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Together these two partners created the \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/exhibits/permanent/index.php?sGalKey=gtwt&galKey=lt\">Genetics: Technology with a Twist\u003c/a> exhibition.\r\n\r\nYou can also see \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/author/dr-barry-starr/\">additional posts by Barry at KQED Science\u003c/a>, and read his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"geneticsboy","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Dr. Barry Starr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4a5680e4c642ea0f0f3041af16018969?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/dr-barry-starr"},"kamal":{"type":"authors","id":"10345","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10345","found":true},"name":"Kamal Menghrajani","firstName":"Kamal","lastName":"Menghrajani","slug":"kamal","email":"kamal@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Kamal Menghrajani reports and blogs on issues related to health and science. 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She is currently in her fourth year of medical school and plans to practice in areas related to oncology and public health.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e619f988afc7d75e30290d715bb384a5?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Kamal Menghrajani | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e619f988afc7d75e30290d715bb384a5?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e619f988afc7d75e30290d715bb384a5?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/kamal"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_52297":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_52297","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"52297","score":null,"sort":[1365802017000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case","title":"Bay Area Biotech Industry Braces for Gene Patenting Court Case","publishDate":1365802017,"format":"audio","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130415science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Area biotechnology companies are keeping an eye on the nation’s highest court. On Monday, the Supreme Court will hear a case on a key question: can you patent a human gene?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study estimates that close to half of human genes identified so far are already patented. The court’s ruling could put millions of dollars at stake for Bay Area universities and biotech companies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are two genes related to breast and ovarian cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/#more-12082\">BRCA 1 and BRCA 2\u003c/a>. Women with mutations in these genes are five to eight times more likely to develop breast cancer. To gauge that risk, patients often get a genetic test. It’s one of the most common tests that genetic counselors handle, like Julie Mak at\u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/\"> UCSF’s Cancer Center\u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52321\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-52321 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I do think it opens up a very loaded set of questions for people who are sometimes very young,” says Mak. “As you can imagine, the things we talk about with people are very serious and sometimes stressful and upsetting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A blood or saliva sample can tell a woman if she has those mutations, but that test isn’t run at UCSF. “For most BRCA 1 and 2 testing, the lab in Utah is the only one that does this testing,” Mak says, referring to Myriad Genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myriad.com/\">Myriad Genetics\u003c/a> holds patents on not only the test, but the actual genes themselves. That means one company has a monopoly on those genes and theoretically controls what can be done with them. That’s what’s being challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Natural or Not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people wonder: how can you patent a gene?” says Mildred Cho, associate director of the \u003ca href=\"http://bioethics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case, the ACLU is arguing that genes aren’t patentable because they’re naturally occurring -- they’re found inside our bodies. According to patent law, “products of nature are not patentable,” Cho says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myriad Genetics argues that by extracting a specific gene and isolating it, it turns into a man-made invention, which makes it patentable. “In order to analyze to DNA, you have to break open the cells and break the DNA up in to little pieces,” Cho explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal complexities aside, Cho says it has real effects on our healthcare decision, like getting a second opinion. “No laboratory has 100 percent accuracy and so you would ideally want to have a lab result that’s really important confirmed by another lab,” she says. “You can’t do that if there are patents on that lab test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Questions of Open Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patents can also affect genetic research, according to UCSF professor Dr. Robert Nusssbaum. When I meet him in his office, he’s wearing a button pinned to his shirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my button says ‘free the data,'” he points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since DNA doesn’t come with an instruction manual that reveals if a genetic mutation is harmful or not, the only way to find out is to compare it to thousands of other genetic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only way to make that happen faster is for all the laboratories to pool all their information in one place and all have access to it,” Nussbaum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone is sharing. “There are a couple of laboratories, and Myriad is one of them, that have decided that since they had the patent on testing, that they would keep their data locked up as intellectual property,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, Nussbaum has organized an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharingclinicalreports.org/\">open source database\u003c/a> that holds genetic data about breast cancer mutations, free for researchers to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of gene testing, I think patents are of no value, period,” says Nussbaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Basis of Biotech\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Patents are a very important, fundamental part of the foundation on which the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical industry has been built,” says Sean Johnston, general counsel at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/\">Genentech\u003c/a> in South San Francisco, one of the largest biotech companies in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Genentech use genetic information to develop drugs and treatments, in addition to genetic diagnostic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biotech and biopharmaceutical companies have relied upon patent protection to justify the significant investment, the risk-taking and the innovation that is necessary to develop new drugs,” Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston says it often takes a billion dollars to bring a drug to market, an investment that could be tougher to make without the protection of gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a matter that if the court were to rule broadly our business would be destroyed,” Johnston says. “But in theory I think it has the potential to be very disruptive to the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Universities in the Middle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biotech companies here aren’t the only ones watching this case. The University of California as a whole is one of the top ten gene patent holders in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Universities are often accused of patenting solely for the purpose of getting financial gain,” says Karin Immergluck of UCSF’s Office of Technology Management. The office handles several hundred gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“UCSF’s first goal is to translate our really exciting, cutting-edge technologies into products and services that will benefit the public,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university walks a fine line. Companies pay millions of dollars a year to use its patents, like the one related to human growth hormone. But the court case brings up issue in licensing patents that universities already grappling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, making sure the rights aren’t completely locked up in one company so that underinsured patients don’t have access,” says Immergluck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patient access, biotech industry profits and innovation could all be affected by the Supreme Court’s ruling. It’s expected in June.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Supreme Court is hearing a case on a key question: can you patent a human gene? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1366389328,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":34,"wordCount":1025},"headData":{"title":"Bay Area Biotech Industry Braces for Gene Patenting Court Case | KQED","description":"The Supreme Court is hearing a case on a key question: can you patent a human gene? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Bay Area Biotech Industry Braces for Gene Patenting Court Case","datePublished":"2013-04-12T21:26:57.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-19T16:35:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"52297 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=52297","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/04/12/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case/","disqusTitle":"Bay Area Biotech Industry Braces for Gene Patenting Court Case","WpOldSlug":"west-coast-a-test-bed-for-ocean-acidification-2","path":"/quest/52297/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130415science.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/04/20130415science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Bay Area biotechnology companies are keeping an eye on the nation’s highest court. On Monday, the Supreme Court will hear a case on a key question: can you patent a human gene?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study estimates that close to half of human genes identified so far are already patented. The court’s ruling could put millions of dollars at stake for Bay Area universities and biotech companies. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At issue are two genes related to breast and ovarian cancer, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2013/04/12/breast-cancer-gene-mutations-at-heart-of-supreme-court-case/#more-12082\">BRCA 1 and BRCA 2\u003c/a>. Women with mutations in these genes are five to eight times more likely to develop breast cancer. To gauge that risk, patients often get a genetic test. It’s one of the most common tests that genetic counselors handle, like Julie Mak at\u003ca href=\"http://cancer.ucsf.edu/\"> UCSF’s Cancer Center\u003c/a>in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_52321\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-52321 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/04/sequencing-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Preparation for DNA sequencing (Maggie Bartlett, NHGRI)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I do think it opens up a very loaded set of questions for people who are sometimes very young,” says Mak. “As you can imagine, the things we talk about with people are very serious and sometimes stressful and upsetting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A blood or saliva sample can tell a woman if she has those mutations, but that test isn’t run at UCSF. “For most BRCA 1 and 2 testing, the lab in Utah is the only one that does this testing,” Mak says, referring to Myriad Genetics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.myriad.com/\">Myriad Genetics\u003c/a> holds patents on not only the test, but the actual genes themselves. That means one company has a monopoly on those genes and theoretically controls what can be done with them. That’s what’s being challenged by the American Civil Liberties Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Natural or Not?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of people wonder: how can you patent a gene?” says Mildred Cho, associate director of the \u003ca href=\"http://bioethics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Center for Biomedical Ethics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case, the ACLU is arguing that genes aren’t patentable because they’re naturally occurring -- they’re found inside our bodies. According to patent law, “products of nature are not patentable,” Cho says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Myriad Genetics argues that by extracting a specific gene and isolating it, it turns into a man-made invention, which makes it patentable. “In order to analyze to DNA, you have to break open the cells and break the DNA up in to little pieces,” Cho explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal complexities aside, Cho says it has real effects on our healthcare decision, like getting a second opinion. “No laboratory has 100 percent accuracy and so you would ideally want to have a lab result that’s really important confirmed by another lab,” she says. “You can’t do that if there are patents on that lab test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Questions of Open Access\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patents can also affect genetic research, according to UCSF professor Dr. Robert Nusssbaum. When I meet him in his office, he’s wearing a button pinned to his shirt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So my button says ‘free the data,'” he points out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since DNA doesn’t come with an instruction manual that reveals if a genetic mutation is harmful or not, the only way to find out is to compare it to thousands of other genetic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only way to make that happen faster is for all the laboratories to pool all their information in one place and all have access to it,” Nussbaum says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not everyone is sharing. “There are a couple of laboratories, and Myriad is one of them, that have decided that since they had the patent on testing, that they would keep their data locked up as intellectual property,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, Nussbaum has organized an \u003ca href=\"http://www.sharingclinicalreports.org/\">open source database\u003c/a> that holds genetic data about breast cancer mutations, free for researchers to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In terms of gene testing, I think patents are of no value, period,” says Nussbaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Basis of Biotech\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Patents are a very important, fundamental part of the foundation on which the biotechnology, biopharmaceutical industry has been built,” says Sean Johnston, general counsel at \u003ca href=\"http://www.gene.com/\">Genentech\u003c/a> in South San Francisco, one of the largest biotech companies in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Companies like Genentech use genetic information to develop drugs and treatments, in addition to genetic diagnostic tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Biotech and biopharmaceutical companies have relied upon patent protection to justify the significant investment, the risk-taking and the innovation that is necessary to develop new drugs,” Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston says it often takes a billion dollars to bring a drug to market, an investment that could be tougher to make without the protection of gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s not a matter that if the court were to rule broadly our business would be destroyed,” Johnston says. “But in theory I think it has the potential to be very disruptive to the industry.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Universities in the Middle\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biotech companies here aren’t the only ones watching this case. The University of California as a whole is one of the top ten gene patent holders in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Universities are often accused of patenting solely for the purpose of getting financial gain,” says Karin Immergluck of UCSF’s Office of Technology Management. The office handles several hundred gene patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“UCSF’s first goal is to translate our really exciting, cutting-edge technologies into products and services that will benefit the public,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university walks a fine line. Companies pay millions of dollars a year to use its patents, like the one related to human growth hormone. But the court case brings up issue in licensing patents that universities already grappling with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For example, making sure the rights aren’t completely locked up in one company so that underinsured patients don’t have access,” says Immergluck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patient access, biotech industry profits and innovation could all be affected by the Supreme Court’s ruling. It’s expected in June.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/52297/bay-area-biotech-industry-braces-for-gene-patenting-court-case","authors":["239"],"categories":["quest_5","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_252","quest_9951","quest_475","quest_13194","quest_848","quest_11907","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_13201","quest_11518","quest_13203","quest_11908","quest_2841"],"featImg":"quest_52321","label":"quest"},"quest_47891":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_47891","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"47891","score":null,"sort":[1355760026000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"knowing-neanderthals","title":"Knowing Neanderthals","publishDate":1355760026,"format":"aside","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/knowing-neanderthals/neanderthalgathering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47892\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NeanderthalGathering\" width=\"630\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47892\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of my ancestors (and maybe yours) before we wiped them out.\u003cbr>Image courtesy of Victuallers, Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more interesting things to come out of all the cheaper, more robust DNA sequencing technology has been our deeper understanding of human history. Now that we can get a pretty good read from 30,000 year old Neanderthal DNA, we can tell that humans and Neanderthals had babies together. The key to figuring this out was the fact that some human ancestors had more opportunity to hook up with Neanderthals than did others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, around one million or so years ago, there wasn’t a lot of difference between a human and a Neanderthal. We were one big happy species living in Africa. Then, maybe 800,000-900,000 years ago, two of these groups became separated from one another. Each group built up changes in their DNA so that they gradually became two separate species. One group stayed in Africa and became our ancestors while the other group, who became Neanderthals, left Africa through the Middle East and spread across Europe and Asia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at this point these two groups still shared a lot of the same DNA. After all, they started from the same pool of DNA in the relatively recent past. If they all came back together and started having kids together, we wouldn’t be able to easily tell there had been interbreeding. We would see a lot of Neanderthal DNA in human DNA, but it would be very tricky to distinguish DNA that we originally shared from recently reintroduced Neanderthal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason we can more easily see that there was interbreeding is because of another group of Africans that decided to leave Africa via the Middle East. These folks left somewhere between 120,000 and 60,000 years ago and stumbled across the Neanderthals already out there in the world. This group of Africans eventually supplanted the Neanderthals and went on to become Europeans, Asians, Native Americans and everyone else out there (except for the Africans who stayed behind).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of years back, scientists were able to get a good read of a few Neanderthals’ DNA. They then compared this DNA to lots of other people’s DNA. What they found was that Africans and Neanderthals shared less DNA than did Neanderthals and everyone else. They interpret this result to mean that Africans and Neanderthals never had the chance to breed while the ancestors of the rest of humanity and Neanderthals did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this all means is that we can see the Neanderthal in some of us because only some of our ancestors had kids with Neanderthals. If this weren’t the case, then we wouldn’t be able to easily tell that interbreeding had happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course now that we have good evidence for this, people are trying to link weird, mostly European traits with Neanderthals. For example, there is a whole lot of chatter out on the web that Rh negative blood comes from Neanderthals. While this may be true, there isn’t any real evidence to support it. That part of Neanderthal DNA has yet to be sequenced. (Although we do know that at least some of them had O type blood which isn’t surprising since it probably \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask342\">arose at least one million years\u003c/a> ago when we were all still one big happy species.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another idea is that red hair came from Neanderthals. Again, maybe, but there isn’t any evidence yet to support it. At least one Neanderthal did have red hair but he got it from a DNA difference not seen in people. In other words, there is evidence to support that Neanderthals had red hair too but not that we got it from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What our ancestors apparently got from Neanderthals (besides a good time) was immunity genes to help them survive. When our ancestors burst out of Africa, they encountered germs they had never seen before (think Native Americans and smallpox). The Neanderthals had adapted to these germs and so were more resistant to them. The human-Neanderthal hybrids (Humanderthals?) would have survived better than the humans meaning they were more likely to survive. The rest is the history of people living outside of Africa.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One of the more interesting things to come out of all the cheaper, more robust DNA sequencing technology has been our deeper understanding of human history.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1356732200,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":722},"headData":{"title":"Knowing Neanderthals | KQED","description":"One of the more interesting things to come out of all the cheaper, more robust DNA sequencing technology has been our deeper understanding of human history.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Knowing Neanderthals","datePublished":"2012-12-17T16:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2012-12-28T22:03:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"47891 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=47891","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/knowing-neanderthals/","disqusTitle":"Knowing Neanderthals","path":"/quest/47891/knowing-neanderthals","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47892\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/17/knowing-neanderthals/neanderthalgathering/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-47892\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"NeanderthalGathering\" width=\"630\" height=\"365\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47892\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering.jpg 630w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/12/NeanderthalGathering-400x232.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some of my ancestors (and maybe yours) before we wiped them out.\u003cbr>Image courtesy of Victuallers, Wikimedia Commons.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the more interesting things to come out of all the cheaper, more robust DNA sequencing technology has been our deeper understanding of human history. Now that we can get a pretty good read from 30,000 year old Neanderthal DNA, we can tell that humans and Neanderthals had babies together. The key to figuring this out was the fact that some human ancestors had more opportunity to hook up with Neanderthals than did others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>See, around one million or so years ago, there wasn’t a lot of difference between a human and a Neanderthal. We were one big happy species living in Africa. Then, maybe 800,000-900,000 years ago, two of these groups became separated from one another. Each group built up changes in their DNA so that they gradually became two separate species. One group stayed in Africa and became our ancestors while the other group, who became Neanderthals, left Africa through the Middle East and spread across Europe and Asia. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now at this point these two groups still shared a lot of the same DNA. After all, they started from the same pool of DNA in the relatively recent past. If they all came back together and started having kids together, we wouldn’t be able to easily tell there had been interbreeding. We would see a lot of Neanderthal DNA in human DNA, but it would be very tricky to distinguish DNA that we originally shared from recently reintroduced Neanderthal DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The reason we can more easily see that there was interbreeding is because of another group of Africans that decided to leave Africa via the Middle East. These folks left somewhere between 120,000 and 60,000 years ago and stumbled across the Neanderthals already out there in the world. This group of Africans eventually supplanted the Neanderthals and went on to become Europeans, Asians, Native Americans and everyone else out there (except for the Africans who stayed behind).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A couple of years back, scientists were able to get a good read of a few Neanderthals’ DNA. They then compared this DNA to lots of other people’s DNA. What they found was that Africans and Neanderthals shared less DNA than did Neanderthals and everyone else. They interpret this result to mean that Africans and Neanderthals never had the chance to breed while the ancestors of the rest of humanity and Neanderthals did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this all means is that we can see the Neanderthal in some of us because only some of our ancestors had kids with Neanderthals. If this weren’t the case, then we wouldn’t be able to easily tell that interbreeding had happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course now that we have good evidence for this, people are trying to link weird, mostly European traits with Neanderthals. For example, there is a whole lot of chatter out on the web that Rh negative blood comes from Neanderthals. While this may be true, there isn’t any real evidence to support it. That part of Neanderthal DNA has yet to be sequenced. (Although we do know that at least some of them had O type blood which isn’t surprising since it probably \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask342\">arose at least one million years\u003c/a> ago when we were all still one big happy species.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another idea is that red hair came from Neanderthals. Again, maybe, but there isn’t any evidence yet to support it. At least one Neanderthal did have red hair but he got it from a DNA difference not seen in people. In other words, there is evidence to support that Neanderthals had red hair too but not that we got it from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What our ancestors apparently got from Neanderthals (besides a good time) was immunity genes to help them survive. When our ancestors burst out of Africa, they encountered germs they had never seen before (think Native Americans and smallpox). The Neanderthals had adapted to these germs and so were more resistant to them. The human-Neanderthal hybrids (Humanderthals?) would have survived better than the humans meaning they were more likely to survive. The rest is the history of people living outside of Africa.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/47891/knowing-neanderthals","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_848","quest_3961","quest_1200","quest_11650","quest_10034","quest_13202","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_47892","label":"quest"},"quest_34892":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_34892","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"34892","score":null,"sort":[1334588417000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"divining-human-history-with-dna","title":"Divining Human History with DNA","publishDate":1334588417,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34895\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/16/divining-human-history-with-dna/twocows/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34895\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TwoCows\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cow DNA tells us domestication is an incredibly difficult undertaking.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows about how genetics is changing how we look at and treat human disease. But what may be less appreciated is what it can tell us about human history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From studying human genetics, we know that all humans \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/03/tracing-the-travels-of-the-human-race/\">started out in Africa\u003c/a>. We also know that early humans interbred with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=128\">Neanderthals \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=136\">Denisovans \u003c/a>before wiping them out. Now a \u003ca href=\"http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/14/molbev.mss092.abstract?sid=daaf90dc-65de-4981-a7a7-d92b1115b0b6\">new study\u003c/a> looking at cow DNA is teaching us about our agricultural history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists compared DNA from 8,000 year old cow bones to 20 or so different modern cow breeds from all over the world. When they plugged their data into various computer models, the one that made the most sense had modern cows coming from about 80 wild founders around 10,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only does this help explain why cows all look so much alike, it also tells us that our ancestors only managed to domesticate cows once. This is despite the fact that ancient, wild cows (called aurochs) were wandering all over Africa, Asia, and Europe at the time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious conclusion is that domesticating a cow is really hard. And this makes sense if you think about the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean placid Bessie out in the pasture. Ancient cows were huge, ornery creatures that would have been hard to capture alive and hard to breed. Archeological evidence suggests it took hundreds of years or more of breeding to get animals that were smaller and more docile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archeological evidence also helps us pinpoint where the first domestication probably happened – the Middle East. But because archeological data is often incomplete, it can’t tell us whether this was the only cattle domestication event in human history. We need genetics to confirm this (or at least to confirm that modern cows came from a single domestication event).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics is providing insight into human history that we could not have gotten in any other way. We can see that humans \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/levin/bio311d/articles/WhyHumansAndFur081903.pdf\">lost their fur and gained darker skin\u003c/a> around 1.2 million years ago. And we can see that our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=330\">original pale skin\u003c/a> from back when we were hairy came back into fashion in Europe about 6000-12,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cows aren’t the first animal’s DNA to tell us something about ourselves either. By looking at \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/08/science/la-sci-lice-clothing-20110108\">lice DNA\u003c/a>, scientists think that humans first started wearing clothes about 170,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amazing what we can learn about our history from looking at the DNA of ourselves and our associated creatures. Soon we’ll learn even more. As the price of deciphering our DNA goes down, the number of questions we can answer will go up dramatically. The only thing that will keep us back is figuring out the best questions to ask. \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Everyone knows about how genetics is changing how we look at and treat human disease. But what may be less appreciated is what it can tell us about human history.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1335901311,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":480},"headData":{"title":"Divining Human History with DNA | KQED","description":"Everyone knows about how genetics is changing how we look at and treat human disease. But what may be less appreciated is what it can tell us about human history.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Divining Human History with DNA","datePublished":"2012-04-16T15:00:17.000Z","dateModified":"2012-05-01T19:41:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"34892 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=34892","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/16/divining-human-history-with-dna/","disqusTitle":"Divining Human History with DNA","path":"/quest/34892/divining-human-history-with-dna","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_34895\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/04/16/divining-human-history-with-dna/twocows/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-34895\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"TwoCows\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-34895\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/04/TwoCows-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cow DNA tells us domestication is an incredibly difficult undertaking.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Everyone knows about how genetics is changing how we look at and treat human disease. But what may be less appreciated is what it can tell us about human history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From studying human genetics, we know that all humans \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/03/03/tracing-the-travels-of-the-human-race/\">started out in Africa\u003c/a>. We also know that early humans interbred with \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=128\">Neanderthals \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=136\">Denisovans \u003c/a>before wiping them out. Now a \u003ca href=\"http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2012/03/14/molbev.mss092.abstract?sid=daaf90dc-65de-4981-a7a7-d92b1115b0b6\">new study\u003c/a> looking at cow DNA is teaching us about our agricultural history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists compared DNA from 8,000 year old cow bones to 20 or so different modern cow breeds from all over the world. When they plugged their data into various computer models, the one that made the most sense had modern cows coming from about 80 wild founders around 10,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only does this help explain why cows all look so much alike, it also tells us that our ancestors only managed to domesticate cows once. This is despite the fact that ancient, wild cows (called aurochs) were wandering all over Africa, Asia, and Europe at the time. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The obvious conclusion is that domesticating a cow is really hard. And this makes sense if you think about the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean placid Bessie out in the pasture. Ancient cows were huge, ornery creatures that would have been hard to capture alive and hard to breed. Archeological evidence suggests it took hundreds of years or more of breeding to get animals that were smaller and more docile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Archeological evidence also helps us pinpoint where the first domestication probably happened – the Middle East. But because archeological data is often incomplete, it can’t tell us whether this was the only cattle domestication event in human history. We need genetics to confirm this (or at least to confirm that modern cows came from a single domestication event).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetics is providing insight into human history that we could not have gotten in any other way. We can see that humans \u003ca href=\"http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/levin/bio311d/articles/WhyHumansAndFur081903.pdf\">lost their fur and gained darker skin\u003c/a> around 1.2 million years ago. And we can see that our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=330\">original pale skin\u003c/a> from back when we were hairy came back into fashion in Europe about 6000-12,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cows aren’t the first animal’s DNA to tell us something about ourselves either. By looking at \u003ca href=\"http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jan/08/science/la-sci-lice-clothing-20110108\">lice DNA\u003c/a>, scientists think that humans first started wearing clothes about 170,000 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is amazing what we can learn about our history from looking at the DNA of ourselves and our associated creatures. Soon we’ll learn even more. As the price of deciphering our DNA goes down, the number of questions we can answer will go up dramatically. The only thing that will keep us back is figuring out the best questions to ask. \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/34892/divining-human-history-with-dna","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_77","quest_10963","quest_10962","quest_848","quest_10961","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_13202","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_34895","label":"quest"},"quest_32568":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_32568","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"32568","score":null,"sort":[1331326480000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"phylo-turning-biology-puzzles-into-interactive-games","title":"Phylo: Turning Biology Puzzles Into Interactive Games","publishDate":1331326480,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"6960873861_c54bffdb62_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32748\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/officialgdc/6960873861/in/photostream\">Photo courtesy of Official GDC\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often think of medicine as hard work, but an emerging group of tech-savvy entrepreneurs is looking to re-shape people’s perspectives and turn health, and health research, into a form of play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gdconf.com/\">Game Developers’ Conference\u003c/a> here in San Francisco this week, computer scientist Jérôme Waldispühl showed off a project that he and colleagues at McGill University just published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031362\">PLoS ONE\u003c/a>. (KQED QUEST blogger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/a> wrote about this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/12/gaming-to-understand-disease/\">game\u003c/a> in December.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called Phylo, and it turns the puzzles of biology into a game anyone can play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylo takes a fresh approach to sorting through the data produced by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genome.gov/10001772\">Human Genome Project\u003c/a>, some three billion bits that spell out the instructions for how to make and maintain a human being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are continuously looking through this genetic code to search for genes that may make us susceptible to a particular disease. Finding that needle in the haystack takes time, as scientists must look at each piece of data to evaluate its potential to wreak biological havoc. They also need context to understand the significance of each gene’s sequence.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By themselves, sequences tell us nothing,” Waldispühl said. To make sense of this data, researchers are interested in comparing human DNA to that of other animals, like monkeys or mice. This gives us a window into evolution – if the exact same sequence ended up in horses and humans, then it is probably important, and a change, or mutation, would be bad news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waldispühl turned these inter-species comparisons into a game by color-coding the DNA and laying out human and animal sequences on top of each other, the way many scientists do to make sense of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the puzzle, you’re trying to make columns of the same color, [and] you’re finding evolutionarily conserved regions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is a game that looks something like a mash-up of \u003ca href=\"http://www.tetrisfriends.com/games/Marathon/game.php\">Tetris\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rubiks.com/\">Rubik’s cube\u003c/a>. To play, you try to arrange the rows to get the same color going down across different species, and you can introduce gaps if necessary. The computer’s score is the ‘Par’, and your goal is to beat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/phylo.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/phylo-300x150.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"phylo\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-32587\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Competing with the computer may sound daunting at first. After all, this process seems like something computers should be really good at. But for this kind of pattern recognition, humans turn out to be much smarter than computers at figuring out which mutations can be thrown away, and which may be a red flag for disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the nuances of the science behind the game, it should ultimately still be fun to play. I asked Jon Bernstein, a doctor and researcher at \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a>, to try it out. “I thought it was very interesting – it was visually appealing, the interface was nice, and fun to play around with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game is focused on genetics, Dr. Bernstein’s area of expertise, but that didn’t mean it was easy. “Many of the levels were pretty challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game is timely, as DNA sequencing is becoming more and more useful in terms of diagnosing and treating all sorts of illnesses\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many, many situations in which genetic information is helpful in understanding the cause of human disease,” said Bernstein. “There are many cases in which it impacts how you take care of people and the counseling you can provide them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Bernstein told me, some forms of sequencing are still very expensive, on the order of $10,000. “And most of the cost is really the interpretation, not running the test itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Games like Phylo are an effort to help scientists interpret these data. By making these problems fun, easy to play with, and accessible to anyone in the world, game designers like Waldispühl are essentially crowd-sourcing solutions to complex problems in health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are plenty of gamers who would be willing to help out. Waldispühl told me that McGill put out a press release on the game and got a much larger response than they expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A couple of hours after we launched the game, the server was saturated and we put all of the department in an emergency state because everything was blocked,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had basically a puzzle downloaded every half-second. It was just crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding innovative ways to quickly make sense of genetic data is becoming more important as sequencing becomes faster and more widely used. However, there are many questions that come up between sequencing a person’s DNA and pinpointing the cause of their disease, and Phylo may be answering the wrong one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This particular game is about aligning DNA sequences. In clinical medicine, a lot of questions are asked and answered at the level of protein,” Stanford’s Bernstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is the blueprint for protein, and bad proteins can cause disease. Looking at information from the protein perspective would be much more useful to doctors, and games like \u003ca href=\"http://fold.it/portal/\">Foldit\u003c/a> are already looking at some aspects of that problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foldit is a science-focused game that was first released to the public in 2008, and it has had considerable success since then. It allows players to virtually interact with proteins and solve puzzles about their shape. Foldit was able to harness the power of the game-playing masses to determine the shape of the AIDS virus in rhesus monkeys, a problem that had eluded researchers for 15 years. They even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v18/n10/full/nsmb.2119.html\">published their findings\u003c/a> in a sub-journal of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylo may not be as useful as Foldit in its current incarnation, but it does have potential. Since its launch in November 2010, Phylo has contributed to 450,000 solutions through the work of 20,000 registered players and thousands more who play anonymously. Its interface could easily be adopted to compare proteins instead of DNA sequences, but the challenge would be in making it enjoyable for anyone to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really wanted to make a casual game – that people can play it without thinking they are solving a problem,” Waldispühl said. “People want to have fun. And we can reuse the energy they spend gaming to do something useful.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"People often think of medicine as hard work, but an emerging group of tech-savvy entrepreneurs is looking to re-shape people’s perspectives and turn health, and health research, into a form of play.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443830590,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1092},"headData":{"title":"Phylo: Turning Biology Puzzles Into Interactive Games | KQED","description":"People often think of medicine as hard work, but an emerging group of tech-savvy entrepreneurs is looking to re-shape people’s perspectives and turn health, and health research, into a form of play.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Phylo: Turning Biology Puzzles Into Interactive Games","datePublished":"2012-03-09T20:54:40.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-03T00:03:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"32568 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=32568","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/03/09/phylo-turning-biology-puzzles-into-interactive-games/","disqusTitle":"Phylo: Turning Biology Puzzles Into Interactive Games","path":"/quest/32568/phylo-turning-biology-puzzles-into-interactive-games","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"6960873861_c54bffdb62_z\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-32748\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/6960873861_c54bffdb62_z-e1331325559827-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/officialgdc/6960873861/in/photostream\">Photo courtesy of Official GDC\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People often think of medicine as hard work, but an emerging group of tech-savvy entrepreneurs is looking to re-shape people’s perspectives and turn health, and health research, into a form of play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the \u003ca href=\"http://www.gdconf.com/\">Game Developers’ Conference\u003c/a> here in San Francisco this week, computer scientist Jérôme Waldispühl showed off a project that he and colleagues at McGill University just published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031362\">PLoS ONE\u003c/a>. (KQED QUEST blogger \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/dr-barry-starr/\">Dr. Barry Starr\u003c/a> wrote about this \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/12/12/gaming-to-understand-disease/\">game\u003c/a> in December.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s called Phylo, and it turns the puzzles of biology into a game anyone can play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylo takes a fresh approach to sorting through the data produced by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.genome.gov/10001772\">Human Genome Project\u003c/a>, some three billion bits that spell out the instructions for how to make and maintain a human being.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are continuously looking through this genetic code to search for genes that may make us susceptible to a particular disease. Finding that needle in the haystack takes time, as scientists must look at each piece of data to evaluate its potential to wreak biological havoc. They also need context to understand the significance of each gene’s sequence.\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By themselves, sequences tell us nothing,” Waldispühl said. To make sense of this data, researchers are interested in comparing human DNA to that of other animals, like monkeys or mice. This gives us a window into evolution – if the exact same sequence ended up in horses and humans, then it is probably important, and a change, or mutation, would be bad news.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Waldispühl turned these inter-species comparisons into a game by color-coding the DNA and laying out human and animal sequences on top of each other, the way many scientists do to make sense of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the puzzle, you’re trying to make columns of the same color, [and] you’re finding evolutionarily conserved regions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The result is a game that looks something like a mash-up of \u003ca href=\"http://www.tetrisfriends.com/games/Marathon/game.php\">Tetris\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.rubiks.com/\">Rubik’s cube\u003c/a>. To play, you try to arrange the rows to get the same color going down across different species, and you can introduce gaps if necessary. The computer’s score is the ‘Par’, and your goal is to beat it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/phylo.png\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/03/phylo-300x150.png\" alt=\"\" title=\"phylo\" width=\"300\" height=\"150\" class=\"alignleft size-thumbnail wp-image-32587\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Competing with the computer may sound daunting at first. After all, this process seems like something computers should be really good at. But for this kind of pattern recognition, humans turn out to be much smarter than computers at figuring out which mutations can be thrown away, and which may be a red flag for disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For all the nuances of the science behind the game, it should ultimately still be fun to play. I asked Jon Bernstein, a doctor and researcher at \u003ca href=\"http://med.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a>, to try it out. “I thought it was very interesting – it was visually appealing, the interface was nice, and fun to play around with.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game is focused on genetics, Dr. Bernstein’s area of expertise, but that didn’t mean it was easy. “Many of the levels were pretty challenging.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The game is timely, as DNA sequencing is becoming more and more useful in terms of diagnosing and treating all sorts of illnesses\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are many, many situations in which genetic information is helpful in understanding the cause of human disease,” said Bernstein. “There are many cases in which it impacts how you take care of people and the counseling you can provide them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as Bernstein told me, some forms of sequencing are still very expensive, on the order of $10,000. “And most of the cost is really the interpretation, not running the test itself.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Games like Phylo are an effort to help scientists interpret these data. By making these problems fun, easy to play with, and accessible to anyone in the world, game designers like Waldispühl are essentially crowd-sourcing solutions to complex problems in health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And there are plenty of gamers who would be willing to help out. Waldispühl told me that McGill put out a press release on the game and got a much larger response than they expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A couple of hours after we launched the game, the server was saturated and we put all of the department in an emergency state because everything was blocked,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We had basically a puzzle downloaded every half-second. It was just crazy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding innovative ways to quickly make sense of genetic data is becoming more important as sequencing becomes faster and more widely used. However, there are many questions that come up between sequencing a person’s DNA and pinpointing the cause of their disease, and Phylo may be answering the wrong one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This particular game is about aligning DNA sequences. In clinical medicine, a lot of questions are asked and answered at the level of protein,” Stanford’s Bernstein said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DNA is the blueprint for protein, and bad proteins can cause disease. Looking at information from the protein perspective would be much more useful to doctors, and games like \u003ca href=\"http://fold.it/portal/\">Foldit\u003c/a> are already looking at some aspects of that problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Foldit is a science-focused game that was first released to the public in 2008, and it has had considerable success since then. It allows players to virtually interact with proteins and solve puzzles about their shape. Foldit was able to harness the power of the game-playing masses to determine the shape of the AIDS virus in rhesus monkeys, a problem that had eluded researchers for 15 years. They even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nsmb/journal/v18/n10/full/nsmb.2119.html\">published their findings\u003c/a> in a sub-journal of Nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phylo may not be as useful as Foldit in its current incarnation, but it does have potential. Since its launch in November 2010, Phylo has contributed to 450,000 solutions through the work of 20,000 registered players and thousands more who play anonymously. Its interface could easily be adopted to compare proteins instead of DNA sequences, but the challenge would be in making it enjoyable for anyone to play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really wanted to make a casual game – that people can play it without thinking they are solving a problem,” Waldispühl said. “People want to have fun. And we can reuse the energy they spend gaming to do something useful.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/32568/phylo-turning-biology-puzzles-into-interactive-games","authors":["10345"],"categories":["quest_8","quest_12"],"tags":["quest_848","quest_1166","quest_10782","quest_13201","quest_10539","quest_13"],"featImg":"quest_32587","label":"quest"},"quest_29086":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_29086","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"29086","score":null,"sort":[1326123863000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-benefits-of-radioactive-fallout","title":"The Benefits of Radioactive Fallout","publishDate":1326123863,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29087\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/09/the-benefits-of-radioactive-fallout/wolves/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29087\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Wolves\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29087\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animals are doing surprisingly well in the radioactive areas around Chernobyl.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine people’s worst fears are realized and the nuclear power plant at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\">Diablo Canyon\u003c/a> here in California has a Chernobyl-style meltdown. The effects on people are obvious: high rates of thyroid and other cancers, permanent resettlement elsewhere, increased rates of birth defects and so on. But as the area around Chernobyl is showing, the effects on the environment may be more subtle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the break I watched a Nature special called, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/radioactive-wolves/introduction/7108/\">Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\". This is a documentary about wildlife in a radioactive exclusion zone around Chernobyl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the area around Chernobyl is still so contaminated that humans can only go in for limited amounts of time, the wildlife appears to be doing surprisingly well. Birth defects are higher than in surrounding areas but life is thriving. Wolves are doing great, beavers have returned and everything looks hunky dory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seemed strange to me. I would think that so much radiation should be having pretty severe effects on these animals. And as noted in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20002049\">in this NIH study\u003c/a>, for certain individuals it definitely is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is in perspective. For the individual, the area around Chernobyl is terrible. Your kids have a higher rate of being stillborn or having birth defects, you have a much higher rate of developing various cancers, and so on. But for the species as a whole, things aren’t so bad. The higher background radiation appears to hardly be affecting their numbers at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this isn’t to say that the initial fallout wasn’t catastrophic to wildlife. It was. Untold numbers of animals died a terrible death in Chernobyl’s aftermath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the lucky survivors and new immigrants, though, Chernobyl is a different story. It is a chance to live a life without human interference. At least for now it looks like the high background radiation is preferable to man for these animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important that scientists keep studying this ecosystem though. The DNA of the animals in this area are under constant attack from the radiation. There may come a tipping point where the genetic burden becomes too high and populations start to crash. We’ll have to wait and see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Reading: \u003ca href=\"http://tv.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/arts/television/radioactive-wolves-on-pbs-review.html\">NY Times Review of Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Wildlife seems to be thriving in the radioactive areas around Chernobyl. For now it looks like if animals had to choose, they'd choose radioactivity over humans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1326485680,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":390},"headData":{"title":"The Benefits of Radioactive Fallout | KQED","description":"Wildlife seems to be thriving in the radioactive areas around Chernobyl. For now it looks like if animals had to choose, they'd choose radioactivity over humans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Benefits of Radioactive Fallout","datePublished":"2012-01-09T15:44:23.000Z","dateModified":"2012-01-13T20:14:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"29086 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=29086","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/09/the-benefits-of-radioactive-fallout/","disqusTitle":"The Benefits of Radioactive Fallout","path":"/quest/29086/the-benefits-of-radioactive-fallout","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_29087\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/01/09/the-benefits-of-radioactive-fallout/wolves/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-29087\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Wolves\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-29087\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/01/Wolves-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Animals are doing surprisingly well in the radioactive areas around Chernobyl.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Imagine people’s worst fears are realized and the nuclear power plant at \u003ca href=\"http://www.pge.com/myhome/edusafety/systemworks/dcpp/\">Diablo Canyon\u003c/a> here in California has a Chernobyl-style meltdown. The effects on people are obvious: high rates of thyroid and other cancers, permanent resettlement elsewhere, increased rates of birth defects and so on. But as the area around Chernobyl is showing, the effects on the environment may be more subtle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the break I watched a Nature special called, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/radioactive-wolves/introduction/7108/\">Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\". This is a documentary about wildlife in a radioactive exclusion zone around Chernobyl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though the area around Chernobyl is still so contaminated that humans can only go in for limited amounts of time, the wildlife appears to be doing surprisingly well. Birth defects are higher than in surrounding areas but life is thriving. Wolves are doing great, beavers have returned and everything looks hunky dory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This seemed strange to me. I would think that so much radiation should be having pretty severe effects on these animals. And as noted in this \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20002049\">in this NIH study\u003c/a>, for certain individuals it definitely is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The difference is in perspective. For the individual, the area around Chernobyl is terrible. Your kids have a higher rate of being stillborn or having birth defects, you have a much higher rate of developing various cancers, and so on. But for the species as a whole, things aren’t so bad. The higher background radiation appears to hardly be affecting their numbers at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now this isn’t to say that the initial fallout wasn’t catastrophic to wildlife. It was. Untold numbers of animals died a terrible death in Chernobyl’s aftermath.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the lucky survivors and new immigrants, though, Chernobyl is a different story. It is a chance to live a life without human interference. At least for now it looks like the high background radiation is preferable to man for these animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is important that scientists keep studying this ecosystem though. The DNA of the animals in this area are under constant attack from the radiation. There may come a tipping point where the genetic burden becomes too high and populations start to crash. We’ll have to wait and see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Additional Reading: \u003ca href=\"http://tv.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/arts/television/radioactive-wolves-on-pbs-review.html\">NY Times Review of Radioactive Wolves\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/29086/the-benefits-of-radioactive-fallout","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4","quest_9"],"tags":["quest_10610","quest_848","quest_849","quest_1197","quest_10612","quest_13202","quest_10611","quest_10244","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_29087","label":"quest"},"quest_24027":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_24027","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"24027","score":null,"sort":[1315839601000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"turning-chickens-into-dinosaurs","title":"Turning Chickens into Dinosaurs","publishDate":1315839601,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/dinochicken3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24035\" title=\"dinochicken3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/dinochicken3-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By reversing evolution, scientists may be able to transform chickens into dinosaurs one step at a time.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may remember that in Jurassic Park, scientists sequenced some dinosaur DNA from a mosquito trapped in amber. They made a copy of this DNA, filled in the gaps with frog DNA and then created a dinosaur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although cool, we're not likely to get dinosaurs this way in the near future for a bunch of different reasons. The biggest for now (besides not having any dinosaur DNA) is that we can’t \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=129\">clone anything bigger than a bacterium\u003c/a> with just a piece of DNA. To clone a multi-celled creature like a dinosaur, we need frozen or even better, live cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this might be possible for some extinct animals including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/10/mammoth-resurrection/\">mammoths\u003c/a>, 65 million years is just too long to find any frozen or viable cells. But there may be another way to one day create Jurassic Park. By messing with a chicken’s genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current theories are that birds evolved from dinosaurs. This means that all the information for making a dinosaur was contained in bird DNA at one time. The trick is to figure out what this dinosaur DNA looked like and to change bird DNA accordingly and/or to unlock any hidden dinosaur DNA that may still be in bird DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 65 million years you might think all traces of dino-DNA would be lost in birds. Surprisingly, you’d be wrong. It looks like there is still some T-rex lurking in a chicken’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last decade, scientists have been able to make chickens look a bit more dinosaur-like by changing how the chickens use the genes they already have. For example, they have been able to make a chicken’s tail look a bit more like a dinosaur’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big difference between birds and dinosaurs is that dinosaurs have much longer tails. But this doesn’t hold up in a chicken embryo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a very early stage of development, chicken embryos have what looks like a very reptilian tail with 16 vertebrae. Later in development, though, most of the vertebrae disappear until only five are left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that if scientists can figure out how to keep the vertebrae from disappearing, they might end up with a long tailed chicken. And they’ve actually managed to sort of do this already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By changing when certain genes are turned on or off, they have managed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1026340/Jurassic-Park-comes-true-How-scientists-bringing-dinosaurs-life-help-humble-chicken.html\">create a chicken\u003c/a> with a tail that has eight vertebrae. Not quite a dinosaur but a step in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have also been able to create a \u003ca href=\"http://dml.cmnh.org/2011Aug/msg00313.html\">chicken with teeth\u003c/a>. And even a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1026340/Jurassic-Park-comes-true-How-scientists-bringing-dinosaurs-life-help-humble-chicken.html\">snout\u003c/a>! All of this without fundamentally changing a chicken’s genes but instead changing how they are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now they probably won’t be able to make the chicken-dinosaur transition simply by changing how chicken genes are used. There are bound to have been some significant changes in certain key genes that will have to be replicated to really make a dinosaur. And for that we’ll need to figure out what dinosaur DNA looked like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But still, we can make a lot of progress towards making a dinosaur by simply using the toolkit of current bird genes. In the end, we’ll probably be able to recreate something very much like a dinosaur. The question will then become whether we should.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST story on how scientists can figure out ancient DNA from modern DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If we are ever going to resurrect dinosaurs, it probably won't be like in the movie Jurassic Park. Instead, we'll have to throw evolution into reverse and turn a bird back into a dinosaur.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1442954658,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":600},"headData":{"title":"Turning Chickens into Dinosaurs | KQED","description":"If we are ever going to resurrect dinosaurs, it probably won't be like in the movie Jurassic Park. Instead, we'll have to throw evolution into reverse and turn a bird back into a dinosaur.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Turning Chickens into Dinosaurs","datePublished":"2011-09-12T15:00:01.000Z","dateModified":"2015-09-22T20:44:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"24027 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=24027","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/09/12/turning-chickens-into-dinosaurs/","disqusTitle":"Turning Chickens into Dinosaurs","path":"/quest/24027/turning-chickens-into-dinosaurs","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24035\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/dinochicken3.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-24035\" title=\"dinochicken3\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/dinochicken3-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By reversing evolution, scientists may be able to transform chickens into dinosaurs one step at a time.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>You may remember that in Jurassic Park, scientists sequenced some dinosaur DNA from a mosquito trapped in amber. They made a copy of this DNA, filled in the gaps with frog DNA and then created a dinosaur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although cool, we're not likely to get dinosaurs this way in the near future for a bunch of different reasons. The biggest for now (besides not having any dinosaur DNA) is that we can’t \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=129\">clone anything bigger than a bacterium\u003c/a> with just a piece of DNA. To clone a multi-celled creature like a dinosaur, we need frozen or even better, live cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this might be possible for some extinct animals including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2008/11/10/mammoth-resurrection/\">mammoths\u003c/a>, 65 million years is just too long to find any frozen or viable cells. But there may be another way to one day create Jurassic Park. By messing with a chicken’s genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Current theories are that birds evolved from dinosaurs. This means that all the information for making a dinosaur was contained in bird DNA at one time. The trick is to figure out what this dinosaur DNA looked like and to change bird DNA accordingly and/or to unlock any hidden dinosaur DNA that may still be in bird DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After 65 million years you might think all traces of dino-DNA would be lost in birds. Surprisingly, you’d be wrong. It looks like there is still some T-rex lurking in a chicken’s DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last decade, scientists have been able to make chickens look a bit more dinosaur-like by changing how the chickens use the genes they already have. For example, they have been able to make a chicken’s tail look a bit more like a dinosaur’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A big difference between birds and dinosaurs is that dinosaurs have much longer tails. But this doesn’t hold up in a chicken embryo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a very early stage of development, chicken embryos have what looks like a very reptilian tail with 16 vertebrae. Later in development, though, most of the vertebrae disappear until only five are left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that if scientists can figure out how to keep the vertebrae from disappearing, they might end up with a long tailed chicken. And they’ve actually managed to sort of do this already.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By changing when certain genes are turned on or off, they have managed to \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1026340/Jurassic-Park-comes-true-How-scientists-bringing-dinosaurs-life-help-humble-chicken.html\">create a chicken\u003c/a> with a tail that has eight vertebrae. Not quite a dinosaur but a step in that direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They have also been able to create a \u003ca href=\"http://dml.cmnh.org/2011Aug/msg00313.html\">chicken with teeth\u003c/a>. And even a \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1026340/Jurassic-Park-comes-true-How-scientists-bringing-dinosaurs-life-help-humble-chicken.html\">snout\u003c/a>! All of this without fundamentally changing a chicken’s genes but instead changing how they are used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now they probably won’t be able to make the chicken-dinosaur transition simply by changing how chicken genes are used. There are bound to have been some significant changes in certain key genes that will have to be replicated to really make a dinosaur. And for that we’ll need to figure out what dinosaur DNA looked like.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But still, we can make a lot of progress towards making a dinosaur by simply using the toolkit of current bird genes. In the end, we’ll probably be able to recreate something very much like a dinosaur. The question will then become whether we should.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>QUEST story on how scientists can figure out ancient DNA from modern DNA.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/24027/turning-chickens-into-dinosaurs","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_10089","quest_10091","quest_10090","quest_848","quest_10092","quest_1032","quest_10094","quest_1192","quest_1197","quest_10093","quest_1552","quest_13","quest_10088","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_24035","label":"quest"},"quest_21587":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_21587","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"21587","score":null,"sort":[1312216614000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-high-cost-of-sex","title":"The High Cost of Sex","publishDate":1312216614,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CoupleOnBeach\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21594\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sex may have evolved to cut down on genetic variation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean in the red light district of Amsterdam or at Mustang Ranch. What I am talking about is the high biological cost of sex. In fact, it is so expensive it can be hard to imagine how it ever evolved in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason sex is so costly is it takes two parents to have a kid. Asexual creatures can do it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sound like much of an advantage, but it is. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/cost%20of%20males.html\">computer simulations\u003c/a> show that a single asexual individual can overtake a population of one million sexual creatures in about 50 generations. That is about 1000 years for people and only 8 years for mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sex needs to have some pretty big advantages to have ever evolved in the first place. Otherwise the first sexual creature would have been quickly swamped out by all of its asexual brethren as soon as it appeared. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists have pointed to variation as one of sex’s big advantage. This probably isn’t the whole story though. Or even most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sex does create additional variety through the mixing of genes but it probably isn’t enough to explain the rise of sex. You’d have to live in some pretty chaotic times for this variation to offer enough an advantage to an individual to overcome its cost. Eight or a thousand years just isn’t that long in an evolutionary time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01173.x/abstract\">review\u003c/a> out is bringing up an old idea that Muller came up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28193203/193204%2966:703%3C118:SGAOS%3E2.0.CO;2-B&\">back in 1932\u003c/a>. The main advantage of sex is to provide a safe time to recombine our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recombination is simply the swapping of DNA between two identical (or nearly identical) pieces of DNA. For us that means swapping between the chromosomes we got from mom and dad. So DNA is swapped between our two chromosome 1’s our two chromosome 2’s and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where part of that variation we were talking about earlier comes from. But more importantly, recombination actually helps repair DNA damage. You can see the effects of no recombination by looking at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=51\">sad little Y chromosome\u003c/a> which is slowly disappearing because it has no one to recombine with except itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recombination is a double edged sword. Cells need it to repair their DNA but it can cause lots of DNA damage if it isn’t controlled. For example, even with all of our controls in place, 1 in 1000 humans still ends up with one chromosome stuck to another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what happens with uncontrolled recombination by looking at cancer cells. These cells end up with extra chromosomes, chromosomes stuck together, and lots of other chromosomal problems because they recombine willy-nilly. They do well for themselves but are definitely bad for the individual. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it makes sense to contain recombination to some easily controlled time. Sex may have arisen and took over the world because it provides a safer way to keep harmful DNA damage in check. The variation that everyone goes on about may simply have been a beneficial side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21653\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/01/the-high-cost-of-sex/sexasexcomparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21653\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/SexAsexComparison-427x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SexAsexComparison\" width=\"427\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After just nine generations, the sexual beasts on the left are already being swamped out by the asexual ones on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the following for more information:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.evolutionary-research.net/science/mullers-ratchet/principle\">Muller’s Ratchet\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/01/and-then-there-were-44/\">Extra chromosomes and new species\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Biologically speaking, sex is ungodly expensive. One reason it may have evolved in to keep our genomes stable and intact.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1312485161,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":586},"headData":{"title":"The High Cost of Sex | KQED","description":"Biologically speaking, sex is ungodly expensive. One reason it may have evolved in to keep our genomes stable and intact.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The High Cost of Sex","datePublished":"2011-08-01T16:36:54.000Z","dateModified":"2011-08-04T19:12:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"21587 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=21587","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/01/the-high-cost-of-sex/","disqusTitle":"The High Cost of Sex","path":"/quest/21587/the-high-cost-of-sex","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21594\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"CoupleOnBeach\" width=\"640\" height=\"362\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21594\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/CoupleOnBeach1-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sex may have evolved to cut down on genetic variation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>No, I don’t mean in the red light district of Amsterdam or at Mustang Ranch. What I am talking about is the high biological cost of sex. In fact, it is so expensive it can be hard to imagine how it ever evolved in the first place. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The main reason sex is so costly is it takes two parents to have a kid. Asexual creatures can do it on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This doesn’t sound like much of an advantage, but it is. Some \u003ca href=\"http://www.indiana.edu/~curtweb/Research/cost%20of%20males.html\">computer simulations\u003c/a> show that a single asexual individual can overtake a population of one million sexual creatures in about 50 generations. That is about 1000 years for people and only 8 years for mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So sex needs to have some pretty big advantages to have ever evolved in the first place. Otherwise the first sexual creature would have been quickly swamped out by all of its asexual brethren as soon as it appeared. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, scientists have pointed to variation as one of sex’s big advantage. This probably isn’t the whole story though. Or even most of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sex does create additional variety through the mixing of genes but it probably isn’t enough to explain the rise of sex. You’d have to live in some pretty chaotic times for this variation to offer enough an advantage to an individual to overcome its cost. Eight or a thousand years just isn’t that long in an evolutionary time scale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01173.x/abstract\">review\u003c/a> out is bringing up an old idea that Muller came up with \u003ca href=\"http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28193203/193204%2966:703%3C118:SGAOS%3E2.0.CO;2-B&\">back in 1932\u003c/a>. The main advantage of sex is to provide a safe time to recombine our DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recombination is simply the swapping of DNA between two identical (or nearly identical) pieces of DNA. For us that means swapping between the chromosomes we got from mom and dad. So DNA is swapped between our two chromosome 1’s our two chromosome 2’s and so on. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where part of that variation we were talking about earlier comes from. But more importantly, recombination actually helps repair DNA damage. You can see the effects of no recombination by looking at our \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=51\">sad little Y chromosome\u003c/a> which is slowly disappearing because it has no one to recombine with except itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recombination is a double edged sword. Cells need it to repair their DNA but it can cause lots of DNA damage if it isn’t controlled. For example, even with all of our controls in place, 1 in 1000 humans still ends up with one chromosome stuck to another. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can see what happens with uncontrolled recombination by looking at cancer cells. These cells end up with extra chromosomes, chromosomes stuck together, and lots of other chromosomal problems because they recombine willy-nilly. They do well for themselves but are definitely bad for the individual. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it makes sense to contain recombination to some easily controlled time. Sex may have arisen and took over the world because it provides a safer way to keep harmful DNA damage in check. The variation that everyone goes on about may simply have been a beneficial side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21653\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/08/01/the-high-cost-of-sex/sexasexcomparison/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-21653\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/07/SexAsexComparison-427x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"SexAsexComparison\" width=\"427\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-large wp-image-21653\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After just nine generations, the sexual beasts on the left are already being swamped out by the asexual ones on the right.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>See the following for more information:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.evolutionary-research.net/science/mullers-ratchet/principle\">Muller’s Ratchet\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/03/01/and-then-there-were-44/\">Extra chromosomes and new species\u003c/a> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/21587/the-high-cost-of-sex","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_9926","quest_9927","quest_475","quest_848","quest_9924","quest_1032","quest_1197","quest_9925","quest_9923","quest_13202","quest_2383","quest_2601","quest_9928","quest_9929","quest_3319"],"featImg":"quest_21594","label":"quest"},"quest_15516":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_15516","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"15516","score":null,"sort":[1309793064000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"patient-specific-dna-sequencing-finally-paying-off","title":"Patient-Specific DNA Sequencing Finally Paying Off","publishDate":1309793064,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/ColorfulChromosomes1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientists are finally unraveling enough of the mystery of\u003cbr>human DNA to help individual patients.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last few months, a couple of stories have come out that show the promise of the upcoming genetic revolution. In each case, doctors found a patient’s best treatment by looking at every last letter of that patient’s DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=140\">case\u003c/a>, a young boy had all the hallmarks of an immune problem but there was no conclusive diagnosis. Without knowing for sure what was wrong, doctors weren’t comfortable treating the boy with a risky bone marrow transplant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then scientists sequenced the boy’s DNA. Lo and behold there was a never-before-seen mutation in a known gene. This nailed down the diagnosis of a potentially life-threatening form of irritable bowel disease (IBD).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors went ahead with the bone marrow transplant. The boy not only survived the treatment, but his symptoms cleared up as well. He is now essentially cured because he had his DNA sequenced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=142\">case \u003c/a>involves a set of boy-girl twins. They suffer from a movement disorder called dopamine-responsive dystonia (\u003ca href=\"http://www.dystoniacanada.org/about-dystonia/dopa-responsive-dystonia\">DRD\u003c/a>). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with DRD are usually treated with L-dopa. This can often clear up most symptoms but didn’t seem to help these twins as much. In particular, the twin sister still suffered severe enough symptoms to greatly diminish her quality of life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists sequenced the twins’ DNA and found out that they had a kind of DRD that responds best to both L-dopa and a medicine called 5-HTP. Once they both received this new treatment, their symptoms improved dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the girl used to suffer from something called layngospasms that usually ended in vomiting. With the new treatment, this went away. An obvious improvement to her life!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming prices keep dropping for sequencing and Congress keeps allocating money for basic research, there may come a day in the not too distant future when many more patients like these will be helped. People will have better lives because doctors can figure out what is wrong by looking at their DNA. As long as doctors have the tools they need to help patients that is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the information is so scattered and so specialized that most doctors can’t help without a scientist’s intervention. This greatly limits the number of patients who can be helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting this whole process streamlined enough so that more than just the wealthy, connected, or lucky can benefit won’t be easy. We need to generate lots more data. But we also need to collect and organize the data so doctors can take a patient’s DNA data and translate it into the right treatment without the help of a genetic scientist. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This last part is not exciting work but is absolutely necessary if the promise of the genomic revolution is to be fully realized. Here’s hoping someone funds something like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"425\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/jxFO-SjA-P4\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Great story about DRD and how L-dopa can help.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3393857 -121.8949555\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Here Dr. Starr talks about three patients who have dramatically improved lives because scientists sequenced their DNA and correctly interpreted the results. The dream of helping individual patients using data from the human genome project is finally being realized.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1309793064,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://www.youtube.com/embed/jxFO-SjA-P4"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":518},"headData":{"title":"Patient-Specific DNA Sequencing Finally Paying Off | KQED","description":"Here Dr. Starr talks about three patients who have dramatically improved lives because scientists sequenced their DNA and correctly interpreted the results. The dream of helping individual patients using data from the human genome project is finally being realized.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Patient-Specific DNA Sequencing Finally Paying Off","datePublished":"2011-07-04T15:24:24.000Z","dateModified":"2011-07-04T15:24:24.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"15516 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/07/04/patient-specific-dna-sequencing-finally-paying-off/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/07/04/patient-specific-dna-sequencing-finally-paying-off/","disqusTitle":"Patient-Specific DNA Sequencing Finally Paying Off","path":"/quest/15516/patient-specific-dna-sequencing-finally-paying-off","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"left\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/06/ColorfulChromosomes1.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003cem>Scientists are finally unraveling enough of the mystery of\u003cbr>human DNA to help individual patients.\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the last few months, a couple of stories have come out that show the promise of the upcoming genetic revolution. In each case, doctors found a patient’s best treatment by looking at every last letter of that patient’s DNA. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the first \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=140\">case\u003c/a>, a young boy had all the hallmarks of an immune problem but there was no conclusive diagnosis. Without knowing for sure what was wrong, doctors weren’t comfortable treating the boy with a risky bone marrow transplant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then scientists sequenced the boy’s DNA. Lo and behold there was a never-before-seen mutation in a known gene. This nailed down the diagnosis of a potentially life-threatening form of irritable bowel disease (IBD).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The doctors went ahead with the bone marrow transplant. The boy not only survived the treatment, but his symptoms cleared up as well. He is now essentially cured because he had his DNA sequenced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/genetics/news.php?id=142\">case \u003c/a>involves a set of boy-girl twins. They suffer from a movement disorder called dopamine-responsive dystonia (\u003ca href=\"http://www.dystoniacanada.org/about-dystonia/dopa-responsive-dystonia\">DRD\u003c/a>). \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients with DRD are usually treated with L-dopa. This can often clear up most symptoms but didn’t seem to help these twins as much. In particular, the twin sister still suffered severe enough symptoms to greatly diminish her quality of life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists sequenced the twins’ DNA and found out that they had a kind of DRD that responds best to both L-dopa and a medicine called 5-HTP. Once they both received this new treatment, their symptoms improved dramatically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the girl used to suffer from something called layngospasms that usually ended in vomiting. With the new treatment, this went away. An obvious improvement to her life!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assuming prices keep dropping for sequencing and Congress keeps allocating money for basic research, there may come a day in the not too distant future when many more patients like these will be helped. People will have better lives because doctors can figure out what is wrong by looking at their DNA. As long as doctors have the tools they need to help patients that is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now the information is so scattered and so specialized that most doctors can’t help without a scientist’s intervention. This greatly limits the number of patients who can be helped.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting this whole process streamlined enough so that more than just the wealthy, connected, or lucky can benefit won’t be easy. We need to generate lots more data. But we also need to collect and organize the data so doctors can take a patient’s DNA data and translate it into the right treatment without the help of a genetic scientist. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This last part is not exciting work but is absolutely necessary if the promise of the genomic revolution is to be fully realized. Here’s hoping someone funds something like this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe width=\"425\" height=\"349\" src=\"http://www.youtube.com/embed/jxFO-SjA-P4\" frameborder=\"0\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Great story about DRD and how L-dopa can help.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.3393857 -121.8949555\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/15516/patient-specific-dna-sequencing-finally-paying-off","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_848","quest_3961","quest_3962","quest_1188","quest_1197","quest_3964","quest_3971","quest_3974","quest_3980"],"featImg":"quest_15523","label":"quest"},"quest_12636":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_12636","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"12636","score":null,"sort":[1300125606000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"secretive-openness","title":"Secretive Openness","publishDate":1300125606,"format":"standard","headTitle":"QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 560px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/AlbinoBranch3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"402\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>It'll be a long time before scientists figure out why this branch is white.\u003cbr>And even longer before the public finds out.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any place to check in for updates on this research?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Jordan asked this question on Chris Bauer’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-admin/post.php?action=edit&post=12636\">blog\u003c/a> about figuring out the genetics of redwood albinism. Unfortunately, the answer is that there really isn’t any place to see how the research is going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because science is this weird combination of secrecy and openness. Research projects start out as proprietary but once finished, they become open source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that no results will be released until a good chunk of the research is done and it has been published in a peer-reviewed journal. This usually takes a year or more and albino redwoods will probably take even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is simple caution on the part of scientists. No one wants to release results so early that that they have to retract them later. Like everyone else, scientists don’t like to be proven wrong in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this only explains not communicating \u003cem>preliminary \u003c/em>results. Once a result is pretty solid, it should be OK to broadcast publicly. Except that it still isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the fault of many of the scientists doing the research. I remember wanting to shout my latest results from the mountaintops as soon as I got them. Lots of scientists I have talked to feel the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem has more to do with how science is funded. It simply isn’t designed to allow incremental progress to become public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists rely on the federal government for most of their funding. The NIH, NSF, DOE, and a few other agencies supply the lion’s share of research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labs are awarded these grants based on the work they have done. There is absolutely no incentive for sharing their work early. In fact, sharing work too soon can cost you grant money and maybe even (eventually) your lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/Graveyard2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The graveyard of the scientific careers of those scientists who released their data too soon. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unrelated_Tombstone.jpg\">Corpse Reviver.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be credible, scientific results must be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This is the “coin of the realm” in the scientific world. To succeed as a scientist, you need lots of these in the top journals and of course, successful scientists are the ones who get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These journals frown on releasing data before that data can make a big splash for their journal. This forces scientists to not release information to the general public (although they can talk about it at some point at scientific meetings). To keep from perishing, scientists need to keep their results under wraps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but scientists are not above stealing someone’s data and using it to get to the full story first. Smaller labs in particular are vulnerable to this sort of predation. Again, this forces scientists to keep their results to themselves rather than broadcasting it far and wide. Otherwise, they’ll have nothing to show for their work and they won’t get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to overcome these barriers and get results presented to the public in a more timely manner would be to change how science gets funded. Make it so there is lots of money to go around so that scientists will get money whether their lab makes the breakthrough or someone else uses your preliminary results to make the breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this won’t happen. For one thing, you wouldn’t be able to screen out the bad and/or lazy scientists nor reward the true go-getters. And besides, there are already way too many labs chasing way too few grants. Given that our government is sliding into insolvency, it is very unlikely that they will throw any more money at science so the public can get information any sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new way to fund science also wouldn’t change other aspects that keep our current system in place. For example, many scientists like to get a result first and beat the other guys. No funding tweaks are going to change this competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like we’ll have to stick with the current way that science is set up. It has done a great job of explaining our world and how it works. We just need to be patient and wait for the findings to eventually be released. As soon as they are, I’ll update you right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It will take a long time for scientists to figure out why those redwoods in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park are albino. And because of the way science is set up, it will take the public even longer to find out the answer.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1300125606,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":782},"headData":{"title":"Secretive Openness | KQED","description":"It will take a long time for scientists to figure out why those redwoods in Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park are albino. And because of the way science is set up, it will take the public even longer to find out the answer.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Secretive Openness","datePublished":"2011-03-14T18:00:06.000Z","dateModified":"2011-03-14T18:00:06.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"12636 http://www.kqed.org/quest/blog/2011/03/14/secretive-openness/","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/03/14/secretive-openness/","disqusTitle":"Secretive Openness","path":"/quest/12636/secretive-openness","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 560px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/quest\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/AlbinoBranch3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"402\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u003cem>It'll be a long time before scientists figure out why this branch is white.\u003cbr>And even longer before the public finds out.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Is there any place to check in for updates on this research?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Timothy Jordan asked this question on Chris Bauer’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-admin/post.php?action=edit&post=12636\">blog\u003c/a> about figuring out the genetics of redwood albinism. Unfortunately, the answer is that there really isn’t any place to see how the research is going.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because science is this weird combination of secrecy and openness. Research projects start out as proprietary but once finished, they become open source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What this means is that no results will be released until a good chunk of the research is done and it has been published in a peer-reviewed journal. This usually takes a year or more and albino redwoods will probably take even longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason for this is simple caution on the part of scientists. No one wants to release results so early that that they have to retract them later. Like everyone else, scientists don’t like to be proven wrong in public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this only explains not communicating \u003cem>preliminary \u003c/em>results. Once a result is pretty solid, it should be OK to broadcast publicly. Except that it still isn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This isn’t the fault of many of the scientists doing the research. I remember wanting to shout my latest results from the mountaintops as soon as I got them. Lots of scientists I have talked to feel the same way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem has more to do with how science is funded. It simply isn’t designed to allow incremental progress to become public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists rely on the federal government for most of their funding. The NIH, NSF, DOE, and a few other agencies supply the lion’s share of research dollars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Labs are awarded these grants based on the work they have done. There is absolutely no incentive for sharing their work early. In fact, sharing work too soon can cost you grant money and maybe even (eventually) your lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"right\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/03/Graveyard2.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003cem>The graveyard of the scientific careers of those scientists who released their data too soon. Photo by \u003ca href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unrelated_Tombstone.jpg\">Corpse Reviver.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To be credible, scientific results must be published in a peer-reviewed journal. This is the “coin of the realm” in the scientific world. To succeed as a scientist, you need lots of these in the top journals and of course, successful scientists are the ones who get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These journals frown on releasing data before that data can make a big splash for their journal. This forces scientists to not release information to the general public (although they can talk about it at some point at scientific meetings). To keep from perishing, scientists need to keep their results under wraps. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not only that, but scientists are not above stealing someone’s data and using it to get to the full story first. Smaller labs in particular are vulnerable to this sort of predation. Again, this forces scientists to keep their results to themselves rather than broadcasting it far and wide. Otherwise, they’ll have nothing to show for their work and they won’t get funded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only way to overcome these barriers and get results presented to the public in a more timely manner would be to change how science gets funded. Make it so there is lots of money to go around so that scientists will get money whether their lab makes the breakthrough or someone else uses your preliminary results to make the breakthrough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course this won’t happen. For one thing, you wouldn’t be able to screen out the bad and/or lazy scientists nor reward the true go-getters. And besides, there are already way too many labs chasing way too few grants. Given that our government is sliding into insolvency, it is very unlikely that they will throw any more money at science so the public can get information any sooner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new way to fund science also wouldn’t change other aspects that keep our current system in place. For example, many scientists like to get a result first and beat the other guys. No funding tweaks are going to change this competitiveness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looks like we’ll have to stick with the current way that science is set up. It has done a great job of explaining our world and how it works. We just need to be patient and wait for the findings to eventually be released. As soon as they are, I’ll update you right here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> 37.7749295 -122.4194155\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/12636/secretive-openness","authors":["6177"],"categories":["quest_4"],"tags":["quest_3445","quest_848","quest_1900","quest_2073","quest_3722","quest_3723","quest_2395","quest_3752","quest_2543"],"featImg":"quest_10340","label":"quest"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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