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In writing about geology in the Bay Area and surroundings, he hopes to share some of the useful and pleasurable insights that geologists give us—not just facts about the deep past, but an attitude that might be called the \u003ci>deep present\u003c/i>.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/andrew-alden/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrew Alden | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/9eaa0afc32f98c5fc7ce634437334a64?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrew-alden"},"dannastaaf":{"type":"authors","id":"6324","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6324","found":true},"name":"Danna Staaf","firstName":"Danna","lastName":"Staaf","slug":"dannastaaf","email":"dannajoy@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Danna Staaf is a marine biologist, science writer, novelist, artist, and educator. She holds a PhD in Squid Babies from Stanford and a BA in Biology from the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. She helped found the outreach program \u003ca href=\"http://gilly.stanford.edu/outreach.html\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a>, illustrated \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegamecrafter.com/games/the-game-of-science\">The Game of Science\u003c/a>, and blogs at \u003ca href=\"http://www.science20.com/squid_day\">Science 2.0\u003c/a>. She lives in San Jose with her husband, daughter, and cats.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Danna Staaf | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/62085c2562a0b91949bfd6ff7548082e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dannastaaf"},"andysoth":{"type":"authors","id":"10275","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10275","found":true},"name":"Andy Soth","firstName":"Andy","lastName":"Soth","slug":"andysoth","email":"andy.soth@wpt.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andy Soth is a senior producer at Wisconsin Public Television based in Madison. His work has included environmental, technology and feature reporting for the magazine program, In Wisconsin, as well as numerous Web projects. He is content editor for WisconsinVote.org, which was recently named best election Web site by the Wisconsin Broadcasters Association. The WBA, along with the Milwaukee Press Club and the Northwest Broadcast News Association have frequently honored Soth’s television stories. In 1999, Soth shared in a national Emmy as segment producer for The :30 Second Candidate.\r\n\r\nSoth has an MS in Life Sciences Communication from the University of Wisconsin and graduated from Oberlin College with a degree in Art History. He has also attended the WETA Producers Academy and was recently selected a Fellow for the Institutes for Journalism & Natural Resources Asian Carp Institute.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","edit_published_pages","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andy Soth | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7f3cd71b53dbc48606fd3e143647367a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andysoth"},"kimjmiller":{"type":"authors","id":"10307","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10307","found":true},"name":"Dr. Kimberli MIller","firstName":"Kimberli","lastName":"Miller","slug":"kimjmiller","email":"kjmiller@usgs.gov","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Since 1992, Dr. Kimberli Miller has been a Wildlife Disease Specialist at the USGS National Wildlife Health Center, where she and her colleagues help solve wildlife disease problems. Kim graduated from the University of Missouri with a BS in Animal Science and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine degree. She’s currently involved in a project to reintroduce a migratory population of whooping cranes into the eastern U.S. using ultra light aircraft.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97edb2e184d9836f8cd6472e013a76c0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Kimberli MIller | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97edb2e184d9836f8cd6472e013a76c0?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/97edb2e184d9836f8cd6472e013a76c0?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kimjmiller"},"helentaylor":{"type":"authors","id":"10317","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10317","found":true},"name":"Helen Taylor","firstName":"Helen","lastName":"Taylor","slug":"helentaylor","email":"HTaylor@calacademy.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Helen Taylor is a communications manager at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a>, where she has the unique privilege of working alongside a herd of scientists, colony of penguins and swarms of research specimens. A lifelong science and nature enthusiast, she built insect collections and solar-powered cars through high school before earning a BA in human development at UC San Diego, and an MA in strategic public relations at USC. In 4+ years at the Academy, she has discovered the importance of ants, the weight of a biodiversity map, and the value of a species survival program, and now sees the natural world in an entirely new light. She is also a jeweler, foodie, and newly-minted diver.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/39a9d018a398147d34193ebe00814637?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Helen Taylor | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/39a9d018a398147d34193ebe00814637?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/39a9d018a398147d34193ebe00814637?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/helentaylor"},"katiejennings":{"type":"authors","id":"10425","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10425","found":true},"name":"Katie Jennings","firstName":"Katie","lastName":"Jennings","slug":"katiejennings","email":"kjennings@kcts9.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Katie Jennings returns to KCTS as QUEST Northwest Coordinating Producer. A public television veteran, she has produced numerous award-winning national documentaries and series including Fire on the Rim and Teachings of the Tree People. Katie served as Head of Educational Media at the outdoor learning center IslandWood on Bainbridge Island near Seattle, where she developed and produced educational projects for National Geographic and the National Science Foundation. She recently completed a Master's degree in Media Psychology and Social Change.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["manage_categories","leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Katie Jennings | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c3bdb2a9870409707b8226dce56db415?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/katiejennings"},"michaeljameswerner":{"type":"authors","id":"10446","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10446","found":true},"name":"Michael James Werner","firstName":"Michael James","lastName":"Werner","slug":"michaeljameswerner","email":"michaeljameswerner@gmail.com","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Michael Werner is an award-winning independent filmmaker, photographer and writer. His work has been featured in/by: The PBS NewsHour, HBO Films, The Associated Press, Earthfix, Oregon Field Guide, KCTS-9 Seattle, Voice of America TV, The World Channel, the U.S. Olympic Committee and the Cannes International Film Festival. In addition he is a former faculty member at the University of Oregon School of Journalism and holds a master’s degree in narrative journalism. In 2010 he spent five weeks exploring the Democratic Republic of the Congo for a documentary project and developed an appreciation for the taste of curried caterpillars.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Michael James Werner | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/fc0abc1f27f40bdc9d4e0c17fcbe26b1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaeljameswerner"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17441":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17441","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17441","score":null,"sort":[1444827600000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","title":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster","publishDate":1444827600,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Every year around this time, millions of people around the world participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\" target=\"_blank\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>. It's an opportunity for communities to think about one very unpleasant fact: big earthquakes can and do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ShakeOut happens this month because here in California, it's \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/its-earthquake-season-join-californias-great-shakeout/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake Season\u003c/a>.\" October 17 marks the anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/\" target=\"_blank\">Loma Prieta earthquake\u003c/a>, which shook Northern California in 1989, killing 63 people and causing an estimated $6 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84599\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-84599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg\" alt=\"The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-960x642.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s another big earthquake anniversary in October that people don’t hear much about. It predated the 1906 quake by nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred on the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/hayward_fault.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in the East Bay. A lesser-known cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanandreasfault.org/\" target=\"_blank\">San Andreas Fault\u003c/a>, the Hayward Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust up to 20 miles deep that stretches roughly 70 miles from San Pablo Bay in the north to Fremont and Milpitas at its southernmost end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Idr82IP0vOAXDXScpJEacfwcmzIgFdSX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1868, the towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Fremont were hardest hit. Luckily, the area had a population of only about 1000 people at the time. Still, 30 people died in the 1868 earthquake and hundreds of buildings from the East Bay to San Francisco to Gilroy were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-84601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg\" alt=\"A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. \u003ccite>(Credit: The Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And today, more than 2.5 million people live within a stone’s throw of the Hayward Fault, including in densely populated areas like downtown Oakland. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wgcep.org/UCERF3\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey’s 2015 statewide earthquake forecast\u003c/a>, for every year that passes without a significant seismic event, the chance of another massive earthquake on the Hayward Fault increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly moving, little amounts every year,” says Tom Brocher, a senior seismologist at the USGS in Menlo Park. “And it’s allowing the Earth to move very slowly without creating large earthquakes. The problem is it’s not moving enough. And so we’ll still have big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault to make up the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84603\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-84603 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, paleoseismologists (geologists who study ancient earthquakes) at the USGS have been digging trenches across the Hayward Fault, peering into tectonic time in order to find evidence of fossil earthquakes. Once found, they are able to radiocarbon date the quakes to determine the magnitudes and dates they occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dug one trench near the Fremont BART station where they were able to find evidence of 12 major earthquakes on the Hayward Fault over the last 2,000 years. Their conclusion: the Bay Area is overdue for another big one on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the USGS updated its California earthquake forecast report. According to the report, there’s a greater chance of a very large (magnitude 7.5 or greater) earthquake on the Hayward fault that was previously thought. The chance of that occurring in the next 30 years is 3.6 percent, which seems pretty low, but the probability is up 93.7 percent from the prior forecast seven years ago. It’s also more likely that there will be a 6.7 or greater earthquake on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, with a probability of 14.4 percent, up 1.2 percent from the prior forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be more worried now? Andrew Alden, a geologist who runs the \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland Geology\u003c/a> blog, doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of the Earth’s crust is hardly different from what it was seven years ago when the USGS issued its previous forecast,” he wrote recently. “It’s we who have changed our knowledge and models have progressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alden is referring in part to new technology that has been employed recently to deepen our understanding of tectonic activity. In May, UC Berkeley seismologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/users/echaussard/SiteNew/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Estelle Chaussard\u003c/a> published an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\">earthquake model \u003c/a>that provides the clearest picture yet of the relationship between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras Fault, which lies just south of the Hayward Fault and runs from San Jose past Hollister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a satellite-based imaging technique that very accurately surveys the ground, combined with high-resolution photography, Chaussard was able to detect the exact zones where the ground near the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been creeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot? An end-to-end rupture of the Hayward Fault could cause an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. If that happened, there’s a high probability that the quake could continue onto the Calaveras Fault, causing it to rupture and raising the magnitude to around 7.8, spreading the devastation through the entire South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, these types of events will be devastating to the 7 million people who live and work in the Bay Area. And the cost could easily reach upwards of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford geophysicist Mary Lou Zoback specializes in risk and catastrophe modeling. The picture she paints of the Bay Area after a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault is nothing less than terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roadways will be shut down, the soft, water-saturated sandy deposits along the margin of the bay where we have airports and approaches to bridges, they’re likely to liquefy, ripping apart the roads,” she says. “We can we assume transportation networks will be completely disrupted and destroyed. Water will likely be shut down. There will be fires because gas lines will rupture. There won’t be enough water to fight the fires. Power will be down. Communications will be down. I often say it would be a lot like Katrina but here, we’d be speaking 150 languages as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing anyone can do to prevent earthquakes or even to predict them. So why do we need to know all this scary stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we recover from the earthquake,” says Brocher, “is determined by how well we’ve prepared for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquake scientists and disaster officials recommend that every household prepare a quake plan, get \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf72.org/supplies\" target=\"_blank\">a kit to survive \u003c/a>for three days after a major earthquake and make sure the buildings you live and work in are reinforced and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1471475551,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1139},"headData":{"title":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster | KQED","description":"Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster","datePublished":"2015-10-14T13:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2016-08-17T23:12:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17441 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/10/14/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril/","disqusTitle":"The Hayward Fault: Overdue for Disaster","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/GhFMtCmHc9c","path":"/quest/17441/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every year around this time, millions of people around the world participate in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/california/\" target=\"_blank\">The Great California ShakeOut\u003c/a>. It's an opportunity for communities to think about one very unpleasant fact: big earthquakes can and do happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ShakeOut happens this month because here in California, it's \"\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/08/its-earthquake-season-join-californias-great-shakeout/\" target=\"_blank\">Earthquake Season\u003c/a>.\" October 17 marks the anniversary of the \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-29/\" target=\"_blank\">Loma Prieta earthquake\u003c/a>, which shook Northern California in 1989, killing 63 people and causing an estimated $6 billion in damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84599\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1400px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-84599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg\" alt=\"The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake.\" width=\"1400\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina.jpg 1400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-800x535.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/USGS_LomaPrieta_Marina-960x642.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1400px) 100vw, 1400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Marina District of San Francisco was hit hard by the Loma Prieta earthquake. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there’s another big earthquake anniversary in October that people don’t hear much about. It predated the 1906 quake by nearly 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On October 21, 1868, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake occurred on the \u003ca href=\"http://seismo.berkeley.edu/hayward/hayward_fault.html\" target=\"_blank\">Hayward Fault\u003c/a> in the East Bay. A lesser-known cousin of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sanandreasfault.org/\" target=\"_blank\">San Andreas Fault\u003c/a>, the Hayward Fault is a crack in the earth’s crust up to 20 miles deep that stretches roughly 70 miles from San Pablo Bay in the north to Fremont and Milpitas at its southernmost end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"Idr82IP0vOAXDXScpJEacfwcmzIgFdSX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1868, the towns of Hayward, San Leandro and Fremont were hardest hit. Luckily, the area had a population of only about 1000 people at the time. Still, 30 people died in the 1868 earthquake and hundreds of buildings from the East Bay to San Francisco to Gilroy were destroyed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84601\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-84601\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg\" alt=\"A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-400x267.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-800x533.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227-960x640.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Bancroft_mill_v1227.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A flour mill destroyed by an earthquake on the Hayward Fault on October 21, 1868. \u003ccite>(Credit: The Bancroft Library)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Research has shown that the last five big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault back to the year 1315 have occurred on average every 140 years. It has now been 147 years since the last big one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And today, more than 2.5 million people live within a stone’s throw of the Hayward Fault, including in densely populated areas like downtown Oakland. According to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.wgcep.org/UCERF3\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Geological Survey’s 2015 statewide earthquake forecast\u003c/a>, for every year that passes without a significant seismic event, the chance of another massive earthquake on the Hayward Fault increases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s constantly moving, little amounts every year,” says Tom Brocher, a senior seismologist at the USGS in Menlo Park. “And it’s allowing the Earth to move very slowly without creating large earthquakes. The problem is it’s not moving enough. And so we’ll still have big earthquakes on the Hayward Fault to make up the difference.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_84603\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-84603 size-medium\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-400x518.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-1180x1527.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized-960x1242.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/10/Hayward-fault-USGS_pagesized.jpg 1224w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Hayward Fault runs through much of the East Bay. \u003ccite>(Credit: U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the last decade, paleoseismologists (geologists who study ancient earthquakes) at the USGS have been digging trenches across the Hayward Fault, peering into tectonic time in order to find evidence of fossil earthquakes. Once found, they are able to radiocarbon date the quakes to determine the magnitudes and dates they occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They dug one trench near the Fremont BART station where they were able to find evidence of 12 major earthquakes on the Hayward Fault over the last 2,000 years. Their conclusion: the Bay Area is overdue for another big one on the Hayward Fault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, the USGS updated its California earthquake forecast report. According to the report, there’s a greater chance of a very large (magnitude 7.5 or greater) earthquake on the Hayward fault that was previously thought. The chance of that occurring in the next 30 years is 3.6 percent, which seems pretty low, but the probability is up 93.7 percent from the prior forecast seven years ago. It’s also more likely that there will be a 6.7 or greater earthquake on the Hayward fault in the next 30 years, with a probability of 14.4 percent, up 1.2 percent from the prior forecast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Should we be more worried now? Andrew Alden, a geologist who runs the \u003ca href=\"https://oaklandgeology.wordpress.com/about/\" target=\"_blank\">Oakland Geology\u003c/a> blog, doesn’t think so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The state of the Earth’s crust is hardly different from what it was seven years ago when the USGS issued its previous forecast,” he wrote recently. “It’s we who have changed our knowledge and models have progressed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alden is referring in part to new technology that has been employed recently to deepen our understanding of tectonic activity. In May, UC Berkeley seismologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/users/echaussard/SiteNew/Welcome.html\" target=\"_blank\">Estelle Chaussard\u003c/a> published an \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/05/28/two-faults-could-make-one-big-earthquake/\" target=\"_blank\">earthquake model \u003c/a>that provides the clearest picture yet of the relationship between the Hayward Fault and the Calaveras Fault, which lies just south of the Hayward Fault and runs from San Jose past Hollister.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using a satellite-based imaging technique that very accurately surveys the ground, combined with high-resolution photography, Chaussard was able to detect the exact zones where the ground near the Hayward and Calaveras faults have been creeping.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upshot? An end-to-end rupture of the Hayward Fault could cause an earthquake of magnitude 7.5. If that happened, there’s a high probability that the quake could continue onto the Calaveras Fault, causing it to rupture and raising the magnitude to around 7.8, spreading the devastation through the entire South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Needless to say, these types of events will be devastating to the 7 million people who live and work in the Bay Area. And the cost could easily reach upwards of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford geophysicist Mary Lou Zoback specializes in risk and catastrophe modeling. The picture she paints of the Bay Area after a major earthquake on the Hayward Fault is nothing less than terrifying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Roadways will be shut down, the soft, water-saturated sandy deposits along the margin of the bay where we have airports and approaches to bridges, they’re likely to liquefy, ripping apart the roads,” she says. “We can we assume transportation networks will be completely disrupted and destroyed. Water will likely be shut down. There will be fires because gas lines will rupture. There won’t be enough water to fight the fires. Power will be down. Communications will be down. I often say it would be a lot like Katrina but here, we’d be speaking 150 languages as well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s nothing anyone can do to prevent earthquakes or even to predict them. So why do we need to know all this scary stuff?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How quickly we recover from the earthquake,” says Brocher, “is determined by how well we’ve prepared for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earthquake scientists and disaster officials recommend that every household prepare a quake plan, get \u003ca href=\"http://www.sf72.org/supplies\" target=\"_blank\">a kit to survive \u003c/a>for three days after a major earthquake and make sure the buildings you live and work in are reinforced and safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17441/the-hayward-fault-predictable-peril","authors":["209"],"categories":["quest_11","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_907","quest_13386","quest_13200","quest_1325","quest_13387","quest_2530","quest_3048","quest_3071"],"featImg":"quest_81281","label":"quest"},"quest_61358":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_61358","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"61358","score":null,"sort":[1382536859000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-river-returns","title":"A River Returns","publishDate":1382536859,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">Sunlight streaks through the leafy canopy, painting the Elwha River and surrounding forest in dappled light. Two men in chest waders splash through the swift-moving current, kicking up mushroom clouds of silt. Their eyes scan the shallows as they make their way downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McMillan, a fish biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Jeff Duda, a research ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, are here looking for steelhead and salmon nests, or redds, where fish have laid eggs. The signs are subtle but unmistakable to their trained eyes — a depression in the river bottom and disturbed gravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillan and Duda are just two of the many scientists from federal and state agencies and the local Native American tribe, who are studying the dramatic changes taking place on this river. Two massive hydroelectric dams are in the process of being removed. And these scientists are trying to understand how the largest dam removal project in the nation’s history is impacting fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to see how fast these fish recolonize after the dams have been removed,” McMillan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Elwha River in western Washington State was once home to one of the biggest salmon runs in the continental United States. But in the early 1900s two dams were built on this pristine river, which today lies mostly within the protected confines of Olympic National Park. The dams provided power to the nearby town of Port Angeles and helped the frontier community grow and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_dam2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The two dams on the Elwha River were built without fish ladders and prevented salmon from swimming upstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the dams were built without fish ladders and had devastating consequences for fish; salmon returning from the ocean to spawn were cut off from their natal waters. Only the lower five miles of the 45-mile river were accessible to them. Over time the dams starved those five miles of the sediment salmon need for building their nests. The diminished and degraded habitat decimated fish populations in a river once known for producing 100-pound salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Elwha Klallam tribe, which has relied on the river for sustenance and its spiritual traditions for thousands of years, has been fighting for nearly 100 years to have the dams removed. In the early 1990s, Congress finally authorized dam removal as a way to help restore the river and its salmon runs. But it would take another two decades to secure funding for the $300 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal began in 2011 and will connect the headwaters of the Elwha with the mouth of the river. The project is expected to be completed by 2014. One of the major challenges in removing the dams was figuring out how to deal with all the sediment stored behind the dams – enough sediment to fill 11 NFL football stadiums. To deal with the sediment, construction crews are taking the dams down gradually, piece by piece, rather than dynamiting them. Even so, the river is swollen with sediment. And the physical shape of the river is changing as the river deposits sediment along its banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62681 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_Boat_and_net2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Beirne, a scientist with the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, nets juvenile fish to study how the dam removal is impacting them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This place is changing every day,” Duda said. “Every time I come out there’s something new, something different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In five to 10 years, the sediment is expected to make its way downstream and the river will run clear once again. But for now, salmon returning to the river face some harsh conditions. Sediment can clog their gills and make it difficult to find food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like you’re tearing off a Band-Aid,” Duda said. “You have to go through a little bit of pain in order to get to that final state of healing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this day, McMillan and Duda walked the main channel of the Elwha River between the lower dam and the upper dam. The swift-flowing river, suffused with fine sediment from dam removal, ran a milky gray. McMillan fixed a keen eye on the clearer water near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They dug here! These are digs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you think this [is a nest] right here?” Duda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a redd clearly,” McMillan replied. “It’s the first redd we’ve found by a steelhead in the mainstem Elwha River.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a long way to go, but McMillan and Duda are hopeful that salmon and steelhead will thrive here once again.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In Washington state, a river once known for its abundant salmon run is getting a second chance. The Elwha River dams, which decimated salmon populations and profoundly altered the ecosystem, are coming down and hopes are high that salmon will return. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457565342,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":777},"headData":{"title":"A River Returns | KQED","description":"In Washington state, a river once known for its abundant salmon run is getting a second chance. The Elwha River dams, which decimated salmon populations and profoundly altered the ecosystem, are coming down and hopes are high that salmon will return. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A River Returns","datePublished":"2013-10-23T14:00:59.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:15:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"61358 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=61358","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/10/23/a-river-returns/","disqusTitle":"A River Returns","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TfjRG9RxL8","path":"/quest/61358/a-river-returns","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignleft wp-image-71013 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/Quest_EMMYwin.jpg\" alt=\"Quest_EMMYwin\" width=\"173\" height=\"120\">Sunlight streaks through the leafy canopy, painting the Elwha River and surrounding forest in dappled light. Two men in chest waders splash through the swift-moving current, kicking up mushroom clouds of silt. Their eyes scan the shallows as they make their way downstream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John McMillan, a fish biologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and Jeff Duda, a research ecologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, are here looking for steelhead and salmon nests, or redds, where fish have laid eggs. The signs are subtle but unmistakable to their trained eyes — a depression in the river bottom and disturbed gravel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McMillan and Duda are just two of the many scientists from federal and state agencies and the local Native American tribe, who are studying the dramatic changes taking place on this river. Two massive hydroelectric dams are in the process of being removed. And these scientists are trying to understand how the largest dam removal project in the nation’s history is impacting fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to see how fast these fish recolonize after the dams have been removed,” McMillan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Elwha River in western Washington State was once home to one of the biggest salmon runs in the continental United States. But in the early 1900s two dams were built on this pristine river, which today lies mostly within the protected confines of Olympic National Park. The dams provided power to the nearby town of Port Angeles and helped the frontier community grow and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62677\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-62677 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_dam2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_dam2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The two dams on the Elwha River were built without fish ladders and prevented salmon from swimming upstream.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But the dams were built without fish ladders and had devastating consequences for fish; salmon returning from the ocean to spawn were cut off from their natal waters. Only the lower five miles of the 45-mile river were accessible to them. Over time the dams starved those five miles of the sediment salmon need for building their nests. The diminished and degraded habitat decimated fish populations in a river once known for producing 100-pound salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lower Elwha Klallam tribe, which has relied on the river for sustenance and its spiritual traditions for thousands of years, has been fighting for nearly 100 years to have the dams removed. In the early 1990s, Congress finally authorized dam removal as a way to help restore the river and its salmon runs. But it would take another two decades to secure funding for the $300 million project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dam removal began in 2011 and will connect the headwaters of the Elwha with the mouth of the river. The project is expected to be completed by 2014. One of the major challenges in removing the dams was figuring out how to deal with all the sediment stored behind the dams – enough sediment to fill 11 NFL football stadiums. To deal with the sediment, construction crews are taking the dams down gradually, piece by piece, rather than dynamiting them. Even so, the river is swollen with sediment. And the physical shape of the river is changing as the river deposits sediment along its banks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_62681\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 403px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-62681 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg\" alt=\"Elwha_Boat_and_net2\" width=\"403\" height=\"227\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/09/Elwha_Boat_and_net2-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Matt Beirne, a scientist with the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe, nets juvenile fish to study how the dam removal is impacting them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This place is changing every day,” Duda said. “Every time I come out there’s something new, something different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In five to 10 years, the sediment is expected to make its way downstream and the river will run clear once again. But for now, salmon returning to the river face some harsh conditions. Sediment can clog their gills and make it difficult to find food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s almost like you’re tearing off a Band-Aid,” Duda said. “You have to go through a little bit of pain in order to get to that final state of healing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On this day, McMillan and Duda walked the main channel of the Elwha River between the lower dam and the upper dam. The swift-flowing river, suffused with fine sediment from dam removal, ran a milky gray. McMillan fixed a keen eye on the clearer water near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They dug here! These are digs!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So you think this [is a nest] right here?” Duda said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is a redd clearly,” McMillan replied. “It’s the first redd we’ve found by a steelhead in the mainstem Elwha River.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a long way to go, but McMillan and Duda are hopeful that salmon and steelhead will thrive here once again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/61358/a-river-returns","authors":["10446","10425"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_68","quest_326","quest_12007","quest_12125","quest_924","quest_11940","quest_11176","quest_1022","quest_12269","quest_12326","quest_12249","quest_2001","quest_12517","quest_12327","quest_12325","quest_12146","quest_3736","quest_2423","quest_2477","quest_2576","quest_12328","quest_2786","quest_2893","quest_3048","quest_3071","quest_10210"],"featImg":"quest_62677","label":"quest"},"quest_46863":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_46863","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"46863","score":null,"sort":[1352405710000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"earthquake-landslides-a-widespread-hazard","title":"Earthquake Landslides: A Widespread Hazard","publishDate":1352405710,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Every kind of natural disaster has its own built-in, unavoidable threat. For storms, it's flooding as the waters rise. For drought, it's ground settling as the water table falls. And for earthquakes of all sizes, it's landslides as the hills come tumbling down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the magnitude-6 Parkfield earthquake of September 2004 occurred, witnesses in the tiny Central California town remarked that the hillsides all around erupted in clouds of landslide dust. Seven years later in Virginia, the magnitude-5.8 quake of August 23, 2011, didn't raise a lot of dust in that humid region. But thousands of rock slides occurred, mostly small ones, over a surprisingly large region. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslide specialists with the U.S. Geological Survey took it upon themselves to look closely at Virginia, just as they did in Haiti the year before. In the weeks that followed the quake, \u003ca href=\"https://profile.usgs.gov/jibson\">Randall Jibson\u003c/a> drove with Ed Harp in systematic transects away from the epicenter, checking every rocky slope and documenting each example of landslides classified as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/naturalhazardsclimate/ig/Landslides/slide-rockfall.htm\">rockfalls\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/08/earthquake-landslides-a-widespread-hazard/slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46864\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/slide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"slide\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46864\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/slide.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/slide-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Geological Survey researcher Ed Harp records a small rockfall triggered by the 2011 Virginia earthquake. USGS photo by Randall Jibson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They checked the fallen rocks carefully for signs of freshness, like the ripped-up sapling in the photo above, or the presence of still-green grass underneath stones. Where the rocky slopes stopped failing, they drew a line on the map to mark the rockfall limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This simple but intensive bit of fieldwork allowed Jibson and Harp to test their model of earthquake landslides with a good set of data. The models were built on data from Western areas with lots of earthquakes, where fresh slides are not always easy to notice, but in Virginia the 2011 quake was the largest in 114 years and left clean evidence everywhere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two researchers found fresh rockfalls four times as far away as their model predicted for a magnitude-5.8 event. Rockfalls occurred in an area 20 times as large as expected. Jibson \u003ca href=\"https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2012AM/webprogram/Paper205161.html\">talked about their results this week\u003c/a> at the Geological Society of America's annual meeting in Charlotte, and a paper about it will appear in the \u003ci>Seismological Society of America Bulletin\u003c/i> next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46866\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/08/earthquake-landslides-a-widespread-hazard/vaeqslidemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46866\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/VAEQslidemap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"VAEQslidemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"347\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46866\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/VAEQslidemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/VAEQslidemap-400x231.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Geological Survey image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientifically, this result made sense in two ways. First, it's already well known that earthquakes are felt much more widely in the cold, hard crust east of the Rockies. Jibson and Harp's rockfall evidence matches the human evidencein fact, human reports of the Virginia quake show that it was felt by more Americans than any previous earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/08/earthquake-landslides-a-widespread-hazard/uslandslidequakes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46865\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/USlandslidequakes.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"USlandslidequakes\" width=\"600\" height=\"390\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46865\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/USlandslidequakes.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/USlandslidequakes-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Geological Survey image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Second, the rockfall limit did not form a circle on the map, but an ellipse elongated along the Appalachian Mountains. That is, the regional geology, not just the basic structure of the Earth's crust, affected the pattern of shaking. Those two new pieces of knowledge will help in reassessing historical earthquakes as well as preparing for future ones in different places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slowly but surely, Americans are joining Californians in becoming earthquake-aware. The broken Washington Monument, damaged in the 2011 Virginia quake, is a peerless consciousness raiser. The growing participation in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/\">ShakeOut programs\u003c/a> across the country is helping, too. Earthquake resistance can be engineered into our buildings and infrastructure, but landslides will never change. Speaking of which, California has its own special hazard of earthquakes related to landslides: valley fever. Jibson documented an outbreak of this disease, caused by a soil-dwelling fungus, \u003ca href=\"https://profile.usgs.gov/myscience/upload_folder/ci2009Apr211713254273778-Valley%20fever,%20Surveys%20in%20Geophysics.pdf\">after the 1994 Northridge earthquake\u003c/a>. Face masks might be a good addition to your earthquake kit.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Earthquakes will always produce landslides, but new knowledge will help us deal with them better.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1353013062,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":602},"headData":{"title":"Earthquake Landslides: A Widespread Hazard | KQED","description":"Earthquakes will always produce landslides, but new knowledge will help us deal with them better.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Earthquake Landslides: A Widespread Hazard","datePublished":"2012-11-08T20:15:10.000Z","dateModified":"2012-11-15T20:57:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"46863 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=46863","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/08/earthquake-landslides-a-widespread-hazard/","disqusTitle":"Earthquake Landslides: A Widespread Hazard","path":"/quest/46863/earthquake-landslides-a-widespread-hazard","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Every kind of natural disaster has its own built-in, unavoidable threat. For storms, it's flooding as the waters rise. For drought, it's ground settling as the water table falls. And for earthquakes of all sizes, it's landslides as the hills come tumbling down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the magnitude-6 Parkfield earthquake of September 2004 occurred, witnesses in the tiny Central California town remarked that the hillsides all around erupted in clouds of landslide dust. Seven years later in Virginia, the magnitude-5.8 quake of August 23, 2011, didn't raise a lot of dust in that humid region. But thousands of rock slides occurred, mostly small ones, over a surprisingly large region. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslide specialists with the U.S. Geological Survey took it upon themselves to look closely at Virginia, just as they did in Haiti the year before. In the weeks that followed the quake, \u003ca href=\"https://profile.usgs.gov/jibson\">Randall Jibson\u003c/a> drove with Ed Harp in systematic transects away from the epicenter, checking every rocky slope and documenting each example of landslides classified as \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/naturalhazardsclimate/ig/Landslides/slide-rockfall.htm\">rockfalls\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/08/earthquake-landslides-a-widespread-hazard/slide/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46864\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/slide.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"slide\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46864\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/slide.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/slide-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Geological Survey researcher Ed Harp records a small rockfall triggered by the 2011 Virginia earthquake. USGS photo by Randall Jibson\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They checked the fallen rocks carefully for signs of freshness, like the ripped-up sapling in the photo above, or the presence of still-green grass underneath stones. Where the rocky slopes stopped failing, they drew a line on the map to mark the rockfall limit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This simple but intensive bit of fieldwork allowed Jibson and Harp to test their model of earthquake landslides with a good set of data. The models were built on data from Western areas with lots of earthquakes, where fresh slides are not always easy to notice, but in Virginia the 2011 quake was the largest in 114 years and left clean evidence everywhere. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two researchers found fresh rockfalls four times as far away as their model predicted for a magnitude-5.8 event. Rockfalls occurred in an area 20 times as large as expected. Jibson \u003ca href=\"https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2012AM/webprogram/Paper205161.html\">talked about their results this week\u003c/a> at the Geological Society of America's annual meeting in Charlotte, and a paper about it will appear in the \u003ci>Seismological Society of America Bulletin\u003c/i> next month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46866\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/08/earthquake-landslides-a-widespread-hazard/vaeqslidemap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46866\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/VAEQslidemap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"VAEQslidemap\" width=\"600\" height=\"347\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46866\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/VAEQslidemap.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/VAEQslidemap-400x231.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Geological Survey image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientifically, this result made sense in two ways. First, it's already well known that earthquakes are felt much more widely in the cold, hard crust east of the Rockies. Jibson and Harp's rockfall evidence matches the human evidencein fact, human reports of the Virginia quake show that it was felt by more Americans than any previous earthquake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_46865\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/11/08/earthquake-landslides-a-widespread-hazard/uslandslidequakes/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-46865\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/USlandslidequakes.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"USlandslidequakes\" width=\"600\" height=\"390\" class=\"size-full wp-image-46865\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/USlandslidequakes.png 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/11/USlandslidequakes-400x260.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">US Geological Survey image\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Second, the rockfall limit did not form a circle on the map, but an ellipse elongated along the Appalachian Mountains. That is, the regional geology, not just the basic structure of the Earth's crust, affected the pattern of shaking. Those two new pieces of knowledge will help in reassessing historical earthquakes as well as preparing for future ones in different places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slowly but surely, Americans are joining Californians in becoming earthquake-aware. The broken Washington Monument, damaged in the 2011 Virginia quake, is a peerless consciousness raiser. The growing participation in \u003ca href=\"http://www.shakeout.org/\">ShakeOut programs\u003c/a> across the country is helping, too. Earthquake resistance can be engineered into our buildings and infrastructure, but landslides will never change. Speaking of which, California has its own special hazard of earthquakes related to landslides: valley fever. Jibson documented an outbreak of this disease, caused by a soil-dwelling fungus, \u003ca href=\"https://profile.usgs.gov/myscience/upload_folder/ci2009Apr211713254273778-Valley%20fever,%20Surveys%20in%20Geophysics.pdf\">after the 1994 Northridge earthquake\u003c/a>. Face masks might be a good addition to your earthquake kit.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/46863/earthquake-landslides-a-widespread-hazard","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_909","quest_1608","quest_11595","quest_13202","quest_3048","quest_11594"],"featImg":"quest_46864","label":"quest"},"quest_43795":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_43795","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"43795","score":null,"sort":[1347894027000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-state-of-californias-sea-otters","title":"The State of California's Sea Otters","publishDate":1347894027,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43814\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/17/the-state-of-californias-sea-otters/ingles_630/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43814\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Ingles_630.jpg\" alt=\"Southern sea otter\" title=\"Southern sea otter\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Ingles_630.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Ingles_630-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Southern sea otter in Monterey County. Photo by Dr. Lloyd Glenn Ingles © California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adorable sea otter souvenirs—sweatshirts, posters, plush toys—abound in central and Northern California. There’s even an otter on the bag of coffee beans in my kitchen. They’re local icons, and with a face like that, it’s easy to see why. But sea otters themselves are not so plentiful. In honor of \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaotterweek.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Otter Awareness Week\u003c/a> at the end of September, I’m taking a closer look at what’s behind that furry façade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most southern sea otters (\u003cem>Enhydra lutris nereis\u003c/em>) live along the 150 miles of coastline between Santa Cruz and Pismo Beach, and are federally classified as threatened. They are considered a keystone species in kelp ecosystems like those in Monterey Bay because they prey on invertebrates like urchins, which, left unchecked, could decimate the kelp beds many fish depend on for habitat. \u003ca href=\"http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2008/05/research.html\">However, not all otters eat the same thing\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43813\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/17/the-state-of-californias-sea-otters/langstroth_s/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43813\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Langstroth_s.jpg\" alt=\"Sea otter skull\" title=\"Sea otter skull\" width=\"300\" height=\"216\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43813\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Otters that specialize in purple sea urchins accumulate purple pigment in their teeth and bones over time, as seen here. The older the animal, the more pronounced the color. Photo by Lovell and Libby Langstroth © California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At San Nicolas Island in southern California, where a small population of otters was reintroduced in the late 1980s, otter diets are very consistent across individuals. But among central California sea otters, where the population is denser and food is scarcer, otters tend to specialize in a particular food source like snails, crabs, or purple urchins. One of the questions ecologists hope to answer, now that they understand this differentiation, is whether there is a link between specialized diets and infectious disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3369#.UEk3bJZVCqJ\">The U.S. Geological Survey just issued its spring census report\u003c/a>, which shows that the population of southern sea otters has increased about two percent since 2010, reaching 2,792. For a species that was presumed extinct in California until a group of less than fifty was rediscovered in the 1930s, this is certainly progress. But their population growth seems to have reached a plateau, and the contributing factors are a complex puzzle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the otter population did increase slightly, so did the mortality rate. In 2011, scientists documented a record high of 335 stranded sea otters, and made an effort to examine each one to determine what led to their injuries or deaths. One of the most surprising findings was that “tasting” bites from sharks accounted for 30 percent of sea otter deaths, up from 8 percent in the 1980s and ‘90s. Other otters, ironically, perish while mating. (Male otters are very aggressive, and have been known to inflict fatal wounds or drown their mates in the throes of passion.) Additional causes of death seen year over year, including infectious diseases, parasites and harmful algae blooms, can be attributed to human activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Availability of food ultimately dictates how large a population can grow in one area, and there is growing evidence that the central coast population is reaching a point of saturation. If the otters were to spread out into new territory, that pressure could be reduced, but scientists have not observed that happening as of yet. In order to be “delisted” as threatened, the southern sea otter population would need to exceed 3,090 for three consecutive years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data about local sea otter populations doesn’t collect itself. Scientists and volunteers use shore-based spotting scopes and aircraft to conduct annual surveys. And organizations including the California Academy of Sciences, Marine Mammal Center, Monterey Bay Aquarium, and U.S. Geological Survey coordinate to respond to reports of stranded or dead marine mammals, collecting data and samples that will help them answer critical questions now and for decades to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are curious to learn more about these fascinating creatures’ behaviors, check out some of the local activities planned in celebration of Sea Otter Awareness Week:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>September 22 – 30\u003cbr>\nSea otter specimens and family-friendly activities at the California Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe California Academy of Sciences is home to the world’s largest collection of skulls, skeletons, and other preserved samples of the southern sea otter. Throughout the week, stop by the Project Lab to see select specimens on display, and check out sea otter-themed resources and games in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/naturalist_center/\">Naturalist Center\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/science/early_explorers_cove/index.php\">Early Explorers Cove\u003c/a>. Finally, view sea otter skulls being prepared in the Project Lab and talk to biologists at a special sea otter table during \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/events/nightlife/\">NightLife \u003c/a>on September 27 (6:00-10:00 pm for ages 21+). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunday, September 23, from 9:00 am – 4:30 pm\u003cbr>\nSea Otter Awareness Kayak and Movie at Elkhorn Slough\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKick off Sea Otter Awareness Week face to face with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.org/calendar/index.htm\">otters of Elkhorn Slough\u003c/a>. Start with a kayak tour from Kirby Park to Moss Landing, followed by lunch, Q&A, and a special screening of the film Otter 501. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thursday, September 27 at 7pm\u003cbr>\nFree sea otter talks at \u003ca href=\"http://seymourcenter.ucsc.edu/calendar.html\">Long Marine Lab’s Seymour Center\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTopics include \u003cem>If I Only Had A Hammer: Tool Use by Sea Otters\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>The Land Sea Connection: What Southern Sea Otters Can Tell Us about Coastal Health\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the national calendar of events for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaotterweek.org/#!events/cmm9\">10th Annual Sea Otter Awareness Week\u003c/a> for more. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Southern sea otters are local icons, gracing a plethora of souvenirs, murals and postcards throughout central and northern California. With a face like that, it’s easy to see why. But sea otters themselves are not so plentiful. In honor of Sea Otter Awareness Week at the end of September, take a closer look at what’s behind that furry façade.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1349809156,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":14,"wordCount":904},"headData":{"title":"The State of California's Sea Otters | KQED","description":"Southern sea otters are local icons, gracing a plethora of souvenirs, murals and postcards throughout central and northern California. With a face like that, it’s easy to see why. But sea otters themselves are not so plentiful. In honor of Sea Otter Awareness Week at the end of September, take a closer look at what’s behind that furry façade.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The State of California's Sea Otters","datePublished":"2012-09-17T15:00:27.000Z","dateModified":"2012-10-09T18:59:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"43795 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=43795","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/17/the-state-of-californias-sea-otters/","disqusTitle":"The State of California's Sea Otters","path":"/quest/43795/the-state-of-californias-sea-otters","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43814\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/17/the-state-of-californias-sea-otters/ingles_630/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43814\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Ingles_630.jpg\" alt=\"Southern sea otter\" title=\"Southern sea otter\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43814\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Ingles_630.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Ingles_630-400x229.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Southern sea otter in Monterey County. Photo by Dr. Lloyd Glenn Ingles © California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adorable sea otter souvenirs—sweatshirts, posters, plush toys—abound in central and Northern California. There’s even an otter on the bag of coffee beans in my kitchen. They’re local icons, and with a face like that, it’s easy to see why. But sea otters themselves are not so plentiful. In honor of \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaotterweek.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Sea Otter Awareness Week\u003c/a> at the end of September, I’m taking a closer look at what’s behind that furry façade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most southern sea otters (\u003cem>Enhydra lutris nereis\u003c/em>) live along the 150 miles of coastline between Santa Cruz and Pismo Beach, and are federally classified as threatened. They are considered a keystone species in kelp ecosystems like those in Monterey Bay because they prey on invertebrates like urchins, which, left unchecked, could decimate the kelp beds many fish depend on for habitat. \u003ca href=\"http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2008/05/research.html\">However, not all otters eat the same thing\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_43813\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/17/the-state-of-californias-sea-otters/langstroth_s/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-43813\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Langstroth_s.jpg\" alt=\"Sea otter skull\" title=\"Sea otter skull\" width=\"300\" height=\"216\" class=\"size-full wp-image-43813\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Otters that specialize in purple sea urchins accumulate purple pigment in their teeth and bones over time, as seen here. The older the animal, the more pronounced the color. Photo by Lovell and Libby Langstroth © California Academy of Sciences.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At San Nicolas Island in southern California, where a small population of otters was reintroduced in the late 1980s, otter diets are very consistent across individuals. But among central California sea otters, where the population is denser and food is scarcer, otters tend to specialize in a particular food source like snails, crabs, or purple urchins. One of the questions ecologists hope to answer, now that they understand this differentiation, is whether there is a link between specialized diets and infectious disease. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3369#.UEk3bJZVCqJ\">The U.S. Geological Survey just issued its spring census report\u003c/a>, which shows that the population of southern sea otters has increased about two percent since 2010, reaching 2,792. For a species that was presumed extinct in California until a group of less than fifty was rediscovered in the 1930s, this is certainly progress. But their population growth seems to have reached a plateau, and the contributing factors are a complex puzzle. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the otter population did increase slightly, so did the mortality rate. In 2011, scientists documented a record high of 335 stranded sea otters, and made an effort to examine each one to determine what led to their injuries or deaths. One of the most surprising findings was that “tasting” bites from sharks accounted for 30 percent of sea otter deaths, up from 8 percent in the 1980s and ‘90s. Other otters, ironically, perish while mating. (Male otters are very aggressive, and have been known to inflict fatal wounds or drown their mates in the throes of passion.) Additional causes of death seen year over year, including infectious diseases, parasites and harmful algae blooms, can be attributed to human activity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Availability of food ultimately dictates how large a population can grow in one area, and there is growing evidence that the central coast population is reaching a point of saturation. If the otters were to spread out into new territory, that pressure could be reduced, but scientists have not observed that happening as of yet. In order to be “delisted” as threatened, the southern sea otter population would need to exceed 3,090 for three consecutive years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Data about local sea otter populations doesn’t collect itself. Scientists and volunteers use shore-based spotting scopes and aircraft to conduct annual surveys. And organizations including the California Academy of Sciences, Marine Mammal Center, Monterey Bay Aquarium, and U.S. Geological Survey coordinate to respond to reports of stranded or dead marine mammals, collecting data and samples that will help them answer critical questions now and for decades to come. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you are curious to learn more about these fascinating creatures’ behaviors, check out some of the local activities planned in celebration of Sea Otter Awareness Week:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>September 22 – 30\u003cbr>\nSea otter specimens and family-friendly activities at the California Academy of Sciences\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe California Academy of Sciences is home to the world’s largest collection of skulls, skeletons, and other preserved samples of the southern sea otter. Throughout the week, stop by the Project Lab to see select specimens on display, and check out sea otter-themed resources and games in the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/science/naturalist_center/\">Naturalist Center\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/science/early_explorers_cove/index.php\">Early Explorers Cove\u003c/a>. Finally, view sea otter skulls being prepared in the Project Lab and talk to biologists at a special sea otter table during \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/events/nightlife/\">NightLife \u003c/a>on September 27 (6:00-10:00 pm for ages 21+). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sunday, September 23, from 9:00 am – 4:30 pm\u003cbr>\nSea Otter Awareness Kayak and Movie at Elkhorn Slough\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nKick off Sea Otter Awareness Week face to face with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.elkhornslough.org/calendar/index.htm\">otters of Elkhorn Slough\u003c/a>. Start with a kayak tour from Kirby Park to Moss Landing, followed by lunch, Q&A, and a special screening of the film Otter 501. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Thursday, September 27 at 7pm\u003cbr>\nFree sea otter talks at \u003ca href=\"http://seymourcenter.ucsc.edu/calendar.html\">Long Marine Lab’s Seymour Center\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nTopics include \u003cem>If I Only Had A Hammer: Tool Use by Sea Otters\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>The Land Sea Connection: What Southern Sea Otters Can Tell Us about Coastal Health\u003c/em>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visit the national calendar of events for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seaotterweek.org/#!events/cmm9\">10th Annual Sea Otter Awareness Week\u003c/a> for more. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/43795/the-state-of-californias-sea-otters","authors":["10317"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_439","quest_3309","quest_13199","quest_1741","quest_1742","quest_10693","quest_1865","quest_13213","quest_3307","quest_2090","quest_13202","quest_2562","quest_11437","quest_3048"],"featImg":"quest_43814","label":"quest"},"quest_39562":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_39562","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"39562","score":null,"sort":[1339685572000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online","title":"Did You See It? Report a Landslide Online","publishDate":1339685572,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39564\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-dysi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39564\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-dysi\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landslide in eastern Del Puerto Canyon, near Patterson. Now anyone can easily report a landslide to a centralized database for the whole country. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By now, everyone in the Bay Area knows about the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/\">Did You Feel It?\u003c/a> system, set up by the U.S. Geological Survey in the 1990s to record earthquake reports. This week the Survey has launched a similar effort, called \u003ca href=\"http://landslides.usgs.gov/dysi/\">Did You See It?\u003c/a> or DYSI, to enlist citizens in recording landslides. Bay Area residents should take to this tool enthusiastically because \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/31/landslide-season/\">we live in landslide country\u003c/a> as well as earthquake country. In fact, earthquakes so often cause landslides that conscientious folks can now make twice the contribution after a seismic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake tool has succeeded so well because, among other things, the facts it needs to know are easy to check offwhere you were, what things you noticed, what was damaged. The new landslide tool works a little differently because \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/nutshells/a/landslidenuts.htm\">landslides\u003c/a> aren't the same kind of event. Reporting a landslide on the DYSI tool takes a bit of observation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslides are classified along a spectrum between \u003ci>falls\u003c/i> and \u003ci>flows\u003c/i>. They involve three kinds of material: earth (soil), debris (rocks and soil) and rocks. Rockfalls, like this example from the Marin Headlands, should be familiar. They're basically a rattle of rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-fall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39565\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-fall\" width=\"500\" height=\"330\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flows include earthflows and debris flows. They have a fluid motion and shape, like this example, a debris flow from the Marin Headlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-flow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39566\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-flow\" width=\"500\" height=\"327\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slumps, or rotational slides, are in-between landslides with a sitzmark shape. This one is in the Oakland hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-slump/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-slump\" width=\"500\" height=\"301\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three are the most common landslide types around here. The DYSI tool shows four additional landslide types, and if you hold your mouse over each one a rotation of diagrams and photos will display them to you. Even better, you can right-click to view these at full size. The tool has options to accept much more detail (like loss data and your photos), but that's the gist of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because landslides are more widespread than quakes, \"Did You See It\" may provide even more benefit to the nation than \"Did You Feel It.\" \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What Bay Areans did for earthquakes we can now do for landslides: lead the world in reporting these common natural hazards online.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1340306670,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":364},"headData":{"title":"Did You See It? Report a Landslide Online | KQED","description":"What Bay Areans did for earthquakes we can now do for landslides: lead the world in reporting these common natural hazards online.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Did You See It? Report a Landslide Online","datePublished":"2012-06-14T14:52:52.000Z","dateModified":"2012-06-21T19:24:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"39562 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=39562","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/","disqusTitle":"Did You See It? Report a Landslide Online","path":"/quest/39562/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39564\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-dysi/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39564\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-dysi\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39564\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-dysi-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Landslide in eastern Del Puerto Canyon, near Patterson. Now anyone can easily report a landslide to a centralized database for the whole country. All photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By now, everyone in the Bay Area knows about the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/\">Did You Feel It?\u003c/a> system, set up by the U.S. Geological Survey in the 1990s to record earthquake reports. This week the Survey has launched a similar effort, called \u003ca href=\"http://landslides.usgs.gov/dysi/\">Did You See It?\u003c/a> or DYSI, to enlist citizens in recording landslides. Bay Area residents should take to this tool enthusiastically because \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/31/landslide-season/\">we live in landslide country\u003c/a> as well as earthquake country. In fact, earthquakes so often cause landslides that conscientious folks can now make twice the contribution after a seismic event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthquake tool has succeeded so well because, among other things, the facts it needs to know are easy to check offwhere you were, what things you noticed, what was damaged. The new landslide tool works a little differently because \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/nutshells/a/landslidenuts.htm\">landslides\u003c/a> aren't the same kind of event. Reporting a landslide on the DYSI tool takes a bit of observation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landslides are classified along a spectrum between \u003ci>falls\u003c/i> and \u003ci>flows\u003c/i>. They involve three kinds of material: earth (soil), debris (rocks and soil) and rocks. Rockfalls, like this example from the Marin Headlands, should be familiar. They're basically a rattle of rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-fall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39565\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-fall\" width=\"500\" height=\"330\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39565\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-fall-400x264.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Flows include earthflows and debris flows. They have a fluid motion and shape, like this example, a debris flow from the Marin Headlands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-flow/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39566\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-flow\" width=\"500\" height=\"327\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39566\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-flow-400x262.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Slumps, or rotational slides, are in-between landslides with a sitzmark shape. This one is in the Oakland hills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/14/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online/landslide-slump/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39563\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"landslide-slump\" width=\"500\" height=\"301\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-39563\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/landslide-slump-400x241.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those three are the most common landslide types around here. The DYSI tool shows four additional landslide types, and if you hold your mouse over each one a rotation of diagrams and photos will display them to you. Even better, you can right-click to view these at full size. The tool has options to accept much more detail (like loss data and your photos), but that's the gist of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because landslides are more widespread than quakes, \"Did You See It\" may provide even more benefit to the nation than \"Did You Feel It.\" \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/39562/did-you-see-it-report-a-landslide-online","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_909","quest_1608","quest_3722","quest_13202","quest_3048"],"featImg":"quest_39564","label":"quest"},"quest_39136":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_39136","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"39136","score":null,"sort":[1338941198000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit","title":"Creative Connections at Earth • Science • Art Exhibit","publishDate":1338941198,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39137\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/05/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit/denise-smith-the-100-percent-for-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39137\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Denise-Smith-The-100-Percent-for-quest.jpg\" alt=\"Denise Smith 'The 100 Percent'\" title=\"Denise Smith 'The 100 Percent' for quest\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39137\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Denise-Smith-The-100-Percent-for-quest.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Denise-Smith-The-100-Percent-for-quest-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 100 Percent by Denise Smith (scientist collaborator: Li Erikson) - photo by Lachlan Towle\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/05/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit/golden-for-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39138\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/golden-for-quest-257x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tribute to the Argonauts by Helen Golden (scientist collaborator: Nadine Golden)\" title=\"golden for quest\" width=\"257\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-39138\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helen Golden is a digital fine artist; her daughter Nadine Golden is a scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/\" title=\"USCS Pacific Coast and Marine Science Center\">Pacific Coast and Marine Science Center\u003c/a>. Although both live in Santa Cruz, mother and daughter seem worlds apart. But in fact, they are fascinated by each other's work, as evidenced by two pieces in the R. Blitzer Gallery's \"earth • science • art\" show: Nadine's scientific poster about seafloor mapping and Helen's \"Tribute to the Argonauts,\" a tapestry printed with colorful patterns based on her daughter's maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curator \u003ca href=\"http://www.lisahochstein.com/\" title=\"Lisa Hochstein\">Lisa Hochstein\u003c/a> conceived \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthscienceartsc.com/index.html\" title=\"earth - science - art\">earth • science • art\u003c/a> to break down barriers and encourge cross-pollination between art and science. Among the project's sixteen artist/scientist pairs, the Goldens are unique in already being acquainted. The other scientists and artists, recruited by Hochstein and USGS deputy center director Jane Reid, met for the first time in January at a session reminiscent of speed-dating. Scientists spent a few minutes describing their research, then artists chose the scientists whose work most interested them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39139\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 100px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/05/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit/jamie-abbott-sacred-rock-for-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39139\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Jamie-Abbott-Sacred-Rock-for-quest.jpg\" alt=\"Jamie Abbott 'Sacred Rock'\" title=\"Jamie Abbott 'Sacred Rock' for quest\" width=\"100\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39139\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sacred Rock by Jamie Abbott (scientist collaborator Amy Draut) - photo by Lachlan Towle\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most had never engaged in such a collaboration. Amy Draut, a sedimentologist researching the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\" title=\"Elwha River restoration project\">Elwha River dam\u003c/a> in Washington state, has scant artistic experience. But sculptor Jamie Abbott was drawn to her description of the dam's structure and the cascading effects of its removal, from sediment changes to returning salmon. After the two bonded over their love for the Red Sox, Draut ended up visiting Abbott's studio to help paste tissue paper onto a cardboard reconstruction of the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the poster beside Abbott's artwork, Draut explains the science surrounding the largest dam removal in history. New mud flats have already formed at the river's mouth. Salmon may soon fill the length of the Elwha. Abbott illustrated this potential with \"Sacred Rock,\" which shows fish carved from indigenous red cedar swimming toward a rock that has long been submerged behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental change of a different sort is highlighted elsewhere in the gallery. Intrigued by Li Erikson's research on ice melt and erosion in the Arctic, artist Denise Smith combined woodblock prints with images of Erikson's data--a literal fusion of art and science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39146\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/05/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit/olympus-digital-camera-5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39146\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/ML_BL_LL-detail1-for-quest-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Moonlight, Blue Light, Love Light by Sarah Sanford (scientist collaborator: Curt Storlazzi)\" title=\"Coral spawning by Sarah Sanford (scientist collaborator: Curt Storlazzi)\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-39146\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moonlight, Blue Light, Love Light by {link url=http://www.sarahsanfordart.com/}Sarah Sanford{/link} (scientist collaborator: Curt Storlazzi)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's hard to leave the gallery without sharing a glimpse of Hochstein's vision. Art and science approach the world in different ways, but it's the same world--the same curiosity and wonder that drive humans to explore it. earth • science • art draws connections not just between art and science but between nature and technology, truth and beauty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a more mundane level, the show also connects Santa Cruz and the Bay Area by featuring artists from both regions. The exhibit may migrate to further cement the connection; Foothill College is interested in hosting the show. Reid hopes it may even spread to the main USGS laboratory in Washington, D.C. But for now, the fun is limited to the \u003ca href=\"http://rblitzergallery.com/\" title=\"R. Blitzer Gallery\">R. Blitzer Gallery\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz--which, not coincidentally, shares a building and a wall with the USGS center. The show runs until July 7th, with two panel discussions on June 7 and 14 from 7-9 pm.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Helen Golden is a digital fine artist; her daughter Nadine Golden is a scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey's Pacific Coast and Marine Science Center. Although both live in Santa Cruz, mother and daughter seem worlds apart. But in fact, they are fascinated by each other's work . . . ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1340306623,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":578},"headData":{"title":"Creative Connections at Earth • Science • Art Exhibit | KQED","description":"Helen Golden is a digital fine artist; her daughter Nadine Golden is a scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey's Pacific Coast and Marine Science Center. Although both live in Santa Cruz, mother and daughter seem worlds apart. But in fact, they are fascinated by each other's work . . . ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Creative Connections at Earth • Science • Art Exhibit","datePublished":"2012-06-06T00:06:38.000Z","dateModified":"2012-06-21T19:23:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"39136 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=39136","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/05/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit/","disqusTitle":"Creative Connections at Earth • Science • Art Exhibit","path":"/quest/39136/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39137\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/05/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit/denise-smith-the-100-percent-for-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39137\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Denise-Smith-The-100-Percent-for-quest.jpg\" alt=\"Denise Smith 'The 100 Percent'\" title=\"Denise Smith 'The 100 Percent' for quest\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39137\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Denise-Smith-The-100-Percent-for-quest.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Denise-Smith-The-100-Percent-for-quest-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 100 Percent by Denise Smith (scientist collaborator: Li Erikson) - photo by Lachlan Towle\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/05/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit/golden-for-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39138\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/golden-for-quest-257x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tribute to the Argonauts by Helen Golden (scientist collaborator: Nadine Golden)\" title=\"golden for quest\" width=\"257\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-39138\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Helen Golden is a digital fine artist; her daughter Nadine Golden is a scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey's \u003ca href=\"http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/\" title=\"USCS Pacific Coast and Marine Science Center\">Pacific Coast and Marine Science Center\u003c/a>. Although both live in Santa Cruz, mother and daughter seem worlds apart. But in fact, they are fascinated by each other's work, as evidenced by two pieces in the R. Blitzer Gallery's \"earth • science • art\" show: Nadine's scientific poster about seafloor mapping and Helen's \"Tribute to the Argonauts,\" a tapestry printed with colorful patterns based on her daughter's maps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curator \u003ca href=\"http://www.lisahochstein.com/\" title=\"Lisa Hochstein\">Lisa Hochstein\u003c/a> conceived \u003ca href=\"http://www.earthscienceartsc.com/index.html\" title=\"earth - science - art\">earth • science • art\u003c/a> to break down barriers and encourge cross-pollination between art and science. Among the project's sixteen artist/scientist pairs, the Goldens are unique in already being acquainted. The other scientists and artists, recruited by Hochstein and USGS deputy center director Jane Reid, met for the first time in January at a session reminiscent of speed-dating. Scientists spent a few minutes describing their research, then artists chose the scientists whose work most interested them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39139\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 100px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/05/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit/jamie-abbott-sacred-rock-for-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39139\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/Jamie-Abbott-Sacred-Rock-for-quest.jpg\" alt=\"Jamie Abbott 'Sacred Rock'\" title=\"Jamie Abbott 'Sacred Rock' for quest\" width=\"100\" class=\"size-full wp-image-39139\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sacred Rock by Jamie Abbott (scientist collaborator Amy Draut) - photo by Lachlan Towle\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most had never engaged in such a collaboration. Amy Draut, a sedimentologist researching the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/olym/naturescience/elwha-ecosystem-restoration.htm\" title=\"Elwha River restoration project\">Elwha River dam\u003c/a> in Washington state, has scant artistic experience. But sculptor Jamie Abbott was drawn to her description of the dam's structure and the cascading effects of its removal, from sediment changes to returning salmon. After the two bonded over their love for the Red Sox, Draut ended up visiting Abbott's studio to help paste tissue paper onto a cardboard reconstruction of the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the poster beside Abbott's artwork, Draut explains the science surrounding the largest dam removal in history. New mud flats have already formed at the river's mouth. Salmon may soon fill the length of the Elwha. Abbott illustrated this potential with \"Sacred Rock,\" which shows fish carved from indigenous red cedar swimming toward a rock that has long been submerged behind the dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental change of a different sort is highlighted elsewhere in the gallery. Intrigued by Li Erikson's research on ice melt and erosion in the Arctic, artist Denise Smith combined woodblock prints with images of Erikson's data--a literal fusion of art and science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_39146\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/06/05/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit/olympus-digital-camera-5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-39146\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/06/ML_BL_LL-detail1-for-quest-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Moonlight, Blue Light, Love Light by Sarah Sanford (scientist collaborator: Curt Storlazzi)\" title=\"Coral spawning by Sarah Sanford (scientist collaborator: Curt Storlazzi)\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-39146\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Moonlight, Blue Light, Love Light by {link url=http://www.sarahsanfordart.com/}Sarah Sanford{/link} (scientist collaborator: Curt Storlazzi)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's hard to leave the gallery without sharing a glimpse of Hochstein's vision. Art and science approach the world in different ways, but it's the same world--the same curiosity and wonder that drive humans to explore it. earth • science • art draws connections not just between art and science but between nature and technology, truth and beauty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a more mundane level, the show also connects Santa Cruz and the Bay Area by featuring artists from both regions. The exhibit may migrate to further cement the connection; Foothill College is interested in hosting the show. Reid hopes it may even spread to the main USGS laboratory in Washington, D.C. But for now, the fun is limited to the \u003ca href=\"http://rblitzergallery.com/\" title=\"R. Blitzer Gallery\">R. Blitzer Gallery\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz--which, not coincidentally, shares a building and a wall with the USGS center. The show runs until July 7th, with two panel discussions on June 7 and 14 from 7-9 pm.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/39136/creative-connections-at-earth-%e2%80%a2-science-%e2%80%a2-art-exhibit","authors":["6324"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11177","quest_10993","quest_11178","quest_11179","quest_11176","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_11175","quest_3048"],"featImg":"quest_39137","label":"quest"},"quest_32581":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_32581","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"32581","score":null,"sort":[1331323250000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"tsunami-program-faces-cuts-one-year-after-disaster","title":"Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster","publishDate":1331323250,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/warning_sign-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tsunami warning sign\" title=\"warning_sign\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-32589\"> One year ago today, communities on the coast of Japan were reeling from a devastating earthquake and a tsunami that killed almost twenty thousand people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been much worse, had Japan’s elaborate tsunami warning system not kicked in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the US, we have a similar system. It helped warn residents along the West Coast that waves from the Japanese tsunami were heading our way. But the program is facing steep budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When the Waves Hit Santa Cruz\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rusty Kingon works down at the docks in Santa Cruz. He's the supervisor for the UC Santa Cruz Boating Program. When the smaller tsunami from the Japanese earthquake hit the coast of California, Kingon was there. He caught the whole thing on video. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i54hwitqTHU]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surging current ripped docks right off their moorings. Twenty-five foot fishing boats flipped on their sides, like bath toys and smashed together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the lost boats belonged to Jody Connolly. He had been living on his boat, Trident, for two years. When the boat sank, Connolly lost all his possessions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32614\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/jody_connolly-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"jody_connolly\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32614\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jody Connolly lost his boat in Santa Cruz tsunami\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says he knows what happened in Santa Cruz doesn’t hold a candle to the damage in Japan. But it turned his life upside down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's life before the tsunami and life after the tsunami,\" says Connolly. \"When you lose everything, especially that quick and that fast, it changes the course of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the biggest tsunami to hit California since 1964. Damage amounted to about 50 million dollars. One man drowned in Crescent City, and the harbor there was destroyed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Tsunami Warnings Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been worse here in Santa Cruz, too, if not for a warning system that prompted people to vacate their boats and head inland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Oppenheimer, of the United States Geological Survey, says alarms around the world started ringing within 15 minutes after the fault ruptured off the coast of Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the shaking, computer models can predict how big a tsunami the quake might produce, and where it might hit. But those are just predictions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t know how high the wave is.\" says Oppenheimer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DART buoys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32646\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ETD-Deployed-DSC_5995_284.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ETD Deployed DSC_5995_284\" width=\"284\" height=\"189\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32646\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deployed DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For that, there’s another system in place: 39 buoys - they’re called DART buoys, Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis -- each the size of a small car, \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">positioned in a ring\u003c/a> around the Pacific Ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the base of each buoy is a pressure recorder, a device that can measure how much water sits above it. When the tsunami wave rolls by, the difference in pressure is translated into a signal, which is transmitted via satellite from the buoy to government monitoring centers in Alaska and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer says that while computer modeling and predictions are important, the DART buoys provide \"ground truth\" of whether or not a tsunami is taking place, and how big it is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"it's just as important to know when there \u003cem>isn't\u003c/em> a tsunami.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unnecessary evacuations based on false alarms of impending tsunamis can shut down an entire city and cause mass chaos, he says. The costs can run into the tens of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proposed cuts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Obama administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_20057646\">wants\u003c/a> to weaken this system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120213_budget_statement.html\">2013 budget\u003c/a> proposed by the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, the agency wants to trim $1 million off the DART program's $11 million annual budget. NOAA will essentially stop fixing the buoys as quickly when they break. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers at a recent hearing in Washington DC told NOAA administrators that they're concerned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we’re not able to repair these buoys,\" said Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) \"that could have a public safety impact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA head Jane Lubchenco responded that until now, funding for the program came from a law, passed in 2005, But the law is sunsetting at the end of this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I agree it would be nice to have all those buoys up and running,\" said Lubchenko. \"We just don’t have the money.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32655\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for the Big One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Lofgren, and other lawmakers didn't press Lubchenco on is a bigger, and arguably more important cut that NOAA is proposing: Three and a half million dollars that pay for tsunami education and outreach efforts along US coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Wilson, a geologist for the state of California, says that DART buoys are great for tsunamis that start far away, for example in Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if an earthquake is close -- say, along the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/structure/crust/cascadia.php\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a> off the coast of Oregon and Washington -- by the time the buoys send out alerts, it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d have about 15 minutes to react to such an event,\" says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes before a major tsunami hits the shore, you do not want people checking their emails for the latest update, Wilson says. They should feel the quake, see the water receding, and know exactly what to do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Wilson, \"the ability of one person who does know what to do on a very crowded beach is priceless. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it was priceless in Japan, says David Oppenheimer, of the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were 200 thousand people living in the area. Ten percent of the people died. [It was a] terrible tragedy. But ninety percent survived. They knew what to do. It wasn't because of DART buoys. It was because Japanese people know about tsunamis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that level of awareness depends on education, drills, signs. And NOAA is making deep cuts to that program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Buchanan, a spokeswoman for NOAA, said safety won’t be compromised by the cuts, that NOAA has other programs in place to cover some of this work. She says there’s room in the budget to do some trimming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t always have to continue putting signs up. Once they’re there, they’re there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But signs, says David Oppenheimer, eventually get torn down. Memories fade. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think that just because we’ve done our first round that we can sit back and think, OK, we don’t have to worry about this anymore,\" he says. \"People forget.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several members of Congress are looking for ways to restore the funding.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Just one year after the disaster in Japan, proposed budget cuts could impact the US tsunami warning program.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370996656,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":47,"wordCount":1101},"headData":{"title":"Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster | KQED","description":"Just one year after the disaster in Japan, proposed budget cuts could impact the US tsunami warning program.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster","datePublished":"2012-03-09T20:00:50.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:24:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"32581 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=32581","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/09/tsunami-program-faces-cuts-one-year-after-disaster/","disqusTitle":"Tsunami Program Faces Cuts One Year After Disaster","path":"/quest/32581/tsunami-program-faces-cuts-one-year-after-disaster","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-12-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/03/2012-03-12-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/warning_sign-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tsunami warning sign\" title=\"warning_sign\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-32589\"> One year ago today, communities on the coast of Japan were reeling from a devastating earthquake and a tsunami that killed almost twenty thousand people. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been much worse, had Japan’s elaborate tsunami warning system not kicked in. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here in the US, we have a similar system. It helped warn residents along the West Coast that waves from the Japanese tsunami were heading our way. But the program is facing steep budget cuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When the Waves Hit Santa Cruz\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rusty Kingon works down at the docks in Santa Cruz. He's the supervisor for the UC Santa Cruz Boating Program. When the smaller tsunami from the Japanese earthquake hit the coast of California, Kingon was there. He caught the whole thing on video. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/i54hwitqTHU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/i54hwitqTHU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The surging current ripped docks right off their moorings. Twenty-five foot fishing boats flipped on their sides, like bath toys and smashed together. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Losing Everything\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the lost boats belonged to Jody Connolly. He had been living on his boat, Trident, for two years. When the boat sank, Connolly lost all his possessions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32614\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/jody_connolly-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"jody_connolly\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32614\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jody Connolly lost his boat in Santa Cruz tsunami\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He says he knows what happened in Santa Cruz doesn’t hold a candle to the damage in Japan. But it turned his life upside down. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's life before the tsunami and life after the tsunami,\" says Connolly. \"When you lose everything, especially that quick and that fast, it changes the course of your life.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the biggest tsunami to hit California since 1964. Damage amounted to about 50 million dollars. One man drowned in Crescent City, and the harbor there was destroyed. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Tsunami Warnings Work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It could have been worse here in Santa Cruz, too, if not for a warning system that prompted people to vacate their boats and head inland. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Oppenheimer, of the United States Geological Survey, says alarms around the world started ringing within 15 minutes after the fault ruptured off the coast of Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Based on the shaking, computer models can predict how big a tsunami the quake might produce, and where it might hit. But those are just predictions. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t know how high the wave is.\" says Oppenheimer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DART buoys\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32646\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 284px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/ETD-Deployed-DSC_5995_284.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"ETD Deployed DSC_5995_284\" width=\"284\" height=\"189\" class=\"size-full wp-image-32646\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Deployed DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For that, there’s another system in place: 39 buoys - they’re called DART buoys, Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis -- each the size of a small car, \u003ca href=\"http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/Dart/\">positioned in a ring\u003c/a> around the Pacific Ocean. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the base of each buoy is a pressure recorder, a device that can measure how much water sits above it. When the tsunami wave rolls by, the difference in pressure is translated into a signal, which is transmitted via satellite from the buoy to government monitoring centers in Alaska and Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oppenheimer says that while computer modeling and predictions are important, the DART buoys provide \"ground truth\" of whether or not a tsunami is taking place, and how big it is. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he adds, \"it's just as important to know when there \u003cem>isn't\u003c/em> a tsunami.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unnecessary evacuations based on false alarms of impending tsunamis can shut down an entire city and cause mass chaos, he says. The costs can run into the tens of millions of dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Proposed cuts\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the Obama administration \u003ca href=\"http://www.mercurynews.com/top-stories/ci_20057646\">wants\u003c/a> to weaken this system. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the \u003ca href=\"http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2012/20120213_budget_statement.html\">2013 budget\u003c/a> proposed by the the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, the agency wants to trim $1 million off the DART program's $11 million annual budget. NOAA will essentially stop fixing the buoys as quickly when they break. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers at a recent hearing in Washington DC told NOAA administrators that they're concerned. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we’re not able to repair these buoys,\" said Congresswoman Zoe Lofgren (D-CA) \"that could have a public safety impact.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NOAA head Jane Lubchenco responded that until now, funding for the program came from a law, passed in 2005, But the law is sunsetting at the end of this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I agree it would be nice to have all those buoys up and running,\" said Lubchenko. \"We just don’t have the money.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32655\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"dart-buoy-ndbc-03-30-2006\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-32655\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DART buoy. Photo courtesy of NOAA \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Preparing for the Big One\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What Lofgren, and other lawmakers didn't press Lubchenco on is a bigger, and arguably more important cut that NOAA is proposing: Three and a half million dollars that pay for tsunami education and outreach efforts along US coasts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rick Wilson, a geologist for the state of California, says that DART buoys are great for tsunamis that start far away, for example in Japan. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if an earthquake is close -- say, along the \u003ca href=\"http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/structure/crust/cascadia.php\">Cascadia subduction zone\u003c/a> off the coast of Oregon and Washington -- by the time the buoys send out alerts, it’s too late. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’d have about 15 minutes to react to such an event,\" says Wilson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fifteen minutes before a major tsunami hits the shore, you do not want people checking their emails for the latest update, Wilson says. They should feel the quake, see the water receding, and know exactly what to do. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Says Wilson, \"the ability of one person who does know what to do on a very crowded beach is priceless. \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And it was priceless in Japan, says David Oppenheimer, of the USGS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There were 200 thousand people living in the area. Ten percent of the people died. [It was a] terrible tragedy. But ninety percent survived. They knew what to do. It wasn't because of DART buoys. It was because Japanese people know about tsunamis.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that level of awareness depends on education, drills, signs. And NOAA is making deep cuts to that program. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Susan Buchanan, a spokeswoman for NOAA, said safety won’t be compromised by the cuts, that NOAA has other programs in place to cover some of this work. She says there’s room in the budget to do some trimming. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You don’t always have to continue putting signs up. Once they’re there, they’re there.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But signs, says David Oppenheimer, eventually get torn down. Memories fade. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don’t think that just because we’ve done our first round that we can sit back and think, OK, we don’t have to worry about this anymore,\" he says. \"People forget.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, several members of Congress are looking for ways to restore the funding.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/32581/tsunami-program-faces-cuts-one-year-after-disaster","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_10781","quest_3351","quest_13203","quest_2001","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_13202","quest_10780","quest_10779","quest_3048"],"featImg":"quest_32589","label":"quest"},"quest_27371":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27371","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27371","score":null,"sort":[1322760638000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"usgs-at-forefront-of-saving-bats-from-white-nose-syndrome","title":"USGS at the Forefront of Saving Bats From White-Nose Syndrome (WNS)","publishDate":1322760638,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27849\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-ice640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27849\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Standing in the entrance of a Vermont cave in March 2008, it was clear from the dead bats in the snow, another flying in the frigid cold and one clinging to an icicle that something was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m a Wildlife Disease Specialist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin. The Center’s mission is to safeguard wildlife and ecosystem health through dynamic partnerships and exceptional science. I was at the cave with two Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department biologists to learn more about white-nose syndrome (WNS), a new disease that was killing bats in New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut by the thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats are fascinating creatures that have evolved very specialized survival skills. One of these is their ability to hibernate to conserve energy by reducing their heart rate, temperature and other body functions to very low levels for extended periods. This allows bats to survive long winters using their stored body fat when their insect food source is unavailable. Although bats may briefly rouse out of hibernation to drink water or move to a different part of the cave, they typically stay deep in their hibernaculum or winter “roost site” until spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it was odd in winter 2007 when New York residents reported seeing bats flying during the day and finding them dead in the snow in their yards. Biologists following up on the reports were surprised to find a nearby cave littered with dead bats and a fuzzy white growth on the nose and wings of some of the live bats. The following winter, sick and dead bats were reported in multiple locations in New York as well as Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. The disease has now spread as far west as Kentucky, as far south as North Carolina, and to four Canadian provinces. It is estimated that over a million bats have died since 2007, making this the largest disease outbreak among mammals in modern times. WNS has spread very rapidly, by bats themselves, and likely also by people moving between \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/index.jsp\">affected and unaffected sites\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds-426x360.jpg\" alt=\"WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \" title=\"3-wns-map-2007-08-ds\" width=\"426\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Click on map for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">larger version.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navigating the icy rocks into the Vermont cave, dead bats were so numerous; stepping on them was sometimes unavoidable. A live little brown bat clinging to the rocks overhead didn’t have white nose fuzz but did have wing damage, which we now know, is one of the components of WNS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-white-nose-wing640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-white-nose-wing640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27858\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, scientists are collaborating to quickly learn as much as possible about this disease. One of my Center’s laboratories first isolated a cold-loving fungus from sick bats that they later named \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3015\">\u003cem>Geomyces destructans\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Additional studies determined that it is the cause of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10590.html\">WNS\u003c/a>. Other scientists studied the wing damage caused by the fungus and how the injury affects body temperature and hydration during hibernation. The caving community has helped efforts to prevent the accidental spread of the fungus to new areas on equipment and supplies. All involved hope to one-day find ways to slow or halt the spread of the disease and reduce bat deaths before WNS causes some bat species to become extinct.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the winter of 2007, residents of New York State began finding dead bats in their yards. Since then it’s estimated that more than a million bats have died from white-nose syndrome, a fuzzy white fungus that grows on their noses and wings. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1322532555,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":574},"headData":{"title":"USGS at the Forefront of Saving Bats From White-Nose Syndrome (WNS) | KQED","description":"In the winter of 2007, residents of New York State began finding dead bats in their yards. Since then it’s estimated that more than a million bats have died from white-nose syndrome, a fuzzy white fungus that grows on their noses and wings. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"USGS at the Forefront of Saving Bats From White-Nose Syndrome (WNS)","datePublished":"2011-12-01T17:30:38.000Z","dateModified":"2011-11-29T02:09:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27371 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27371","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/01/usgs-at-forefront-of-saving-bats-from-white-nose-syndrome/","disqusTitle":"USGS at the Forefront of Saving Bats From White-Nose Syndrome (WNS)","path":"/quest/27371/usgs-at-forefront-of-saving-bats-from-white-nose-syndrome","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27849\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-ice640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-ice640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27849\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS National Wildlife Health Center.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Standing in the entrance of a Vermont cave in March 2008, it was clear from the dead bats in the snow, another flying in the frigid cold and one clinging to an icicle that something was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I’m a Wildlife Disease Specialist for the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin. The Center’s mission is to safeguard wildlife and ecosystem health through dynamic partnerships and exceptional science. I was at the cave with two Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department biologists to learn more about white-nose syndrome (WNS), a new disease that was killing bats in New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut by the thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bats are fascinating creatures that have evolved very specialized survival skills. One of these is their ability to hibernate to conserve energy by reducing their heart rate, temperature and other body functions to very low levels for extended periods. This allows bats to survive long winters using their stored body fat when their insect food source is unavailable. Although bats may briefly rouse out of hibernation to drink water or move to a different part of the cave, they typically stay deep in their hibernaculum or winter “roost site” until spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it was odd in winter 2007 when New York residents reported seeing bats flying during the day and finding them dead in the snow in their yards. Biologists following up on the reports were surprised to find a nearby cave littered with dead bats and a fuzzy white growth on the nose and wings of some of the live bats. The following winter, sick and dead bats were reported in multiple locations in New York as well as Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut. The disease has now spread as far west as Kentucky, as far south as North Carolina, and to four Canadian provinces. It is estimated that over a million bats have died since 2007, making this the largest disease outbreak among mammals in modern times. WNS has spread very rapidly, by bats themselves, and likely also by people moving between \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/disease_information/white-nose_syndrome/index.jsp\">affected and unaffected sites\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 426px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds-426x360.jpg\" alt=\"WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \" title=\"3-wns-map-2007-08-ds\" width=\"426\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-27851\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">WNS Occurrence by County. Map courtesy of Cal Butchkoski, Pennsylvania Game Commission. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cbr clear=\"all\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Click on map for a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/3-wns-map-2007-08-ds.jpg\">larger version.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Navigating the icy rocks into the Vermont cave, dead bats were so numerous; stepping on them was sometimes unavoidable. A live little brown bat clinging to the rocks overhead didn’t have white nose fuzz but did have wing damage, which we now know, is one of the components of WNS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/bats-white-nose-wing640-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\" title=\"bats-white-nose-wing640\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-27858\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: Kimberli Miller, USGS Nation Wildlife Health Center\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nationwide, scientists are collaborating to quickly learn as much as possible about this disease. One of my Center’s laboratories first isolated a cold-loving fungus from sick bats that they later named \u003ca href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=3015\">\u003cem>Geomyces destructans\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. Additional studies determined that it is the cause of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature10590.html\">WNS\u003c/a>. Other scientists studied the wing damage caused by the fungus and how the injury affects body temperature and hydration during hibernation. The caving community has helped efforts to prevent the accidental spread of the fungus to new areas on equipment and supplies. All involved hope to one-day find ways to slow or halt the spread of the disease and reduce bat deaths before WNS causes some bat species to become extinct.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27371/usgs-at-forefront-of-saving-bats-from-white-nose-syndrome","authors":["10307"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_280","quest_10455","quest_3351","quest_10456","quest_10457","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3292","quest_3321","quest_3048","quest_3825","quest_10416"],"featImg":"quest_27845","label":"quest"},"quest_27785":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27785","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27785","score":null,"sort":[1322092179000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-on-the-spot-national-wildlife-health-center-investigates","title":"Science on the SPOT: National Wildlife Health Center Investigates","publishDate":1322092179,"format":"video","headTitle":"Science on the SPOT | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3296,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>The setting could almost pass for a peaceful wildlife refuge, but for the daily rumbling of the Fed-Ex truck on the winding gravel road. It’s the sylvan campus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The National Wildlife Health Center is sort of what it says. We're a national center and we receive carcasses from refuges and state management areas all around the country, usually from state biologists, federal biologists, tribal biologists,” says disease investigation chief \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/scott_wright.jsp\">Dr. Scott Wright\u003c/a>. Those carcasses shipped overnight to the center are most often samples taken from large animal die-offs. It’s the job of the center to determine the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like the CDC would do for human health, or the USDA would do for agricultural animals, for livestock and so forth, that's the role we play for wildlife,” says Wright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the center is a level 3 bio-safety lab where the animal samples are processed and examined through necropsy, the animal version of an autopsy. “Every case that comes in is a potential real challenge,” says veterinary pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/david_green.jsp\">Dr. David Green\u003c/a>. “I sit down and look at all of these different lab results; the toxicology, the poison tests, the virus cultures, the bacterial cultures. And I have to put all of these pieces of information together to determine why was that animal sick, why did that animal die or why did 500 birds die at this site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/us/04beebe.html\">5000 red winged blackbirds dying in a small Arkansas town\u003c/a> on New Year’s Eve 2010 that briefly thrust the work of the Center into the national spotlight. “Oh there were just all sorts of clever names applied to the event,” remembers Green. “'\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0107/Aflockalypse-now-Turns-out-mass-bird-deaths-are-quite-common\">Aflockolypse\u003c/a>' was, I think, the cleverest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbinger of the end times, covert military testing, magnetic disruption, all manner of strange theories were applied to the event. The intense interest surprised the NWHC staff, says Wright. “There were people calling me at my home at night, on weekends wanting to know what was going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of death, determined after numerous bird necropsies, was much more banal than the theories. “All of the tests and cultures that we did for infectious diseases and parasites and chemicals came back negative,” says Green. “Basically it came down to, we couldn't find anything other than physical injuries, what we call blunt force trauma in the birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those necropsy findings, combined with field reports of New Year’s fireworks, and the fact that blackbirds are terrible night flyers came together to paint a picture of startled birds flying into each other and stationary objects and succumbing to traumatic injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This most plausible explanation didn’t satisfy the most dedicated conspiracy-theorists according to Wright. “It really sort of floored us. We didn't expect that. We didn't expect to be not believed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that Dr. Wright, who is soon to retire from the Center, finds a troubling omen for the future of science and public understanding. “Science is not being believed,” he says. “That's not a good sign, because there's too much important stuff coming that we need to be stepping up and telling everybody, ‘This is what's going on.’ And they hopefully will believe us.” \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates animal die-offs and threats to endangered species through on-site investigation and necropsies--animal autopsy--at its headquarters in Madison, Wisconsin.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1486516290,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":586},"headData":{"title":"Science on the SPOT: National Wildlife Health Center Investigates | KQED","description":"The USGS National Wildlife Health Center investigates animal die-offs and threats to endangered species through on-site investigation and necropsies--animal autopsy--at its headquarters in Madison, Wisconsin.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science on the SPOT: National Wildlife Health Center Investigates","datePublished":"2011-11-23T23:49:39.000Z","dateModified":"2017-02-08T01:11:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27785 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=27785","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/23/science-on-the-spot-national-wildlife-health-center-investigates/","disqusTitle":"Science on the SPOT: National Wildlife Health Center Investigates","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2N50uNKpBMc","path":"/quest/27785/science-on-the-spot-national-wildlife-health-center-investigates","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The setting could almost pass for a peaceful wildlife refuge, but for the daily rumbling of the Fed-Ex truck on the winding gravel road. It’s the sylvan campus of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/\">USGS National Wildlife Health Center\u003c/a> in Madison, Wisconsin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The National Wildlife Health Center is sort of what it says. We're a national center and we receive carcasses from refuges and state management areas all around the country, usually from state biologists, federal biologists, tribal biologists,” says disease investigation chief \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/scott_wright.jsp\">Dr. Scott Wright\u003c/a>. Those carcasses shipped overnight to the center are most often samples taken from large animal die-offs. It’s the job of the center to determine the cause of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Much like the CDC would do for human health, or the USDA would do for agricultural animals, for livestock and so forth, that's the role we play for wildlife,” says Wright.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the heart of the center is a level 3 bio-safety lab where the animal samples are processed and examined through necropsy, the animal version of an autopsy. “Every case that comes in is a potential real challenge,” says veterinary pathologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/staff/david_green.jsp\">Dr. David Green\u003c/a>. “I sit down and look at all of these different lab results; the toxicology, the poison tests, the virus cultures, the bacterial cultures. And I have to put all of these pieces of information together to determine why was that animal sick, why did that animal die or why did 500 birds die at this site.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/04/us/04beebe.html\">5000 red winged blackbirds dying in a small Arkansas town\u003c/a> on New Year’s Eve 2010 that briefly thrust the work of the Center into the national spotlight. “Oh there were just all sorts of clever names applied to the event,” remembers Green. “'\u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/0107/Aflockalypse-now-Turns-out-mass-bird-deaths-are-quite-common\">Aflockolypse\u003c/a>' was, I think, the cleverest.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harbinger of the end times, covert military testing, magnetic disruption, all manner of strange theories were applied to the event. The intense interest surprised the NWHC staff, says Wright. “There were people calling me at my home at night, on weekends wanting to know what was going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of death, determined after numerous bird necropsies, was much more banal than the theories. “All of the tests and cultures that we did for infectious diseases and parasites and chemicals came back negative,” says Green. “Basically it came down to, we couldn't find anything other than physical injuries, what we call blunt force trauma in the birds.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those necropsy findings, combined with field reports of New Year’s fireworks, and the fact that blackbirds are terrible night flyers came together to paint a picture of startled birds flying into each other and stationary objects and succumbing to traumatic injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This most plausible explanation didn’t satisfy the most dedicated conspiracy-theorists according to Wright. “It really sort of floored us. We didn't expect that. We didn't expect to be not believed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s something that Dr. Wright, who is soon to retire from the Center, finds a troubling omen for the future of science and public understanding. “Science is not being believed,” he says. “That's not a good sign, because there's too much important stuff coming that we need to be stepping up and telling everybody, ‘This is what's going on.’ And they hopefully will believe us.” \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27785/science-on-the-spot-national-wildlife-health-center-investigates","authors":["10275"],"series":["quest_3296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_148","quest_10494","quest_10495","quest_1148","quest_3351","quest_1961","quest_10457","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_12355","quest_10496","quest_3321","quest_3048","quest_10497","quest_10498"],"featImg":"quest_27787","label":"quest_3296"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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