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A native of the Southwest and graduate of the University of Arizona, she traces her interest in the environment—and how humans interact with it—to her time living in Western Colorado, where she worked as News Director for KVNF Radio, and at High Country News magazine. In her non-working hours she enjoys getting outside, coaxing her vegetable garden along, and experimenting in the kitchen.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["coordinator","subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ariana Brocious | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/f9ff308f4dcc2ef1df5848ee85f8295a?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/abrocious"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_55618":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_55618","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"55618","score":null,"sort":[1376575206000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","title":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","publishDate":1376575206,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1398456875,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":1573},"headData":{"title":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire | KQED","description":"In the western U.S., trees are facing a triple threat of heat, drought and wildfire. Despite efforts to find more resilient tree species, some forests may not survive past mid-century.\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","datePublished":"2013-08-15T14:00:06.000Z","dateModified":"2014-04-25T20:14:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"55618 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=55618","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/15/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire/","disqusTitle":"Triple Threat: Trees At Risk From Drought, Heat, And Fire ","path":"/quest/55618/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","audioUrl":"https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qbl-int-usw2/QUEST+Nebraska/Radio/Stream/droughtheatfire8_12_1301.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Record-setting heat and dryness plagued many of the lower 48 states in 2012. While 2013 hasn’t been as extreme, half of the country continues to suffer from dry to exceptional drought, according to the \u003ca href=\"http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/\">U.S. drought monitor\u003c/a>. It’s a trend that’s likely to continue as the global climate changes, and it could have big impacts on trees across the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58916\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/TreeDrought-007-edit-1500px-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An Austrian pine tree suffering from diplodia blight, exacerbated by drought. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Near his office in Lincoln\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> Nebraska, Mark Harrell examines a brown-looking Eastern White Pine. He’s the Forest Health Program Leader for the Nebraska Forest Service. He points to dried resin on the bark. “That’s kind of a typical symptom of fungus disease affecting the branches,” he says. “And those are very common on trees stressed from drought.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrell says that because of disease—likely brought on by drought—the tree may not survive the summer. And it isn’t the only one. Foresters across the state say they’re losing trees not only to drought-induced disease and dehydration but also to heat that exacerbates the situation and increases the severity of wildfires. Drier, warmer weather has also given insects like bark beetles more time to populate and spread into climate-stressed trees where they destroy nutrient-bearing tissues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fatal Thirst\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees nourish themselves by pulling water up from the ground to the leaves. There it reacts with sunlight and carbon dioxide, converting that energy into food in the form of carbohydrates. But drought hampers that critical process, according to U.S. Geological Survey research ecologist Craig Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When there starts to be limited water available in the soil, it gets more difficult. It takes more tension to pull water out of the soil and get it into the tree and get it all the way up to where the leaves are in the canopy,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\"> But if the drought lasts for weeks, months, or even years, the trees can actually starve to death.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In fact, that tension can get so strong that the tissues in the tree—think of them as little straws—get air bubbles, or embolisms, which prevent water from moving up the trunk. Trees have many ways of dealing with periods of drought and other stress, which is one reason they can live so long, says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By avoiding dehydrating to death, they can end up starving, essentially,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allen, who is based near Santa Fe, New Mexico, says the Southwest has been in a prolonged drought since about 2000. And warmer temperatures in the last 20 years have exacerbated the situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58982\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58982\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Slide2-404x253.jpg\" alt=\"In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"404\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In summer 2002, pinyon pine trees in the Jemez Mountains near Santa Fe, N.M. began dying en masse from drought stress and associated bark beetle outbreak. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The world is getting warmer, has been getting warmer in recent decades. And it appears there’s a signal that this is amplifying the drought stress on trees in many parts of the world. We’re starting to see more tree mortality in these areas,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher temperatures—partly the result of more carbon dioxide in the air—means the atmosphere needs more water. Think of the warmer atmosphere as a sponge, increasing evaporation and pulling \u003cstrong>more\u003c/strong> water from leaves and the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Allen, adding hotter temperatures to ongoing drought is often a fatal combination for trees. Many species around the world already toe the line of high temperatures they can withstand to maximize their ability to survive. And in many places, trees have already used up deeper reserves of subsoil moisture stored from previous wet periods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda, a climatologist with the National Drought Mitigation Center, says those places now need serious moisture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When you get into the second or third year of drought, the cumulative impacts begin to ramp up, like we’re seeing particularly in Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas. New Mexico has been very, very hard hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You need well above sustained rains, not just a good month or a good week,” says Svoboda.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More Intense Wildfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Drier winters have also led to longer, more intense wildfires sweeping through western forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Cumulatively, we’re seeing this much longer fire season in just a few decades, and the severity of fire seems to be related to\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58967\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58967\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/Pacheco-Plume3_18june-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Pacheco Fire, in June 2011, viewed from Santa Fe, N.M. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>temperature as well, so we’re seeing more high-severity fire,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These intensely hot fires can sometimes kill huge swaths of mature trees, rather than the spotty burn patterns of more normal wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Allen and other forest researchers now worry about losing that native seed stock, and the trees’ ability to repopulate the landscape by distributing their seeds as they have after previous die-offs. The sudden absence of these trees would likely impact the ecosystem, including plant and animal biodiversity, as shrubs and grasses take over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along with efforts like thinning forests to reduce competition for water, researchers are searching for new species that can withstand the changing conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Search for Tougher Trees\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Justin Evertson, Green Infrastructure Coordinator for the Nebraska Forest Service, says they think they need to look south for trees that can withstand warmer temperatures and drier conditions, though he admits it’s hard to know just how things will change in the future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58968\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_1-e1376411596757-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Inside one of the greenhouse at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Inside one of the greenhouses at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum in Lincoln, Neb. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Evertson works with Bob Henrickson at the \u003ca href=\"http://arboretum.unl.edu/\">Nebraska Statewide Arboretum\u003c/a> in Lincoln. Along with nearly 100 affiliate sites around the state, Henrickson routinely gathers seeds from a wide range of trees—particularly native varieties—and cultivates and distributes them to determine what trees do best in the region’s variable and changing climate. With more drought and heat projected for the future, moving away from cooler-weather species might be an option for maintaining a healthy tree population in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the arboretum’s test garden, Evertson walks over to a dwarf chinkapin oak grown from acorns collected nearly a decade ago. He says this oak occurs on tough, gravelly soils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a tree that has proven itself to be tough and adaptable across the region,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Evertson says orders for chinkapin oak and other hardy trees routinely come in from\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58970\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-58970\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/arborteum_3-e1376411762467-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dwarf Chinkapin Oak tree starts, at the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum greenhouse. (Photo by Ariana Brocious, NET News)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>numerous nearby states. The Nebraska Forest Service and Kansas Forest Service are starting a cooperative effort to collect and evaluate other tough trees that can handle changing climate conditions. Bob Henrickson says that’s exactly what he envisions for the arboretum’s future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of native trees and shrubs in Nebraska are native to other states but meet their natural range limit in our state,” he says. “So we feel we’re set up with some of the best seed sources in the country to distribute these plants throughout (the region) that can take these tough conditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Distributing seeds to other states might be necessary if we lose a lot of the current forests in the Southwest as a result of the combined threat of drought, heat, and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“It’s hard to imagine they’re going to survive beyond the middle of this century in the parts of the landscape where they are today,” says research ecologist Allen. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>After reviewing thousands of years of historic tree-ring data in the Southwest, Allen and other researchers found there have been two other periods of extended, “mega-drought” that caused trees to die out on a large scale and likely forced native people to leave the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The current drought we’re seeing is approaching the severity of those two most severe mega-droughts in the last 1,000 years, and it’s because it’s warmer,” says Allen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mark Svoboda agrees but says it’s still too early to know if we’re at the beginning of another mega-drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s just no way to tell until you look back on it. But it’s certainly been shown that it’s very, very possible,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, Allen says we should expect change. “We’re in a period where the new normal is just a transition period -- we can’t see to what yet. But it looks like, for this century at least, there will be this climate changing and so the systems are changing as they must.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That could mean cold-weather trees slowly repopulating in higher elevations, while lower areas shift to more scrub- and grass-based ecosystems. Only time—and the climate—will tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58793\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414687120.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-58793\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/05/CochitiCanyon2-18aug-e1376414677138-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The effects of the Las Conchas Fire in the Jemez Mountains in New Mexico in 2011. (Photo by Craig D. Allen, USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/55618/triple-threat-trees-at-risk-by-drought-heat-and-fire","authors":["10465"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_13195","quest_886","quest_1095","quest_1334","quest_12209","quest_2141","quest_2349","quest_3289","quest_2993"],"featImg":"quest_58793","label":"quest"},"quest_32774":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_32774","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"32774","score":null,"sort":[1331597006000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"magic-microwave","title":"Science in Your Life: The Magic Microwave ","publishDate":1331597006,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":3354,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lasagne-in-mic-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32842\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s lunchtime, time to get your Lean Cuisine queued up. You unwrap it, then zap it. When you take it out of the microwave, it’s boiling hot on the edges and freezing cold in the middle. You know what I’m talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you wonder: why doesn’t it heat my food like a regular oven?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a question beyond the interest of science. It carries important quality-of-life-and-lunch consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer it, let’s think about what it means to heat something. Heat is really just molecules moving around. When you get something hot, you get the molecules agitated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwaves and regular ovens have somewhat different ways of agitating food molecules (though the way they agitate cooks may be similar). A regular oven, once you’ve preheated it, is full of hot air. When you put your tasty treat inside, the heated air interacts with the cooler surface of your food and moves some of the molecules around. Over time, the molecules exposed to the surface transfer their heat energy to the molecules next to them through a process called conduction. Eventually, the heat gets conducted all the way to the center of your meal, but it takes a while, which is why you have to leave your tasty treat in the oven for what seems like forever when you’re hungry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32841\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/12/magic-microwave/bread-baking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/bread-baking-270x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bread baking in a conventional oven\" title=\"bread-baking\" width=\"270\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32841\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this conventional oven, the baking bread is surrounded by hot air, which lends it its crispy crust.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast, a microwave tickles your treat molecules with radio waves. There’s no hot air in the microwave, and it heats your food without heating anything else. If you think about it, this seems kind of weird and maybe a little magical. Here’s how it works: a hollow-barreled magnetic tube called a magnetron emits radio waves into the oven. These waves, with wavelengths of about 12 cm, bombard the water, fat, and sugar molecules in the food, and set them flip-flopping. A microwave oven can do this while using much less energy than the oven requires, and the radio waves quickly get the molecules in motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catch, which also explains the bubbling-and-freezing-at-the-same-time phenomenon, is that the microwaves only penetrate about an inch or inch and a half into your tasty treat. To get the heat deeper than that, you’re relying on conduction, just like in your conventional oven. Or, as all microwave chefs know, giving your treat a stir helps shift the unheated molecules to that all-important outer inch where the action happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32859\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/12/magic-microwave/magnetron2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32859\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Magnetron2-248x169.jpg\" alt=\"Magnetron\" title=\"Magnetron2\" width=\"248\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32859\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The inside of a magnetron from a microwave, minus its magnet.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The microwaves, which are part of the same electromagnetic spectrum as visible light and X-rays, are “tuned” to a frequency that works its magic on the relatively loosely ordered molecules in your food, but that doesn’t have much effect in more solid materials like ceramics and glass. But these waves don’t penetrate all parts of your tasty treat equally, either. Water molecules, for instance, are much more readily tossed about than fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can demo this yourself: take two small, identical dishes. Put water in one and the same amount of oil in another. Heat them together in the oven for about 30-45 seconds. Which is warmer when the bell rings? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwaves are also notorious for simply heating unevenly: you might find a pocket of much hotter lunch in your otherwise lukewarm dish. This is because, like any electromagnetic waves, microwaves bounce off of reflective surfaces (like those of the oven walls) and concentrate more in some areas than others. This is where the turntable comes in handy: it moves different parts of your food into and out of the hot spots, distributing the heating effect evenly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can show yourself a faint glow of this effect by using your microwave to light up an incandescent bulb. If you try your hand at this, do it carefully, and only for three seconds at a time. You’ll see the bulb light up more brightly as it moves through the hot spots, and fade a bit as it goes through the “cooler” areas. You’ll find instructions and some \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2008/06/_home_experiment_microwave_radiation.html\">explanation on the Oregonian website\u003c/a>. Or, for a little safer show, watch this video from the Discovery Channel:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"http://static.discoverymedia.com/videos/components/dsc/76e551ecf893c8de3c7381bd12911b785510be4e/snag-it-player.html?auto=no\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of other fun to be had with a microwave, and also quite a few clever and potentially hazardous experiments. For safety’s sake, I’m compelled to suggest you turn to YouTube rather than your own microwave for these. One of my favorites is this lovely \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mobileweb/2012/01/27/microwave-oven-explodes-f_n_1236574.html\">slow-motion film of foods\u003c/a> theatrically exploding in the microwave. You could try these at home, but be prepared for doing some cleanup. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Why doesn’t a microwave heat my food like a regular oven?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1332966045,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://static.discoverymedia.com/videos/components/dsc/76e551ecf893c8de3c7381bd12911b785510be4e/snag-it-player.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":820},"headData":{"title":"Science in Your Life: The Magic Microwave | KQED","description":"Why doesn’t a microwave heat my food like a regular oven?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science in Your Life: The Magic Microwave ","datePublished":"2012-03-13T00:03:26.000Z","dateModified":"2012-03-28T20:20:45.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"32774 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=32774","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/12/magic-microwave/","disqusTitle":"Science in Your Life: The Magic Microwave ","WpOldSlug":"science-in-your-life-the-magic-microwave-4","path":"/quest/32774/magic-microwave","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"lasagne-in-mic-640\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32842\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/lasagne-in-mic-640-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s lunchtime, time to get your Lean Cuisine queued up. You unwrap it, then zap it. When you take it out of the microwave, it’s boiling hot on the edges and freezing cold in the middle. You know what I’m talking about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And you wonder: why doesn’t it heat my food like a regular oven?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a question beyond the interest of science. It carries important quality-of-life-and-lunch consequences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer it, let’s think about what it means to heat something. Heat is really just molecules moving around. When you get something hot, you get the molecules agitated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwaves and regular ovens have somewhat different ways of agitating food molecules (though the way they agitate cooks may be similar). A regular oven, once you’ve preheated it, is full of hot air. When you put your tasty treat inside, the heated air interacts with the cooler surface of your food and moves some of the molecules around. Over time, the molecules exposed to the surface transfer their heat energy to the molecules next to them through a process called conduction. Eventually, the heat gets conducted all the way to the center of your meal, but it takes a while, which is why you have to leave your tasty treat in the oven for what seems like forever when you’re hungry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32841\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/12/magic-microwave/bread-baking/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32841\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/bread-baking-270x169.jpg\" alt=\"Bread baking in a conventional oven\" title=\"bread-baking\" width=\"270\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32841\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In this conventional oven, the baking bread is surrounded by hot air, which lends it its crispy crust.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In contrast, a microwave tickles your treat molecules with radio waves. There’s no hot air in the microwave, and it heats your food without heating anything else. If you think about it, this seems kind of weird and maybe a little magical. Here’s how it works: a hollow-barreled magnetic tube called a magnetron emits radio waves into the oven. These waves, with wavelengths of about 12 cm, bombard the water, fat, and sugar molecules in the food, and set them flip-flopping. A microwave oven can do this while using much less energy than the oven requires, and the radio waves quickly get the molecules in motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The catch, which also explains the bubbling-and-freezing-at-the-same-time phenomenon, is that the microwaves only penetrate about an inch or inch and a half into your tasty treat. To get the heat deeper than that, you’re relying on conduction, just like in your conventional oven. Or, as all microwave chefs know, giving your treat a stir helps shift the unheated molecules to that all-important outer inch where the action happens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_32859\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 248px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/12/magic-microwave/magnetron2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-32859\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/Magnetron2-248x169.jpg\" alt=\"Magnetron\" title=\"Magnetron2\" width=\"248\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-32859\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The inside of a magnetron from a microwave, minus its magnet.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The microwaves, which are part of the same electromagnetic spectrum as visible light and X-rays, are “tuned” to a frequency that works its magic on the relatively loosely ordered molecules in your food, but that doesn’t have much effect in more solid materials like ceramics and glass. But these waves don’t penetrate all parts of your tasty treat equally, either. Water molecules, for instance, are much more readily tossed about than fat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can demo this yourself: take two small, identical dishes. Put water in one and the same amount of oil in another. Heat them together in the oven for about 30-45 seconds. Which is warmer when the bell rings? \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microwaves are also notorious for simply heating unevenly: you might find a pocket of much hotter lunch in your otherwise lukewarm dish. This is because, like any electromagnetic waves, microwaves bounce off of reflective surfaces (like those of the oven walls) and concentrate more in some areas than others. This is where the turntable comes in handy: it moves different parts of your food into and out of the hot spots, distributing the heating effect evenly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can show yourself a faint glow of this effect by using your microwave to light up an incandescent bulb. If you try your hand at this, do it carefully, and only for three seconds at a time. You’ll see the bulb light up more brightly as it moves through the hot spots, and fade a bit as it goes through the “cooler” areas. You’ll find instructions and some \u003ca href=\"http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2008/06/_home_experiment_microwave_radiation.html\">explanation on the Oregonian website\u003c/a>. Or, for a little safer show, watch this video from the Discovery Channel:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"http://static.discoverymedia.com/videos/components/dsc/76e551ecf893c8de3c7381bd12911b785510be4e/snag-it-player.html?auto=no\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s plenty of other fun to be had with a microwave, and also quite a few clever and potentially hazardous experiments. For safety’s sake, I’m compelled to suggest you turn to YouTube rather than your own microwave for these. One of my favorites is this lovely \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mobileweb/2012/01/27/microwave-oven-explodes-f_n_1236574.html\">slow-motion film of foods\u003c/a> theatrically exploding in the microwave. You could try these at home, but be prepared for doing some cleanup. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/32774/magic-microwave","authors":["10191"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_10786","quest_1122","quest_1334","quest_10784","quest_10785","quest_13202"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_32841","label":"quest_3354"},"quest_17567":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_17567","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"17567","score":null,"sort":[1306373520000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quest-lab-properties-of-plastic","title":"QUEST Lab: Properties of Plastic","publishDate":1306373520,"format":"video","headTitle":"QUEST Lab | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13256,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Exploratorium Staff Scientist Julie Yu changes and manipulates the physical and chemical properties of plastic bottles by exposing them to heat. This is how plastic bags and bottles can be recycled and used over and over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/24/producers-notes-quest-lab-properties-of-plastic/\" target=\"_blank\">plastic, physics and this video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Exploratorium Staff Scientist Julie Yu changes and manipulates the physical and chemical properties of plastic bottles by exposing them to heat. This is how plastic bags and bottles can be recycled and used over and over again.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1479158238,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":4,"wordCount":52},"headData":{"title":"QUEST Lab: Properties of Plastic | KQED","description":"Exploratorium Staff Scientist Julie Yu changes and manipulates the physical and chemical properties of plastic bottles by exposing them to heat. This is how plastic bags and bottles can be recycled and used over and over again.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"QUEST Lab: Properties of Plastic","datePublished":"2011-05-26T01:32:00.000Z","dateModified":"2016-11-14T21:17:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"17567 http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/quest-lab-properties-of-plastic/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/25/quest-lab-properties-of-plastic/","disqusTitle":"QUEST Lab: Properties of Plastic","videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/eXge8pZ-mDU","path":"/quest/17567/quest-lab-properties-of-plastic","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Exploratorium Staff Scientist Julie Yu changes and manipulates the physical and chemical properties of plastic bottles by exposing them to heat. This is how plastic bags and bottles can be recycled and used over and over again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Learn more about \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/05/24/producers-notes-quest-lab-properties-of-plastic/\" target=\"_blank\">plastic, physics and this video\u003c/a> with the Producer's Notes.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/17567/quest-lab-properties-of-plastic","authors":["10169"],"series":["quest_13256"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_1041","quest_1334","quest_3351","quest_2141","quest_2222","quest_10526","quest_10982","quest_2349","quest_13","quest_2893","quest_3311"],"label":"quest_13256"},"quest_8685":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_8685","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"8685","score":null,"sort":[1285608410000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"is-this-heat-wave-evidence-of-global-warming","title":"Is This Heat Wave Evidence of Global Warming?","publishDate":1285608410,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/crissyfield2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Beachgoers enjoying the hot weather at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/our-work/crissy/\">Crissy Field\u003c/a> on Sunday. Photo: Marin Favier.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another heat wave is upon us. It seems like there have been a lot of heat waves this summer. We in the Bay Area were sweating for a few days back in August; New York City had the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/nyregion/01summer.html\">hottest summer on record\u003c/a>; Russia suffered through horrible \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/06/has-a-warming-russia-outpaced-the-world/\">heat and fires\u003c/a>. Are all these heat waves the result of global warming?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several climate studies have found that heat waves are likely to become more frequent—and hotter—as the earth warms up. In \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/july/extreme-heat-study-070810.html\">this recent paper\u003c/a> out of Stanford, two researchers ran several different climate models to see how a 1 degree Celsius increase in average global temperature would affect heat waves over the next 30 years. They found that even with this relatively optimistic increase in average temperature, heat waves are predicted to happen more frequently—especially here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, we cannot say that this week’s hot weather a result of global warming. Any single extreme event—a heat wave or a hurricane—cannot be attributed to climate change. One event is just one data point. To know whether there is a trend, we have to look at a whole cloud of data: heat wave incidence across several years. But, 2010 is shaping up to be a really hot year. So far, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/08/13/heat-records-set-in-17-countries-so-far/\">heat records have been set in 17 countries\u003c/a> since the start of 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat waves have some serious consequences. Heat stresses and kills organisms—its effects in the marine intertidal have been particularly well documented, affecting seaweed, mussels, barnacles, and more. Heat can make \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/us-heat-wave-causing-tress-change-colors.php\">trees drop their leaves\u003c/a>, and can damage and kill crops, creating economic havoc. And people, particularly the elderly, can perish, as a result of dehydration and hypothermia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As heat waves become more and more frequent, will people see them as \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2010/0707/Global-heat-wave-hits-US-reignites-climate-change-debate\">evidence\u003c/a> that global warming is happening? Or will people just \u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/09/hot-weather-in-a-warming-climate/\">get accustomed\u003c/a> to the hot weather?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Another heat wave is upon us. It seems like there have been a lot of heat waves this summer. We in the Bay Area were sweating for a few days back in August; New York City had the hottest summer on record; Russia suffered through horrible heat and fires. Are all these heat waves the result of global warming?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1285608410,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":339},"headData":{"title":"Is This Heat Wave Evidence of Global Warming? | KQED","description":"Another heat wave is upon us. It seems like there have been a lot of heat waves this summer. We in the Bay Area were sweating for a few days back in August; New York City had the hottest summer on record; Russia suffered through horrible heat and fires. Are all these heat waves the result of global warming?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Is This Heat Wave Evidence of Global Warming?","datePublished":"2010-09-27T17:26:50.000Z","dateModified":"2010-09-27T17:26:50.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"8685 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=8685","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/09/27/is-this-heat-wave-evidence-of-global-warming/","disqusTitle":"Is This Heat Wave Evidence of Global Warming?","path":"/quest/8685/is-this-heat-wave-evidence-of-global-warming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/09/crissyfield2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Beachgoers enjoying the hot weather at \u003ca href=\"http://www.parksconservancy.org/our-work/crissy/\">Crissy Field\u003c/a> on Sunday. Photo: Marin Favier.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another heat wave is upon us. It seems like there have been a lot of heat waves this summer. We in the Bay Area were sweating for a few days back in August; New York City had the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/01/nyregion/01summer.html\">hottest summer on record\u003c/a>; Russia suffered through horrible \u003ca href=\"http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/06/has-a-warming-russia-outpaced-the-world/\">heat and fires\u003c/a>. Are all these heat waves the result of global warming?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several climate studies have found that heat waves are likely to become more frequent—and hotter—as the earth warms up. In \u003ca href=\"http://news.stanford.edu/news/2010/july/extreme-heat-study-070810.html\">this recent paper\u003c/a> out of Stanford, two researchers ran several different climate models to see how a 1 degree Celsius increase in average global temperature would affect heat waves over the next 30 years. They found that even with this relatively optimistic increase in average temperature, heat waves are predicted to happen more frequently—especially here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, we cannot say that this week’s hot weather a result of global warming. Any single extreme event—a heat wave or a hurricane—cannot be attributed to climate change. One event is just one data point. To know whether there is a trend, we have to look at a whole cloud of data: heat wave incidence across several years. But, 2010 is shaping up to be a really hot year. So far, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2010/08/13/heat-records-set-in-17-countries-so-far/\">heat records have been set in 17 countries\u003c/a> since the start of 2010.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Heat waves have some serious consequences. Heat stresses and kills organisms—its effects in the marine intertidal have been particularly well documented, affecting seaweed, mussels, barnacles, and more. Heat can make \u003ca href=\"http://www.treehugger.com/files/2010/08/us-heat-wave-causing-tress-change-colors.php\">trees drop their leaves\u003c/a>, and can damage and kill crops, creating economic havoc. And people, particularly the elderly, can perish, as a result of dehydration and hypothermia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As heat waves become more and more frequent, will people see them as \u003ca href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2010/0707/Global-heat-wave-hits-US-reignites-climate-change-debate\">evidence\u003c/a> that global warming is happening? Or will people just \u003ca href=\"http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/09/hot-weather-in-a-warming-climate/\">get accustomed\u003c/a> to the hot weather?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.879329 -122.2463347\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/8685/is-this-heat-wave-evidence-of-global-warming","authors":["10200"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_13195","quest_621","quest_1334","quest_1336"],"label":"quest"},"quest_6122":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_6122","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"6122","score":null,"sort":[1276275620000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-realistic-look-at-geothermal-heat-pumps","title":"A Realistic Look at Geothermal Heat Pumps","publishDate":1276275620,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/bucket.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Here's some of the equipment you can us to create your own geothermal heat pump. And you'll need a shovel.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energysavingscience.com/\">Henry Gifford\u003c/a> is a man who designs mechanical systems for very energy efficient, comfortable, and affordable apartment buildings in New York City, along with his partner, architect \u003ca href=\"http://businessinnovationfactory.com/iss/innovators/chris-benedict\">Chris Benedict\u003c/a>. In a recent article in \u003ca href=\"http://www.finehomebuilding.com/departments/taking-issue/heat-pump-schmeat-pump.aspx\">Fine Homebuilding\u003c/a>, Henry explained how geothermal heat pumps work in a way that I will always remember. I paraphrase:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dig a hole in the ground. Put some buckets of water in the hole. If you are deep enough below ground, the temperature of the water in the buckets, after a while, will be about 55\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F. Take the bucket into your house and put it in your refrigerator. The fridge will cool the water down to say 50\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F, and the heat produced in the coils behind the refrigerator will add some heat to your house. Voila! You’ve created a geothermal heat pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notice that the heat produced is not free. It takes electricity to run the refrigerator. And if you don’t want to spend your days hauling water in buckets from the hole in the ground to your refrigerator, you’ll want to install a water pump, which uses more electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very best residential geothermal heat pump system, according to Henry, has a coefficient of performance (COP) of about 3. This means that for every 2 watts of energy the system pulls from the ground, you have to provide only 1 watt of electricity. You get 3 watts out for 1 watt in. But a typical system has a COP of about 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that electricity is produced at power plants that use fossil fuels, and depending on the mix of fuels your utility uses to produce electricity, you will probably burn more fossil fuels using a geothermal heat pump with a COP of 2 than you would using an efficient gas- or oil-fired furnace. And geothermal heat pumps are much more expensive to install than traditional furnaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\">Home Energy Magazine\u003c/a>, where I work, we always tell people that if you have your house air sealed, insulated, and provided with the right amount of ventilation to keep you healthy, you can do just fine with a medium-efficiency furnace and burn much less fuel than you would with a high-end system—ike a high efficiency gas furnace—and a leaky house. For most of us, that’s the best choice of all, for heating and for cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"zemanta-pixie\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;height: 15px\">\u003ca class=\"zemanta-pixie-a\" title=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\" href=\"http://www.zemanta.com/\">\u003cimg class=\"zemanta-pixie-img\" style=\"border: none;float: right\" src=\"http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=ba0f0e39-dc83-482d-86b4-8caeaac7f4a7\" alt=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\">\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"zem-script more-related pretty-attribution\">\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You can do just fine with a medium-efficiency furnace and burn much less fuel than you would with a high-end system—like a geothermal system—and a leaky house.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1276275620,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":430},"headData":{"title":"A Realistic Look at Geothermal Heat Pumps | KQED","description":"You can do just fine with a medium-efficiency furnace and burn much less fuel than you would with a high-end system—like a geothermal system—and a leaky house.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Realistic Look at Geothermal Heat Pumps","datePublished":"2010-06-11T17:00:20.000Z","dateModified":"2010-06-11T17:00:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6122 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2010/06/11/a-realistic-look-at-geothermal-heat-pumps/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/06/11/a-realistic-look-at-geothermal-heat-pumps/","disqusTitle":"A Realistic Look at Geothermal Heat Pumps","WpOldSlug":"when-the-sun-don%e2%80%99t-shine-and-the-wind-don%e2%80%99t-blow","path":"/quest/6122/a-realistic-look-at-geothermal-heat-pumps","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2010/06/bucket.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Here's some of the equipment you can us to create your own geothermal heat pump. And you'll need a shovel.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.energysavingscience.com/\">Henry Gifford\u003c/a> is a man who designs mechanical systems for very energy efficient, comfortable, and affordable apartment buildings in New York City, along with his partner, architect \u003ca href=\"http://businessinnovationfactory.com/iss/innovators/chris-benedict\">Chris Benedict\u003c/a>. In a recent article in \u003ca href=\"http://www.finehomebuilding.com/departments/taking-issue/heat-pump-schmeat-pump.aspx\">Fine Homebuilding\u003c/a>, Henry explained how geothermal heat pumps work in a way that I will always remember. I paraphrase:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dig a hole in the ground. Put some buckets of water in the hole. If you are deep enough below ground, the temperature of the water in the buckets, after a while, will be about 55\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F. Take the bucket into your house and put it in your refrigerator. The fridge will cool the water down to say 50\u003csup>0\u003c/sup>F, and the heat produced in the coils behind the refrigerator will add some heat to your house. Voila! You’ve created a geothermal heat pump.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Notice that the heat produced is not free. It takes electricity to run the refrigerator. And if you don’t want to spend your days hauling water in buckets from the hole in the ground to your refrigerator, you’ll want to install a water pump, which uses more electricity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The very best residential geothermal heat pump system, according to Henry, has a coefficient of performance (COP) of about 3. This means that for every 2 watts of energy the system pulls from the ground, you have to provide only 1 watt of electricity. You get 3 watts out for 1 watt in. But a typical system has a COP of about 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that electricity is produced at power plants that use fossil fuels, and depending on the mix of fuels your utility uses to produce electricity, you will probably burn more fossil fuels using a geothermal heat pump with a COP of 2 than you would using an efficient gas- or oil-fired furnace. And geothermal heat pumps are much more expensive to install than traditional furnaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At \u003ca href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\">Home Energy Magazine\u003c/a>, where I work, we always tell people that if you have your house air sealed, insulated, and provided with the right amount of ventilation to keep you healthy, you can do just fine with a medium-efficiency furnace and burn much less fuel than you would with a high-end system—ike a high efficiency gas furnace—and a leaky house. For most of us, that’s the best choice of all, for heating and for cooling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"zemanta-pixie\" style=\"margin-top: 10px;height: 15px\">\u003ca class=\"zemanta-pixie-a\" title=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\" href=\"http://www.zemanta.com/\">\u003cimg class=\"zemanta-pixie-img\" style=\"border: none;float: right\" src=\"http://img.zemanta.com/zemified_e.png?x-id=ba0f0e39-dc83-482d-86b4-8caeaac7f4a7\" alt=\"Enhanced by Zemanta\">\u003c/a>\u003cspan class=\"zem-script more-related pretty-attribution\">\u003c/span>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/6122/a-realistic-look-at-geothermal-heat-pumps","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_954","quest_984","quest_1206","quest_1334","quest_1382","quest_2272","quest_2336"],"label":"quest"},"quest_865":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_865","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"865","score":null,"sort":[1223077363000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"top-energy-and-money-saving-thermostat-tactics","title":"Top Energy (and Money) Saving Thermostat Tactics","publishDate":1223077363,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/01-ccht-twin-houses-winter-2006-dscn0288.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The CCHT twin house facility in Ottawa, Canada\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two weeks ago in this blog I tried to answer the question, Do compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) save energy overall? Even though CFLs contribute a lot less heat to a house in the winter, compared to incandescents, CFLs still save energy overall, even in places like Anchorage, Alaska. Thanks to the folks at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccht-cctr.gc.ca/main_e.html\">Canada Centre for Housing Technology\u003c/a> (CCHT) who did the research to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and others recommend that we set our thermostats at 68°F in the winter and 78°F in the summer. Some people are comfortable at home with these temperatures and some or not. So how can we save energy and still be comfortable?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides recommending that people replace their incandescent bulbs with CFLs, we at Home Energy also encourage people to turn their thermostats down when they are away from home during the winter, and to set them up when they are away from home in the summer. Both actions are supposed to save energy. But do they? It's not really that clear. For example, if you set your thermostat at 60°F before you leave for work in the morning, and then set it at 68°F in the afternoon when you get back, does your furnace use more energy raising the temperature of your house from 60°F to 68°F, than it saves by having the temperature at 60°F all day?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once again the Canadians have come up with an answer. Marianne Armstrong and her colleagues at CCHT used the twin house research facility to show that thermostat set backs in the winter and thermostat set forwards in the summer really do save energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/ccht-twin-harry-turner1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>In the research house where they set the thermostat back to 64°F at night and during work hours, from 72°F, it saved more than 10% on heating costs compared to the house that was set at 77°F all day and night. A 61°F setback saved more than 13%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer, a set forward to 77°F at night and during work hours from 72°F saved 11% on cooling costs. Now for the big winner: Setting the thermostat up to 75°F all day and all night saved 23% of cooling costs compared to the house set at 72°F. That's a savings of about 8% for every degree adjustment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you lower your thermostat a few degrees when you are away from home this winter, or when you are asleep, you'll save energy and money. If you set your thermostat up a few degrees when you are away from home or asleep this Indian Summer, you'll save energy and money. And you won't be uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and others recommend that we set our thermostats at 68°F in the winter and F in the summer. Some people are comfortable at home with these temperatures and some or not. So how can we save energy and still be comfortable?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442784723,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":10,"wordCount":485},"headData":{"title":"Top Energy (and Money) Saving Thermostat Tactics | KQED","description":"The Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and others recommend that we set our thermostats at 68°F in the winter and F in the summer. Some people are comfortable at home with these temperatures and some or not. So how can we save energy and still be comfortable?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Top Energy (and Money) Saving Thermostat Tactics","datePublished":"2008-10-03T23:42:43.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-20T21:32:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"865 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=865","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/10/03/top-energy-and-money-saving-thermostat-tactics/","disqusTitle":"Top Energy (and Money) Saving Thermostat Tactics","source":"Energy","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/energy/","path":"/quest/865/top-energy-and-money-saving-thermostat-tactics","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/01-ccht-twin-houses-winter-2006-dscn0288.jpg\">\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>The CCHT twin house facility in Ottawa, Canada\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two weeks ago in this blog I tried to answer the question, Do compact fluorescent lights (CFLs) save energy overall? Even though CFLs contribute a lot less heat to a house in the winter, compared to incandescents, CFLs still save energy overall, even in places like Anchorage, Alaska. Thanks to the folks at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ccht-cctr.gc.ca/main_e.html\">Canada Centre for Housing Technology\u003c/a> (CCHT) who did the research to answer that question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, and others recommend that we set our thermostats at 68°F in the winter and 78°F in the summer. Some people are comfortable at home with these temperatures and some or not. So how can we save energy and still be comfortable?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Besides recommending that people replace their incandescent bulbs with CFLs, we at Home Energy also encourage people to turn their thermostats down when they are away from home during the winter, and to set them up when they are away from home in the summer. Both actions are supposed to save energy. But do they? It's not really that clear. For example, if you set your thermostat at 60°F before you leave for work in the morning, and then set it at 68°F in the afternoon when you get back, does your furnace use more energy raising the temperature of your house from 60°F to 68°F, than it saves by having the temperature at 60°F all day?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once again the Canadians have come up with an answer. Marianne Armstrong and her colleagues at CCHT used the twin house research facility to show that thermostat set backs in the winter and thermostat set forwards in the summer really do save energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/10/ccht-twin-harry-turner1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/span>In the research house where they set the thermostat back to 64°F at night and during work hours, from 72°F, it saved more than 10% on heating costs compared to the house that was set at 77°F all day and night. A 61°F setback saved more than 13%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the summer, a set forward to 77°F at night and during work hours from 72°F saved 11% on cooling costs. Now for the big winner: Setting the thermostat up to 75°F all day and all night saved 23% of cooling costs compared to the house set at 72°F. That's a savings of about 8% for every degree adjustment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you lower your thermostat a few degrees when you are away from home this winter, or when you are asleep, you'll save energy and money. If you set your thermostat up a few degrees when you are away from home or asleep this Indian Summer, you'll save energy and money. And you won't be uncomfortable.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/865/top-energy-and-money-saving-thermostat-tactics","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_539","quest_684","quest_984","quest_1334","quest_1337","quest_1381","quest_3351","quest_2349","quest_13365","quest_2927"],"featImg":"quest_867","label":"source_quest_865"},"quest_810":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_810","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"810","score":null,"sort":[1220660690000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented","title":"Reporter's Notes: Air Conditioning Reinvented","publishDate":1220660690,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/air-conditioning-reinvented\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/radio2-46_air_conditioning3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A confession: When I first got the assignment to do a story about air conditioner efficiency, I didn't exactly leap from my seat in excitement. (Which is why extra kudos go to those who've made it as far as this web page!) But, really, I should have known better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AC seems mundane because it's ubiquitous – but because it's ubiquitous, its impact is astonishing. If you took air conditioning out of the picture, there might not be such thing as the California energy crisis. We could put dozens of power plants offline. In terms of global warming, it would be like taking hundreds of thousands of cars off the road, permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why air conditioning and not, say clothes dryers or refrigerators? Well, partly because AC sucks lots of power (especially central AC systems though, bought new, even those may be more efficient than your old window unit), partly because of the way we use them: all at once. When heat waves hit, Californians turn on their ACs practically in unison, hitting up a beleaguered electricity grid that fires up every creaky last turbine to handle the load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, it comes as no surprise that a number of Californians are putting serious energy into making air conditioning work better. At the top of that list is \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a> Commissioner Art Rosenfeld, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/Lab-Rosenfeld-wins-Fermi.html\" target=\"_blank\">the efficiency guru\u003c/a> who, perhaps more than any other person, can be credited for California's remarkable efficiency gains over the last 30 years. We also hear from AC inventor and \u003ca href=\"http://www.proctoreng.com/\" target=\"_blank\">entrepreneur John Proctor\u003c/a>. And thanks also go to Jeff Scalier, of Antioch-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.bluestarHVAC.com\" target=\"_blank\">Blue Star Heating and Air Conditioning\u003c/a>, who introduced me to his very satisfied customer, Al Mason, and whose mother I hope enjoys the CD we send her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to retrofit your central AC system to tailor it to California climate (and make it 20 percent more efficient) a number of Bay Area installers are ready to do it. Here are some of them, courtesy of Proctor Engineering:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Vtech HVAC Services, Antioch, 925-752-6075\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Bland A/C & Heating, Inc., Bakersfield, 661-836-3880\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Herrera Heating & Air Conditioning, Bakersfield, 510-750-6972\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Action Air Conditioning, Clovis, Fresno, 559-292-8640\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- California Indoor Comfort, Fresno Area, 559-276-7457\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Certified Heating and Air Conditioning, Fresno County, 559-273-8048\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- ReNu, Marin County, 415-462-0245\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Queirolo's Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc., San Joaquin County, 209-464-9658\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Leo's Heating & Air Conditioning, San Joaquin Valley, 209-271-7873\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Air Solutions Heating & Air, Stanislaus County, 209-380-3032\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Air Flo Pro, Stockton, 209-915-4730\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- University Refrigeration, Stockton, 209-609-8400\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- CPR Sheet Metal, Inc., Vacaville, 707-628-7495\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Right Now Air, Vacaville, 707-447-3063\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/05/reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/air-conditioning-reinvented\">Air Conditioning Reinvented\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.973 -122.517\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A confession: When I first got the assignment to do a story about air conditioner efficiency, I didn't exactly leap from my seat in excitement. (Which is why extra kudos go to those who've made it as far as this web page!) But, really, I should have known better.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830067,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":474},"headData":{"title":"Reporter's Notes: Air Conditioning Reinvented | KQED","description":"A confession: When I first got the assignment to do a story about air conditioner efficiency, I didn't exactly leap from my seat in excitement. (Which is why extra kudos go to those who've made it as far as this web page!) But, really, I should have known better.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Reporter's Notes: Air Conditioning Reinvented","datePublished":"2008-09-06T00:24:50.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T23:54:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"810 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=810","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/05/reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented/","disqusTitle":"Reporter's Notes: Air Conditioning Reinvented","path":"/quest/810/reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/air-conditioning-reinvented\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2008/09/radio2-46_air_conditioning3001.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A confession: When I first got the assignment to do a story about air conditioner efficiency, I didn't exactly leap from my seat in excitement. (Which is why extra kudos go to those who've made it as far as this web page!) But, really, I should have known better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AC seems mundane because it's ubiquitous – but because it's ubiquitous, its impact is astonishing. If you took air conditioning out of the picture, there might not be such thing as the California energy crisis. We could put dozens of power plants offline. In terms of global warming, it would be like taking hundreds of thousands of cars off the road, permanently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why air conditioning and not, say clothes dryers or refrigerators? Well, partly because AC sucks lots of power (especially central AC systems though, bought new, even those may be more efficient than your old window unit), partly because of the way we use them: all at once. When heat waves hit, Californians turn on their ACs practically in unison, hitting up a beleaguered electricity grid that fires up every creaky last turbine to handle the load.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, it comes as no surprise that a number of Californians are putting serious energy into making air conditioning work better. At the top of that list is \u003ca href=\"http://www.energy.ca.gov\" target=\"_blank\">California Energy Commission\u003c/a> Commissioner Art Rosenfeld, \u003ca href=\"http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/Lab-Rosenfeld-wins-Fermi.html\" target=\"_blank\">the efficiency guru\u003c/a> who, perhaps more than any other person, can be credited for California's remarkable efficiency gains over the last 30 years. We also hear from AC inventor and \u003ca href=\"http://www.proctoreng.com/\" target=\"_blank\">entrepreneur John Proctor\u003c/a>. And thanks also go to Jeff Scalier, of Antioch-based \u003ca href=\"http://www.bluestarHVAC.com\" target=\"_blank\">Blue Star Heating and Air Conditioning\u003c/a>, who introduced me to his very satisfied customer, Al Mason, and whose mother I hope enjoys the CD we send her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you want to retrofit your central AC system to tailor it to California climate (and make it 20 percent more efficient) a number of Bay Area installers are ready to do it. Here are some of them, courtesy of Proctor Engineering:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Vtech HVAC Services, Antioch, 925-752-6075\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Bland A/C & Heating, Inc., Bakersfield, 661-836-3880\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Herrera Heating & Air Conditioning, Bakersfield, 510-750-6972\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Action Air Conditioning, Clovis, Fresno, 559-292-8640\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- California Indoor Comfort, Fresno Area, 559-276-7457\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Certified Heating and Air Conditioning, Fresno County, 559-273-8048\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- ReNu, Marin County, 415-462-0245\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Queirolo's Heating & Air Conditioning, Inc., San Joaquin County, 209-464-9658\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Leo's Heating & Air Conditioning, San Joaquin Valley, 209-271-7873\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Air Solutions Heating & Air, Stanislaus County, 209-380-3032\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Air Flo Pro, Stockton, 209-915-4730\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- University Refrigeration, Stockton, 209-609-8400\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- CPR Sheet Metal, Inc., Vacaville, 707-628-7495\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Right Now Air, Vacaville, 707-447-3063\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/09/05/reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented/\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/images/radio_icon_light.gif\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>Listen to the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/audio/air-conditioning-reinvented\">Air Conditioning Reinvented\u003c/a> radio report online.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>37.973 -122.517\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/810/reporters-notes-air-conditioning-reinvented","authors":["210"],"categories":["quest_11765","quest_8","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_56","quest_91","quest_252","quest_621","quest_13197","quest_13198","quest_1334","quest_1421","quest_1586","quest_13206","quest_19"],"label":"quest"},"quest_647":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_647","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"647","score":null,"sort":[1213673959000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-village-takes-on-global-warming","title":"A Village Takes on Global Warming","publishDate":1213673959,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>In an email this week from John Woodward, an Alaska builder and \u003ca title=\"Home Energy\" href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em>\u003c/a> author, he wrote, \"I put together a working/management group to manage the relocation of the community of Shishmaref sustainabely. They live on Sarichef, a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Shimaref, Alaska\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishmaref,_Alaska\" target=\"_blank\">Shishmaref\u003c/a> is home to a small community of \u003ca title=\"Inupiat\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiat\" target=\"_blank\">Inupiat\u003c/a>, a Native American tribe. John is working with the Inupiat Tribal Government, the City of Shishmaref, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shishmarefrelocation.com/\">Shishmaref Erosion & Relocation Coalition\u003c/a>, to salvage as much of the village as possible before it goes under water and move it, along with the island inhabitants, to a new plot of land in the interior of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corp of Engineers gives the island about 5 or 10 more years of livability. But as the ocean and permafrost warm and the ocean rises, unpredictable storms take a heavy toll on the island. \"Each big storm with a high tide and an on-shore wind takes a big bite out of Sarichef,\" says Woodward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community is seeking funds for a comprehensive alternative energy plan, an anaerobic pump/methane generator, and the retrofit of all existing buildings, including more than 110 homes, community buildings and a school. The homes will be retrofit to use less than 5 Btu per square foot to heat. Heating load calculations can be pretty complicated, but in general, contractors recommend furnaces that can provide 30-50 Btu per square foot to heat homes in the Bay Area. To reach such a high level of energy efficiency, the Shishmaref homes will have the insulation installed on the outside of the structure, a technique that Woodward has successfully used in the past. The new village will have the look and functionality of the Inupiat culture as defined and designed through community planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our community planning process involves community charettes with the whole community gathered in the school gym,\" say Woodward. \"The goal of these meetings is the rough-out of a comprehensive community plan for sustainable relocation of the existing salvageable infrastructure and the development of the new village site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inupiat will build their new village to suit their needs and lifestyles, to be efficient, and to be in harmony with its surroundings-in other words, sustainabely. Let's keep an eye on our northern neighbors, who may teach us some valuable lessons. How long before whole towns in California will have to relocate because of water shortages? We all witnessed what happened in New Orleans a few years ago. How long before towns and cities on the coast of California will have to move inland or be seriously reconfigured because of the rising Pacific Ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can e-mail John Woodward with questions, comments, ideas, and offers of help at\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"mailto:panuktuk@yahoo.com\">panuktuk@yahoo.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Sarichef ia a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457835814,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":465},"headData":{"title":"A Village Takes on Global Warming | KQED","description":"Sarichef ia a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Village Takes on Global Warming","datePublished":"2008-06-17T03:39:19.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-13T02:23:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"647 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/?p=647","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/06/16/a-village-takes-on-global-warming/","disqusTitle":"A Village Takes on Global Warming","path":"/quest/647/a-village-takes-on-global-warming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In an email this week from John Woodward, an Alaska builder and \u003ca title=\"Home Energy\" href=\"http://www.homeenergy.org/\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>Home Energy\u003c/em>\u003c/a> author, he wrote, \"I put together a working/management group to manage the relocation of the community of Shishmaref sustainabely. They live on Sarichef, a barrier island that global warming is wiping out.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Shimaref, Alaska\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishmaref,_Alaska\" target=\"_blank\">Shishmaref\u003c/a> is home to a small community of \u003ca title=\"Inupiat\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inupiat\" target=\"_blank\">Inupiat\u003c/a>, a Native American tribe. John is working with the Inupiat Tribal Government, the City of Shishmaref, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.shishmarefrelocation.com/\">Shishmaref Erosion & Relocation Coalition\u003c/a>, to salvage as much of the village as possible before it goes under water and move it, along with the island inhabitants, to a new plot of land in the interior of Alaska.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Army Corp of Engineers gives the island about 5 or 10 more years of livability. But as the ocean and permafrost warm and the ocean rises, unpredictable storms take a heavy toll on the island. \"Each big storm with a high tide and an on-shore wind takes a big bite out of Sarichef,\" says Woodward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The community is seeking funds for a comprehensive alternative energy plan, an anaerobic pump/methane generator, and the retrofit of all existing buildings, including more than 110 homes, community buildings and a school. The homes will be retrofit to use less than 5 Btu per square foot to heat. Heating load calculations can be pretty complicated, but in general, contractors recommend furnaces that can provide 30-50 Btu per square foot to heat homes in the Bay Area. To reach such a high level of energy efficiency, the Shishmaref homes will have the insulation installed on the outside of the structure, a technique that Woodward has successfully used in the past. The new village will have the look and functionality of the Inupiat culture as defined and designed through community planning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our community planning process involves community charettes with the whole community gathered in the school gym,\" say Woodward. \"The goal of these meetings is the rough-out of a comprehensive community plan for sustainable relocation of the existing salvageable infrastructure and the development of the new village site.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Inupiat will build their new village to suit their needs and lifestyles, to be efficient, and to be in harmony with its surroundings-in other words, sustainabely. Let's keep an eye on our northern neighbors, who may teach us some valuable lessons. How long before whole towns in California will have to relocate because of water shortages? We all witnessed what happened in New Orleans a few years ago. How long before towns and cities on the coast of California will have to move inland or be seriously reconfigured because of the rising Pacific Ocean?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can e-mail John Woodward with questions, comments, ideas, and offers of help at\u003c/em> \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"mailto:panuktuk@yahoo.com\">panuktuk@yahoo.com\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/647/a-village-takes-on-global-warming","authors":["10175"],"categories":["quest_3228","quest_6","quest_8","quest_9","quest_11","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_102","quest_127","quest_157","quest_211","quest_438","quest_669","quest_984","quest_1224","quest_1334","quest_1381","quest_1487","quest_1488","quest_1506","quest_3351","quest_1802","quest_1937","quest_2011","quest_2034","quest_2107","quest_2349","quest_2510","quest_2620","quest_2621","quest_2844","quest_13365","quest_2893","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_648","label":"quest"},"quest_16889":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_16889","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"16889","score":null,"sort":[1207315800000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"urban-heat-islands","title":"Urban Heat Islands","publishDate":1207315800,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2007/02/2007-02-16-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Buildings, concrete, asphalt, tar roof tops and industry have caused cities to reach higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas. 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