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your world big or small?","publishDate":1362695934,"status":"inherit","parent":50517,"modified":1362695934,"caption":"Is your world big or small?","credit":null,"description":"Is your world big or 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Kissack","firstName":"Andrea","lastName":"Kissack","slug":"andrea-kissack","email":"akissack@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Andrea has nearly three decades of experience working as a reporter, anchor, producer and editor for public radio, large market television news and CBS radio. In her current role as KQED’s Sr. Science Editor, Andrea helps lead a talented team covering science, technology, health and the environment for broadcast and digital platforms. Most recently she helped KQED launch a new, multimedia initiative covering the intersection of technology, health and medical science. She has earned a number of accolades for her work including awards from the Radio and Television News Directors Association, the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences and the Associated Press. Her work can be seen, and heard, on a number of networks, Including NPR, PBS, CBS and the BBC.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3eae7a251f0aee43b3c0137a636cb386?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"andreakissack","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["add_users","create_users","edit_files","edit_users","level_10","level_8","level_9","promote_users","view_cimy_extra_fields","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Andrea Kissack | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3eae7a251f0aee43b3c0137a636cb386?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3eae7a251f0aee43b3c0137a636cb386?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/andrea-kissack"},"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/ben-burress"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_50517":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_50517","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"50517","score":null,"sort":[1362758440000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-big-is-your-world","title":"How Big is Your World?","publishDate":1362758440,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50525\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/how-big-is-your-world/bigorsmall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50525\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg\" alt=\"Is your world big or small?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Is your world big or small?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Is the universe really so big, or are we just very, very small?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I admit it, this is a question I've toyed with for a very long time—since sometime back in childhood. It all started around the time I had my first exposure to the idea of scale, and the vastly different scales between the cosmological and the subatomic, with us humans fitting in somewhere between. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we're indigenous to the realm of scale we developed in, naturally things in our immediate experience are regarded as \"normal\" in size. But take a short journey into the realms of scale above and below our own, and things start to seem very, very—well, mind-bending. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cosmic side we find galaxies: structures that contain hundreds of billions of stars and measure so far across that light traveling at its almost unimaginably zippy velocity of 300,000 kilometers per second take tens of thousands of years to span. Our own Milky Way galaxy is 100,000 light years across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subatomic side we have atomic nuclei, where most of an atom's mass is packed away. An atomic nucleus is so small that even if the entire atom (nucleus, orbiting electrons, and all the empty space between—about 1 ten-billionth of a meter) were upscaled to the size of a basketball, the nucleus would still be too small for the human eye to perceive. An atomic nucleus is roughly 1 million-billionth of a meter across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy: 100,000 light years or almost a billion trillion meters. Atomic nucleus: one million-billionth of a meter. Human being: one or two meters. Here we exist in a vast universe that is much larger than us, and we—and the vast universe, for that matter—are composed of particles that much smaller. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dizzying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why are these numbers important to me? Apart from the revelation in these numbers that we humans, as objects that take up space, exist betwixt these realms of scale, the entire notion that something like a galaxy ultimately owes tribute for its physical and dynamic properties to such ultimately miniscule bits is…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dazzling. Stupefying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though in our everyday awareness we do not perceive atoms and galaxies, we do spend our lives dealing with things that are either much smaller or much larger than we are—the broken dishwasher or those few people who are truly our own size notwithstanding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are sustained by a planet-sized life support system, on which we stand. We are aided, and afflicted, by microorganisms (some of which depend on us for life support). Some of us worry about asteroids crashing into the Earth (I don't personally), while others look to them as a possible source of needed natural resources. And did you know that statistically, you're never more than a few feet away from a spider?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even the planet we stand on or a microorganism we depend on still don't figure much into our immediate awareness, each being slightly beyond the thresholds of scale we most readily perceive. The day-to-day universe that we perceive—that we functionally live in—is a lot smaller than the big one…and a heck of a lot larger than what it is built on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the size of your universe?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Is the universe really so big, or are we just very, very small?\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1370998001,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":574},"headData":{"title":"How Big is Your World? | KQED","description":"Is the universe really so big, or are we just very, very small?\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Big is Your World?","datePublished":"2013-03-08T16:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T00:46:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"50517 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=50517","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/how-big-is-your-world/","disqusTitle":"How Big is Your World?","path":"/quest/50517/how-big-is-your-world","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_50525\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/08/how-big-is-your-world/bigorsmall/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-50525\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg\" alt=\"Is your world big or small?\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-50525\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/bigorsmall-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Is your world big or small?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Is the universe really so big, or are we just very, very small?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, I admit it, this is a question I've toyed with for a very long time—since sometime back in childhood. It all started around the time I had my first exposure to the idea of scale, and the vastly different scales between the cosmological and the subatomic, with us humans fitting in somewhere between. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since we're indigenous to the realm of scale we developed in, naturally things in our immediate experience are regarded as \"normal\" in size. But take a short journey into the realms of scale above and below our own, and things start to seem very, very—well, mind-bending. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the cosmic side we find galaxies: structures that contain hundreds of billions of stars and measure so far across that light traveling at its almost unimaginably zippy velocity of 300,000 kilometers per second take tens of thousands of years to span. Our own Milky Way galaxy is 100,000 light years across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subatomic side we have atomic nuclei, where most of an atom's mass is packed away. An atomic nucleus is so small that even if the entire atom (nucleus, orbiting electrons, and all the empty space between—about 1 ten-billionth of a meter) were upscaled to the size of a basketball, the nucleus would still be too small for the human eye to perceive. An atomic nucleus is roughly 1 million-billionth of a meter across. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy: 100,000 light years or almost a billion trillion meters. Atomic nucleus: one million-billionth of a meter. Human being: one or two meters. Here we exist in a vast universe that is much larger than us, and we—and the vast universe, for that matter—are composed of particles that much smaller. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dizzying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But why are these numbers important to me? Apart from the revelation in these numbers that we humans, as objects that take up space, exist betwixt these realms of scale, the entire notion that something like a galaxy ultimately owes tribute for its physical and dynamic properties to such ultimately miniscule bits is…. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dazzling. Stupefying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though in our everyday awareness we do not perceive atoms and galaxies, we do spend our lives dealing with things that are either much smaller or much larger than we are—the broken dishwasher or those few people who are truly our own size notwithstanding. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We are sustained by a planet-sized life support system, on which we stand. We are aided, and afflicted, by microorganisms (some of which depend on us for life support). Some of us worry about asteroids crashing into the Earth (I don't personally), while others look to them as a possible source of needed natural resources. And did you know that statistically, you're never more than a few feet away from a spider?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even the planet we stand on or a microorganism we depend on still don't figure much into our immediate awareness, each being slightly beyond the thresholds of scale we most readily perceive. The day-to-day universe that we perceive—that we functionally live in—is a lot smaller than the big one…and a heck of a lot larger than what it is built on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is the size of your universe?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/50517/how-big-is-your-world","authors":["6180"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_247","quest_11825","quest_544","quest_1163","quest_13202","quest_2517","quest_11823","quest_11824","quest_3034"],"featImg":"quest_50525","label":"quest"},"quest_957":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_957","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"957","score":null,"sort":[1227317733000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stars-and-sand-grains","title":"Stars and Sand Grains","publishDate":1227317733,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/sand_and_stars.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Are there more actually more stars in the sky, than there are\u003cbr>\ngrains of sand on all the world's beaches?\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>I think most of us have heard that perennial estimate of the number of stars in the Universe being greater than all of the grains of sand in all of Earth’s beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting on Limantour Beach at Point Reyes awhile back, watching the waves slosh in and out, listening to gulls and feeling very lazy, I found myself looking about me at all that sand, and wondering how it could possibly be true. Reaching out, scooping up a mere handful of grains and letting--what?--a few hundred thousand of the would-be star proxies fall through my fingers, the notion seemed even more absurd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raising my eyes from the bit of the cosmos cupped in my hand and taking in the comparatively vast reaches of sand about me--a hundred or so feet between me and the waves, at least a mile or two of beach visible to the north, another stretch to the south, and who knows how many feet of depth beneath the surface? I simply couldn’t believe it. So, I pulled out my journal and started to write down some figures, working out the problem rationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is it true? Well, here's what I came up with:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stars: Astronomers have estimated that there are about 200 billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. Galaxies come in many sizes, both much larger and considerably smaller than our home galaxy. I don't know what the average number of stars in each galaxy is, but for the sake of this calculation I chose a conservative 10 billion stars per galaxy. Astronomers have also estimated that there are between 50 billion and 100 billion galaxies in the Universe, based on observations made by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/science/hdf/hdf.html\">Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/a> Again being conservative, I chose the lower figure of 50 billion. So, with those numbers, I calculate a number of stars in the Universe at 10 billion times 50 billion, or 500 billion billion---or in exponential notation, 5 X 10\u003csup>20\u003c/sup>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does the number of sand grains in the entire world's beaches stack up against that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to that number, I had to do some estimation. First, pulling some numbers out of the air, I decided that an average sandy beach is 30 meters wide (about 100 feet), and 10 meters deep (about 33 feet). Some beaches are wider, some much less so. I don't imagine that the sand on the average beach is as deep as 10 meters---but I've never taken a shovel and found out, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, I assume that the average sand grain is a millimeter across, giving it a volume of about a cubic millimeter. With that number, I figure the sand grain density to be 1000\u003csup>3\u003c/sup>, or one billion, sand grains per cubic meter of beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final piece of the equation--after density, width, and depth--is length: the total length of beach shorelines in the entire world. Here's where I made some serious assumptions. Starting with the total length of shorelines of all continents and islands in the world, I got a figure of 356,000 kilometers from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook\">CIA World Factbook.\u003c/a> That's 356 million meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now here's where my estimate becomes truly conservative. In my final calculation, I assumed that all 356 million meters of world coastline consisted of sandy beaches-- which is not the case, of course; there are plenty of coastlines that are rocky, pebbly, gravely, ice-covered, or sheer cliffs, all without much, if any, sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what were my results? Well, doing the math, 1 billion grains per cubic meter times a 30 meter beach width times a 10 meter beach depth times a 356 million meter beach length and assuming 100% of the coastlines consist of my hypothetical average beach, I get:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1 billion x 30 x 10 x 356 million x 100% = 1.068 x 10\u003csup>20\u003c/sup> grains of sand\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to the estimate of stars in the Universe, that's about 5 times as many stars in the Universe as grains of sand in all the beaches in the world! I guess the old adage was not only right, but somewhat of an understatement... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's all a thing of scale. I also calculated that there are about 3000 times as many water molecules in a glass of water than there are stars in the Universe...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Astronomers have estimated that there are about 200 billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. Galaxies come in many sizes, both much larger and considerably smaller than our home galaxy.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371079525,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":761},"headData":{"title":"Stars and Sand Grains | KQED","description":"Astronomers have estimated that there are about 200 billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. Galaxies come in many sizes, both much larger and considerably smaller than our home galaxy.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Stars and Sand Grains","datePublished":"2008-11-22T01:35:33.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:25:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"957 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=957","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/21/stars-and-sand-grains/","disqusTitle":"Stars and Sand Grains","path":"/quest/957/stars-and-sand-grains","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/11/sand_and_stars.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>Are there more actually more stars in the sky, than there are\u003cbr>\ngrains of sand on all the world's beaches?\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>I think most of us have heard that perennial estimate of the number of stars in the Universe being greater than all of the grains of sand in all of Earth’s beaches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sitting on Limantour Beach at Point Reyes awhile back, watching the waves slosh in and out, listening to gulls and feeling very lazy, I found myself looking about me at all that sand, and wondering how it could possibly be true. Reaching out, scooping up a mere handful of grains and letting--what?--a few hundred thousand of the would-be star proxies fall through my fingers, the notion seemed even more absurd.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Raising my eyes from the bit of the cosmos cupped in my hand and taking in the comparatively vast reaches of sand about me--a hundred or so feet between me and the waves, at least a mile or two of beach visible to the north, another stretch to the south, and who knows how many feet of depth beneath the surface? I simply couldn’t believe it. So, I pulled out my journal and started to write down some figures, working out the problem rationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, is it true? Well, here's what I came up with:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stars: Astronomers have estimated that there are about 200 billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy. Galaxies come in many sizes, both much larger and considerably smaller than our home galaxy. I don't know what the average number of stars in each galaxy is, but for the sake of this calculation I chose a conservative 10 billion stars per galaxy. Astronomers have also estimated that there are between 50 billion and 100 billion galaxies in the Universe, based on observations made by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.stsci.edu/ftp/science/hdf/hdf.html\">Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/a> Again being conservative, I chose the lower figure of 50 billion. So, with those numbers, I calculate a number of stars in the Universe at 10 billion times 50 billion, or 500 billion billion---or in exponential notation, 5 X 10\u003csup>20\u003c/sup>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does the number of sand grains in the entire world's beaches stack up against that?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To get to that number, I had to do some estimation. First, pulling some numbers out of the air, I decided that an average sandy beach is 30 meters wide (about 100 feet), and 10 meters deep (about 33 feet). Some beaches are wider, some much less so. I don't imagine that the sand on the average beach is as deep as 10 meters---but I've never taken a shovel and found out, either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, I assume that the average sand grain is a millimeter across, giving it a volume of about a cubic millimeter. With that number, I figure the sand grain density to be 1000\u003csup>3\u003c/sup>, or one billion, sand grains per cubic meter of beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The final piece of the equation--after density, width, and depth--is length: the total length of beach shorelines in the entire world. Here's where I made some serious assumptions. Starting with the total length of shorelines of all continents and islands in the world, I got a figure of 356,000 kilometers from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook\">CIA World Factbook.\u003c/a> That's 356 million meters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now here's where my estimate becomes truly conservative. In my final calculation, I assumed that all 356 million meters of world coastline consisted of sandy beaches-- which is not the case, of course; there are plenty of coastlines that are rocky, pebbly, gravely, ice-covered, or sheer cliffs, all without much, if any, sand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what were my results? Well, doing the math, 1 billion grains per cubic meter times a 30 meter beach width times a 10 meter beach depth times a 356 million meter beach length and assuming 100% of the coastlines consist of my hypothetical average beach, I get:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1 billion x 30 x 10 x 356 million x 100% = 1.068 x 10\u003csup>20\u003c/sup> grains of sand\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Compared to the estimate of stars in the Universe, that's about 5 times as many stars in the Universe as grains of sand in all the beaches in the world! I guess the old adage was not only right, but somewhat of an understatement... \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it's all a thing of scale. I also calculated that there are about 3000 times as many water molecules in a glass of water than there are stars in the Universe...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.8148 -122.178\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/957/stars-and-sand-grains","authors":["212"],"categories":["quest_3"],"tags":["quest_13192","quest_433","quest_706","quest_2309","quest_2517","quest_2780","quest_3034"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. 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