.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Bay-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Bay",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/thebay",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 2
},
"link": "/podcasts/thebay",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-bay/id1350043452",
"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/d800ea4c-7a2c-42f2-b861-edaf78a5db0b/the-bay",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/586725995/the-bay",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-bay",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/4BIKBKIujizLHlIlBNaAqQ",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC8259786327"
}
},
"thelatest": {
"id": "thelatest",
"title": "The Latest",
"tagline": "Trusted local news in real time",
"info": "",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/The-Latest-2025-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Latest",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/thelatest",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 6
},
"link": "/thelatest",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-latest-from-kqed/id1197721799",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/1257949365/the-latest-from-k-q-e-d",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/5KIIXMgM9GTi5AepwOYvIZ?si=bd3053fec7244dba",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9137121918"
}
},
"theleap": {
"id": "theleap",
"title": "The Leap",
"tagline": "What if you closed your eyes, and jumped?",
"info": "Stories about people making dramatic, risky changes, told by award-winning public radio reporter Judy Campbell.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Leap-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Leap",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/theleap",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 17
},
"link": "/podcasts/theleap",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-leap/id1046668171",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/447248267/the-leap",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/the-leap",
"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/3sSlVHHzU0ytLwuGs1SD1U",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/programs/the-leap/feed/podcast"
}
},
"the-moth-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-moth-radio-hour",
"title": "The Moth Radio Hour",
"info": "Since its launch in 1997, The Moth has presented thousands of true stories, told live and without notes, to standing-room-only crowds worldwide. Moth storytellers stand alone, under a spotlight, with only a microphone and a roomful of strangers. The storyteller and the audience embark on a high-wire act of shared experience which is both terrifying and exhilarating. Since 2008, The Moth podcast has featured many of our favorite stories told live on Moth stages around the country. For information on all of our programs and live events, visit themoth.org.",
"airtime": "SAT 8pm-9pm and SUN 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/theMoth.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://themoth.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "prx"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-moth-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-moth-podcast/id275699983?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/The-Moth-p273888/",
"rss": "http://feeds.themoth.org/themothpodcast"
}
},
"the-new-yorker-radio-hour": {
"id": "the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"title": "The New Yorker Radio Hour",
"info": "The New Yorker Radio Hour is a weekly program presented by the magazine's editor, David Remnick, and produced by WNYC Studios and The New Yorker. Each episode features a diverse mix of interviews, profiles, storytelling, and an occasional burst of humor inspired by the magazine, and shaped by its writers, artists, and editors. This isn't a radio version of a magazine, but something all its own, reflecting the rich possibilities of audio storytelling and conversation. Theme music for the show was composed and performed by Merrill Garbus of tUnE-YArDs.",
"airtime": "SAT 10am-11am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-New-Yorker-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/tnyradiohour",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-new-yorker-radio-hour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1050430296",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/New-Yorker-Radio-Hour-p803804/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/newyorkerradiohour"
}
},
"the-sam-sanders-show": {
"id": "the-sam-sanders-show",
"title": "The Sam Sanders Show",
"info": "One of public radio's most dynamic voices, Sam Sanders helped launch The NPR Politics Podcast and hosted NPR's hit show It's Been A Minute. Now, the award-winning host returns with something brand new, The Sam Sanders Show. Every week, Sam Sanders and friends dig into the culture that shapes our lives: what's driving the biggest trends, how artists really think, and even the memes you can't stop scrolling past. Sam is beloved for his way of unpacking the world and bringing you up close to fresh currents and engaging conversations. The Sam Sanders Show is smart, funny and always a good time.",
"airtime": "FRI 12-1pm AND SAT 11am-12pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/The-Sam-Sanders-Show-Podcast-Tile-400x400-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"meta": {
"site": "arts",
"source": "KCRW"
},
"link": "https://www.kcrw.com/shows/the-sam-sanders-show/latest",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feed.cdnstream1.com/zjb/feed/download/ac/28/59/ac28594c-e1d0-4231-8728-61865cdc80e8.xml"
}
},
"the-splendid-table": {
"id": "the-splendid-table",
"title": "The Splendid Table",
"info": "\u003cem>The Splendid Table\u003c/em> hosts our nation's conversations about cooking, sustainability and food culture.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Splendid-Table-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.splendidtable.org/",
"airtime": "SUN 10-11 pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/the-splendid-table"
},
"this-american-life": {
"id": "this-american-life",
"title": "This American Life",
"info": "This American Life is a weekly public radio show, heard by 2.2 million people on more than 500 stations. Another 2.5 million people download the weekly podcast. It is hosted by Ira Glass, produced in collaboration with Chicago Public Media, delivered to stations by PRX The Public Radio Exchange, and has won all of the major broadcasting awards.",
"airtime": "SAT 12pm-1pm, 7pm-8pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/thisAmericanLife.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wbez"
},
"link": "/radio/program/this-american-life",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=201671138&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"rss": "https://www.thisamericanlife.org/podcast/rss.xml"
}
},
"tinydeskradio": {
"id": "tinydeskradio",
"title": "Tiny Desk Radio",
"info": "We're bringing the best of Tiny Desk to the airwaves, only on public radio.",
"airtime": "SUN 8pm and SAT 9pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/300x300-For-Member-Station-Logo-Tiny-Desk-Radio-@2x.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/series/g-s1-52030/tiny-desk-radio",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/tinydeskradio",
"subscribe": {
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/g-s1-52030/rss.xml"
}
},
"wait-wait-dont-tell-me": {
"id": "wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"title": "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!",
"info": "Peter Sagal and Bill Kurtis host the weekly NPR News quiz show alongside some of the best and brightest news and entertainment personalities.",
"airtime": "SUN 10am-11am, SAT 11am-12pm, SAT 6pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Wait-Wait-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/wait-wait-dont-tell-me/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/wait-wait-dont-tell-me",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/Xogv",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=121493804&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Wait-Wait-Dont-Tell-Me-p46/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/344098539/podcast.xml"
}
},
"weekend-edition-saturday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-saturday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Saturday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Saturday wraps up the week's news and offers a mix of analysis and features on a wide range of topics, including arts, sports, entertainment, and human interest stories. The two-hour program is hosted by NPR's Peabody Award-winning Scott Simon.",
"airtime": "SAT 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-saturday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-saturday"
},
"weekend-edition-sunday": {
"id": "weekend-edition-sunday",
"title": "Weekend Edition Sunday",
"info": "Weekend Edition Sunday features interviews with newsmakers, artists, scientists, politicians, musicians, writers, theologians and historians. The program has covered news events from Nelson Mandela's 1990 release from a South African prison to the capture of Saddam Hussein.",
"airtime": "SUN 5am-10am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Weekend-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/weekend-edition-sunday/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/weekend-edition-sunday"
}
},
"racesReducer": {},
"racesGenElectionReducer": {},
"racesGenElection2026Reducer": {},
"radioSchedulesReducer": {},
"listsReducer": {
"posts/futureofyou?collection=your-genes": {
"isFetching": false,
"latestQuery": {
"from": 0,
"size": 12
},
"vitalsOnly": false,
"totalRequested": 12,
"isLoading": false,
"isLoadingMore": true,
"total": {
"value": 23,
"relation": "eq"
},
"items": [
"futureofyou_445019",
"futureofyou_444942",
"futureofyou_444751",
"futureofyou_444641",
"futureofyou_444281",
"futureofyou_443977",
"futureofyou_443905",
"futureofyou_443829",
"futureofyou_443403",
"futureofyou_443063",
"futureofyou_442945",
"futureofyou_442958"
],
"complete": true
}
},
"recallGuideReducer": {
"intros": {},
"policy": {},
"candidates": {}
},
"savedArticleReducer": {
"articles": [],
"status": {}
},
"newslettersReducer": {
"isFetching": false,
"fetchFailed": false,
"hasFetched": false,
"newsletters": {},
"isSubscribing": false,
"isUnsubscribing": false,
"subscribedNewsletters": {}
},
"termsReducer": {
"about": {
"name": "About",
"type": "terms",
"id": "about",
"slug": "about",
"link": "/about",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"arts": {
"name": "Arts & Culture",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"description": "KQED Arts provides daily in-depth coverage of the Bay Area's music, art, film, performing arts, literature and arts news, as well as cultural commentary and criticism.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "arts",
"slug": "arts",
"link": "/arts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"artschool": {
"name": "Art School",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "artschool",
"slug": "artschool",
"link": "/artschool",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareabites": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareabites",
"slug": "bayareabites",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"bayareahiphop": {
"name": "Bay Area Hiphop",
"type": "terms",
"id": "bayareahiphop",
"slug": "bayareahiphop",
"link": "/bayareahiphop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"campaign21": {
"name": "Campaign 21",
"type": "terms",
"id": "campaign21",
"slug": "campaign21",
"link": "/campaign21",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"careers": {
"name": "Careers",
"type": "terms",
"id": "careers",
"slug": "careers",
"link": "/careers",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"checkplease": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "checkplease",
"slug": "checkplease",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"education": {
"name": "Education",
"grouping": [
"education"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "education",
"slug": "education",
"link": "/education",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"elections": {
"name": "Elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "elections",
"slug": "elections",
"link": "/elections",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"events": {
"name": "Events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "events",
"slug": "events",
"link": "/events",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"event": {
"name": "Event",
"alias": "events",
"type": "terms",
"id": "event",
"slug": "event",
"link": "/event",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"filmschoolshorts": {
"name": "Film School Shorts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "filmschoolshorts",
"slug": "filmschoolshorts",
"link": "/filmschoolshorts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"food": {
"name": "KQED food",
"grouping": [
"food",
"bayareabites",
"checkplease"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "food",
"slug": "food",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"forum": {
"name": "Forum",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/forum?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "forum",
"slug": "forum",
"link": "/forum",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou": {
"name": "Future of You",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou",
"slug": "futureofyou",
"link": "/futureofyou",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"jpepinheart": {
"name": "KQED food",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/food,bayareabites,checkplease",
"parent": "food",
"type": "terms",
"id": "jpepinheart",
"slug": "jpepinheart",
"link": "/food",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"liveblog": {
"name": "Live Blog",
"type": "terms",
"id": "liveblog",
"slug": "liveblog",
"link": "/liveblog",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"livetv": {
"name": "Live TV",
"parent": "tv",
"type": "terms",
"id": "livetv",
"slug": "livetv",
"link": "/livetv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"lowdown": {
"name": "The Lowdown",
"relatedContentQuery": "posts/lowdown?",
"parent": "news",
"type": "terms",
"id": "lowdown",
"slug": "lowdown",
"link": "/lowdown",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"mindshift": {
"name": "Mindshift",
"parent": "news",
"description": "MindShift explores the future of education by highlighting the innovative – and sometimes counterintuitive – ways educators and parents are helping all children succeed.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "mindshift",
"slug": "mindshift",
"link": "/mindshift",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"news": {
"name": "News",
"grouping": [
"news",
"forum"
],
"type": "terms",
"id": "news",
"slug": "news",
"link": "/news",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"newsletters": {
"name": "newsletters",
"type": "terms",
"id": "newsletters",
"slug": "newsletters",
"link": "/newsletters",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"perspectives": {
"name": "Perspectives",
"parent": "radio",
"type": "terms",
"id": "perspectives",
"slug": "perspectives",
"link": "/perspectives",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"podcasts": {
"name": "Podcasts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "podcasts",
"slug": "podcasts",
"link": "/podcasts",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pop": {
"name": "Pop",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pop",
"slug": "pop",
"link": "/pop",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"pressroom": {
"name": "Pressroom",
"type": "terms",
"id": "pressroom",
"slug": "pressroom",
"link": "/pressroom",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"quest": {
"name": "Quest",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "quest",
"slug": "quest",
"link": "/quest",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"radio": {
"name": "Radio",
"grouping": [
"forum",
"perspectives"
],
"description": "Listen to KQED Public Radio – home of Forum and The California Report – on 88.5 FM in San Francisco, 89.3 FM in Sacramento, 88.3 FM in Santa Rosa and 88.1 FM in Martinez.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "radio",
"slug": "radio",
"link": "/radio",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"root": {
"name": "KQED",
"image": "https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png",
"imageWidth": 1200,
"imageHeight": 630,
"headData": {
"title": "KQED | News, Radio, Podcasts, TV | Public Media for Northern California",
"description": "KQED provides public radio, television, and independent reporting on issues that matter to the Bay Area. We’re the NPR and PBS member station for Northern California."
},
"type": "terms",
"id": "root",
"slug": "root",
"link": "/root",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"science": {
"name": "Science",
"grouping": [
"science",
"futureofyou"
],
"description": "KQED Science brings you award-winning science and environment coverage from the Bay Area and beyond.",
"type": "terms",
"id": "science",
"slug": "science",
"link": "/science",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"stateofhealth": {
"name": "State of Health",
"parent": "science",
"type": "terms",
"id": "stateofhealth",
"slug": "stateofhealth",
"link": "/stateofhealth",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"support": {
"name": "Support",
"type": "terms",
"id": "support",
"slug": "support",
"link": "/support",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"thedolist": {
"name": "The Do List",
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "thedolist",
"slug": "thedolist",
"link": "/thedolist",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"trulyca": {
"name": "Truly CA",
"grouping": [
"arts",
"pop",
"trulyca"
],
"parent": "arts",
"type": "terms",
"id": "trulyca",
"slug": "trulyca",
"link": "/trulyca",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"tv": {
"name": "TV",
"type": "terms",
"id": "tv",
"slug": "tv",
"link": "/tv",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"voterguide": {
"name": "Voter Guide",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "voterguide",
"slug": "voterguide",
"link": "/voterguide",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"guiaelectoral": {
"name": "Guia Electoral",
"parent": "elections",
"alias": "elections",
"type": "terms",
"id": "guiaelectoral",
"slug": "guiaelectoral",
"link": "/guiaelectoral",
"taxonomy": "site"
},
"futureofyou_collection_your-genes": {
"isLoading": true
},
"futureofyou_1094": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1094",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1094",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Genes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Genes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1094,
"slug": "your-genes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/your-genes"
},
"source_futureofyou_445019": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_445019",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "DIY Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_444942": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_444942",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_444751": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_444751",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_444641": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_444641",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_444281": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_444281",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Your Genes",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443977": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443977",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443905": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443905",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443829": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443829",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_443403": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_443403",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"isLoading": false
},
"source_futureofyou_442958": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "source_futureofyou_442958",
"meta": {
"override": true
},
"name": "Health",
"isLoading": false
},
"futureofyou_1060": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1060",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1060",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "DIY Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DIY Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1060,
"slug": "diy-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/diy-health"
},
"futureofyou_1": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED Future Of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED Future Of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/future-of-you"
},
"futureofyou_73": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_73",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "73",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "KQED News",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "KQED News Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 73,
"slug": "kqed-news",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/kqed-news"
},
"futureofyou_1064": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1064",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1064",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Your Genes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Your Genes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1064,
"slug": "your-genes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/your-genes"
},
"futureofyou_464": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_464",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "464",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "ancestry test",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "ancestry test Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 464,
"slug": "ancestry-test",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/ancestry-test"
},
"futureofyou_17": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_17",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "17",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "DNA",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DNA Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 17,
"slug": "dna",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/dna"
},
"futureofyou_197": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_197",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "197",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "gene tests",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "gene tests Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 197,
"slug": "gene-tests",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/gene-tests"
},
"futureofyou_1093": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1093",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1093",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "DIY Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "DIY Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1093,
"slug": "diy-health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/diy-health"
},
"futureofyou_54": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_54",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "54",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Future of You",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "program",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Future of You Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 54,
"slug": "future-of-you",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/program/future-of-you"
},
"futureofyou_1062": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1062",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1062",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Hope/Hype Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1062,
"slug": "hopehype",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/hopehype"
},
"futureofyou_94": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_94",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "94",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "CRISPR",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "CRISPR Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 94,
"slug": "crispr",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/crispr"
},
"futureofyou_927": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_927",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "927",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "embryos",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "embryos Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 927,
"slug": "embryos",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/embryos"
},
"futureofyou_324": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_324",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "324",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "genes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "genes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 324,
"slug": "genes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/genes"
},
"futureofyou_1097": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1097",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1097",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Hope/Hype",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "collection",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Hope/Hype Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1097,
"slug": "hopehype",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/collection/hopehype"
},
"futureofyou_103": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_103",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "103",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "cancer",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "cancer Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 103,
"slug": "cancer",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/cancer"
},
"futureofyou_1470": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1470",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1470",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "CAR-T",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "CAR-T Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1470,
"slug": "car-t",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/car-t"
},
"futureofyou_190": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_190",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "190",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "doctors",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "doctors Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 190,
"slug": "doctors",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/doctors"
},
"futureofyou_61": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_61",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "61",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 61,
"slug": "health",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/health"
},
"futureofyou_342": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_342",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "342",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "abortion",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "abortion Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 342,
"slug": "abortion",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/abortion"
},
"futureofyou_1176": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1176",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1176",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Donald Trump",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Donald Trump Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1176,
"slug": "donald-trump",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/donald-trump"
},
"futureofyou_1615": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1615",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1615",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "fetus",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "fetus Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1615,
"slug": "fetus",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/fetus"
},
"futureofyou_294": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_294",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "294",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "research",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "research Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 294,
"slug": "research",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/research"
},
"futureofyou_647": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_647",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "647",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "biotechnology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "biotechnology Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 647,
"slug": "biotechnology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/biotechnology"
},
"futureofyou_295": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_295",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "295",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "gene editing",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "gene editing Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 295,
"slug": "gene-editing",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/gene-editing"
},
"futureofyou_279": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_279",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "279",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "heart",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "heart Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 279,
"slug": "heart",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/heart"
},
"futureofyou_1521": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1521",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1521",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "biology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "biology Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1521,
"slug": "biology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/biology"
},
"futureofyou_1595": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1595",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1595",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "body",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "body Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1595,
"slug": "body",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/body"
},
"futureofyou_1594": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1594",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1594",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "cells",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "cells Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1594,
"slug": "cells",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/cells"
},
"futureofyou_452": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_452",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "452",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Health Policy",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "category",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Health Policy Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 452,
"slug": "health-policy",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/category/health-policy"
},
"futureofyou_1015": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1015",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1015",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "genetic testing",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "genetic testing Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1015,
"slug": "genetic-testing",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/genetic-testing"
},
"futureofyou_419": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_419",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "419",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "health insurance",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "health insurance Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 419,
"slug": "health-insurance",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/health-insurance"
},
"futureofyou_35": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_35",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "35",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "technology",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "technology Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 35,
"slug": "technology",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/technology"
},
"futureofyou_1275": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1275",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1275",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "featured",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "featured Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1275,
"slug": "featured",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/featured"
},
"futureofyou_830": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_830",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "830",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "gene",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "gene Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 830,
"slug": "gene",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/gene"
},
"futureofyou_1564": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1564",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1564",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "age",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "age Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1564,
"slug": "age",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/age"
},
"futureofyou_532": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_532",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "532",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Aging",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Aging Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 532,
"slug": "aging",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/aging"
},
"futureofyou_141": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_141",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "141",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "disease",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "disease Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 141,
"slug": "disease",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/disease"
},
"futureofyou_1565": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1565",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1565",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "dying",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "dying Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1565,
"slug": "dying",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/dying"
},
"futureofyou_1539": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1539",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1539",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "“are you in pain?” Almost imperceptibly",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "“are you in pain?” Almost imperceptibly Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1539,
"slug": "are-you-in-pain-almost-imperceptibly",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/are-you-in-pain-almost-imperceptibly"
},
"futureofyou_1549": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1549",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1549",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "“that I had to be super worried he was going to die when I was 10. And here I am almost 50",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "“that I had to be super worried he was going to die when I was 10. And here I am almost 50 Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1549,
"slug": "that-i-had-to-be-super-worried-he-was-going-to-die-when-i-was-10-and-here-i-am-almost-50",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/that-i-had-to-be-super-worried-he-was-going-to-die-when-i-was-10-and-here-i-am-almost-50"
},
"futureofyou_1538": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1538",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1538",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "” he asks in their native Russian",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "” he asks in their native Russian Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1538,
"slug": "he-asks-in-their-native-russian",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/he-asks-in-their-native-russian"
},
"futureofyou_1548": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1548",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1548",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "” Peshkin said",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "” Peshkin said Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1548,
"slug": "peshkin-said",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/peshkin-said"
},
"futureofyou_1531": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1531",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1531",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "2018 Harvard statistician and geneticist Leonid Peshkin looks for signs of responsiveness in his 96-year-old father",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "2018 Harvard statistician and geneticist Leonid Peshkin looks for signs of responsiveness in his 96-year-old father Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1531,
"slug": "2018-harvard-statistician-and-geneticist-leonid-peshkin-looks-for-signs-of-responsiveness-in-his-96-year-old-father",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/2018-harvard-statistician-and-geneticist-leonid-peshkin-looks-for-signs-of-responsiveness-in-his-96-year-old-father"
},
"futureofyou_1545": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1545",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1545",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "48",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "48 Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1545,
"slug": "48",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/48"
},
"futureofyou_1540": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1540",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1540",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "age 96 and silenced by a minor heart attack",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "age 96 and silenced by a minor heart attack Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1540,
"slug": "age-96-and-silenced-by-a-minor-heart-attack",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/age-96-and-silenced-by-a-minor-heart-attack"
},
"futureofyou_1530": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1530",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1530",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "An anti-aging researcher faces the loss of his inspiration: his 96-year-old father Karen WeintraubJune 20",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "An anti-aging researcher faces the loss of his inspiration: his 96-year-old father Karen WeintraubJune 20 Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1530,
"slug": "an-anti-aging-researcher-faces-the-loss-of-his-inspiration-his-96-year-old-father-karen-weintraubjune-20",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/an-anti-aging-researcher-faces-the-loss-of-his-inspiration-his-96-year-old-father-karen-weintraubjune-20"
},
"futureofyou_1550": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1550",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1550",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "and he’s still around.” Now",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "and he’s still around.” Now Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1550,
"slug": "and-hes-still-around-now",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/and-hes-still-around-now"
},
"futureofyou_1537": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1537",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1537",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "and illness. “Papa",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "and illness. “Papa Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1537,
"slug": "and-illness-papa",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/and-illness-papa"
},
"futureofyou_1543": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1543",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1543",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "and six months of medical care",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "and six months of medical care Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1543,
"slug": "and-six-months-of-medical-care",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/and-six-months-of-medical-care"
},
"futureofyou_1542": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1542",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1542",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "antibiotic-resistant infections",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "antibiotic-resistant infections Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1542,
"slug": "antibiotic-resistant-infections",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/antibiotic-resistant-infections"
},
"futureofyou_1551": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1551",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1551",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "as Miron lies virtually motionless in a nursing home",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "as Miron lies virtually motionless in a nursing home Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1551,
"slug": "as-miron-lies-virtually-motionless-in-a-nursing-home",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/as-miron-lies-virtually-motionless-in-a-nursing-home"
},
"futureofyou_1541": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1541",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1541",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "delirium",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "delirium Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1541,
"slug": "delirium",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/delirium"
},
"futureofyou_952": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_952",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "952",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "drugs",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "drugs Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 952,
"slug": "drugs",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/drugs"
},
"futureofyou_1553": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1553",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1553",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "in a fifth-floor lab just off the Harvard Medical School quad. The lab’s main attraction is a mammoth",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "in a fifth-floor lab just off the Harvard Medical School quad. The lab’s main attraction is a mammoth Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1553,
"slug": "in-a-fifth-floor-lab-just-off-the-harvard-medical-school-quad-the-labs-main-attraction-is-a-mammoth",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/in-a-fifth-floor-lab-just-off-the-harvard-medical-school-quad-the-labs-main-attraction-is-a-mammoth"
},
"futureofyou_1532": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1532",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1532",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Miron Peshkin",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Miron Peshkin Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1532,
"slug": "miron-peshkin",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/miron-peshkin"
},
"futureofyou_1552": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1552",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1552",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Peshkin fights his own battles with aging a few miles away",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Peshkin fights his own battles with aging a few miles away Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1552,
"slug": "peshkin-fights-his-own-battles-with-aging-a-few-miles-away",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/peshkin-fights-his-own-battles-with-aging-a-few-miles-away"
},
"futureofyou_1547": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1547",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1547",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Peshkin has been obsessed with aging since childhood because he worried that his father — then as old as other kids’ grandparents — would soon pass away. “How funny it is",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Peshkin has been obsessed with aging since childhood because he worried that his father — then as old as other kids’ grandparents — would soon pass away. “How funny it is Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1547,
"slug": "peshkin-has-been-obsessed-with-aging-since-childhood-because-he-worried-that-his-father-then-as-old-as-other-kids-grandparents-would-soon-pass-away-how-funny-it",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/peshkin-has-been-obsessed-with-aging-since-childhood-because-he-worried-that-his-father-then-as-old-as-other-kids-grandparents-would-soon-pass-away-how-funny-it"
},
"futureofyou_1536": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1536",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1536",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "poor hearing",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "poor hearing Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1536,
"slug": "poor-hearing",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/poor-hearing"
},
"futureofyou_1544": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1544",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1544",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "shifts his head to indicate “no.” The younger Peshkin",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "shifts his head to indicate “no.” The younger Peshkin Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1544,
"slug": "shifts-his-head-to-indicate-no-the-younger-peshkin",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/shifts-his-head-to-indicate-no-the-younger-peshkin"
},
"futureofyou_1546": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1546",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1546",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "studies the biology of aging at Harvard Medical School in Boston. A broad-shouldered man with a twinkle always lurking in his brown eyes",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "studies the biology of aging at Harvard Medical School in Boston. A broad-shouldered man with a twinkle always lurking in his brown eyes Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1546,
"slug": "studies-the-biology-of-aging-at-harvard-medical-school-in-boston-a-broad-shouldered-man-with-a-twinkle-always-lurking-in-his-brown-eyes",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/studies-the-biology-of-aging-at-harvard-medical-school-in-boston-a-broad-shouldered-man-with-a-twinkle-always-lurking-in-his-brown-eyes"
},
"futureofyou_1533": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1533",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1533",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "to decide whether to continue life support. Ruby Wallau/STAT L eonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "to decide whether to continue life support. Ruby Wallau/STAT L eonid Peshkin calmly strokes his father’s thin Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1533,
"slug": "to-decide-whether-to-continue-life-support-ruby-wallau-stat-l-eonid-peshkin-calmly-strokes-his-fathers-thin",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/to-decide-whether-to-continue-life-support-ruby-wallau-stat-l-eonid-peshkin-calmly-strokes-his-fathers-thin"
},
"futureofyou_198": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_198",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "198",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "treatment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "treatment Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 198,
"slug": "treatment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/treatment"
},
"futureofyou_1535": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1535",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1535",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "voice raised to reach him through the fog of age",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "voice raised to reach him through the fog of age Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1535,
"slug": "voice-raised-to-reach-him-through-the-fog-of-age",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/voice-raised-to-reach-him-through-the-fog-of-age"
},
"futureofyou_1534": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1534",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1534",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to acivate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "white hair. He gently exercises the old man’s arms to acivate his muscles and get the blood flowing. He speaks Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1534,
"slug": "white-hair-he-gently-exercises-the-old-mans-arms-to-acivate-his-muscles-and-get-the-blood-flowing-he-speaks",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/white-hair-he-gently-exercises-the-old-mans-arms-to-acivate-his-muscles-and-get-the-blood-flowing-he-speaks"
},
"futureofyou_999": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_999",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "999",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "Alzheimer's",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "Alzheimer's Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 999,
"slug": "alzheimers",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/alzheimers"
},
"futureofyou_673": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_673",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "673",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "brain function",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "brain function Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 673,
"slug": "brain-function",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/brain-function"
},
"futureofyou_1056": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_1056",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "1056",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "medical treatment",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "medical treatment Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 1056,
"slug": "medical-treatment",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/medical-treatment"
},
"futureofyou_652": {
"type": "terms",
"id": "futureofyou_652",
"meta": {
"index": "terms_1716263798",
"site": "futureofyou",
"id": "652",
"found": true
},
"relationships": {},
"featImg": null,
"name": "virus",
"description": null,
"taxonomy": "tag",
"headData": {
"twImgId": null,
"twTitle": null,
"ogTitle": null,
"ogImgId": null,
"twDescription": null,
"description": null,
"title": "virus Archives | KQED Arts",
"ogDescription": null
},
"ttid": 652,
"slug": "virus",
"isLoading": false,
"link": "/futureofyou/tag/virus"
}
},
"userPermissionsReducer": {
"wpLoggedIn": false
},
"eventsReducer": {},
"fssReducer": {},
"tvDailyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvWeeklyScheduleReducer": {},
"tvPrimetimeScheduleReducer": {},
"tvMonthlyScheduleReducer": {},
"userAccountReducer": {
"user": {
"email": null,
"emailStatus": "EMAIL_UNVALIDATED",
"loggedStatus": "LOGGED_OUT",
"loggingChecked": false,
"articles": [],
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"phoneNumber": null,
"fetchingMembership": false,
"membershipError": false,
"memberships": [
{
"id": null,
"startDate": null,
"firstName": null,
"lastName": null,
"familyNumber": null,
"memberNumber": null,
"memberSince": null,
"expirationDate": null,
"pfsEligible": false,
"isSustaining": false,
"membershipLevel": "Prospect",
"membershipStatus": "Non Member",
"lastGiftDate": null,
"renewalDate": null,
"lastDonationAmount": null
}
]
},
"authModal": {
"isOpen": false,
"view": "LANDING_VIEW"
},
"error": null
},
"youthMediaReducer": {},
"checkPleaseReducer": {
"filterData": {
"region": {
"key": "Restaurant Region",
"filters": [
"Any Region"
]
},
"cuisine": {
"key": "Restaurant Cuisine",
"filters": [
"Any Cuisine"
]
}
},
"restaurantDataById": {},
"restaurantIdsSorted": [],
"error": null
},
"userAgentReducer": {
"userAgent": "Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)",
"isBot": true
}
}
