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She comes to KQED from documentary film, and is director of \u003cem>Worlds of Ursula K. Le Guin\u003c/em>, a feature documentary about the influential science fiction writer. She was Associate Producer of the films \u003cem>Regarding Susan Sontag\u003c/em>, \u003cem>American Jerusalem: Jews and the Making of San Francisco\u003c/em>, \u003cem>EAMES: The Architect & The Painter\u003c/em>, \u003cem>Utopia in Four Movements\u003c/em>, and co-produced and directed \u003cem>Stuffed\u003c/em>, a short film about compulsive hoarding. Arwen was editor of the punk magazine \u003cem>Maximum Rock 'n' Roll\u003c/em>, and has been a contributor to Radio Lab and McSweeney’s. She is a Bay Area native and a graduate of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Arwen Curry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/59af0722ca76a9bcd9dd6da80e683e18?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/acurry"},"sarah-kass":{"type":"authors","id":"10208","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10208","found":true},"name":"Sarah Kass","firstName":"Sarah","lastName":"Kass","slug":"sarah-kass","email":"skass@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Sarah Kass is a writer, director, and producer whose specialty is long-format documentaries, primarily for broadcast television. Among her credits are many one and two hour specials for the DCI networks and the History Channel. She was the Senior Writer on the 27-hour, award winning THC series \u003cem>Man Moment Machine\u003c/em>, which combined biography, historical event, and technology. Sarah has written on diverse subjects: from Mardi Gras in New Orleans to Mark Twain's travels through the Holy Land; from combat veteran reunions to tales of women warriors. A recent independent film that she wrote on the restoration of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries in the Himalayas has been featured in film festivals internationally. Sarah's shows have won Cine Golden Eagle Awards, Tele Awards, and have been nominated for national Emmys.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4eb523a08ec8940395cdb4def41e323?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sarah Kass | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4eb523a08ec8940395cdb4def41e323?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/a4eb523a08ec8940395cdb4def41e323?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sarah-kass"},"davidhuppert":{"type":"authors","id":"10296","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10296","found":true},"name":"David Huppert","firstName":"David","lastName":"Huppert","slug":"davidhuppert","email":"dhuppert@unctv.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"As a producer/reporter for UNC-TV, David Huppert has spent the last 6 years immersing himself in the Old North State's culture and folklore, consuming as much of state's rich legacy (and barbecue) as possible.\r\n\r\nDavid returns to UNC-TV after a one-year hiatus in NYC where he produced for CBS This Morning. Since 2000 David has produced pieces for public television (UNC-TV, Charlie Rose) and commercial news (CBS, FNC’s The O’Reilly Factor, CNBC).\r\n\r\nWhen he’s not telling stories for television, David is either working on a documentary about Alaska’s Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, or gallivanting around North Carolina with his wife, @mediumish. You can follow him @hupdiggs and at vimeo.com/davidhuppert","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["leadcoordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"David Huppert | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ee54583217cf12dbdba4ce61ceacb7fd?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/davidhuppert"},"aschrager":{"type":"authors","id":"10308","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10308","found":true},"name":"Adam Schrager","firstName":"Adam","lastName":"Schrager","slug":"aschrager","email":"adam.schrager@wpt.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Adam Schrager is a Producer/Reporter at Wisconsin Public Television. He has covered politics for nearly 20 years in Denver, Colorado, La Crosse, Madison and Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Schrager has won more than twenty Emmy awards. Schrager is the author of the book, The Principled Politician and co-author of The Blueprint: How the Democrats Won Colorado (and Why Republicans Everywhere Should Care). \r\n\r\nSchrager has a bachelor’s degree in history from the University of Michigan and a master’s degree in broadcast journalism from Northwestern University. \r\n\r\nHe lives in Madison with his wife, Cathy, and their daughter, Harper, and their son, Clark.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c687c48d18fec31a9f943eb8e974af22?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Adam Schrager | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c687c48d18fec31a9f943eb8e974af22?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c687c48d18fec31a9f943eb8e974af22?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aschrager"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_17506":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17506","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17506","score":null,"sort":[1446732000000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","title":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay","publishDate":1446732000,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Dr. Jane Hightower’s sick patients weren’t getting better, and she wanted to know why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the California Pacific Medical Center physician’s well-heeled patients were coming into her clinic complaining of fatigue, or trouble thinking – an on-and-off feeling of not being well. Sometimes it was problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, or a metallic taste in the mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, she began keeping a tally of what they ate. Fish, it turned out – a lot of it. Specifically large fish, like shark, tuna, swordfish, cod and ahi tuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A possible cause began to emerge for their ailments: mercury, a potent neurotoxin that builds up in fish and can cause serious illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a Pacific Heights practice,” said Hightower. “They’re not fishing in Martinez. They’re fishing at Bryans and Whole Foods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another at-risk population in the Bay Area, she said, are lower income folks, who do spend time fishing out on the piers in Martinez, Berkeley, Pinole and other East Bay cities every season not only for recreation, but to supplement the family dinner table. The striped bass, sturgeon and halibut they bring home can be loaded with mercury, which is widespread in the bay but impossible to detect with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82595\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Mercury is invisible and prevalent throughout the bay system,” said Sejal Choksi, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that works to reduce pollution in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once known as “mad hatter disease” after the afflicted Victorian hatmakers who used mercury to produce the felt in their wares, the creeping symptoms of mercury include tremors, problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, as well as stranger effects like pathological shyness and irritability. The toxin can cause permanent damage to the central nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with an immune-compromised system is at greater risk for deleterious effects of mercury, which is also neurotoxic to developing brains, making it especially dangerous for pregnant and nursing women, babies, and small children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury is found primarily around the bay in a red rock known as cinnabar. When it settles in waterways, bacteria transform it into a highly toxic form known as methyl mercury, which is easily absorbed by marine plants and the tiny aquatic organisms that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82596\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82596\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In wildlife, mercury in high concentrations can cause developmental problems, just as it does in humans,” said Choksi. “If you’ve got mercury impairing wildlife and their immune systems, then they’re more susceptible to infectious diseases; they can have cancerous growths. It’s pretty much the same as in the human population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take much to constitute a problem. Mercury pollution is measured in parts per billion – the amount contained in a drop of water in a backyard swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the amount you might find in an old thermometer is enough to cause significant contamination,” said Bruce Wolfe, executive officer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterboards_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a>, the state agency that oversees water pollution in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does all this mercury come from? Mercury enters the bay watershed from a number of sources, including stormwater and wastewater runoff from local oil refineries and cement kilns. Significant quantities also drift through the air from coal-burning power plants in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest culprit can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/18/mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/\">at very root of California’s history and prosperity\u003c/a>. In the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, Gold Rush miners also mined mercury in copious amounts in the cinnabar-rich hills just south of San Jose. To extract mercury, crushed ore was heated in furnaces and transformed into a vapor. As the gas cooled and condensed, it turned into a liquid form known as quicksilver, which is naturally attracted to gold. Sierra miners used it to separate gold from crushed rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82597\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82597\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \u003ccite>(Painting by Charles Christian Nahl and August Wenderoth, 1851/1852. Photograph by Ad Meskens.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the early 1900s, miners had switched to cyanide to extract gold, but mercury still had many uses – in industry, medicine, dentistry (it was used for fillings) and common household products. Even though the mines in the Almaden Hills near San Jose closed decades ago, all that mining left behind a legacy -- rocky deposits from the old furnaces are still leaching mercury into the surrounding creeks and rivers, which eventually drain into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82598\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roughly 2,000 pounds of mercury enter the bay each year from all these different sources. The bay is slowly cleaning itself, washing an estimated 3,100 pounds a year out to sea. But at the present rate, it will take generations for the bay to flush out so much mercury that fish are no longer contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To speed up the process, in 2008 the regional water board launched an ambitious, multi-billion dollar cleanup plan called a Total Daily Maximum Load. \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/TMDLs/sfbaymercury/sfbaymercurytmdl_info_sheet.pdf\">The multifaceted plan\u003c/a> aimed to reduce both the mercury entering the bay and the amount of the toxin that converts to its poisonous methylmercury form. The plan also provided for advanced monitoring to better understand how mercury makes its way through the watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years after the TMDL plan went into effect, progress has been made in reducing urban wastewater runoff. Most of the contaminated South Bay mining waste sites have been, or are being, cleaned up, and efforts are underway to remove toxic sediment within the Guadalupe River and its tributaries and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82599\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But this accounts for only a small fraction of the total load entering the Bay. The greatest source is the legacy poison on the bay floor, which steadily erodes over time and is nearly impossible to clean up. Seven years after the TMDL went into effect, toxic levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a tentative revision of the TMDL planned for 2018. In the meantime, the Water Board estimates that it will take more than 100 years for the Bay to recover. At a minimum, three generations will be impacted by the potent and long-lasting poison still lingering in the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that’s too long to wait for cleaner waters. They want to see enforceable urban stormwater limits for mercury, an accounting of mercury pollution from crude oil refineries, and a full inventory of old mining sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This process gets you a lot of planning and paperwork but not tangible reduction of mercury in the bay,” said Choksi. “We want to see zero mercury in the bay and we want to see it soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/2011SFbay.html\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for the state’s advisory on eating fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/24/mercury-poisoning-interview-with-dr-jane-hightower-web-only/\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to listen to tips from Dr. Jane Hightower about how to avoid mercury in your diet. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/pdf/SFBayAdvisory21May2011.pdf\">here\u003c/a> to learn more about mercury contamination in the bay. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There's a hidden danger that has been lurking in the San Francisco Bay since the days of Gold Rush mining: mercury. In 2008, the regional Water Board launched a multi-billion-dollar plan to clean up this potent neurotoxin, but mercury levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1444410507,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1250},"headData":{"title":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay","datePublished":"2015-11-05T14:00:00.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-09T17:08:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17506 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2015/11/05/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay/","disqusTitle":"Mercury in San Francisco Bay","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/cpwQ5OFIZRQ","source":"Environment","path":"/quest/17506/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Dr. Jane Hightower’s sick patients weren’t getting better, and she wanted to know why.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the California Pacific Medical Center physician’s well-heeled patients were coming into her clinic complaining of fatigue, or trouble thinking – an on-and-off feeling of not being well. Sometimes it was problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, or a metallic taste in the mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, she began keeping a tally of what they ate. Fish, it turned out – a lot of it. Specifically large fish, like shark, tuna, swordfish, cod and ahi tuna.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A possible cause began to emerge for their ailments: mercury, a potent neurotoxin that builds up in fish and can cause serious illness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have a Pacific Heights practice,” said Hightower. “They’re not fishing in Martinez. They’re fishing at Bryans and Whole Foods.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But another at-risk population in the Bay Area, she said, are lower income folks, who do spend time fishing out on the piers in Martinez, Berkeley, Pinole and other East Bay cities every season not only for recreation, but to supplement the family dinner table. The striped bass, sturgeon and halibut they bring home can be loaded with mercury, which is widespread in the bay but impossible to detect with the naked eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82595\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82595\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/902C_MERCURY_Fishermen-11-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fishermen cast for a catch at the Berkeley Pier. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Mercury is invisible and prevalent throughout the bay system,” said Sejal Choksi, executive director of \u003ca href=\"https://baykeeper.org/\">San Francisco Baykeeper\u003c/a>, an environmental group that works to reduce pollution in the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once known as “mad hatter disease” after the afflicted Victorian hatmakers who used mercury to produce the felt in their wares, the creeping symptoms of mercury include tremors, problems with vision, hearing, nausea and vomiting, as well as stranger effects like pathological shyness and irritability. The toxin can cause permanent damage to the central nervous system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyone with an immune-compromised system is at greater risk for deleterious effects of mercury, which is also neurotoxic to developing brains, making it especially dangerous for pregnant and nursing women, babies, and small children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mercury is found primarily around the bay in a red rock known as cinnabar. When it settles in waterways, bacteria transform it into a highly toxic form known as methyl mercury, which is easily absorbed by marine plants and the tiny aquatic organisms that eat them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82596\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82596\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay.\" width=\"800\" height=\"451\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-800x451.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1440x812.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-1180x665.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-7-960x541.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury is found primarily in a red rock known as cinnabar, which was mined extensively in the South Bay. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“In wildlife, mercury in high concentrations can cause developmental problems, just as it does in humans,” said Choksi. “If you’ve got mercury impairing wildlife and their immune systems, then they’re more susceptible to infectious diseases; they can have cancerous growths. It’s pretty much the same as in the human population.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It doesn’t take much to constitute a problem. Mercury pollution is measured in parts per billion – the amount contained in a drop of water in a backyard swimming pool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the amount you might find in an old thermometer is enough to cause significant contamination,” said Bruce Wolfe, executive officer with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/waterboards_map.shtml\">San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board\u003c/a>, the state agency that oversees water pollution in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does all this mercury come from? Mercury enters the bay watershed from a number of sources, including stormwater and wastewater runoff from local oil refineries and cement kilns. Significant quantities also drift through the air from coal-burning power plants in China.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the biggest culprit can be found \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/18/mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/\">at very root of California’s history and prosperity\u003c/a>. In the 19\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> century, Gold Rush miners also mined mercury in copious amounts in the cinnabar-rich hills just south of San Jose. To extract mercury, crushed ore was heated in furnaces and transformed into a vapor. As the gas cooled and condensed, it turned into a liquid form known as quicksilver, which is naturally attracted to gold. Sierra miners used it to separate gold from crushed rock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82597\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82597\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/Miners_in_the_Sierras-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sierra miners used quicksilver to separate gold from crushed rock. \u003ccite>(Painting by Charles Christian Nahl and August Wenderoth, 1851/1852. Photograph by Ad Meskens.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the early 1900s, miners had switched to cyanide to extract gold, but mercury still had many uses – in industry, medicine, dentistry (it was used for fillings) and common household products. Even though the mines in the Almaden Hills near San Jose closed decades ago, all that mining left behind a legacy -- rocky deposits from the old furnaces are still leaching mercury into the surrounding creeks and rivers, which eventually drain into San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82598\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82598\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-400x225.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1440x809.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-1180x663.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/319B_Mercury-8.3.09-24-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mercury, or quicksilver, was mined extensively during the Gold Rush in mines like this one in New Almaden. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Roughly 2,000 pounds of mercury enter the bay each year from all these different sources. The bay is slowly cleaning itself, washing an estimated 3,100 pounds a year out to sea. But at the present rate, it will take generations for the bay to flush out so much mercury that fish are no longer contaminated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To speed up the process, in 2008 the regional water board launched an ambitious, multi-billion dollar cleanup plan called a Total Daily Maximum Load. \u003ca href=\"http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb2/water_issues/programs/TMDLs/sfbaymercury/sfbaymercurytmdl_info_sheet.pdf\">The multifaceted plan\u003c/a> aimed to reduce both the mercury entering the bay and the amount of the toxin that converts to its poisonous methylmercury form. The plan also provided for advanced monitoring to better understand how mercury makes its way through the watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years after the TMDL plan went into effect, progress has been made in reducing urban wastewater runoff. Most of the contaminated South Bay mining waste sites have been, or are being, cleaned up, and efforts are underway to remove toxic sediment within the Guadalupe River and its tributaries and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_82599\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-82599\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg\" alt=\"A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \" width=\"800\" height=\"452\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-800x452.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-400x226.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1440x813.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-1180x666.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2015/11/mercury-slide-show-Radio-Still-Image-Originals_Drury-11-960x542.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign warns visitors about the danger of mercury contamination in the Guadalupe River watershed. \u003ccite>(Photo by KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But this accounts for only a small fraction of the total load entering the Bay. The greatest source is the legacy poison on the bay floor, which steadily erodes over time and is nearly impossible to clean up. Seven years after the TMDL went into effect, toxic levels in fish and wildlife remain as high as ever.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a tentative revision of the TMDL planned for 2018. In the meantime, the Water Board estimates that it will take more than 100 years for the Bay to recover. At a minimum, three generations will be impacted by the potent and long-lasting poison still lingering in the bay mud.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmental groups say that’s too long to wait for cleaner waters. They want to see enforceable urban stormwater limits for mercury, an accounting of mercury pollution from crude oil refineries, and a full inventory of old mining sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This process gets you a lot of planning and paperwork but not tangible reduction of mercury in the bay,” said Choksi. “We want to see zero mercury in the bay and we want to see it soon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/2011SFbay.html\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> for the state’s advisory on eating fish from the San Francisco Bay.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/24/mercury-poisoning-interview-with-dr-jane-hightower-web-only/\">\u003cem>here\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cem> to listen to tips from Dr. Jane Hightower about how to avoid mercury in your diet. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.oehha.ca.gov/fish/nor_cal/pdf/SFBayAdvisory21May2011.pdf\">here\u003c/a> to learn more about mercury contamination in the bay. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17506/mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","authors":["6444"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_12","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_1103","quest_1233","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_9890","quest_2257","quest_13393","quest_2487","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_3359"],"featImg":"quest_81704","label":"source_quest_17506"},"quest_53493":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_53493","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"53493","score":null,"sort":[1410271252000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","title":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","publishDate":1410271252,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cindy Van Dover is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab\" target=\"_blank\">Duke University Marine Laboratory\u003c/a>. She has spent the last 30 years exploring the deep sea. Her research has led her to hydrothermal vent fields thousands of meters below the ocean surface, as well as to conference tables around the world, where she is now helping to develop regulations around deep-sea mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seafloor-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Deep-sea mining\u003c/a> is the process of extracting mineral-rich deposits from hydrothermal vents and other deep seafloor settings. The upside is more copper, manganese, and rare earth minerals to power things like wind turbines, cell phones, and computers. The downside is … unknown. Dr. Van Dover is working with an international community of governments and industry to mitigate the collateral environmental damage that will result from seafloor mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 175px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend-175x253.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a deep-sea mining operation. Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you reconcile your passion for the deep sea with your work with the mining community?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen I first started thinking about deep-sea mining in the mid-2000s, I thought I would be long retired before mining really became an issue. I also thought, “I’ve helped explore the deep sea and love it; it hurts to think we will willingly damage this extraordinary environment.” But from conversations with the Secretary General of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isa.org.jm/en/home\" target=\"_blank\">International Seabed Authority\u003c/a> and with others, seabed mining of some form or other seems inevitable. If this is so, if mining does proceed, then my role as a scientist is to use my knowledge to help minimize the environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that my generation of deep-sea scientists will be judged a century from now by the quality of environmental regulations we help to put in place. How important are the right regulations? If we don’t get it right, if we degrade the seabed, we can’t fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The deep sea is not on most people’s radar. Why should we care? \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs we have learned the hard way more than once, the biosphere of Earth is interconnected – what happens in one place, affects what happens elsewhere. The seafloor seems so remote to us, yet so did the ozone layer. Humans have a tremendous capacity to modify the global environment, in ways we often don’t anticipate and in ways that are very detrimental to our quality of life. Can we avoid making mistakes in the deep sea? We have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\" width=\"238\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it a free-for-all on the sea floor, or is there a governing body making sure companies and countries act responsibly?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe mineral resources of the seabed in international waters are governed by a very interesting regime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm\" target=\"_blank\">The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\u003c/a> came into force in 1994 and as part of this Convention, seabed minerals in the area beyond national jurisdictions became the common heritage of mankind, with equitable access and benefit sharing for all nations. The intent is that developing countries, land-locked countries, and geographically disadvantaged countries should have access to seabed minerals, not just the developed countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where are these mineral deposits located?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are three different kinds of mineral resources of interest to the mining industry. Hydrothermal vents associated with volcanic systems on the seafloor are copper-rich and sometimes gold- and silver-rich. Fossil vent deposits of economic interest form over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Manganese nodules are a second kind of mineral resource, found lying on top of sediments of the abyssal plain, typically beneath 5,000 meters of water. These nodules take millennia -- millions of years -- to form. The third major mineral resource is cobalt crusts. These crusts typically are found on seamounts and are often colonized by ancient, slow-growing corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The sea is vast. Can you help put the size of potential mining sites in perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt IS hard to comprehend dimensions as big as the deep sea. A single mining event at a hydrothermal deposit might cover an area the size of a dozen or fewer football fields. For manganese nodules, the scale of a mining area is much, much greater. Exploration lease sites for manganese nodules in international waters are extensive, the size of small countries.\u003cbr>\nWe don’t yet understand what the direct, indirect, or cumulative environmental impacts might be of mining in the deep sea on such a scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a baseline for the ecosystem services provided by the deep sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are very few quantitative numbers about ecosystem services in the deep sea. This is an area of research that is critical if we are to understand how deep-sea industrialization may affect ecosystem health and ecosystem services. How can we know what is at risk, if we do not have validated quantitative models of deep-sea processes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71807\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it difficult to separate your passion from the science?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI have learned to do this, to recognize that there are valid perspectives of and interests in the deep sea that are different from mine as an ecologist. As a scientist, I am obliged to give as unbiased an answer as I possibly can when asked for information about deep-sea ecosystems. The questions that I am asked by those interested in mining and environmental management of mining activities are always intellectually engaging and often difficult to answer precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about being at sea when you’re on land?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat I love is the focus that comes with being at sea with colleagues. We are together on a ship, working toward common goals, with very few distractions. I miss that focus, the time to just do science, 24/7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about land when you’re at sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreen. There is very little green at sea, not even on the ship. Everything is blue water, blue sky, white clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Q&A With Biologist, Explorer, and Deep-Sea Advocate Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442639706,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":1109},"headData":{"title":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What? | KQED","description":"Q&A With Biologist, Explorer, and Deep-Sea Advocate Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","datePublished":"2014-09-09T14:00:52.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-19T05:15:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"53493 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=53493","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2014/09/09/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what/","disqusTitle":"Deep-Sea Mining Might Happen. So What?","source":"Geology","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/geology/","path":"/quest/53493/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Expert Opinion: Dr. Cindy Lee Van Dover\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71789\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71789\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/VanD39b-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover has been exploring the deep sea for over 30 years as a researcher and submarine pilot.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Dr. Cindy Van Dover is the director of the \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/marinelab\" target=\"_blank\">Duke University Marine Laboratory\u003c/a>. She has spent the last 30 years exploring the deep sea. Her research has led her to hydrothermal vent fields thousands of meters below the ocean surface, as well as to conference tables around the world, where she is now helping to develop regulations around deep-sea mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.whoi.edu/main/topic/seafloor-mining\" target=\"_blank\">Deep-sea mining\u003c/a> is the process of extracting mineral-rich deposits from hydrothermal vents and other deep seafloor settings. The upside is more copper, manganese, and rare earth minerals to power things like wind turbines, cell phones, and computers. The downside is … unknown. Dr. Van Dover is working with an international community of governments and industry to mitigate the collateral environmental damage that will result from seafloor mining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71784\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 175px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-71784\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/0000039716-Nautilus-AR-2012_internals_with_legend-175x253.jpg\" alt=\"Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\" width=\"175\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An example of a deep-sea mining operation. Click to enlarge. Image Courtesy Nautilus Minerals\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How do you reconcile your passion for the deep sea with your work with the mining community?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhen I first started thinking about deep-sea mining in the mid-2000s, I thought I would be long retired before mining really became an issue. I also thought, “I’ve helped explore the deep sea and love it; it hurts to think we will willingly damage this extraordinary environment.” But from conversations with the Secretary General of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.isa.org.jm/en/home\" target=\"_blank\">International Seabed Authority\u003c/a> and with others, seabed mining of some form or other seems inevitable. If this is so, if mining does proceed, then my role as a scientist is to use my knowledge to help minimize the environmental impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think that my generation of deep-sea scientists will be judged a century from now by the quality of environmental regulations we help to put in place. How important are the right regulations? If we don’t get it right, if we degrade the seabed, we can’t fix it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The deep sea is not on most people’s radar. Why should we care? \u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nAs we have learned the hard way more than once, the biosphere of Earth is interconnected – what happens in one place, affects what happens elsewhere. The seafloor seems so remote to us, yet so did the ozone layer. Humans have a tremendous capacity to modify the global environment, in ways we often don’t anticipate and in ways that are very detrimental to our quality of life. Can we avoid making mistakes in the deep sea? We have to try.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71808\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 238px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-71808\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/R852_DSC_092004_070004_037721-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\" width=\"238\" height=\"179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bed of tube worms cover the base of the black smoker in the Main Endeavour Vent Field, NE Pacific. Courtesy NOAA PMEL EOI\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it a free-for-all on the sea floor, or is there a governing body making sure companies and countries act responsibly?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe mineral resources of the seabed in international waters are governed by a very interesting regime. \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm\" target=\"_blank\">The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\u003c/a> came into force in 1994 and as part of this Convention, seabed minerals in the area beyond national jurisdictions became the common heritage of mankind, with equitable access and benefit sharing for all nations. The intent is that developing countries, land-locked countries, and geographically disadvantaged countries should have access to seabed minerals, not just the developed countries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where are these mineral deposits located?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are three different kinds of mineral resources of interest to the mining industry. Hydrothermal vents associated with volcanic systems on the seafloor are copper-rich and sometimes gold- and silver-rich. Fossil vent deposits of economic interest form over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years. Manganese nodules are a second kind of mineral resource, found lying on top of sediments of the abyssal plain, typically beneath 5,000 meters of water. These nodules take millennia -- millions of years -- to form. The third major mineral resource is cobalt crusts. These crusts typically are found on seamounts and are often colonized by ancient, slow-growing corals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 253px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71806\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl0510-253x169.jpg\" alt=\"Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\" width=\"253\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Van Dover says mining leases range in size from a few football fields, to the size of small countries. Image courtesy NOAA.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The sea is vast. Can you help put the size of potential mining sites in perspective?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nIt IS hard to comprehend dimensions as big as the deep sea. A single mining event at a hydrothermal deposit might cover an area the size of a dozen or fewer football fields. For manganese nodules, the scale of a mining area is much, much greater. Exploration lease sites for manganese nodules in international waters are extensive, the size of small countries.\u003cbr>\nWe don’t yet understand what the direct, indirect, or cumulative environmental impacts might be of mining in the deep sea on such a scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there a baseline for the ecosystem services provided by the deep sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThere are very few quantitative numbers about ecosystem services in the deep sea. This is an area of research that is critical if we are to understand how deep-sea industrialization may affect ecosystem health and ecosystem services. How can we know what is at risk, if we do not have validated quantitative models of deep-sea processes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71807\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-71807\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/expl1190-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Deep Submergence Vehicle Alvin is launched from the R/V Atlantis for the first dive to Manning seamount. Courtesy Mountains in the Sea Research Team; the IFE Crew; and NOAA/OAR/OER\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is it difficult to separate your passion from the science?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nI have learned to do this, to recognize that there are valid perspectives of and interests in the deep sea that are different from mine as an ecologist. As a scientist, I am obliged to give as unbiased an answer as I possibly can when asked for information about deep-sea ecosystems. The questions that I am asked by those interested in mining and environmental management of mining activities are always intellectually engaging and often difficult to answer precisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about being at sea when you’re on land?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat I love is the focus that comes with being at sea with colleagues. We are together on a ship, working toward common goals, with very few distractions. I miss that focus, the time to just do science, 24/7.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you miss most about land when you’re at sea?\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nGreen. There is very little green at sea, not even on the ship. Everything is blue water, blue sky, white clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>*This interview has been condensed and edited.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/53493/deep-sea-mining-might-happen-so-what","authors":["10296"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9","quest_11","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_791","quest_12951","quest_12953","quest_12269","quest_9996","quest_1834","quest_2034","quest_12952","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_10427","quest_2556","quest_10363","quest_10303","quest_12954"],"featImg":"quest_71786","label":"source_quest_53493"},"quest_48802":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_48802","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"48802","score":null,"sort":[1358565826000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life","title":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life","publishDate":1358565826,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. A soaring gold price is drawing miners back into the Sierra Nevada foothills, in some cases, to the very spots exploited by the original 49ers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is happy to see gold mining return. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48861\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00577smaller-424x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miners today, as during the Gold Rush were searching for veins of white quartz with gold inside. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The return is being heralded in Sutter Creek, about 45 miles southeast of Sacramento. Just a few years ago, local resident Dan Boitano was a tour guide there. He led tourists into the empty, underground Lincoln Project Mine. In the late 1840s, miners flooded into these foothills when gold was discovered nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m actually a fifth generation miner in the area,” Boitano says. “My family came here for the Gold Rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boitano still works in this mine, but now, he’s mining. Hundreds of feet below ground, in a narrow tunnel, two of his colleagues drill into a solid face of rock. Matt Collins, chief operating officer of Sutter Gold Mining, Inc., looks on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is December’s gold production right here in the palm of my hand,” Collins says, holding out a half an ounce of gold. “This is the first of what we hope will be many, many, many ounces of gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter managers hope to produce almost $200 million in gold over the next five years. The company is just starting full-scale production in this web of burrows – tunnels that only get darker and narrower the deeper we go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remember when they first started mining here, they would have been mining with candles,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48851\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00536-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miner Steve Ator outside the Lincoln Project Mine in Sutter Creek. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mining was treacherous work for the original 49ers. They used hammers and dynamite in search of what’s just above my head: a vein of white quartz rock with dots of gold. “This one runs for many hundreds of feet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a slice of the Mother Lode – the most legendary gold deposit in the state. There are two dozen old mines within ten miles of this one. They produced millions of ounces of gold up until World War II, when work was suspended for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After having let the mines flood, the timbers rot, the neglect and the lack of maintenance, it became very expensive to reopen the mines,” says Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mother Lode still holds plenty of gold and with gold prices having steadily risen to around $1,700 dollars an ounce, reopening old mines has become tempting, but not necessarily easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is burdensome. I would say this is one of the toughest regulatory climates there is on the planet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the Golden State's strict environmental laws spring from the legacy of environmental damage that mining has left behind. Early miners processed gold with toxic mercury, dumping millions of pounds of it into the watershed. Even today, some fish aren’t safe to eat as far downstream as San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we have to have a much different approach. We have come into a project like this thinking about these potential impacts,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"float: left;margin: 10px\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=MAP&q=select+col2+from+1xqyIz2ipOWGnYFViw8yMZaYc0bKa5eNOxYq6XdA&h=false&lat=39.03838632847035&lng=-120.9582157949219&z=8&t=1&l=col2&y=2&tmplt=2\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"280\" height=\"400\">\u003c/iframe> Those potential impacts are a big issue in another community where a local gold mine is trying to reopen. About two hours north in Nevada City, the San Juan Ridge Mine originally tried to get going in the 1990s, but things didn’t go so well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My wells right around us here in the north Columbia area started to go dry,” says local resident Kurt Lorenz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine had hit an underground formation full of water. As workers pumped the water out, 14 neighborhood wells dried up. The mine paid for deeper wells to be drilled, but Lorenz says the new wells had poor water quality. The local school, Grizzly Hill Elementary, was told it couldn’t drink the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution was the mine started paying for bottled water to be delivered to the school,” Lorenz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine put in a water treatment plant but Lorenz, who was on the school board at the time, says it was years before the school was using tap water again. In the end, the mine shut down because of the added costs and flagging gold prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the issue is surfacing again because the mine wants to reopen. “We don’t want a repeat of what’s happened in the past,” says the schools current principal, James Berardi. “We can’t take that chance. We don’t want to do it again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t expect the community to take any significant risks for the benefit of my operation,” says Tim Callaway, CEO of San Juan Mining Corporation. He says the risks are lower this time because the mine will use better surveying and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Callaway knows it’s a tough sell in this community, but points to the economy. “What this project offers is really high-paying jobs,” he says. “There are very, very few industries or jobs in rural communities.” The decision will ultimately be up to Nevada County, which is doing an environmental review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this adds up to an interesting moment for gold in California, says Izzy Martin of the non-profit Sierra Fund. There are environmental risks, she says, because not all counties are equipped to do thorough reviews of proposed mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martin also sees an opportunity. “Gold mining around the world is heart-breaking to think about,” she says. “People use really toxic chemicals. There’s no doubt that if we could open a mine in California that met our environmental quality act standards, our clean water acts standards, it would be the cleanest, greenest gold in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin wants to see \"green\" gold standards set up in California that would enable consumer labeling. Responsible mining, she says, has the potential to give gold an entirely new legacy in the state. A handful of other proposed mines are hoping to join that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/mining-goldrush/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450496126,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz","http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/mining-goldrush/_files/iframe.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1091},"headData":{"title":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life | KQED","description":"It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a "greener" gold rush.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life","datePublished":"2013-01-19T03:23:46.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T03:35:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"48802 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=48802","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/18/in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life/","disqusTitle":"In Historic Gold Country, Old Mines Get New Life","source":"Engineering","sourceUrl":"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/engineering/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/01/20130121science.mp3","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/48802/in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It's not the frenzy of 1849, but gold mining is quietly making a comeback in California. A soaring gold price is drawing miners back into the Sierra Nevada foothills, in some cases, to the very spots exploited by the original 49ers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not everyone is happy to see gold mining return. While some communities are concerned about the environmental costs, others see the chance for a \"greener\" gold rush this time around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48861\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48861\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00577smaller-424x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"297\" height=\"177\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miners today, as during the Gold Rush were searching for veins of white quartz with gold inside. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The return is being heralded in Sutter Creek, about 45 miles southeast of Sacramento. Just a few years ago, local resident Dan Boitano was a tour guide there. He led tourists into the empty, underground Lincoln Project Mine. In the late 1840s, miners flooded into these foothills when gold was discovered nearby.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m actually a fifth generation miner in the area,” Boitano says. “My family came here for the Gold Rush.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boitano still works in this mine, but now, he’s mining. Hundreds of feet below ground, in a narrow tunnel, two of his colleagues drill into a solid face of rock. Matt Collins, chief operating officer of Sutter Gold Mining, Inc., looks on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is December’s gold production right here in the palm of my hand,” Collins says, holding out a half an ounce of gold. “This is the first of what we hope will be many, many, many ounces of gold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sutter managers hope to produce almost $200 million in gold over the next five years. The company is just starting full-scale production in this web of burrows – tunnels that only get darker and narrower the deeper we go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Remember when they first started mining here, they would have been mining with candles,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48851\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 380px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-48851\" title=\"SONY DSC\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/01/DSC00536-380x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"380\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Miner Steve Ator outside the Lincoln Project Mine in Sutter Creek. (Photo: Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mining was treacherous work for the original 49ers. They used hammers and dynamite in search of what’s just above my head: a vein of white quartz rock with dots of gold. “This one runs for many hundreds of feet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a slice of the Mother Lode – the most legendary gold deposit in the state. There are two dozen old mines within ten miles of this one. They produced millions of ounces of gold up until World War II, when work was suspended for the war effort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After having let the mines flood, the timbers rot, the neglect and the lack of maintenance, it became very expensive to reopen the mines,” says Collins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Mother Lode still holds plenty of gold and with gold prices having steadily risen to around $1,700 dollars an ounce, reopening old mines has become tempting, but not necessarily easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California is burdensome. I would say this is one of the toughest regulatory climates there is on the planet,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the Golden State's strict environmental laws spring from the legacy of environmental damage that mining has left behind. Early miners processed gold with toxic mercury, dumping millions of pounds of it into the watershed. Even today, some fish aren’t safe to eat as far downstream as San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today we have to have a much different approach. We have come into a project like this thinking about these potential impacts,” Collins says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe style=\"float: left;margin: 10px\" src=\"https://www.google.com/fusiontables/embedviz?viz=MAP&q=select+col2+from+1xqyIz2ipOWGnYFViw8yMZaYc0bKa5eNOxYq6XdA&h=false&lat=39.03838632847035&lng=-120.9582157949219&z=8&t=1&l=col2&y=2&tmplt=2\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"280\" height=\"400\">\u003c/iframe> Those potential impacts are a big issue in another community where a local gold mine is trying to reopen. About two hours north in Nevada City, the San Juan Ridge Mine originally tried to get going in the 1990s, but things didn’t go so well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My wells right around us here in the north Columbia area started to go dry,” says local resident Kurt Lorenz.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine had hit an underground formation full of water. As workers pumped the water out, 14 neighborhood wells dried up. The mine paid for deeper wells to be drilled, but Lorenz says the new wells had poor water quality. The local school, Grizzly Hill Elementary, was told it couldn’t drink the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The solution was the mine started paying for bottled water to be delivered to the school,” Lorenz says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mine put in a water treatment plant but Lorenz, who was on the school board at the time, says it was years before the school was using tap water again. In the end, the mine shut down because of the added costs and flagging gold prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, the issue is surfacing again because the mine wants to reopen. “We don’t want a repeat of what’s happened in the past,” says the schools current principal, James Berardi. “We can’t take that chance. We don’t want to do it again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t expect the community to take any significant risks for the benefit of my operation,” says Tim Callaway, CEO of San Juan Mining Corporation. He says the risks are lower this time because the mine will use better surveying and engineering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Callaway knows it’s a tough sell in this community, but points to the economy. “What this project offers is really high-paying jobs,” he says. “There are very, very few industries or jobs in rural communities.” The decision will ultimately be up to Nevada County, which is doing an environmental review.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of this adds up to an interesting moment for gold in California, says Izzy Martin of the non-profit Sierra Fund. There are environmental risks, she says, because not all counties are equipped to do thorough reviews of proposed mines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Martin also sees an opportunity. “Gold mining around the world is heart-breaking to think about,” she says. “People use really toxic chemicals. There’s no doubt that if we could open a mine in California that met our environmental quality act standards, our clean water acts standards, it would be the cleanest, greenest gold in the world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Martin wants to see \"green\" gold standards set up in California that would enable consumer labeling. Responsible mining, she says, has the potential to give gold an entirely new legacy in the state. A handful of other proposed mines are hoping to join that legacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.kqed.org/assets/slideshow/mining-goldrush/_files/iframe.html?noscale=620x533\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"620\" height=\"533\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/48802/in-historic-gold-country-old-mines-get-new-life","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9","quest_17"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_1232","quest_1233","quest_1278","quest_11686","quest_11194","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_13203","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_48898","label":"source_quest_48802"},"quest_38376":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_38376","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"38376","score":null,"sort":[1337271081000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center","title":"Black Diamond Regional Mines Preserve Reopens Visitor Center","publishDate":1337271081,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38380\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/blackd-portal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38380\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-portal-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"blackd-portal\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Greathouse Portal Visitor Center, inside the former Hazel-Atlas sand mine, is open again after five years. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California's state parks under threat of imminent closure, the East Bay Regional Park District is a bright spot for naturegoers. Careful management has maintained steady funding in hard times, and this summer EBRPD's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/black_diamond\">Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve\u003c/a> promises to be a well-attended placeespecially with the long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/news/043012a\">reopening of its underground Greathouse Visitor Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black Diamond is named for its history as California's largest coal district, starting in the 1850s. Coal was a prerequisite of 19th-century technology, and its discovery in the hills south of Antioch helped propel the new state of California to prosperity. It wasn't great coal, being classified as lignite or the lowest grade of coal, but it was good enough to do the job. Several mining towns sprang up here, and for a while this was the biggest settlement in Contra Costa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38378\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/blackd-coal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38378\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-coal.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"blackd-coal\" width=\"500\" height=\"332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38378\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-coal.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-coal-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fragments of Black Diamond's low-grade lignite coal can still be found in the tailings piles.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The coal didn't run out, but by the 1890s better coal was available from elsewhere so the mines shut down soon after. Next came the exploitation of the premium quartz sand beds beneath the coal. The sand mines supplied glassmakers in Oakland and steelmakers in Pittsburg from the 1920s to the late 1940s. That was when the Greathouse underground chamber was created, in the Hazel-Atlas sand mine. The Regional Parks District repurposed it as a visitor center in the 1970s, but storm damage shut it down in 2007. After five years of painstaking rehab, the room is receiving visitors again every weekend at no charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old mining district is hidden from the riverside sprawl of Antioch behind a narrow canyon and oak-dotted hills. Driving through the canyon is like leaving the 21st century behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/blackd-entrance/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38379\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-entrance.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"blackd-entrance\" width=\"500\" height=\"340\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-entrance.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-entrance-400x272.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, the vegetation is more lush on the higher hills, and miles of trails snake through the country. The area is notable for wildlife and plant species, but geologists find it notable too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/blackd-trail/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38377\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-trail.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"blackd-trail\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-trail.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-trail-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bones of the hills are relatively young sedimentary rocks that are well exposed here. They extend all the way across the Central Valley in the subsurface. I look forward to showing you more as I explore this beautiful place.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"With the reopening of its underground Greathouse Portal Visitor Center, Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve is ready when you are.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1337271146,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":399},"headData":{"title":"Black Diamond Regional Mines Preserve Reopens Visitor Center | KQED","description":"With the reopening of its underground Greathouse Portal Visitor Center, Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve is ready when you are.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Black Diamond Regional Mines Preserve Reopens Visitor Center","datePublished":"2012-05-17T16:11:21.000Z","dateModified":"2012-05-17T16:12:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"38376 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=38376","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/","disqusTitle":"Black Diamond Regional Mines Preserve Reopens Visitor Center","WpOldSlug":"black-diamond-back-at-full-strength","path":"/quest/38376/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38380\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/blackd-portal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38380\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-portal-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"blackd-portal\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-38380\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Greathouse Portal Visitor Center, inside the former Hazel-Atlas sand mine, is open again after five years. Photos by Andrew Alden\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With California's state parks under threat of imminent closure, the East Bay Regional Park District is a bright spot for naturegoers. Careful management has maintained steady funding in hard times, and this summer EBRPD's \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/parks/black_diamond\">Black Diamond Mines Regional Preserve\u003c/a> promises to be a well-attended placeespecially with the long-awaited \u003ca href=\"http://www.ebparks.org/news/043012a\">reopening of its underground Greathouse Visitor Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Black Diamond is named for its history as California's largest coal district, starting in the 1850s. Coal was a prerequisite of 19th-century technology, and its discovery in the hills south of Antioch helped propel the new state of California to prosperity. It wasn't great coal, being classified as lignite or the lowest grade of coal, but it was good enough to do the job. Several mining towns sprang up here, and for a while this was the biggest settlement in Contra Costa County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_38378\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/blackd-coal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38378\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-coal.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"blackd-coal\" width=\"500\" height=\"332\" class=\"size-full wp-image-38378\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-coal.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-coal-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fragments of Black Diamond's low-grade lignite coal can still be found in the tailings piles.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The coal didn't run out, but by the 1890s better coal was available from elsewhere so the mines shut down soon after. Next came the exploitation of the premium quartz sand beds beneath the coal. The sand mines supplied glassmakers in Oakland and steelmakers in Pittsburg from the 1920s to the late 1940s. That was when the Greathouse underground chamber was created, in the Hazel-Atlas sand mine. The Regional Parks District repurposed it as a visitor center in the 1970s, but storm damage shut it down in 2007. After five years of painstaking rehab, the room is receiving visitors again every weekend at no charge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The old mining district is hidden from the riverside sprawl of Antioch behind a narrow canyon and oak-dotted hills. Driving through the canyon is like leaving the 21st century behind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/blackd-entrance/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38379\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-entrance.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"blackd-entrance\" width=\"500\" height=\"340\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38379\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-entrance.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-entrance-400x272.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Inside, the vegetation is more lush on the higher hills, and miles of trails snake through the country. The area is notable for wildlife and plant species, but geologists find it notable too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/05/17/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center/blackd-trail/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-38377\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-trail.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"blackd-trail\" width=\"500\" height=\"333\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-38377\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-trail.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/05/blackd-trail-400x266.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bones of the hills are relatively young sedimentary rocks that are well exposed here. They extend all the way across the Central Valley in the subsurface. I look forward to showing you more as I explore this beautiful place.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/38376/black-diamond-reopens-visitor-center","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_11116","quest_638","quest_3401","quest_915","quest_1834","quest_11117","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_38380","label":"quest"},"quest_33174":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_33174","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"33174","score":null,"sort":[1331827215000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden","title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: New Almaden","publishDate":1331827215,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmaden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33179\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmaden-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmaden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View west from Almaden Quicksilver County Park toward Loma Prieta, highest peak of the Sierra Azul. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the foothills due south of San Jose sit the remnants of California's first mining bonanza, the New Almaden mercury district. Today \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/AQSPark/index.html\">Almaden Quicksilver County Park\u003c/a> is a rugged playground for hikers, bicyclists and equestrians, but lovers of geology and mines have a special kind of fun there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Californians mined a deep-red ore they called \u003ci>mohetka\u003c/i> in the heights of Los Capitancillos Ridge. Like other ancient peoples around the world, they used it as a pigment. In 1845 a Mexican visitor recognized the substance as cinnabar or mercury ore. Soon afterward the New World's richest quicksilver mining district began production, supplying the mercury for the refiners of the California Gold Rush. Its name, New Almaden, echoed the famous Almadén mines of Spain. A hundred years later, the mines had yielded mercury in the amount of more than a million flasksa volume of the liquid metal weighing 76 pounds. Although mining ended in the 1970s, geologists believe that much undiscovered ore remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's look at the geologic map of the area (derived from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Map OF-98-975\u003c/a>). \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 627px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadengeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33181\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadengeomap\" width=\"627\" height=\"472\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33181\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png 627w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap-400x301.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The New Almaden district runs northwest on Los Capitancillos Ridge from the village of New Almaden. Asterisks mark the four park entrances. Franciscan rock units are fm, melange; fpv, volcanics; gs, greenstone; pink, serpentinite; yellow, silica-carbonate rock; orange, chert. Units with names starting Q, T or K are younger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's kind of a mess, and the details are in the caption, but basically Los Capitancillos Ridge is like many other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">Bay Area mercury sites\u003c/a>, an intricate mixture of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Franciscan rocks\u003c/a> and serpentinite that has been kneaded and heated and injected with metal-bearing fluids. These fluids, derived from magma intrusions, replaced the minerals in the serpentinite and turned it into silica-carbonate rock. The cinnabar lodes, in turn, were emplaced in and near the silica-carbonates. As you hike about the ridge, keep an eye underfoot for the widespread \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_metrocks/ig/serpentinites/\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenserpentine/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33182\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenserpentine\" width=\"600\" height=\"438\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33182\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Serpentinite boulders in a streambed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among other things, the park contains mines and machinery spanning a century of progress from traditional techniques of medieval origin to modern American facilities. One mine entrance, the San Cristobal tunnel, has been kept open for a short distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/sancristobal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sancristobal\" width=\"500\" height=\"402\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Cristobal tunnel, first opened in 1866.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Go on in and look for the veins in the walls. These are typically filled with quartz or dolomite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenveins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33184\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenveins\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33184\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veins in the San Cristobal tunnel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another worthwhile spot is the site of the Buena Vista shaft, the deepest in the district. The foundation of the pumphouse is constructed of large blocks of local sandstone and Sierran granite. It was abandoned in 1893.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenfoundation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenfoundation\" width=\"600\" height=\"486\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation-400x324.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Buena Vista shaft mainly served to dewater the hills and allow neighboring mines to go deeper in search of cinnabar. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearby are extensive piles of mine tailings. Although this shaft produced only minor amounts of ore, the rocks themselves are interesting. Remember that collecting rocks and minerals is forbidden. A ranger told me that if people kept taking things home with them, eventually there would be no tailings left. I don't see the problem with that, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">if I could make the rules I would give rockhounds access\u003c/a> to limited parts of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadentailings/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33183\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadentailings\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33183\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't miss the views of the surrounding territory. The top photo of this post shows the view west to the Sierra Azul, and to the east are views of the Santa Teresa Hills and Diablo Range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/hamilton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33178\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"hamilton\" width=\"600\" height=\"463\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33178\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton-400x309.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Hamilton's observatories stand out beyond the lower Santa Teresa Hills, site of more mercury mines and sandstone quarries.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mining museum housed in the Casa Grande, the old manager's residence built in 1854, is full of exhibits and is well worth a visit if you can be there during its brief open hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33176\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/casagrande/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33176\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"casagrande\" width=\"600\" height=\"459\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande-400x306.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Casa Grande has rooms full of period furnishings as well as the Quicksilver Mining Museum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The little museum shop has cinnabar from the Guadalupe Mine for sale. This is the only way you can acquire New Almaden specimens today, unless a dealer is selling off a historic collection at a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/\">rock and mineral show\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/guadalupecinnabar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33177\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"guadalupecinnabar\" width=\"600\" height=\"487\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Almaden cinnabar is notable for its tiny crystals that give the ore a glittering appearance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The definitive source for historic and geologic information on the area is the classic \u003ca href=\"http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7034975M/Geology_and_quicksilver_deposits_of_the_New_Almaden_District_Santa_Clara_County_California\">US Geological Survey Professional Paper 360\u003c/a>, \"Geology and Quicksilver Deposits of the New Almaden District.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The New Almaden area looms large in Gold Rush history. Today it's an open-air museum of California mining practices and quicksilver geology.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1332966126,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":754},"headData":{"title":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: New Almaden | KQED","description":"The New Almaden area looms large in Gold Rush history. Today it's an open-air museum of California mining practices and quicksilver geology.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: New Almaden","datePublished":"2012-03-15T16:00:15.000Z","dateModified":"2012-03-28T20:22:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"33174 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=33174","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/","disqusTitle":"Geological Outings Around the Bay: New Almaden","path":"/quest/33174/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33179\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmaden/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33179\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmaden-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmaden\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-33179\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">View west from Almaden Quicksilver County Park toward Loma Prieta, highest peak of the Sierra Azul. All photos by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the foothills due south of San Jose sit the remnants of California's first mining bonanza, the New Almaden mercury district. Today \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/AQSPark/index.html\">Almaden Quicksilver County Park\u003c/a> is a rugged playground for hikers, bicyclists and equestrians, but lovers of geology and mines have a special kind of fun there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first Californians mined a deep-red ore they called \u003ci>mohetka\u003c/i> in the heights of Los Capitancillos Ridge. Like other ancient peoples around the world, they used it as a pigment. In 1845 a Mexican visitor recognized the substance as cinnabar or mercury ore. Soon afterward the New World's richest quicksilver mining district began production, supplying the mercury for the refiners of the California Gold Rush. Its name, New Almaden, echoed the famous Almadén mines of Spain. A hundred years later, the mines had yielded mercury in the amount of more than a million flasksa volume of the liquid metal weighing 76 pounds. Although mining ended in the 1970s, geologists believe that much undiscovered ore remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Let's look at the geologic map of the area (derived from \u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1998/of98-795/\">USGS Map OF-98-975\u003c/a>). \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 627px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadengeomap/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33181\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadengeomap\" width=\"627\" height=\"472\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33181\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap.png 627w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadengeomap-400x301.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 627px) 100vw, 627px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The New Almaden district runs northwest on Los Capitancillos Ridge from the village of New Almaden. Asterisks mark the four park entrances. Franciscan rock units are fm, melange; fpv, volcanics; gs, greenstone; pink, serpentinite; yellow, silica-carbonate rock; orange, chert. Units with names starting Q, T or K are younger.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's kind of a mess, and the details are in the caption, but basically Los Capitancillos Ridge is like many other \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/\">Bay Area mercury sites\u003c/a>, an intricate mixture of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/04/21/geological-outings-around-the-bay-marin-headlands/\">Franciscan rocks\u003c/a> and serpentinite that has been kneaded and heated and injected with metal-bearing fluids. These fluids, derived from magma intrusions, replaced the minerals in the serpentinite and turned it into silica-carbonate rock. The cinnabar lodes, in turn, were emplaced in and near the silica-carbonates. As you hike about the ridge, keep an eye underfoot for the widespread \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/more_metrocks/ig/serpentinites/\">serpentinite\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenserpentine/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33182\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenserpentine\" width=\"600\" height=\"438\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33182\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenserpentine-400x292.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Serpentinite boulders in a streambed.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among other things, the park contains mines and machinery spanning a century of progress from traditional techniques of medieval origin to modern American facilities. One mine entrance, the San Cristobal tunnel, has been kept open for a short distance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33175\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/sancristobal/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33175\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"sancristobal\" width=\"500\" height=\"402\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33175\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/sancristobal-400x322.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Cristobal tunnel, first opened in 1866.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Go on in and look for the veins in the walls. These are typically filled with quartz or dolomite. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33184\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenveins/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33184\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenveins\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33184\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenveins-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Veins in the San Cristobal tunnel.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another worthwhile spot is the site of the Buena Vista shaft, the deepest in the district. The foundation of the pumphouse is constructed of large blocks of local sandstone and Sierran granite. It was abandoned in 1893.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadenfoundation/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33180\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadenfoundation\" width=\"600\" height=\"486\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadenfoundation-400x324.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Buena Vista shaft mainly served to dewater the hills and allow neighboring mines to go deeper in search of cinnabar. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nearby are extensive piles of mine tailings. Although this shaft produced only minor amounts of ore, the rocks themselves are interesting. Remember that collecting rocks and minerals is forbidden. A ranger told me that if people kept taking things home with them, eventually there would be no tailings left. I don't see the problem with that, and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/17/fossil-collecting-in-the-bay-area/\">if I could make the rules I would give rockhounds access\u003c/a> to limited parts of the park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/newalmadentailings/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33183\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"newalmadentailings\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-33183\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/newalmadentailings-400x300.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Don't miss the views of the surrounding territory. The top photo of this post shows the view west to the Sierra Azul, and to the east are views of the Santa Teresa Hills and Diablo Range.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33178\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/hamilton/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33178\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"hamilton\" width=\"600\" height=\"463\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33178\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/hamilton-400x309.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mount Hamilton's observatories stand out beyond the lower Santa Teresa Hills, site of more mercury mines and sandstone quarries.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The mining museum housed in the Casa Grande, the old manager's residence built in 1854, is full of exhibits and is well worth a visit if you can be there during its brief open hours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33176\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/casagrande/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33176\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"casagrande\" width=\"600\" height=\"459\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33176\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/casagrande-400x306.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Casa Grande has rooms full of period furnishings as well as the Quicksilver Mining Museum.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The little museum shop has cinnabar from the Guadalupe Mine for sale. This is the only way you can acquire New Almaden specimens today, unless a dealer is selling off a historic collection at a \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/18/theres-nothing-like-a-rock-show/\">rock and mineral show\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_33177\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/15/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden/guadalupecinnabar/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-33177\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"guadalupecinnabar\" width=\"600\" height=\"487\" class=\"size-full wp-image-33177\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/guadalupecinnabar-400x325.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">New Almaden cinnabar is notable for its tiny crystals that give the ore a glittering appearance.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The definitive source for historic and geologic information on the area is the classic \u003ca href=\"http://openlibrary.org/books/OL7034975M/Geology_and_quicksilver_deposits_of_the_New_Almaden_District_Santa_Clara_County_California\">US Geological Survey Professional Paper 360\u003c/a>, \"Geology and Quicksilver Deposits of the New Almaden District.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/33174/geological-outings-around-the-bay-new-almaden","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_10819","quest_3580","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_9890","quest_13202","quest_2590","quest_3820"],"featImg":"quest_33179","label":"quest"},"quest_27868":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_27868","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"27868","score":null,"sort":[1322845205000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"iron-mining-controversy-in-northern-wisconsin","title":"Iron Mining Controversy in Northern Wisconsin","publishDate":1322845205,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/mining-blog-marquee-image.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/mining-blog-marquee-image-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mining-blog-marquee-image\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-27951\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nestled among the trees, streams and undeveloped land in Northern Wisconsin rests an environmental, societal and political challenge. The pristine area, with its proximity to Lake Superior, the largest fresh-water lake in the world, is why its residents choose to live there, but the area is also home to 25 percent of the country’s iron ore reserves, a commercial value of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pete Rasmussen and Jamey Francis embody the conflict residents in the area face. Both are from the area. Both went away for college. Both moved back to enjoy what the area had to offer. However, the former doesn’t want to risk the change an iron ore mine could bring, the latter feels the mine would staunch the change that’s already occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://wisconsingeologicalsurvey.org/pdfs/WI-iron-mining.pdf\">four and a half mile stretch of land in question\u003c/a> straddles Ashland and Iron Counties in an area colloquially called Wisconsin’s Northwoods. Since 1965, Iron County, an area where a history of mining is celebrated through streets signs and family history, has seen its population decline by 80 percent. Some, like Francis, see the proposed mine and the thousands of jobs it offers either directly or indirectly as a chance to save the county with the one of the highest unemployment rates (8.6% in September) in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not going to be any opportunity that I can see in the near future other than this mine,” said Francis, an apparel salesman and city councilman in the town of Hurley. “This is an economic game changer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company proposing to develop the mine, \u003ca href=\"http://gogebictaconite.com/project.html\">Gogebic Taconite (GTAC)\u003c/a>, has sponsored community events for most of the last year and held open houses throughout the region in an effort to drum up support. GTAC has also lobbied Wisconsin lawmakers to change state law to treat ferrous mining separately from sulfide mining as Michigan and Minnesota do. Iron ore mining uses water and magnets to extract the iron while sulfide mining uses chemicals to remove the deposits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the legislative changes the company wants is a \u003ca href=\"http://dnrmedia.wi.gov/main/Viewer/?peid=3fa2cf3a7d8d47c5aaad7dd518808d3d\">finite time line for the Department of Natural Resources to approve or deny a permit request\u003c/a>. GTAC is also interested in being granted the ability to mitigate damages to currently protected wetlands by creating 1 ½ acres of wetland for every acre damaged in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://savethewatersedge.com/\">Critics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.miningimpactcoalition.org/index.html\">fear\u003c/a> the legislation is code for simply ramming through a strip mine without concern to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The possibility of poisoning the water for future generations isn’t worth it to me,” said Rasmussen, a freelance photographer, web developer and carpenter in the area. “We’ve known it would be a struggle up here to get by, and it is for a lot of folks and they have to maybe take a couple of jobs. But it’s worth it. It’s part of the price you pay to live in such a beautiful place. And we’re here to protect that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Republican-led legislature is moving forward with legislation to change Wisconsin’s mining laws in order to “get people back to work.” The head of the State Assembly, Rep. Jeff Fitzgerald (R), says there’s “no more important an issue” facing lawmakers in the next few months.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A pristine area in Northern Wisconsin next to Lake Superior, much prized for its clean water and wilderness, is also home to 25 percent of the country’s iron ore reserves, a commercial value of $200 billion. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1322611896,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":567},"headData":{"title":"Iron Mining Controversy in Northern Wisconsin | KQED","description":"A pristine area in Northern Wisconsin next to Lake Superior, much prized for its clean water and wilderness, is also home to 25 percent of the country’s iron ore reserves, a commercial value of $200 billion. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Iron Mining Controversy in Northern Wisconsin","datePublished":"2011-12-02T17:00:05.000Z","dateModified":"2011-11-30T00:11:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27868 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=27868","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/02/iron-mining-controversy-in-northern-wisconsin/","disqusTitle":"Iron Mining Controversy in Northern Wisconsin","path":"/quest/27868/iron-mining-controversy-in-northern-wisconsin","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/mining-blog-marquee-image.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/mining-blog-marquee-image-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"mining-blog-marquee-image\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-27951\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nestled among the trees, streams and undeveloped land in Northern Wisconsin rests an environmental, societal and political challenge. The pristine area, with its proximity to Lake Superior, the largest fresh-water lake in the world, is why its residents choose to live there, but the area is also home to 25 percent of the country’s iron ore reserves, a commercial value of $200 billion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pete Rasmussen and Jamey Francis embody the conflict residents in the area face. Both are from the area. Both went away for college. Both moved back to enjoy what the area had to offer. However, the former doesn’t want to risk the change an iron ore mine could bring, the latter feels the mine would staunch the change that’s already occurred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://wisconsingeologicalsurvey.org/pdfs/WI-iron-mining.pdf\">four and a half mile stretch of land in question\u003c/a> straddles Ashland and Iron Counties in an area colloquially called Wisconsin’s Northwoods. Since 1965, Iron County, an area where a history of mining is celebrated through streets signs and family history, has seen its population decline by 80 percent. Some, like Francis, see the proposed mine and the thousands of jobs it offers either directly or indirectly as a chance to save the county with the one of the highest unemployment rates (8.6% in September) in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s not going to be any opportunity that I can see in the near future other than this mine,” said Francis, an apparel salesman and city councilman in the town of Hurley. “This is an economic game changer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company proposing to develop the mine, \u003ca href=\"http://gogebictaconite.com/project.html\">Gogebic Taconite (GTAC)\u003c/a>, has sponsored community events for most of the last year and held open houses throughout the region in an effort to drum up support. GTAC has also lobbied Wisconsin lawmakers to change state law to treat ferrous mining separately from sulfide mining as Michigan and Minnesota do. Iron ore mining uses water and magnets to extract the iron while sulfide mining uses chemicals to remove the deposits. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the legislative changes the company wants is a \u003ca href=\"http://dnrmedia.wi.gov/main/Viewer/?peid=3fa2cf3a7d8d47c5aaad7dd518808d3d\">finite time line for the Department of Natural Resources to approve or deny a permit request\u003c/a>. GTAC is also interested in being granted the ability to mitigate damages to currently protected wetlands by creating 1 ½ acres of wetland for every acre damaged in the process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://savethewatersedge.com/\">Critics\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"http://www.miningimpactcoalition.org/index.html\">fear\u003c/a> the legislation is code for simply ramming through a strip mine without concern to the environment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The possibility of poisoning the water for future generations isn’t worth it to me,” said Rasmussen, a freelance photographer, web developer and carpenter in the area. “We’ve known it would be a struggle up here to get by, and it is for a lot of folks and they have to maybe take a couple of jobs. But it’s worth it. It’s part of the price you pay to live in such a beautiful place. And we’re here to protect that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Republican-led legislature is moving forward with legislation to change Wisconsin’s mining laws in order to “get people back to work.” The head of the State Assembly, Rep. Jeff Fitzgerald (R), says there’s “no more important an issue” facing lawmakers in the next few months.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/27868/iron-mining-controversy-in-northern-wisconsin","authors":["10308"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10507","quest_10504","quest_10508","quest_3351","quest_1834","quest_10505","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3292","quest_10506","quest_10416","quest_10339"],"featImg":"quest_27951","label":"quest"},"quest_20956":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_20956","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"20956","score":null,"sort":[1311275660000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-mercury","title":"Bay Area Mercury","publishDate":1311275660,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20958\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/cinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20958\" title=\"cinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/cinnabar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cinnabar from Lake County. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's widely known that California has a mercury problem unlike other parts of the world. We don't produce it and we don't emit much any more, but a lot of old mercury is still lying around from the mining days. How did that happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In undisturbed nature, mercury is no more than a very local and very temporary problem. Mercury occurs mostly in sulfide compounds that are concentrated where ore-forming fluids invade metal-rich rocks. Cinnabar and metacinnabar are both mercury sulfide, HgS. Metacinnabar forms at higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20957\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20957\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/metacinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20957\" title=\"metacinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Metacinnabar from the Mt. Diablo Mine. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Coast Range was a natural place for world-class mercury ore bodies to grow. First, the range has a large amount of metal-rich rocks in the form of serpentinite and its parent rock, peridotite, derived from ancient seafloor. Second, these rocks were cracked and tilted as the Coast Range was built. Third, volcanic activity worked over these rocks, adding heat and chemically active fluids. Thus the source rocks were repeatedly mobilized, attacked and disrupted, a natural refining sequence that at each step concentrated metals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentinite is a slippery rock that tends to attract faults, which in turn attract fluids. Hot deep fluids replaced the serpentinite with carbonate minerals like calcite, then again with silicate minerals like quartz. As veins of these minerals fan outward they carry mercury with them. Coast Range mercury was originally deposited at high temperatures deep underground, often associated with gold sitting a bit deeper. It remains for erosion to slowly uncover the ores. In coastal California, erosion is quite active as the Coast Range continues to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide zones of silica-carbonate alteration dot our mountains and host hundreds of mercury occurrences. The great New Almaden Mine, south of San Jose, exploited a deposit of this type. It was the largest mercury producer in North America, spawning the gold mining industry that followed the placer gold rush of 1849. Cheap, efficient mercury amalgamation was the key to gold production, and New Almaden mercury made it feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanic heat also spawns hot-spring activity that can create mercury ore bodies, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucdavis.edu/mcl/natural/geology/geo.htm\">McLaughlin Mine\u003c/a>, north of Lake Berryessa, exploited a hot-spring type deposit yielding gold as well as mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the mercury mines of the Bay Area are all closed and being remediated. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/\">New Almaden property\u003c/a> is now a county park and the McLaughlin Mine is being carefully restored to a working countryside. Fortunately, mercury can be well controlled if acid mine drainage can be prevented, because cinnabar is poorly soluble except in strongly acid waters. At Clear Lake, the large former \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Bank_Mine\">Sulphur Bank Mine\u003c/a> is slowly getting under control. The privately owned \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CEYQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prpblog.com%2Fmtdiablo%2Fdownloads%2FMount%2520Diablo%2527s%2520mercury%2520mine...pdf&ei=ZW8oToKjFIvWtQP7wtDzCA&usg=AFQjCNHfcsM_OHK6kHauUROLyWpA4vVmRg&sig2=KMxH-RJgFPbVUP5sk2ZWBQ\">Mount Diablo Mine\u003c/a>, where my metacinnabar specimen was collected, is not a threat to spill into local streams although money is needed to fix it for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the overwhelmingly largest source of mercury pollution is from the burning of coal. A much smaller source is from oil and gas. Mercury appears to ride along with oil and gas as they trickle from their source rocks upward into the reservoirs we mine for energy. In oil, mercury lives in the tiny metal portion; in gas, mercury is a vapor. Levels in both are in the low parts-per-billion range, although California's oil tends to have relatively high levels. Mercury levels are highest in the dense fraction called petroleum coke, which is burned in place of coal. Even so, coal is far dirtier in terms of mercury, and the Bay Area is spared that insult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More reading:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/toc/ecap/18/sp8\">Mercury Cycling and Bioaccumulation in Clear Lake\u003c/a>, special issue of \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/OF02-195J.pdf\">Mercury Geoenvironmental Models\u003c/a> by James Rytuba (US Geological Survey)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Bay Area's mercury problem arises from the special geology of the Coast Range that concentrates the metal in the mineral cinnabar.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1362619511,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":632},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Mercury | KQED","description":"","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay Area Mercury","datePublished":"2011-07-21T19:14:20.000Z","dateModified":"2013-03-07T01:25:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"20956 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=20956","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/","disqusTitle":"Bay Area Mercury","path":"/quest/20956/bay-area-mercury","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20958\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20958\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/cinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-20958\" title=\"cinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/cinnabar-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cinnabar from Lake County. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's widely known that California has a mercury problem unlike other parts of the world. We don't produce it and we don't emit much any more, but a lot of old mercury is still lying around from the mining days. How did that happen?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In undisturbed nature, mercury is no more than a very local and very temporary problem. Mercury occurs mostly in sulfide compounds that are concentrated where ore-forming fluids invade metal-rich rocks. Cinnabar and metacinnabar are both mercury sulfide, HgS. Metacinnabar forms at higher temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_20957\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-20957\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/21/bay-area-mercury/metacinnabar/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-20957\" title=\"metacinnabar\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/metacinnabar-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Metacinnabar from the Mt. Diablo Mine. Photo by Andrew Alden.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The California Coast Range was a natural place for world-class mercury ore bodies to grow. First, the range has a large amount of metal-rich rocks in the form of serpentinite and its parent rock, peridotite, derived from ancient seafloor. Second, these rocks were cracked and tilted as the Coast Range was built. Third, volcanic activity worked over these rocks, adding heat and chemically active fluids. Thus the source rocks were repeatedly mobilized, attacked and disrupted, a natural refining sequence that at each step concentrated metals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serpentinite is a slippery rock that tends to attract faults, which in turn attract fluids. Hot deep fluids replaced the serpentinite with carbonate minerals like calcite, then again with silicate minerals like quartz. As veins of these minerals fan outward they carry mercury with them. Coast Range mercury was originally deposited at high temperatures deep underground, often associated with gold sitting a bit deeper. It remains for erosion to slowly uncover the ores. In coastal California, erosion is quite active as the Coast Range continues to rise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wide zones of silica-carbonate alteration dot our mountains and host hundreds of mercury occurrences. The great New Almaden Mine, south of San Jose, exploited a deposit of this type. It was the largest mercury producer in North America, spawning the gold mining industry that followed the placer gold rush of 1849. Cheap, efficient mercury amalgamation was the key to gold production, and New Almaden mercury made it feasible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Volcanic heat also spawns hot-spring activity that can create mercury ore bodies, too. The \u003ca href=\"http://nrs.ucdavis.edu/mcl/natural/geology/geo.htm\">McLaughlin Mine\u003c/a>, north of Lake Berryessa, exploited a hot-spring type deposit yielding gold as well as mercury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today the mercury mines of the Bay Area are all closed and being remediated. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.newalmaden.org/\">New Almaden property\u003c/a> is now a county park and the McLaughlin Mine is being carefully restored to a working countryside. Fortunately, mercury can be well controlled if acid mine drainage can be prevented, because cinnabar is poorly soluble except in strongly acid waters. At Clear Lake, the large former \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphur_Bank_Mine\">Sulphur Bank Mine\u003c/a> is slowly getting under control. The privately owned \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=7&ved=0CEYQFjAG&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prpblog.com%2Fmtdiablo%2Fdownloads%2FMount%2520Diablo%2527s%2520mercury%2520mine...pdf&ei=ZW8oToKjFIvWtQP7wtDzCA&usg=AFQjCNHfcsM_OHK6kHauUROLyWpA4vVmRg&sig2=KMxH-RJgFPbVUP5sk2ZWBQ\">Mount Diablo Mine\u003c/a>, where my metacinnabar specimen was collected, is not a threat to spill into local streams although money is needed to fix it for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Worldwide, the overwhelmingly largest source of mercury pollution is from the burning of coal. A much smaller source is from oil and gas. Mercury appears to ride along with oil and gas as they trickle from their source rocks upward into the reservoirs we mine for energy. In oil, mercury lives in the tiny metal portion; in gas, mercury is a vapor. Levels in both are in the low parts-per-billion range, although California's oil tends to have relatively high levels. Mercury levels are highest in the dense fraction called petroleum coke, which is burned in place of coal. Even so, coal is far dirtier in terms of mercury, and the Bay Area is spared that insult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More reading:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.esajournals.org/toc/ecap/18/sp8\">Mercury Cycling and Bioaccumulation in Clear Lake\u003c/a>, special issue of \u003cem>Ecological Applications\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/OF02-195J.pdf\">Mercury Geoenvironmental Models\u003c/a> by James Rytuba (US Geological Survey)\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/20956/bay-area-mercury","authors":["6228"],"categories":["quest_11"],"tags":["quest_9891","quest_3516","quest_1233","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_9890","quest_2257","quest_13202"],"featImg":"quest_20958","label":"quest"},"quest_3375":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_3375","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"3375","score":null,"sort":[1254849246000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"producers-notes-mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","title":"Producer's Notes: Mercury in San Francisco Bay","publishDate":1254849246,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>There's nothing like producing a controversial story on some favorite food group to have a profound effect on one's appetite. I gave up chicken after doing a story on factory farms (I already didn't eat beef or pork or I would have eliminated those as well.) Now, fish, too, has fallen from grace. Ignorance was bliss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've known for quite some time that some fish, especially tuna, were high in mercury. But discovering the extent of the problem, and that halibut and sea bass were also on the “do not eat too much of” list, was eye-opening for me. Now I count fish servings like some people count calories. Japanese cuisine, one of my favorites, has lost some of its glow, as well as its frequency in my dining-out plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of you have practical questions, as did I. How big a crimp does this have to put in my diet? How much is too much? How often is too often? Can I still enjoy that tuna sashimi and not worry about mercury overload?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because there wasn't time in the QUEST TV segment on mercury in the bay to include information on safe fish eating practices, below are the guidelines, along with web links, to help you get plenty of Omega 3s and still keep your mercury levels low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what California's \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\">Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment\u003c/a> says about eating fish from the San Francisco Bay and Delta Region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Women beyond childbearing age and men should eat no more than two meals per month of San Francisco Bay sport fish, including sturgeon and striped bass caught in the delta. (One meal for an adult is about eight ounces).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Women beyond childbearing age and men should not eat any striped bass over 35 inches.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Women of childbearing age, pregnant, nursing mothers, and children should not eat more than one meal of Bay fish per month. In addition, they should not eat any striped bass over 27 inches or any shark.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This advisory does not apply to salmon, anchovies, herring, and smelt caught in the bay; other sport fish caught in the delta or ocean; or commercial fish.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Richmond Harbor Channel area: In addition to the above advice, no one should eat any croakers, surfperches, bullheads, gobies or shellfish taken within the Richmond Harbor Channel area because of high levels of chemicals detected there.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Here’s a summary of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/advice/factsheet.html\">joint fish advisory\u003c/a> published by the FDA and EPA for women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or may become pregnant and for children. This is a general advisory not exclusive to any water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Do not eat Shark, Swordfish, King Mackerel, or Tilefish because they contain high levels of mercury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average meals) a week of a variety of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury. Five of the most commonly eaten fish that are low in mercury are shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Another commonly eaten fish, albacore (\"white\") tuna has more mercury than canned light tuna. So, when choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, eat only up to 6 ounces (one average meal) of albacore tuna per week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. If no advice is available, eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal) per week of fish you catch from local waters, but don't consume any other fish during that week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Follow these same recommendations when feeding fish and shellfish to your young child, but serve smaller portions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Also, check for local advisories for each water body in \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/so_cal/index.html\">California\u003c/a> that has fish consumption guidelines. They vary by water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lastly, here’s some practical advice from Dr. Jane Hightower, the medical doctor who we feature in the mercury story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“If you’re genetically susceptible, it’s really important to know that if you are an autoimmune-prone patient, Lupus, MS, thyroiditis, these kinds of things, then you should not consume mercury on a regular basis or at all. … And then the cardiac patients. You know, mercury can cause a reaction in vessels that leads to inflammation. So you want to have your Omega 3 fatty acids, which is anti-inflammatory. And not have mercury which is pro-inflammatory…. If you want to avoid significant mercury and you just don’t know what the mercury content is in the fish, a rule of thumb is to eat the small fish. Not a piece of the fish. If it comes in a steak, you want to know how big the fish was that the steak came from. You want the whole fish to fit on your plate. Don’t buy a bigger plate. Get a smaller fish. With the exception of salmon. Salmon can have elevated mercury, but very rarely.”\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Good luck, good health, and and watch out for bones!\u003c/p>\n\u003c/ul>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Because there wasn't time in the QUEST TV segment on mercury in the bay to include information on safe fish eating practices, below are the guidelines, along with web links, to help you get plenty of Omega 3s and still keep your mercury levels low.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457742187,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":843},"headData":{"title":"Producer's Notes: Mercury in San Francisco Bay | KQED","description":"Because there wasn't time in the QUEST TV segment on mercury in the bay to include information on safe fish eating practices, below are the guidelines, along with web links, to help you get plenty of Omega 3s and still keep your mercury levels low.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Producer's Notes: Mercury in San Francisco Bay","datePublished":"2009-10-06T17:14:06.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-12T00:23:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"3375 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=3375","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2009/10/06/producers-notes-mercury-in-san-francisco-bay/","disqusTitle":"Producer's Notes: Mercury in San Francisco Bay","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpwQ5OFIZRQ","path":"/quest/3375/producers-notes-mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There's nothing like producing a controversial story on some favorite food group to have a profound effect on one's appetite. I gave up chicken after doing a story on factory farms (I already didn't eat beef or pork or I would have eliminated those as well.) Now, fish, too, has fallen from grace. Ignorance was bliss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I've known for quite some time that some fish, especially tuna, were high in mercury. But discovering the extent of the problem, and that halibut and sea bass were also on the “do not eat too much of” list, was eye-opening for me. Now I count fish servings like some people count calories. Japanese cuisine, one of my favorites, has lost some of its glow, as well as its frequency in my dining-out plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of you have practical questions, as did I. How big a crimp does this have to put in my diet? How much is too much? How often is too often? Can I still enjoy that tuna sashimi and not worry about mercury overload?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because there wasn't time in the QUEST TV segment on mercury in the bay to include information on safe fish eating practices, below are the guidelines, along with web links, to help you get plenty of Omega 3s and still keep your mercury levels low.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's what California's \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/general/sfbaydelta.html\">Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment\u003c/a> says about eating fish from the San Francisco Bay and Delta Region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Women beyond childbearing age and men should eat no more than two meals per month of San Francisco Bay sport fish, including sturgeon and striped bass caught in the delta. (One meal for an adult is about eight ounces).\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Women beyond childbearing age and men should not eat any striped bass over 35 inches.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Women of childbearing age, pregnant, nursing mothers, and children should not eat more than one meal of Bay fish per month. In addition, they should not eat any striped bass over 27 inches or any shark.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>This advisory does not apply to salmon, anchovies, herring, and smelt caught in the bay; other sport fish caught in the delta or ocean; or commercial fish.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Richmond Harbor Channel area: In addition to the above advice, no one should eat any croakers, surfperches, bullheads, gobies or shellfish taken within the Richmond Harbor Channel area because of high levels of chemicals detected there.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Here’s a summary of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/fish/advice/factsheet.html\">joint fish advisory\u003c/a> published by the FDA and EPA for women who are pregnant, breastfeeding or may become pregnant and for children. This is a general advisory not exclusive to any water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>Do not eat Shark, Swordfish, King Mackerel, or Tilefish because they contain high levels of mercury.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average meals) a week of a variety of fish and shellfish that are lower in mercury. Five of the most commonly eaten fish that are low in mercury are shrimp, canned light tuna, salmon, pollock, and catfish.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Another commonly eaten fish, albacore (\"white\") tuna has more mercury than canned light tuna. So, when choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, eat only up to 6 ounces (one average meal) of albacore tuna per week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. If no advice is available, eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal) per week of fish you catch from local waters, but don't consume any other fish during that week.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Follow these same recommendations when feeding fish and shellfish to your young child, but serve smaller portions.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Also, check for local advisories for each water body in \u003ca href=\"http://oehha.ca.gov/fish/so_cal/index.html\">California\u003c/a> that has fish consumption guidelines. They vary by water body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And lastly, here’s some practical advice from Dr. Jane Hightower, the medical doctor who we feature in the mercury story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cul class=\"links\">\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“If you’re genetically susceptible, it’s really important to know that if you are an autoimmune-prone patient, Lupus, MS, thyroiditis, these kinds of things, then you should not consume mercury on a regular basis or at all. … And then the cardiac patients. You know, mercury can cause a reaction in vessels that leads to inflammation. So you want to have your Omega 3 fatty acids, which is anti-inflammatory. And not have mercury which is pro-inflammatory…. If you want to avoid significant mercury and you just don’t know what the mercury content is in the fish, a rule of thumb is to eat the small fish. Not a piece of the fish. If it comes in a steak, you want to know how big the fish was that the steak came from. You want the whole fish to fit on your plate. Don’t buy a bigger plate. Get a smaller fish. With the exception of salmon. Salmon can have elevated mercury, but very rarely.”\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Good luck, good health, and and watch out for bones!\u003c/p>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/3375/producers-notes-mercury-in-san-francisco-bay","authors":["10208"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_12","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_124","quest_1233","quest_1791","quest_1834","quest_2248","quest_2257","quest_13365","quest_2893","quest_2961","quest_2964"],"label":"quest"},"quest_545":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_545","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"545","score":null,"sort":[1208572146000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-mercury-in-the-bay-part-1","title":"Reporter's Notes: Mercury in the Bay - Part 1","publishDate":1208572146,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.00044b293daecd98c558a&ll=37.81231,-121.825085&spn=2.790732,2.303504&output=embed&s=AARTsJonswT_dixdG-uyHWcwFj6LcxGLoA\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.00044b293daecd98c558a&ll=37.81231,-121.825085&spn=2.790732,2.303504&source=embed\">View Larger Map\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In honor of Earth Day, we wanted to take a big look at a chronic environmental issue in the Bay Area, tracing it from its origins to the contemporary strategies to solve it. Mercury was the obvious choice: It's been flowing into the Bay since before California joined the union, and it continues to trickle in from not just the old culprits, like gold and mercury mines, but a modern crop of industries, like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/451\" target=\"_blank\">refineries \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/817\" target=\"_blank\">cement kilns\u003c/a>. Even little things – like a broken mercury thermometer dumped into the sink – are part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key fact here is how incredibly potent mercury can be: Just one little globule from an old thermometer can poison all the fish in a 45-acre lake, making them unsafe for humans to eat. Mercury pollution is hardly unique to the Bay Area; what makes us interesting is that local officials are making real strides in trying to clean it up. Over the next 17 years or so, we'll spend \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/water_issues/programs/tmdls/sfbaymercury/sr080906.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">$2.6 billion dollars on the project\u003c/a>. Even then, we won’t have a clean bay for 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a lot of people, mercury pollution in the Bay is largely theoretical, since few stores sell fish caught in the Bay, and relatively few residents fish for their food. But some still do – including many recent immigrants from \u003ca href=\"http://www.apen4ej.org/organize_lop.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fishing-intensive cultures like Laos\u003c/a>. We’ll look at how mercury affects the health of local fishermen next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This piece marks our first-ever audio slide show, and what a difference it makes! We also hope you'll check out the mercury map above, where you can see how many pounds of mercury come from each of the Bay Area’s five refineries, plus other mercury sources and the bay's popular fishing spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/855\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/855\">Watch the audio slide show of \"Mercury in the Bay\"\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n37.179 -121.819\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1371080522,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://maps.google.com/maps/ms"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":349},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Mercury in the Bay - Part 1 | KQED","description":"View Larger Map In honor of Earth Day, we wanted to take a big look at a chronic environmental issue in the Bay Area, tracing it from its origins to the contemporary strategies to solve it. Mercury was the obvious choice: It's been flowing into the Bay since before California joined the union, and it","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Mercury in the Bay - Part 1","datePublished":"2008-04-19T02:29:06.000Z","dateModified":"2013-06-12T23:42:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"545 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2008/04/18/reporters-notes-mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/04/18/reporters-notes-mercury-in-the-bay-part-1/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Mercury in the Bay - Part 1","path":"/quest/545/reporters-notes-mercury-in-the-bay-part-1","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.00044b293daecd98c558a&ll=37.81231,-121.825085&spn=2.790732,2.303504&output=embed&s=AARTsJonswT_dixdG-uyHWcwFj6LcxGLoA\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"500\" height=\"350\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111988844864630674189.00044b293daecd98c558a&ll=37.81231,-121.825085&spn=2.790732,2.303504&source=embed\">View Larger Map\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In honor of Earth Day, we wanted to take a big look at a chronic environmental issue in the Bay Area, tracing it from its origins to the contemporary strategies to solve it. Mercury was the obvious choice: It's been flowing into the Bay since before California joined the union, and it continues to trickle in from not just the old culprits, like gold and mercury mines, but a modern crop of industries, like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/451\" target=\"_blank\">refineries \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/view/817\" target=\"_blank\">cement kilns\u003c/a>. Even little things – like a broken mercury thermometer dumped into the sink – are part of the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key fact here is how incredibly potent mercury can be: Just one little globule from an old thermometer can poison all the fish in a 45-acre lake, making them unsafe for humans to eat. Mercury pollution is hardly unique to the Bay Area; what makes us interesting is that local officials are making real strides in trying to clean it up. Over the next 17 years or so, we'll spend \u003ca href=\"http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/sanfranciscobay/water_issues/programs/tmdls/sfbaymercury/sr080906.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">$2.6 billion dollars on the project\u003c/a>. Even then, we won’t have a clean bay for 120 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a lot of people, mercury pollution in the Bay is largely theoretical, since few stores sell fish caught in the Bay, and relatively few residents fish for their food. But some still do – including many recent immigrants from \u003ca href=\"http://www.apen4ej.org/organize_lop.htm\" target=\"_blank\">fishing-intensive cultures like Laos\u003c/a>. We’ll look at how mercury affects the health of local fishermen next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This piece marks our first-ever audio slide show, and what a difference it makes! We also hope you'll check out the mercury map above, where you can see how many pounds of mercury come from each of the Bay Area’s five refineries, plus other mercury sources and the bay's popular fishing spots.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/855\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest/television/view/855\">Watch the audio slide show of \"Mercury in the Bay\"\u003c/a> online, as well as find additional links and resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/imp/icon_amys.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Amy Standen\u003c/strong> is a Reporter for QUEST and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/radio/\">Radio News\u003c/a> at KQED-FM.\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n37.179 -121.819\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/545/reporters-notes-mercury-in-the-bay-part-1","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_9","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_124","quest_252","quest_602","quest_1232","quest_1233","quest_3351","quest_1586","quest_1791","quest_1832","quest_1834","quest_2257","quest_2354","quest_13206","quest_13365","quest_3108","quest_3121"],"label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. 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