California's farmers may be on a collision course with our changing climate. Find out what's at stake for this $30 billion-dollar industry -- and your grocery bill. This multimedia series is a co-production of KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting.
How Flooding Fields Could Alleviate Water Supply Stress
Water Banks: A Hedge Against Shrinking Supplies in a Changing Climate
Heat and Harvest - the documentary
Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests
Uncool Cherries
Dry and Salted
California's Farm Belt Didn't Dodge the Summer Heat Wave
Heat and Harvest: Calif. Farms on a Climate Collision Course
Heat, Salt and Pests Threaten California Fields
Sponsored
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Sasha is a proud alum of the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism and Brown University and a member of the South Asian Journalists Association.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4b5e1541aaeea2aa356aa1fb2a68950?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"KQEDSashaKhokha","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sasha Khokha | KQED","description":"Host, The California Report Magazine","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4b5e1541aaeea2aa356aa1fb2a68950?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e4b5e1541aaeea2aa356aa1fb2a68950?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sasha-khokha"},"gabriela-quiros":{"type":"authors","id":"6186","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6186","found":true},"name":"Gabriela Quirós","firstName":"Gabriela","lastName":"Quirós","slug":"gabriela-quiros","email":"gquiros@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":["science"],"title":"Video Producer and Reporter","bio":"Gabriela Quirós is a \u003cstrong>video producer and the coordinating producer for KQED's web science video series \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/deeplook\">Deep Look\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>. She joined KQED as a TV producer when its science series QUEST started in 2006 and has covered everything from Alzheimer’s to bee die-offs to dark energy.\r\n\r\nShe won a 2022 AAAS Kavli Science Journalism Award with a team of her Deep Look colleagues. She has won five regional Emmys as a video producer and has shared seven more as the coordinating producer of Deep Look. The episode she produced about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/728086/how-mosquitoes-use-six-needles-to-suck-your-blood\">How Mosquitoes Use Six Needles to Suck Your Blood\u003c/a> won a Webby \"People's Voice\" award. She has also earned awards from the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival, the Society of Professional Journalists and the Society of Environmental Journalists.\r\n\r\nHer videos for KQED have also aired on NOVA scienceNOW and the PBS NewsHour, and appeared on NPR.org.\r\n\r\nAs an independent filmmaker, she produced and directed the hour-long documentary \u003ca href=\"http://lpbp.org/beautiful-sin-qa-with-producer-gabriela-quiros/\">\u003cem>Beautiful Sin\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, about the surprising story of how Costa Rica became the only country in the world to outlaw in vitro fertilization. The film aired in 2015 on public television stations throughout the U.S., and in Costa Rica.\r\n\r\nShe started her journalism career as a newspaper reporter in Costa Rica, where she grew up. She won the National Science Journalism Award there for a series of articles about organic agriculture, and developed a life-long interest in health reporting. She moved to the Bay Area in 1996 to study documentary filmmaking at the University of California, Berkeley, where she received master’s degrees in journalism and Latin American studies.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"gabrielaquirosr","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor","ef_view_calendar","ef_view_story_budget"]}],"headData":{"title":"Gabriela Quirós | KQED","description":"Video Producer and Reporter","ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/6d82c20152affd1b434c31a904c40809?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/gabriela-quiros"},"michaelschapiro":{"type":"authors","id":"10385","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"10385","found":true},"name":"Mark Schapiro","firstName":"Mark","lastName":"Schapiro","slug":"michaelschapiro","email":"mschapiro@cironline.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Mark Schapiro, a correspondent with the Center for Investigative Reporting in Berkeley, California specializes in international and environmental stories. His award-winning work appears in all media: in publications such as Harpers, Mother Jones, The Atlantic, Yale 360 and The Nation; on television, including PBS FRONTLINE/World; on public radio including KQED and Marketplace; and on the web. He is currently writing a book for Wiley & Co. investigating the back-story to our carbon footprints. His previous book, \u003cstrong>EXPOSED: The Toxic Chemistry of Everyday Products and What’s at Stake for American Power\u003c/strong>, reveals the health and economic implications for American citizens and U.S. companies of the tightening of environmental standards by the European Union.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4582fc56a27db923f25c0a1f514e9e1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Mark Schapiro | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4582fc56a27db923f25c0a1f514e9e1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/b4582fc56a27db923f25c0a1f514e9e1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/michaelschapiro"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"quest_51168":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_51168","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"51168","score":null,"sort":[1364582580000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress","title":"How Flooding Fields Could Alleviate Water Supply Stress","publishDate":1364582580,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>This past weekend’s rain was too little, too late, to save Northern California from tight water supplies this summer. Another dry year for the state means farmers will be scrambling for water, and once again pumping from undergound water supplies. But too much pumping has overdrawn some aquifers, causing the land to sink in parts of California’s farm belt. And some farmers are turning to a unique solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sinking Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\" alt=\"Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A meadowlark sings on a telephone pole, perched high above rows of gnarled grape vines in rural Madera County. But there’s another way to get a bird’s-eye view of these vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reggie Hill unlocks a metal gate that opens onto the levees that rise more than twelve feet above the fields and orchards here. “Watch out for holes,” he warns. “There’s a lot of rodents out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is in charge of 191 miles of levees along the lower San Joaquin River, which can flood in big snowmelt years. Federal and state officials check to make sure these berms are high enough to protect crops, farmhouses and schools. But over the last few years, Hill says, something strange has started to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51832 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\" alt=\"Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\" width=\"323\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1-400x617.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They came out here, did a survey,” he explains, “and then the next time, came out to finish up their survey, none of their elevations matched. Took them a while to figure out it isn’t that we made a mistake, the land is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show the land here is sinking about a foot a year, as thirsty cities and farms pump water from aquifers that lie deep underground, below a thick layer of clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chasing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more demand for water, the deeper they’re starting to chase the water,” says Hill. Wells in this part of the Valley that used to find water 300 feet below ground level, now reach down nearly 900. \"They’re chasing water,\" he tells me, \"and what happens is they start pulling water out from under these clay layers, and these clay layers collapse. And it can’t come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid sinking, called subsidence, is some of the fastest ever measured in the Central Valley, says Michelle Sneed, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - Sneed\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/science/author.php?author=Sneed%2C+Michelle\">hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>. “A foot a year is quite fast, and hard to engineer against for things like bridges and dams and roadways,” says Sneed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if there were a way to both keep the Central Valley’s taxed underground aquifers from drying up, and the land from sinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flooding Fields\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About an hour’s drive south of our levee, on the huge farm known as Terranova Ranch, powerful electric pumps draw well water for about seven thousand acres of crops like tomatoes, grapes, almonds and pistachios. Manager Don Cameron says his electric bill tops a million dollars a year, in large part because those pumps have to work so hard to pull groundwater from wells hundreds of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve seen declining water tables over the last 30 years that I’ve been here,” says Cameron. “And we want to do something to change that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova Ranch sits southeast of Fresno in the King’s River basin, an area where farmers are pumping unsustainable volumes of water in dry years. At the other extreme, farms and communities here risk floods when rivers are pulsing with too much water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova is experimenting with a way to address both problems. The idea is to capture excess river water in the occasional big water years, diverting it directly into crop fields, where the water will sink into the ground, and recharge the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere, which is pretty unlikely in this day and age,” says Cameron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little different from conventional groundwater “banks,” where farmers share water from an underground aquifer, or buy it from each other. This is an experiment in “banking” water right on the farm where it’ll be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Cameron worked with environmental engineers and state regulators to flood about a thousand acres of farmland with a foot of water from the Kings River. The water pooled up in the fields, making vineyards look like rice paddies. And that raised a few eyebrows around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a lot of growers that have looked at our operation with skepticism,” says Cameron, recalling one test that left his grape vines under about a foot of water for three months. \"The vines eventually turned a yellow color and we turned the water off, and about a week later, they were back to normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they still produced grapes -- with excess river water that otherwise would have flowed out to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources has awarded a grant to Kings River water managers to try and replicate this project more widely starting this year. Meaningful recharge of the aquifers would require a large-scale, coordinated effort. But there’s a catch: it might not work everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed, the USGS hydrologist, says deep under some farms in the San Joaquin Valley are continuous swaths of what’s called “Corcoran clay.” And if you put water on top of that, it could make things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could backfire,” says Sneed. “It really depends on the geology of the area whether that is a good solution or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because if water flooding into the fields can’t penetrate through the dense Corcoran clay, it can’t recharge the deepest aquifers where farmers are pumping the most. And the weight of the water pushing down on that clay layer could make the land sink even faster.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new approach to small-scale water \"banking\" could relieve stress on both the water supply and levees in California's San Joaquin Valley.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450494823,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":28,"wordCount":1080},"headData":{"title":"How Flooding Fields Could Alleviate Water Supply Stress | KQED","description":"A new approach to small-scale water "banking" could relieve stress on both the water supply and levees in California's San Joaquin Valley.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Flooding Fields Could Alleviate Water Supply Stress","datePublished":"2013-03-29T18:43:00.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T03:13:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"51168 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=51168","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/03/29/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress/","disqusTitle":"How Flooding Fields Could Alleviate Water Supply Stress","source":"Environment","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/environment/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2013/03/20130401quest.mp3","path":"/quest/51168/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This past weekend’s rain was too little, too late, to save Northern California from tight water supplies this summer. Another dry year for the state means farmers will be scrambling for water, and once again pumping from undergound water supplies. But too much pumping has overdrawn some aquifers, causing the land to sink in parts of California’s farm belt. And some farmers are turning to a unique solution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Sinking Valley\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51817\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-51817\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg\" alt=\"Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/riverbed-erosion-made-worse-by-subsidence1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Levee manager Reggie Hill calls this riverbed the Grand Canyon of Madera County. Its rapid erosion is caused by the land sinking downstream. (Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A meadowlark sings on a telephone pole, perched high above rows of gnarled grape vines in rural Madera County. But there’s another way to get a bird’s-eye view of these vineyards.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reggie Hill unlocks a metal gate that opens onto the levees that rise more than twelve feet above the fields and orchards here. “Watch out for holes,” he warns. “There’s a lot of rodents out here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill is in charge of 191 miles of levees along the lower San Joaquin River, which can flood in big snowmelt years. Federal and state officials check to make sure these berms are high enough to protect crops, farmhouses and schools. But over the last few years, Hill says, something strange has started to happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_51832\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 323px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-51832 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png\" alt=\"Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\" width=\"323\" height=\"498\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/03/Central-Valley-subsidence1-400x617.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 323px) 100vw, 323px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Subsidence in the Central Valley. Click to see a larger version of the map. (USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They came out here, did a survey,” he explains, “and then the next time, came out to finish up their survey, none of their elevations matched. Took them a while to figure out it isn’t that we made a mistake, the land is changing.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements show the land here is sinking about a foot a year, as thirsty cities and farms pump water from aquifers that lie deep underground, below a thick layer of clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Chasing Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The more demand for water, the deeper they’re starting to chase the water,” says Hill. Wells in this part of the Valley that used to find water 300 feet below ground level, now reach down nearly 900. \"They’re chasing water,\" he tells me, \"and what happens is they start pulling water out from under these clay layers, and these clay layers collapse. And it can’t come back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That rapid sinking, called subsidence, is some of the fastest ever measured in the Central Valley, says Michelle Sneed, a \u003ca title=\"USGS - Sneed\" href=\"http://www.usgs.gov/science/author.php?author=Sneed%2C+Michelle\">hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey\u003c/a>. “A foot a year is quite fast, and hard to engineer against for things like bridges and dams and roadways,” says Sneed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what if there were a way to both keep the Central Valley’s taxed underground aquifers from drying up, and the land from sinking?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Flooding Fields\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>About an hour’s drive south of our levee, on the huge farm known as Terranova Ranch, powerful electric pumps draw well water for about seven thousand acres of crops like tomatoes, grapes, almonds and pistachios. Manager Don Cameron says his electric bill tops a million dollars a year, in large part because those pumps have to work so hard to pull groundwater from wells hundreds of feet deep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve seen declining water tables over the last 30 years that I’ve been here,” says Cameron. “And we want to do something to change that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova Ranch sits southeast of Fresno in the King’s River basin, an area where farmers are pumping unsustainable volumes of water in dry years. At the other extreme, farms and communities here risk floods when rivers are pulsing with too much water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Terranova is experimenting with a way to address both problems. The idea is to capture excess river water in the occasional big water years, diverting it directly into crop fields, where the water will sink into the ground, and recharge the aquifer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re putting it away when there is flood water available, and essentially storing it underground, rather than building a new dam somewhere, which is pretty unlikely in this day and age,” says Cameron.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a little different from conventional groundwater “banks,” where farmers share water from an underground aquifer, or buy it from each other. This is an experiment in “banking” water right on the farm where it’ll be used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Cameron worked with environmental engineers and state regulators to flood about a thousand acres of farmland with a foot of water from the Kings River. The water pooled up in the fields, making vineyards look like rice paddies. And that raised a few eyebrows around here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a lot of growers that have looked at our operation with skepticism,” says Cameron, recalling one test that left his grape vines under about a foot of water for three months. \"The vines eventually turned a yellow color and we turned the water off, and about a week later, they were back to normal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they still produced grapes -- with excess river water that otherwise would have flowed out to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Catch\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The state Department of Water Resources has awarded a grant to Kings River water managers to try and replicate this project more widely starting this year. Meaningful recharge of the aquifers would require a large-scale, coordinated effort. But there’s a catch: it might not work everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sneed, the USGS hydrologist, says deep under some farms in the San Joaquin Valley are continuous swaths of what’s called “Corcoran clay.” And if you put water on top of that, it could make things worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It could backfire,” says Sneed. “It really depends on the geology of the area whether that is a good solution or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because if water flooding into the fields can’t penetrate through the dense Corcoran clay, it can’t recharge the deepest aquifers where farmers are pumping the most. And the weight of the water pushing down on that clay layer could make the land sink even faster.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/51168/how-flooding-fields-could-alleviate-water-supply-stress","authors":["254"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11","quest_17","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_11856","quest_252","quest_11194","quest_13203","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_51786","label":"source_quest_51168"},"quest_45272":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45272","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45272","score":null,"sort":[1348857005000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"water-banks-a-hedge-against-shrinking-supplies-in-a-changing-climate","title":"Water Banks: A Hedge Against Shrinking Supplies in a Changing Climate","publishDate":1348857005,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When you make that long drive up or down I-5, look east. You see fields and orchards stretching to the Sierra, livestock and this time of year, lots of tomato trucks. What you don’t see is California’s largest permanent reservoir. Because it’s underground in the rock formations known as “aquifers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, farms and cities have pumped water out to meet their needs. But now, as water supplies dwindle, there’s a major movement afoot to put some water back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent trip to Kern County, Harry Starkey unlocked the gate to some big electric pumps, to explain how. We were somewhere west of Bakersfield, surrounded by low-lying fields known as the “North Recharge and Recovery project for the West Kern Water District.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starkey is general manager of the District. But he’s also a banker. And these pumps are his “ATM.” Deposits are made here--not in dollars--but in acre-feet of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot more impressive when there’s water in it,” said Starkey. On this predictably hot, dry day in the San Joaquin Valley, there was no water anywhere in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Kern was the first to formally start using the aquifers that lie underneath the San Joaquin Valley as the vault for what’s come to be known as “groundwater banking.” That was nearly 40 years ago. Now it’s one of almost a dozen groundwater banks in the region, designed to capture water in wet years and save it for a non-rainy day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take these high-flow occurrences, these flashy occasions when water arrives and there’s no home for it, the farmers don’t need it, the reservoirs are full in southern California, and then we have the ability to store that water underground,” explained Starkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His district doesn’t have any groundwater of its own. It’s had to buy land outside the district and pipe water to it, to let it soak in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so what you’re looking for are sandy soils,” he continued. “And where do you find those? You find them proximate to river courses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapping the occasional spring pulse from the Kern River and other sources, water banks in this part of state have been able to squirrel away as much as three million acre-feet of water, equivalent to more than half the capacity of Shasta Lake...as near as they can tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not exactly the kind of banking you’re used to, where you go down to the ATM, feed it some cash or a check, it spits out a receipt and you know exactly how much money you have in your account and how much you can take out. With groundwater banking, the “vault” is an unseen rock formation somewhere underground, so checking your balance involves a little more guesswork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, it’s ‘current balance’ we think,” says Eric Averett, who runs the Rosedale-Rio Bravo Water Storage District on the west side of Bakersfield. “But everyone’s looking at that balance and saying, ‘I’m not sure I agree with that.’” In 2010, his district ended up in court with some neighboring water bankers, when it seemed like some of his customers’ “deposits” had diminished. Their wells were drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45306\" title=\"IMG_2527\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_2527-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harry Starkey at the “ATM.” Pumps like this are the tools for making “deposits” and “withdrawals” at Kern County’s various water banks. Starkey’s West Kern Water District is adding a solar array to power these pumps. Photo: Craig Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Clearly the groundwater system is a dynamic system,” he told me. “It’s like a river underneath the ground, and it does move and the benefits associated with the water when you put them into the ground are transient. And I think we’re learning that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve learned, for instance, that about four percent of the water put into the ground may not come back out. It can migrate to another place and become irretrievable--think of it as Nature’s ATM fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, groundwater banking is getting big buzz in water circles of late, because frankly, it beats the alternative: building more dams and reservoirs to store surface water. It beats it from a financial standpoint--and is far more palatable to environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that it’s cheap. It takes a lot of expensive plumbing to pump and move the water around to where it’s stored and retrieved. Districts down here just completed a $60 million-dollar expansion of something called the Cross Valley Canal, to shuttle water back and forth between the east and west sides of the Valley. But that’s chicken feed compared to the price of a new dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think water banking has proven out,” says Starkey. “It’s now sexy to kind of embrace it and look at it and people are wanting to borrow from what’s being done here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says water planners and managers from all over the world have come through to study Kern’s approach to groundwater banking. It’s not surprising. Aquifers around the world are severely overdrawn, including some in the Central Valley—in particular, the area near Bakersfield known as the Tulare Basin. Managing Southern California’s surface and groundwater together, aan approach known to water wonks as “conjunctive management,” could ease that problem and mean far less reliance on water imported from the fragile Sacramento Delta--if they can get it right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within Kern we’re saying we better start doing these things, and we better start doing them together,” concedes Averett. He and others have put their legal squabbles on hold while they work out the kinks. California’s groundwater has been called the least monitored, least regulated in the nation. State regulators are under pressure to fix that and are watching this experiment closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a few hiccups along the way,” says Ellen Hanak, a water analyst with the Public Policy Institute of California. But Hanak is impressed with the experiment so far, and agrees that in the long run, the most efficient way to manage groundwater is by the folks sitting on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in the Valley are racing to prove that they can manage groundwater resources without more regulation. “We understand it from a technical standpoint, from an institutional standpoint, in a way that the state of California never could,” says Starkey. His colleague Averett puts it more bluntly: “We’re all kind of in this together, sink or swim. We all rely upon this geologic formation for our groundwater. And you know, we’re gonna live or die together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The television documentary, \u003c/em>Heat and Harvest\u003cem>, premieres tonight at 7:30on KQED 9. And you'll find the entire multimedia series on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/heat-and-harvest/\">Heat and Harvest website\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"For years, farms and cities have pumped water out to meet their needs. But now, as water supplies dwindle, there’s a major movement afoot to put some water back.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1450498751,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1231},"headData":{"title":"Water Banks: A Hedge Against Shrinking Supplies in a Changing Climate | KQED","description":"For years, farms and cities have pumped water out to meet their needs. But now, as water supplies dwindle, there’s a major movement afoot to put some water back.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Water Banks: A Hedge Against Shrinking Supplies in a Changing Climate","datePublished":"2012-09-28T18:30:05.000Z","dateModified":"2015-12-19T04:19:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"45272 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=45272","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/water-banks-a-hedge-against-shrinking-supplies-in-a-changing-climate/","disqusTitle":"Water Banks: A Hedge Against Shrinking Supplies in a Changing Climate","source":"Climate","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/category/climate/","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcr/2012/09/2012-09-28a-tcr.mp3","path":"/quest/45272/water-banks-a-hedge-against-shrinking-supplies-in-a-changing-climate","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When you make that long drive up or down I-5, look east. You see fields and orchards stretching to the Sierra, livestock and this time of year, lots of tomato trucks. What you don’t see is California’s largest permanent reservoir. Because it’s underground in the rock formations known as “aquifers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, farms and cities have pumped water out to meet their needs. But now, as water supplies dwindle, there’s a major movement afoot to put some water back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent trip to Kern County, Harry Starkey unlocked the gate to some big electric pumps, to explain how. We were somewhere west of Bakersfield, surrounded by low-lying fields known as the “North Recharge and Recovery project for the West Kern Water District.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starkey is general manager of the District. But he’s also a banker. And these pumps are his “ATM.” Deposits are made here--not in dollars--but in acre-feet of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a lot more impressive when there’s water in it,” said Starkey. On this predictably hot, dry day in the San Joaquin Valley, there was no water anywhere in sight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Kern was the first to formally start using the aquifers that lie underneath the San Joaquin Valley as the vault for what’s come to be known as “groundwater banking.” That was nearly 40 years ago. Now it’s one of almost a dozen groundwater banks in the region, designed to capture water in wet years and save it for a non-rainy day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We can take these high-flow occurrences, these flashy occasions when water arrives and there’s no home for it, the farmers don’t need it, the reservoirs are full in southern California, and then we have the ability to store that water underground,” explained Starkey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His district doesn’t have any groundwater of its own. It’s had to buy land outside the district and pipe water to it, to let it soak in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And so what you’re looking for are sandy soils,” he continued. “And where do you find those? You find them proximate to river courses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tapping the occasional spring pulse from the Kern River and other sources, water banks in this part of state have been able to squirrel away as much as three million acre-feet of water, equivalent to more than half the capacity of Shasta Lake...as near as they can tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not exactly the kind of banking you’re used to, where you go down to the ATM, feed it some cash or a check, it spits out a receipt and you know exactly how much money you have in your account and how much you can take out. With groundwater banking, the “vault” is an unseen rock formation somewhere underground, so checking your balance involves a little more guesswork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Right now, it’s ‘current balance’ we think,” says Eric Averett, who runs the Rosedale-Rio Bravo Water Storage District on the west side of Bakersfield. “But everyone’s looking at that balance and saying, ‘I’m not sure I agree with that.’” In 2010, his district ended up in court with some neighboring water bankers, when it seemed like some of his customers’ “deposits” had diminished. Their wells were drying up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45306\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-45306\" title=\"IMG_2527\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_2527-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Harry Starkey at the “ATM.” Pumps like this are the tools for making “deposits” and “withdrawals” at Kern County’s various water banks. Starkey’s West Kern Water District is adding a solar array to power these pumps. Photo: Craig Miller\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Clearly the groundwater system is a dynamic system,” he told me. “It’s like a river underneath the ground, and it does move and the benefits associated with the water when you put them into the ground are transient. And I think we’re learning that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’ve learned, for instance, that about four percent of the water put into the ground may not come back out. It can migrate to another place and become irretrievable--think of it as Nature’s ATM fee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, groundwater banking is getting big buzz in water circles of late, because frankly, it beats the alternative: building more dams and reservoirs to store surface water. It beats it from a financial standpoint--and is far more palatable to environmentalists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not that it’s cheap. It takes a lot of expensive plumbing to pump and move the water around to where it’s stored and retrieved. Districts down here just completed a $60 million-dollar expansion of something called the Cross Valley Canal, to shuttle water back and forth between the east and west sides of the Valley. But that’s chicken feed compared to the price of a new dam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think water banking has proven out,” says Starkey. “It’s now sexy to kind of embrace it and look at it and people are wanting to borrow from what’s being done here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says water planners and managers from all over the world have come through to study Kern’s approach to groundwater banking. It’s not surprising. Aquifers around the world are severely overdrawn, including some in the Central Valley—in particular, the area near Bakersfield known as the Tulare Basin. Managing Southern California’s surface and groundwater together, aan approach known to water wonks as “conjunctive management,” could ease that problem and mean far less reliance on water imported from the fragile Sacramento Delta--if they can get it right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Within Kern we’re saying we better start doing these things, and we better start doing them together,” concedes Averett. He and others have put their legal squabbles on hold while they work out the kinks. California’s groundwater has been called the least monitored, least regulated in the nation. State regulators are under pressure to fix that and are watching this experiment closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There have been a few hiccups along the way,” says Ellen Hanak, a water analyst with the Public Policy Institute of California. But Hanak is impressed with the experiment so far, and agrees that in the long run, the most efficient way to manage groundwater is by the folks sitting on top of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials in the Valley are racing to prove that they can manage groundwater resources without more regulation. “We understand it from a technical standpoint, from an institutional standpoint, in a way that the state of California never could,” says Starkey. His colleague Averett puts it more bluntly: “We’re all kind of in this together, sink or swim. We all rely upon this geologic formation for our groundwater. And you know, we’re gonna live or die together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The television documentary, \u003c/em>Heat and Harvest\u003cem>, premieres tonight at 7:30on KQED 9. And you'll find the entire multimedia series on KQED’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/series/heat-and-harvest/\">Heat and Harvest website\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45272/water-banks-a-hedge-against-shrinking-supplies-in-a-changing-climate","authors":["221"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_17","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_252","quest_11463","quest_11194","quest_3108","quest_11510"],"featImg":"quest_45325","label":"source_quest_45272"},"quest_44621":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_44621","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"44621","score":null,"sort":[1348853449000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"heat-and-harvest","title":"Heat and Harvest - the documentary","publishDate":1348853449,"format":"video","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13295,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Like what you see in the supermarket produce section? Enjoy, because things may be changing there – the prices, even the mix of available fruits, nuts and veggies. Long acknowledged as \"the nation's salad bowl,\" California's farm belt is facing some thorny challenges from our changing climate: rising temperatures, an uncertain water supply and more abundant pests that threaten multi-billion-dollar crops. The half-hour documentary \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest\u003c/strong>, a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, examines these threats and some potential solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44759\" title=\"Cherry blossom\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cherries need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" to bloom evenly. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first story in the program, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Uncool Cherries\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/uncool-cherries/\" target=\"_blank\">Uncool Cherries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, looks at the challenges facing cherry growers near Stockton. Life is hardly a bowl of cherries if you're trying to grow them in California lately. Cherries and other major fruit crops need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" in order to produce healthy blossoms and fruit. But in recent years, the spring nights have brought warmer temperatures and less of the legendary Valley fog that helps keep the chill on. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44690\" title=\"Almond plant damaged by salt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond plants damaged by salt in the groundwater, which burned their leaves. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second story, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Dry and Salted\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dry-and-salted/\" target=\"_blank\">Dry and Salted\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, examines the major wildcards in California's farming future: water and salt. Growers are having to learn to get along with less of the first and more of the second. That can mean leaving once-productive fields fallow or having to find less water-intensive crops and irrigation methods. But water quality is also presenting a challenge as growers find themselves having to cope with salt in their groundwater and the threat of encroaching saltwater from rising seas. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45106\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45106\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists believe that warmer winters have made the potato-tomato psyllid, which damages 40 crops, more abundant in California. Photo: Gary McDonald.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>ends with \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Some Bugs Like it Hot\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/\" target=\"_blank\">Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a look at how climate change is making agricultural pests more abundant in the state’s fields. A tiny insect that didn’t used to pose a problem for California farmers is now transmitting a disease that damages potato chips and threatens the state’s tomato crop. Are more pesticides the answer? We talk to farmers and scientists to see what's being done to meet the challenge. (Producer: Gabriela Quirós / Program Host & Reporter: Craig Miller)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Play our water quiz and guess what California crop needs the most water.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNqjxzpJPSA]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A half-hour documentary on how climate change is challenging California’s $30 billion agricultural industry. Co-produced by KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457567250,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":440},"headData":{"title":"Heat and Harvest - the documentary | KQED","description":"A half-hour documentary on how climate change is challenging California’s $30 billion agricultural industry. Co-produced by KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Heat and Harvest - the documentary","datePublished":"2012-09-28T17:30:49.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:47:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"44621 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=44621","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/heat-and-harvest/","disqusTitle":"Heat and Harvest - the documentary","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Rg_63PGakk","path":"/quest/44621/heat-and-harvest","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Like what you see in the supermarket produce section? Enjoy, because things may be changing there – the prices, even the mix of available fruits, nuts and veggies. Long acknowledged as \"the nation's salad bowl,\" California's farm belt is facing some thorny challenges from our changing climate: rising temperatures, an uncertain water supply and more abundant pests that threaten multi-billion-dollar crops. The half-hour documentary \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest\u003c/strong>, a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, examines these threats and some potential solutions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44759\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44759\" title=\"Cherry blossom\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cherries need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" to bloom evenly. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The first story in the program, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Uncool Cherries\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/uncool-cherries/\" target=\"_blank\">Uncool Cherries\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, looks at the challenges facing cherry growers near Stockton. Life is hardly a bowl of cherries if you're trying to grow them in California lately. Cherries and other major fruit crops need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" in order to produce healthy blossoms and fruit. But in recent years, the spring nights have brought warmer temperatures and less of the legendary Valley fog that helps keep the chill on. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44690\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44690\" title=\"Almond plant damaged by salt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Almond plants damaged by salt in the groundwater, which burned their leaves. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The second story, \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Dry and Salted\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/dry-and-salted/\" target=\"_blank\">Dry and Salted\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, examines the major wildcards in California's farming future: water and salt. Growers are having to learn to get along with less of the first and more of the second. That can mean leaving once-productive fields fallow or having to find less water-intensive crops and irrigation methods. But water quality is also presenting a challenge as growers find themselves having to cope with salt in their groundwater and the threat of encroaching saltwater from rising seas. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45106\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45106\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Gary_McDonald_potato_psyllid_1917_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists believe that warmer winters have made the potato-tomato psyllid, which damages 40 crops, more abundant in California. Photo: Gary McDonald.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>ends with \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Some Bugs Like it Hot\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/\" target=\"_blank\">Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a look at how climate change is making agricultural pests more abundant in the state’s fields. A tiny insect that didn’t used to pose a problem for California farmers is now transmitting a disease that damages potato chips and threatens the state’s tomato crop. Are more pesticides the answer? We talk to farmers and scientists to see what's being done to meet the challenge. (Producer: Gabriela Quirós / Program Host & Reporter: Craig Miller)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Play our water quiz and guess what California crop needs the most water.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/NNqjxzpJPSA'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/NNqjxzpJPSA'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/44621/heat-and-harvest","authors":["6186"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_11480","quest_85","quest_11481","quest_11482","quest_621","quest_11463","quest_11474","quest_11475","quest_13","quest_13364","quest_2893","quest_11374","quest_3071","quest_3108"],"featImg":"quest_44831","label":"quest_13295"},"quest_44615":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_44615","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"44615","score":null,"sort":[1348848019000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests","title":"Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests","publishDate":1348848019,"format":"video","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13295,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>Potato grower \u003ca title=\"Brian Kirschenmann bio\" href=\"http://www.uspotatoes.com/pressRoom/pr.php?id=82\" target=\"_blank\">Brian Kirschenmann\u003c/a> bent over the deep green plants in his field in New Cuyama, nestled in a verdant valley an hour southwest of Bakersfield, and looked at the bottom of each leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to him, his crop advisor Gary Toschi examined a leaf under a magnifying glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That one is active,” said Toschi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44631\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44631\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllids\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult potato-tomato psyllid surrounded by young nymphs. Photo: Jeffrey Bradshaw, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and Kirschenmann had found a round, bright green insect, about the size of the comma on a computer keyboard. The tiny pest is called a \u003ca title=\"University of Nebraska sheet about potato-tomato psyllids.\" href=\"http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=1449\" target=\"_blank\">potato-tomato psyllid\u003c/a>, and both the young nymphs like the one they found, and the adults, which are shaped like a cicada, wreak havoc on potatoes, as well as tomatoes, peppers and about 40 other crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In potatoes, they suck the plant dry. And what’s worse, the pest also can transmit a disease that ruins potato chips – a $6 billion business in the United States, despite the bad rap chips get from nutritionists. The disease transmitted by potato-tomato psyllids gives chips a burnt flavor and causes them to develop brown streaks, which is why the disease is known as “\u003ca title=\"Information about zebra chip disease\" href=\"http://zebrachipscri.tamu.edu/about-the-project/\" target=\"_blank\">zebra chip\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44657\" title=\"Potatoes with zebra chip disease.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potatoes infected with zebra chip disease streak when they're fried. Photo: John Trumble.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Kirschenmann lost $250,000, when one of his potato fields in Kern County was infected with zebra chip and Frito Lay wouldn’t buy his chipper potatoes. Though potatoes aren’t one of California’s main crops, in Kern County they’re among the top 10 in value, to the tune of $130 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zebra chip disease hasn’t caused widespread losses in California, but the state’s potato growers are worried, especially after South Korea banned potato imports from Washington, Oregon and Idaho in August, out of concern over the disease. The ban is costing producers in those states some $8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s my biggest fear,” said Kirschenmann, who grows 5,700 acres of potatoes in Kern County and New Cuyama and is a member of the United States Potato Board. Though California doesn’t export potatoes to South Korea, Kirschenmann does sell part of his crop to Guatemala and the Dominican Republic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44626\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44626\" title=\"Brian Kirschenmann, potato grower\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato grower Brian Kirschenmann.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has had potato-tomato psyllids for more than 100 years. What makes them a new problem for growers is that now they don’t just live in the state during the warmer months; they also spend the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our temperatures have increased by 2 to 3 degrees Fahrenheit, and that seems to be enough to keep them from being frozen out during the winter,” said entomologist \u003ca title=\"John Trumble bio\" href=\"http://www.facultydirectory.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/pub/public_individual.pl?faculty=159\" target=\"_blank\">John Trumble\u003c/a>, of the University of California, Riverside. “I suspect that global warming is at least playing a role in this particular insect’s spread into California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects can’t produce their own heat, the way mammals do, so most of them do better in warmer temperatures. Around the world, scientists have started to document changes in insect behavior, as a result of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44627\" title=\"John Trumble, UC Riverside\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entomologist John Trumble, from UC Riverside, says warmer temperatures are making a pest of potatoes and tomatoes more abundant in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Spain, the European grapevine moth is flying out earlier in the summer and reproducing more abundantly than it did 20 years ago. On Tanzania’s Mt. Kilimanjaro, malaria mosquitoes are moving farther up the mountain. And in Japan, a pest called the green stink bug, that damages rice and soybeans, is expanding its range northward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not speculative, this is not something that we would predict,” said Trumble. “This is what’s happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Trumble discovered, in the year 2000, that potato-tomato psyllids had spent the winter near one of his research tomato fields in Irvine, he knew this change in the insect’s behavior was bad news: it meant the pest could begin attacking crops early in the growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much more dangerous for the grower,” said Trumble, “because early infestation in a crop oftentimes leads to much more damage than if the pest occurs late in the crop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When spring temperatures get warm, this sends a cue to insects to begin their development, said entomologist Peter Oboyski, manager of collections at the University of California, Berkeley’s Essig Museum of Entomology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the season gets warmer earlier, that gives insects that much more time to develop, that much more time to eat a plant, that much more time to produce another generation,” said Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44634\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44634\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato-tomato psyllid. Photo: Jack Kelly Clark, courtesy University of California Statewide IPM Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But how did UC Riverside’s John Trumble know that he was seeing a new behavior in the psyllid?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out if spending the winter in California was a new behavior, Trumble turned to the historical record. He was fortunate that scientists in California have been collecting psyllids and making detailed notes about their habits since the 1880s. Through this information, he concluded that he was seeing something new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every 30 years, since about 1900, it’s moved into California,” said Trumble, “and we would find it, it would be here for six months to a year, and then it would disappear, presumably because it got too cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pattern changed radically in 2000, with the psyllid spending the winter in Trumble’s field in Irvine. And the pest has since overwintered in locations further and further north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, tomato growers discovered psyllids had overwintered in Hollister. In 2012, scientists found they had spent the winter in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho area, where half of the country’s potatoes are grown. And this year, the pest also appeared in Manitoba, Canada, early in the growing season, a sign that it might have spent the winter there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As temperatures warm up in California and across the United States,” said Trumble, “these insects will be able to overwinter further and further north.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, down south, farmers have already been hit hard by the pest. In Mexico’s Baja California, the psyllids destroyed 85 percent of the tomato crop in 2001, said Trumble. Partly in response to the new pest, California farmers who grow tomatoes in Baja California have moved much of their production inside screened enclosures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spraying for psyllids is costing California potato growers about $75 per acre, said Kirschenmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44628\" title=\"Potato field in New Cuyama, California\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato field in New Cuyama Valley, an hour southwest of Bakersfield. Potato-tomato psyllids have been found nearby. Photos: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This need for additional spraying has Trumble concerned. Since the 1970s, he and other scientists around the state have worked with growers to reduce pesticide use in conventionally-grown crops. The results have been dramatic, he said. Tomato growers, for example, cut spraying by half in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less pesticide use means less concern by the consumers for pesticide residue. We use less fossil fuel; we have fewer volatile organic compounds that appear in the atmosphere; it reduces smog. It’s a real win-win for everybody in California,” said Trumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But warmer temperatures, and the pests that thrive in them, now threaten to undermine these gains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you have an insect with multiple generations, you get more generations. If you’ve got an insect that occurs early in a crop, it will occur earlier in the crop, and faster,” said Trumble. “So all of these things are desperately in need of additional research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A shorter version of this video story is part of the 30-minute documentary \u003ca title=\"Heat and Harvest - the documentary\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>, a co-production of KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting, that airs on KQED and PBS stations around California on Friday September 28 at 7:30 pm. Check your local listings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists and farmers are starting to notice that, as California's winters warm up, the state is becoming more hospitable to destructive agricultural pests.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457567183,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":1344},"headData":{"title":"Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests | KQED","description":"Scientists and farmers are starting to notice that, as California's winters warm up, the state is becoming more hospitable to destructive agricultural pests.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests","datePublished":"2012-09-28T16:00:19.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:46:23.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"44615 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=44615","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests/","disqusTitle":"Some Bugs Like it Hot: Climate Change and Agricultural Pests","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qaRQ0MoEmY","path":"/quest/44615/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Potato grower \u003ca title=\"Brian Kirschenmann bio\" href=\"http://www.uspotatoes.com/pressRoom/pr.php?id=82\" target=\"_blank\">Brian Kirschenmann\u003c/a> bent over the deep green plants in his field in New Cuyama, nestled in a verdant valley an hour southwest of Bakersfield, and looked at the bottom of each leaf.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next to him, his crop advisor Gary Toschi examined a leaf under a magnifying glass.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That one is active,” said Toschi.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44631\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44631\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllids\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jeff_Bradshaw_adultnympsandeggs_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult potato-tomato psyllid surrounded by young nymphs. Photo: Jeffrey Bradshaw, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and Kirschenmann had found a round, bright green insect, about the size of the comma on a computer keyboard. The tiny pest is called a \u003ca title=\"University of Nebraska sheet about potato-tomato psyllids.\" href=\"http://www.ianrpubs.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=1449\" target=\"_blank\">potato-tomato psyllid\u003c/a>, and both the young nymphs like the one they found, and the adults, which are shaped like a cicada, wreak havoc on potatoes, as well as tomatoes, peppers and about 40 other crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In potatoes, they suck the plant dry. And what’s worse, the pest also can transmit a disease that ruins potato chips – a $6 billion business in the United States, despite the bad rap chips get from nutritionists. The disease transmitted by potato-tomato psyllids gives chips a burnt flavor and causes them to develop brown streaks, which is why the disease is known as “\u003ca title=\"Information about zebra chip disease\" href=\"http://zebrachipscri.tamu.edu/about-the-project/\" target=\"_blank\">zebra chip\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44657\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44657\" title=\"Potatoes with zebra chip disease.\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John_Trumble_Zebra_Chip_Comparison_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potatoes infected with zebra chip disease streak when they're fried. Photo: John Trumble.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2008, Kirschenmann lost $250,000, when one of his potato fields in Kern County was infected with zebra chip and Frito Lay wouldn’t buy his chipper potatoes. Though potatoes aren’t one of California’s main crops, in Kern County they’re among the top 10 in value, to the tune of $130 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zebra chip disease hasn’t caused widespread losses in California, but the state’s potato growers are worried, especially after South Korea banned potato imports from Washington, Oregon and Idaho in August, out of concern over the disease. The ban is costing producers in those states some $8 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s my biggest fear,” said Kirschenmann, who grows 5,700 acres of potatoes in Kern County and New Cuyama and is a member of the United States Potato Board. Though California doesn’t export potatoes to South Korea, Kirschenmann does sell part of his crop to Guatemala and the Dominican Republic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44626\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44626\" title=\"Brian Kirschenmann, potato grower\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Brian_Kirschenmann_potato_grower_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato grower Brian Kirschenmann.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California has had potato-tomato psyllids for more than 100 years. What makes them a new problem for growers is that now they don’t just live in the state during the warmer months; they also spend the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our temperatures have increased by 2 to 3 degrees Fahrenheit, and that seems to be enough to keep them from being frozen out during the winter,” said entomologist \u003ca title=\"John Trumble bio\" href=\"http://www.facultydirectory.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/pub/public_individual.pl?faculty=159\" target=\"_blank\">John Trumble\u003c/a>, of the University of California, Riverside. “I suspect that global warming is at least playing a role in this particular insect’s spread into California.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insects can’t produce their own heat, the way mammals do, so most of them do better in warmer temperatures. Around the world, scientists have started to document changes in insect behavior, as a result of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44627\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44627\" title=\"John Trumble, UC Riverside\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/John-Trumble_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Entomologist John Trumble, from UC Riverside, says warmer temperatures are making a pest of potatoes and tomatoes more abundant in California.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In Spain, the European grapevine moth is flying out earlier in the summer and reproducing more abundantly than it did 20 years ago. On Tanzania’s Mt. Kilimanjaro, malaria mosquitoes are moving farther up the mountain. And in Japan, a pest called the green stink bug, that damages rice and soybeans, is expanding its range northward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not speculative, this is not something that we would predict,” said Trumble. “This is what’s happening now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When Trumble discovered, in the year 2000, that potato-tomato psyllids had spent the winter near one of his research tomato fields in Irvine, he knew this change in the insect’s behavior was bad news: it meant the pest could begin attacking crops early in the growing season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s much more dangerous for the grower,” said Trumble, “because early infestation in a crop oftentimes leads to much more damage than if the pest occurs late in the crop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When spring temperatures get warm, this sends a cue to insects to begin their development, said entomologist Peter Oboyski, manager of collections at the University of California, Berkeley’s Essig Museum of Entomology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the season gets warmer earlier, that gives insects that much more time to develop, that much more time to eat a plant, that much more time to produce another generation,” said Oboyski.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44634\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44634\" title=\"Potato-tomato psyllid\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Jack_Kelly_Clark_I-HO-PCOC-AD.003_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato-tomato psyllid. Photo: Jack Kelly Clark, courtesy University of California Statewide IPM Program.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But how did UC Riverside’s John Trumble know that he was seeing a new behavior in the psyllid?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To figure out if spending the winter in California was a new behavior, Trumble turned to the historical record. He was fortunate that scientists in California have been collecting psyllids and making detailed notes about their habits since the 1880s. Through this information, he concluded that he was seeing something new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every 30 years, since about 1900, it’s moved into California,” said Trumble, “and we would find it, it would be here for six months to a year, and then it would disappear, presumably because it got too cold.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That pattern changed radically in 2000, with the psyllid spending the winter in Trumble’s field in Irvine. And the pest has since overwintered in locations further and further north.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2004, tomato growers discovered psyllids had overwintered in Hollister. In 2012, scientists found they had spent the winter in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho area, where half of the country’s potatoes are grown. And this year, the pest also appeared in Manitoba, Canada, early in the growing season, a sign that it might have spent the winter there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As temperatures warm up in California and across the United States,” said Trumble, “these insects will be able to overwinter further and further north.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, down south, farmers have already been hit hard by the pest. In Mexico’s Baja California, the psyllids destroyed 85 percent of the tomato crop in 2001, said Trumble. Partly in response to the new pest, California farmers who grow tomatoes in Baja California have moved much of their production inside screened enclosures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spraying for psyllids is costing California potato growers about $75 per acre, said Kirschenmann.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44628\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-44628\" title=\"Potato field in New Cuyama, California\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/Tractor_in_New_Cuyama_WWS_resize-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Potato field in New Cuyama Valley, an hour southwest of Bakersfield. Potato-tomato psyllids have been found nearby. Photos: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This need for additional spraying has Trumble concerned. Since the 1970s, he and other scientists around the state have worked with growers to reduce pesticide use in conventionally-grown crops. The results have been dramatic, he said. Tomato growers, for example, cut spraying by half in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Less pesticide use means less concern by the consumers for pesticide residue. We use less fossil fuel; we have fewer volatile organic compounds that appear in the atmosphere; it reduces smog. It’s a real win-win for everybody in California,” said Trumble.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But warmer temperatures, and the pests that thrive in them, now threaten to undermine these gains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So if you have an insect with multiple generations, you get more generations. If you’ve got an insect that occurs early in a crop, it will occur earlier in the crop, and faster,” said Trumble. “So all of these things are desperately in need of additional research.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A shorter version of this video story is part of the 30-minute documentary \u003ca title=\"Heat and Harvest - the documentary\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>, a co-production of KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting, that airs on KQED and PBS stations around California on Friday September 28 at 7:30 pm. Check your local listings.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/44615/some-bugs-like-it-hot-climate-change-and-agricultural-pests","authors":["6186"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_11480","quest_621","quest_11463","quest_11476","quest_2167","quest_11474","quest_11475","quest_13","quest_11479","quest_13364","quest_2893","quest_11374","quest_11478","quest_3071","quest_11477"],"featImg":"quest_44792","label":"quest_13295"},"quest_45172":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45172","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45172","score":null,"sort":[1348819240000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"uncool-cherries","title":"Uncool Cherries","publishDate":1348819240,"format":"video","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13295,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uncool Cherries\u003c/strong> looks at the challenges facing cherry growers near Stockton. Life is hardly a bowl of cherries if you're trying to grow them in California lately. Cherries and other major fruit crops need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" in order to produce healthy blossoms and fruit. But in recent years, the spring nights have brought warmer temperatures and less of the legendary Valley fog that helps keep the chill on. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uncool Cherries\u003c/strong>is one of the three stories in \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" title=\"Heat and Harvest\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a half-hour documentary on how climate change is challenging California’s $30 billion agricultural industry. \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>is a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a> and airs on KQED channel 9 on Friday Sept. 28 and Monday Oct. 1 at 7:30 pm. The film also airs on PBS stations around California in September and October. Check local listings.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Higher temperatures bring new struggles to California grape and cherry growers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>By Mark Schapiro\u003cbr>\nCenter for Investigative Reporting\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is part 2 of a two-part series published in newspapers across California on Fri. Sept. 28.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers have always been gamblers, long accustomed to betting on the probabilities of the weather. But for the Napa Valley, where the temperatures have been ideal for the wine industry, the changes could be significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re used to rolling the dice every year,” said \u003ca href=\"http://creeksidescience.com/people/\" title=\"Stuart Weiss bio\" target=\"_blank\">Stuart Weiss\u003c/a>, a conservation biologist and chief scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://creeksidescience.com/\" title=\"Creekside Center for Earth Observation\" target=\"_blank\">Creekside Center for Earth Observation\u003c/a>, which assists growers and municipalities dealing with the disruptions caused by the changing climate. “Now, though, climate change is stacking the dice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next 30 years, Weiss estimates, the temperature in the Napa Valley will rise by 1.8 degrees – an 80 percent jump over previous rates, which were about 1 degree every three decades since temperatures were first recorded in 1896. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has turned worries about climate change into a business opportunity: His other company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.viticision.com/\" title=\"Viticision\" target=\"_blank\">Viticision\u003c/a>, consults with growers facing the shifting conditions on their land. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">California produces 95 percent of the country’s apricots, almonds, artichokes, figs, kiwis, raisin grapes, olives, cling peaches, dried plums, persimmons, pistachios and walnuts. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Weiss, who has been studying butterflies since his days at Stanford University, realized eight years ago that what he was learning about the Lepidoptera family could be applied to wine grapes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noticed that the processes that a caterpillar larva uses to metabolize energy drawn from the sun and water prior to its emergence as a butterfly were similar to how a grapevine metabolizes the same elements before producing a fully formed wine grape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he consults with wineries dealing with the alterations in sun and water triggered by climate change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The verbs are the same,” Weiss said. “It’s just the nouns that have shifted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alterations in the California climate have prompted the insurance industry to start assessing the potential damage and its financial exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s crop insurance system, a hybrid of private insurers backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rma.usda.gov/\" title=\"Risk Management Agency\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Risk Management Agency\u003c/a>, has been paying out steadily increasing amounts for weather-related damages across the country, according to the Congressional Research Service – from $2.1 billion in 2000 to a record-breaking $12.1 billion last year. This summer’s drought in the Midwest is expected to further catapult insurance payments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s difficult to distinguish how many extreme events would have occurred without the atmospheric concentration of CO2, the Risk Management Agency now has identified climate change as one of the major risk factors for U.S. agriculture. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The Risk Management Agency now has identified climate change as one of the major risk factors for U.S. agriculture. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a 2010 report, it paid particular attention to the vulnerabilities of California, which produces 95 percent of the country’s apricots, almonds, artichokes, figs, kiwis, raisin grapes, olives, cling peaches, dried plums, persimmons, pistachios and walnuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since the production of these commodities is so concentrated into one geographical area the climatic impacts in these agricultural markets could be profound,” the report concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency even suggested an adaptation strategy that sounds very much like the breeding efforts already under way at nurseries across the Central Valley: more research into “drought-tolerant, heat-tolerant, and other crop varieties better suited to the changing conditions.”\u003cbr>\nThe California office of the Risk Management Agency is considering whether year-round farming is a reasonable risk for the agency to assume in the Central and Imperial valleys, where water stresses are intensifying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Central Valley, the agency is considering requiring farmers relying on nonirrigated water to fallow some of their land during the summer months to hedge against potential losses when water supplies fall short. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last year, the agency withdrew its insurance rating for parts of Imperial County, which it determined was uninsurable for proposed wheat farming due to concerns about the reliability of the water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high volatility associated with climate change prompted a team of Silicon Valley entrepreneurs to found the first insurance company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.com/\" title=\"The Climate Corporation\" target=\"_blank\">The Climate Corporation\u003c/a>, to focus exclusively on insuring against swings in the weather. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The high volatility associated with climate change prompted a team of Silicon Valley entrepreneurs to found the first insurance company to focus exclusively on insuring against swings in the weather.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.com/company/leadership/\" title=\"David Friedberg bio\" target=\"_blank\">David Friedberg\u003c/a> was a corporate development executive at Google before founding the company in San Francisco in 2006, as farmers found themselves at the front lines of climate change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things are getting far more erratic and difficult to predict,” said Friedberg, whose background is in physics and mathematics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One likely result of the atmospheric tumult, he added, is rising food prices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers are having to hedge and pay for insurance claims,” he said. “That increases the price of food, and when they experience losses, we and others pay them for those losses, but that also means their food is not being produced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the effects of the Midwest drought this summer, which has devastated food crops for cattle and chicken – mostly corn and soybeans – will be rippling back to California in the form of prices that are 10 to 15 percent higher for beef, milk and poultry, according to the USDA and other analysts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wine country climate shake-up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa vintners already are feeling the effects of the changing odds. In 2010, the wine industry had one of its worst years on record when days of record-breaking heat in August were followed by a few freakish days of frost. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/030-Grapes-6-29-07_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/030-Grapes-6-29-07_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Wine grapes in Napa Valley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/030-Grapes-6-29-07_resized.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/030-Grapes-6-29-07_resized-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wine grapes in Napa Valley are ripening earlier in the season. This shrinks the timespan for their full development. Photo: Joan Johnson, KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weiss, the conservation biologist, cites a map that offers a sobering perspective on future Napa varietals, demonstrating how the increasing heat is triggering the ripening process earlier in the season – from the first week of October, for example, into the third or fourth week of September, which shrinks the timespan for full development of wine grapes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re ripening earlier in a warmer time of the year under a warmer climate, so you’re getting a double whammy,” he said. Even just a week’s difference, he said, can have an impact on the quality of a cabernet sauvignon. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There are a lot of similarities between Australia and California, and if we don’t look to places that have undergone this sort of ‘first shot across the bow’ of the effect of climate change, I think we’d be doing ourselves a disservice.” Stuart Weiss, conservation biologist\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Jeff Yasui, director of the California office of the Risk Management Agency, said one sign of the growing stress in wine country is that over the past four years, the number of wine grape growers who increased their insurance coverage from the base-level policy – which covers half of all losses – to more substantial, and more expensive, protection increased from 28 percent of all policies to 40 percent this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Weiss’ clients is \u003ca href=\"http://www.treasurywineestates.com/\" title=\"Treasury Wine Estates\" target=\"_blank\">Treasury Wine Estates\u003c/a>, one of the largest wine companies in Australia, which also owns some 6,000 acres and eight labels – including Beringer Vineyards, Stags’ Leap Winery and Souverain – in Napa and Sonoma counties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Australia experienced an early taste of climate change in 2009 and 2010, Weiss said, when heat waves and drought led to dramatic drops in yield from shriveled grapevines, leading to significant financial losses for the country’s wine industry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.csiro.au/\" title=\"CSIRO\" target=\"_blank\">national science agency of Australia\u003c/a> warns that as the weather gets hotter, the growing season for Australian wines is steadily shrinking – at a rate that’s been accelerating over the past 40 years, a phenomenon similar to that which Weiss has identified in Napa County. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of similarities between Australia and California,” Weiss said, “and if we don’t look to places that have undergone this sort of ‘first shot across the bow’ of the effect of climate change, I think we’d be doing ourselves a disservice.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his home office on a rustic road in Menlo Park, shaded by a huge oak tree, Weiss uses sophisticated monitors in the fields to track the increasing amount of sun hitting each grape and attempt to predict how moving a row by a few feet, or adjusting a trellis, might offer protection against the sun’s intensifying rays. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s how climate change is happening,” Weiss said. “Slow but steady increases in heat are already causing disarray in wine country.” \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Slow but steady increases in heat are already causing disarray in wine country.” Stuart Weiss\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With that information, he’s able to suggest how wineries could move forward. Vineyards generally are productive over 25-year spans; it takes about five years for new vines to start producing grapes, and the vines generally are replaced every 25 to 30 years. Current vines were planted at a time of weather patterns that are now changing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many fields are at the end of their 25-year cycle and are about to be replanted. Weiss also offers advice on the varietals most suited to the next quarter-century of changing climate – whether to plant, for example, another crop of cabernet sauvignon, which thrives in cooler climates, or a more heat-tolerant variety like pinot noir, zinfandel or chardonnay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the new cycle, we don’t want to lock in mistakes,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cherry crops feel the heat \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a look into the future, consider what’s already happening to the state’s cherry crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last April, the cherries were blooming in the Colombini family orchard in the San Joaquin Valley, their pink and white blossoms a signal that the harvest would be coming in six weeks’ time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch09_packflr_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch09_packflr_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Workers pack cherries at Delta Packing, Modesto, California\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch09_packflr_resized1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch09_packflr_resized1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers pack cherries at Delta Packing, in Modesto. This year, the company saw another 50 percent drop in cherries from previous years. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there was trouble lurking under those delicate blossoms. Jeff Colombini, director of the family company, Lodi Farming, pointed to the erratic blooms on his trees – a blossom here, a blossom there, but many stunted, half-grown blossoms. That is a sign, he said, of the “stresses that come with not enough chill hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the highest-quality cherry varieties in the state are tuned for a November or December chill, which functions to slow down the metabolism of the nascent fruits and thus elongates the ripening process that comes with the onset of warmer weather. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Too much time in the sun during the budding process leads to what shoppers regularly encounter: “doubling,” in which two cherries are fused like conjoined twins, and “spurring,” a little raisinlike growth stuck to the side of the fruit.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For a perfect California cherry, the trees need 1,200 to 1,400 hours of “chill time.” But Joseph Grant, a UC Cooperative Extension farm adviser based in Stockton, said that lately, cherry growers have been seeing more like 1,000 to 1,100 hours per season. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor may be the fog: Early results from a study at UC Berkeley’s College of Natural Resources suggest that a lack of the usual fog hours also might be contributing to overheating of cherry buds at a time when they need to be shaded from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing those low-chill effects every year now, as opposed to how we used to see them once every 10 years or so,” Grant said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the overall cherry crop recovered late in the season, the overall effect of the shortened chill, according to Grant, is declining quality of California cherries. They’re shrinking in size, and the extended ripening time means the cherries are not as firm. When rains came unexpectedly during harvest time last year, yields dropped in parts of the county by more than half. This year, the Delta Packing Co., based in Lodi, saw another 50 percent drop in cherries from previous years, according to Matt Nowak, a sales representative for the company. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lack of chilly nights in the winter makes cherries one of the most vulnerable to climate change,” said \u003ca href=\"http://foodsecurity.stanford.edu/people/david_lobell\" title=\"David Lobell bio\" target=\"_blank\">David Lobell\u003c/a>, a fellow at Stanford’s Center on Food Security and the Environment. Lobell co-wrote a report published last November predicting dramatic declines in cherry yields under a 2-degree warming scenario. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crop insurance in the red\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until 2000, there was no government-subsidized insurance program for cherry farmers. But that year, according to Yasui, of the Risk Management Agency, farmers began responding to the turbulent weather by requesting that the USDA extend them coverage. Since then, there’s been a steady rise in cherry farmers obtaining climate-related insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The climate here around Stockton is looking more and more like the climate down in Bakersfield.” Joseph Grant, farm adviser \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last year, California cherry growers received a record $22.5 million in crop insurance payouts – sending crop insurers into the red. For every $1 paid into the system for cherry policies that year, $1.60 was paid to farmers. The USDA paid out almost $8 million to subsidize the losses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s happening,” Grant said, “is that the climate here around Stockton is looking more and more like the climate down in Bakersfield.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two parallel changes are unfolding at either end of the San Joaquin Valley. The northern cherries, planted decades ago during cooler climactic conditions, now are growing in conditions more like those farther south in Bakersfield. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And specially tailored varieties in the south are being grown in conditions far hotter than the temperatures for which they were bred. A lack of chill in the northern San Joaquin is damaging cherries, while higher temperatures are harming cherries in the southern San Joaquin. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another consequence of the longer and hotter ripening season, Grant said, is “deformities in the cherry flowers and abnormalities in the fruit.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45176\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Cherry blossom\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45176\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cherries need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" to form perfect fruit. Warmer temperatures and less fog are impacting the California cherry harvest. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Too much time in the sun during the budding process leads to what shoppers regularly encounter: “doubling,” in which two cherries are fused like conjoined twins, and “spurring,” a little raisinlike growth stuck to the side of the fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those deformities generally weaken the position of California cherries in the marketplace, threatening California’s competitive advantage in producing cherries earlier in the season than in Oregon and Washington – where the climate for the fruit remains ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherries’ protracted ripening, according to Colombini, also means that the farm workers whom he and other growers usually hire for a week or so during harvest season must be hired for an extra two or three weeks – which means more payroll and more expensive cherries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem down the line here in California is that we could see the displacement of an entire industry,” Grant said. “You may have better conditions up north, but Joe Farmer has land here, not in Oregon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, said Paul Wenger, president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfbf.com/\" title=\"California Farm Bureau Federation\" target=\"_blank\">California Farm Bureau Federation\u003c/a>, farmers are “dealing with the changing climate every day.” Wenger raises almonds in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers are adaptable,” he said. “If crops aren’t working in one place, they’ll switch crops. Or they’ll move their crops.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Robert Salladay and copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was produced by the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/\" title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, the country’s largest investigative reporting team, in collaboration with KQED. Mark Schapiro can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:mschapiro@cironline.org\">mschapiro@cironline.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Climate change is contributing to reduced cherry yields in California. This video is part of the Heat and Harvest series, co-produced by KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457567118,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":67,"wordCount":2881},"headData":{"title":"Uncool Cherries | KQED","description":"Climate change is contributing to reduced cherry yields in California. This video is part of the Heat and Harvest series, co-produced by KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Uncool Cherries","datePublished":"2012-09-28T08:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:45:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"45172 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=45172","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/28/uncool-cherries/","disqusTitle":"Uncool Cherries","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aU6pWKkfYd0","path":"/quest/45172/uncool-cherries","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uncool Cherries\u003c/strong> looks at the challenges facing cherry growers near Stockton. Life is hardly a bowl of cherries if you're trying to grow them in California lately. Cherries and other major fruit crops need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" in order to produce healthy blossoms and fruit. But in recent years, the spring nights have brought warmer temperatures and less of the legendary Valley fog that helps keep the chill on. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uncool Cherries\u003c/strong>is one of the three stories in \u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" title=\"Heat and Harvest\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a half-hour documentary on how climate change is challenging California’s $30 billion agricultural industry. \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>is a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a> and airs on KQED channel 9 on Friday Sept. 28 and Monday Oct. 1 at 7:30 pm. The film also airs on PBS stations around California in September and October. Check local listings.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Higher temperatures bring new struggles to California grape and cherry growers\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>By Mark Schapiro\u003cbr>\nCenter for Investigative Reporting\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is part 2 of a two-part series published in newspapers across California on Fri. Sept. 28.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers have always been gamblers, long accustomed to betting on the probabilities of the weather. But for the Napa Valley, where the temperatures have been ideal for the wine industry, the changes could be significant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re used to rolling the dice every year,” said \u003ca href=\"http://creeksidescience.com/people/\" title=\"Stuart Weiss bio\" target=\"_blank\">Stuart Weiss\u003c/a>, a conservation biologist and chief scientist at the \u003ca href=\"http://creeksidescience.com/\" title=\"Creekside Center for Earth Observation\" target=\"_blank\">Creekside Center for Earth Observation\u003c/a>, which assists growers and municipalities dealing with the disruptions caused by the changing climate. “Now, though, climate change is stacking the dice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next 30 years, Weiss estimates, the temperature in the Napa Valley will rise by 1.8 degrees – an 80 percent jump over previous rates, which were about 1 degree every three decades since temperatures were first recorded in 1896. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He has turned worries about climate change into a business opportunity: His other company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.viticision.com/\" title=\"Viticision\" target=\"_blank\">Viticision\u003c/a>, consults with growers facing the shifting conditions on their land. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">California produces 95 percent of the country’s apricots, almonds, artichokes, figs, kiwis, raisin grapes, olives, cling peaches, dried plums, persimmons, pistachios and walnuts. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Weiss, who has been studying butterflies since his days at Stanford University, realized eight years ago that what he was learning about the Lepidoptera family could be applied to wine grapes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He noticed that the processes that a caterpillar larva uses to metabolize energy drawn from the sun and water prior to its emergence as a butterfly were similar to how a grapevine metabolizes the same elements before producing a fully formed wine grape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, he consults with wineries dealing with the alterations in sun and water triggered by climate change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The verbs are the same,” Weiss said. “It’s just the nouns that have shifted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alterations in the California climate have prompted the insurance industry to start assessing the potential damage and its financial exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nation’s crop insurance system, a hybrid of private insurers backed by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.rma.usda.gov/\" title=\"Risk Management Agency\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Risk Management Agency\u003c/a>, has been paying out steadily increasing amounts for weather-related damages across the country, according to the Congressional Research Service – from $2.1 billion in 2000 to a record-breaking $12.1 billion last year. This summer’s drought in the Midwest is expected to further catapult insurance payments. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although it’s difficult to distinguish how many extreme events would have occurred without the atmospheric concentration of CO2, the Risk Management Agency now has identified climate change as one of the major risk factors for U.S. agriculture. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The Risk Management Agency now has identified climate change as one of the major risk factors for U.S. agriculture. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In a 2010 report, it paid particular attention to the vulnerabilities of California, which produces 95 percent of the country’s apricots, almonds, artichokes, figs, kiwis, raisin grapes, olives, cling peaches, dried plums, persimmons, pistachios and walnuts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Since the production of these commodities is so concentrated into one geographical area the climatic impacts in these agricultural markets could be profound,” the report concluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency even suggested an adaptation strategy that sounds very much like the breeding efforts already under way at nurseries across the Central Valley: more research into “drought-tolerant, heat-tolerant, and other crop varieties better suited to the changing conditions.”\u003cbr>\nThe California office of the Risk Management Agency is considering whether year-round farming is a reasonable risk for the agency to assume in the Central and Imperial valleys, where water stresses are intensifying. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Central Valley, the agency is considering requiring farmers relying on nonirrigated water to fallow some of their land during the summer months to hedge against potential losses when water supplies fall short. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And last year, the agency withdrew its insurance rating for parts of Imperial County, which it determined was uninsurable for proposed wheat farming due to concerns about the reliability of the water supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The high volatility associated with climate change prompted a team of Silicon Valley entrepreneurs to found the first insurance company, \u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.com/\" title=\"The Climate Corporation\" target=\"_blank\">The Climate Corporation\u003c/a>, to focus exclusively on insuring against swings in the weather. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The high volatility associated with climate change prompted a team of Silicon Valley entrepreneurs to found the first insurance company to focus exclusively on insuring against swings in the weather.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.climate.com/company/leadership/\" title=\"David Friedberg bio\" target=\"_blank\">David Friedberg\u003c/a> was a corporate development executive at Google before founding the company in San Francisco in 2006, as farmers found themselves at the front lines of climate change. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things are getting far more erratic and difficult to predict,” said Friedberg, whose background is in physics and mathematics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One likely result of the atmospheric tumult, he added, is rising food prices. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers are having to hedge and pay for insurance claims,” he said. “That increases the price of food, and when they experience losses, we and others pay them for those losses, but that also means their food is not being produced.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the effects of the Midwest drought this summer, which has devastated food crops for cattle and chicken – mostly corn and soybeans – will be rippling back to California in the form of prices that are 10 to 15 percent higher for beef, milk and poultry, according to the USDA and other analysts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Wine country climate shake-up\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Napa vintners already are feeling the effects of the changing odds. In 2010, the wine industry had one of its worst years on record when days of record-breaking heat in August were followed by a few freakish days of frost. \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45202\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/030-Grapes-6-29-07_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/030-Grapes-6-29-07_resized.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Wine grapes in Napa Valley\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45202\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/030-Grapes-6-29-07_resized.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/030-Grapes-6-29-07_resized-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wine grapes in Napa Valley are ripening earlier in the season. This shrinks the timespan for their full development. Photo: Joan Johnson, KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weiss, the conservation biologist, cites a map that offers a sobering perspective on future Napa varietals, demonstrating how the increasing heat is triggering the ripening process earlier in the season – from the first week of October, for example, into the third or fourth week of September, which shrinks the timespan for full development of wine grapes. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You’re ripening earlier in a warmer time of the year under a warmer climate, so you’re getting a double whammy,” he said. Even just a week’s difference, he said, can have an impact on the quality of a cabernet sauvignon. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“There are a lot of similarities between Australia and California, and if we don’t look to places that have undergone this sort of ‘first shot across the bow’ of the effect of climate change, I think we’d be doing ourselves a disservice.” Stuart Weiss, conservation biologist\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Jeff Yasui, director of the California office of the Risk Management Agency, said one sign of the growing stress in wine country is that over the past four years, the number of wine grape growers who increased their insurance coverage from the base-level policy – which covers half of all losses – to more substantial, and more expensive, protection increased from 28 percent of all policies to 40 percent this year. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Weiss’ clients is \u003ca href=\"http://www.treasurywineestates.com/\" title=\"Treasury Wine Estates\" target=\"_blank\">Treasury Wine Estates\u003c/a>, one of the largest wine companies in Australia, which also owns some 6,000 acres and eight labels – including Beringer Vineyards, Stags’ Leap Winery and Souverain – in Napa and Sonoma counties. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Australia experienced an early taste of climate change in 2009 and 2010, Weiss said, when heat waves and drought led to dramatic drops in yield from shriveled grapevines, leading to significant financial losses for the country’s wine industry. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://www.csiro.au/\" title=\"CSIRO\" target=\"_blank\">national science agency of Australia\u003c/a> warns that as the weather gets hotter, the growing season for Australian wines is steadily shrinking – at a rate that’s been accelerating over the past 40 years, a phenomenon similar to that which Weiss has identified in Napa County. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are a lot of similarities between Australia and California,” Weiss said, “and if we don’t look to places that have undergone this sort of ‘first shot across the bow’ of the effect of climate change, I think we’d be doing ourselves a disservice.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From his home office on a rustic road in Menlo Park, shaded by a huge oak tree, Weiss uses sophisticated monitors in the fields to track the increasing amount of sun hitting each grape and attempt to predict how moving a row by a few feet, or adjusting a trellis, might offer protection against the sun’s intensifying rays. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s how climate change is happening,” Weiss said. “Slow but steady increases in heat are already causing disarray in wine country.” \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Slow but steady increases in heat are already causing disarray in wine country.” Stuart Weiss\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>With that information, he’s able to suggest how wineries could move forward. Vineyards generally are productive over 25-year spans; it takes about five years for new vines to start producing grapes, and the vines generally are replaced every 25 to 30 years. Current vines were planted at a time of weather patterns that are now changing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many fields are at the end of their 25-year cycle and are about to be replanted. Weiss also offers advice on the varietals most suited to the next quarter-century of changing climate – whether to plant, for example, another crop of cabernet sauvignon, which thrives in cooler climates, or a more heat-tolerant variety like pinot noir, zinfandel or chardonnay. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the new cycle, we don’t want to lock in mistakes,” Weiss said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Cherry crops feel the heat \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a look into the future, consider what’s already happening to the state’s cherry crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last April, the cherries were blooming in the Colombini family orchard in the San Joaquin Valley, their pink and white blossoms a signal that the harvest would be coming in six weeks’ time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch09_packflr_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch09_packflr_resized1.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Workers pack cherries at Delta Packing, Modesto, California\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-45180\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch09_packflr_resized1.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch09_packflr_resized1-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Workers pack cherries at Delta Packing, in Modesto. This year, the company saw another 50 percent drop in cherries from previous years. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But there was trouble lurking under those delicate blossoms. Jeff Colombini, director of the family company, Lodi Farming, pointed to the erratic blooms on his trees – a blossom here, a blossom there, but many stunted, half-grown blossoms. That is a sign, he said, of the “stresses that come with not enough chill hours.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the highest-quality cherry varieties in the state are tuned for a November or December chill, which functions to slow down the metabolism of the nascent fruits and thus elongates the ripening process that comes with the onset of warmer weather. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Too much time in the sun during the budding process leads to what shoppers regularly encounter: “doubling,” in which two cherries are fused like conjoined twins, and “spurring,” a little raisinlike growth stuck to the side of the fruit.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For a perfect California cherry, the trees need 1,200 to 1,400 hours of “chill time.” But Joseph Grant, a UC Cooperative Extension farm adviser based in Stockton, said that lately, cherry growers have been seeing more like 1,000 to 1,100 hours per season. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor may be the fog: Early results from a study at UC Berkeley’s College of Natural Resources suggest that a lack of the usual fog hours also might be contributing to overheating of cherry buds at a time when they need to be shaded from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re seeing those low-chill effects every year now, as opposed to how we used to see them once every 10 years or so,” Grant said. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the overall cherry crop recovered late in the season, the overall effect of the shortened chill, according to Grant, is declining quality of California cherries. They’re shrinking in size, and the extended ripening time means the cherries are not as firm. When rains came unexpectedly during harvest time last year, yields dropped in parts of the county by more than half. This year, the Delta Packing Co., based in Lodi, saw another 50 percent drop in cherries from previous years, according to Matt Nowak, a sales representative for the company. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The lack of chilly nights in the winter makes cherries one of the most vulnerable to climate change,” said \u003ca href=\"http://foodsecurity.stanford.edu/people/david_lobell\" title=\"David Lobell bio\" target=\"_blank\">David Lobell\u003c/a>, a fellow at Stanford’s Center on Food Security and the Environment. Lobell co-wrote a report published last November predicting dramatic declines in cherry yields under a 2-degree warming scenario. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Crop insurance in the red\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until 2000, there was no government-subsidized insurance program for cherry farmers. But that year, according to Yasui, of the Risk Management Agency, farmers began responding to the turbulent weather by requesting that the USDA extend them coverage. Since then, there’s been a steady rise in cherry farmers obtaining climate-related insurance.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The climate here around Stockton is looking more and more like the climate down in Bakersfield.” Joseph Grant, farm adviser \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Last year, California cherry growers received a record $22.5 million in crop insurance payouts – sending crop insurers into the red. For every $1 paid into the system for cherry policies that year, $1.60 was paid to farmers. The USDA paid out almost $8 million to subsidize the losses. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What’s happening,” Grant said, “is that the climate here around Stockton is looking more and more like the climate down in Bakersfield.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two parallel changes are unfolding at either end of the San Joaquin Valley. The northern cherries, planted decades ago during cooler climactic conditions, now are growing in conditions more like those farther south in Bakersfield. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And specially tailored varieties in the south are being grown in conditions far hotter than the temperatures for which they were bred. A lack of chill in the northern San Joaquin is damaging cherries, while higher temperatures are harming cherries in the southern San Joaquin. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another consequence of the longer and hotter ripening season, Grant said, is “deformities in the cherry flowers and abnormalities in the fruit.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45176\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/ch01_blossom_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" title=\"Cherry blossom\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45176\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cherries need a certain number of \"chilling hours\" to form perfect fruit. Warmer temperatures and less fog are impacting the California cherry harvest. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Too much time in the sun during the budding process leads to what shoppers regularly encounter: “doubling,” in which two cherries are fused like conjoined twins, and “spurring,” a little raisinlike growth stuck to the side of the fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those deformities generally weaken the position of California cherries in the marketplace, threatening California’s competitive advantage in producing cherries earlier in the season than in Oregon and Washington – where the climate for the fruit remains ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cherries’ protracted ripening, according to Colombini, also means that the farm workers whom he and other growers usually hire for a week or so during harvest season must be hired for an extra two or three weeks – which means more payroll and more expensive cherries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The problem down the line here in California is that we could see the displacement of an entire industry,” Grant said. “You may have better conditions up north, but Joe Farmer has land here, not in Oregon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, said Paul Wenger, president of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cfbf.com/\" title=\"California Farm Bureau Federation\" target=\"_blank\">California Farm Bureau Federation\u003c/a>, farmers are “dealing with the changing climate every day.” Wenger raises almonds in the Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Farmers are adaptable,” he said. “If crops aren’t working in one place, they’ll switch crops. Or they’ll move their crops.” \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Robert Salladay and copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was produced by the nonprofit \u003ca href=\"http://cironline.org/\" title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, the country’s largest investigative reporting team, in collaboration with KQED. Mark Schapiro can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:mschapiro@cironline.org\">mschapiro@cironline.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45172/uncool-cherries","authors":["10385"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233"],"tags":["quest_11484","quest_2893","quest_3071"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_45175","label":"quest_13295"},"quest_45029":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_45029","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"45029","score":null,"sort":[1348732818000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dry-and-salted","title":"Dry and Salted","publishDate":1348732818,"format":"video","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13295,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dry and Salted\u003c/strong> examines the major wildcards in California's farming future: water and salt. Growers are having to learn to get along with less of the first and more of the second. That can mean leaving once-productive fields fallow or having to find less water-intensive crops and irrigation methods. But water quality is also presenting a challenge as growers find themselves having to cope with salt in their groundwater and the threat of encroaching saltwater from rising seas. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dry and Salted \u003c/strong>is one of the three stories in \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Heat and Harvest\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a half-hour documentary on how climate change is challenging California’s $30 billion agricultural industry. \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>is a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a> and airs on KQED channel 9 on Friday Sept. 28 and Monday Oct. 1 at 7:30 pm. The film also airs on PBS stations around California in September and October. Check local listings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>Volatile weather creates dramatic changes for California farmers\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBy Mark Schapiro\u003cbr>\nCenter for Investigative Reporting\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is part 1 of a two-part series published in newspapers across California on Thurs. Sept. 27.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten miles outside of Modesto, in the farming town of Hughson just off Highway 99, the \u003ca title=\"Duarte Nursery\" href=\"http://duartenursery.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Duarte Nursery\u003c/a> is at the front line of dramatic changes now under way in California’s immense agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45068\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa08_Jduarte_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45068\" title=\"John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa08_Jduarte_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The family-run nursery, founded in 1976, is one of the largest in the United States, and there’s a good chance the berries, nuts and citrus fruits eaten across the West began their journey to market as seedlings in Duarte’s 30 acres of greenhouses, labs and breeding stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nursery’s owners have built a thriving business using state-of-the-art techniques to develop varieties adapted to the particular conditions and pests California farmers face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, according to John Duarte, president of the nursery, that means breeding for elevated levels of heat and salt, which researchers say are symptoms of climate change – even if Duarte doesn’t necessarily see it that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s carbon built up in the atmosphere or just friggin’ bad luck,” he said, “the conditions are straining us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of Duarte’s woes might be in dispute among farmers in California’s $31 billion agriculture industry. But the symptoms are clear. From the vast fields of fruits and nuts in the Central Valley to the wineries of Napa and Sonoma, the increasingly volatile weather is altering the fundamental conditions for growing food, California’s largest industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Climate change already has cost farmers money. In the Central Valley, some growers are paying more for seeds designed to withstand the new extremes.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Farmers are in many ways at the front line of climate change. They conjure food from soil, sunlight and water – all of which are profoundly affected, scientists say, by climate change. Stresses have emerged across the state as water supplies tighten. Rain is coming at unexpected times. Winters aren’t getting cold enough. And salt from the rising ocean is making its way into Central Valley water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change already has cost farmers money. In the Central Valley, some growers are paying more for seeds designed to withstand the new extremes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the nurseries and colleges in what Duarte calls “the Silicon Valley of agricultural innovation,” these changing conditions have forced botanists to look for varieties of almond, pepper, citrus, cherry and other crops resistant to drought and salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other interests also are bracing for dramatic change. The crop insurance industry is calculating potential billion-dollar losses from extreme weather conditions, as well as the floods and fires that occur in their wake. Climate change could join the ranks of earthquake and hurricane insurance as a special – and hugely expensive – problem for insurers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45066\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa04_clone_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45066\" title=\"Plant clone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa04_clone_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery, holds a plant that he's breeding to be more tolerant to heat and salt. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the past 20 years, there has been more than $500 million in crop losses from heat waves, floods and ill-timed rainstorms in the heavily agricultural counties of San Joaquin, Merced, Kings, Kern, Napa and Sonoma, according to a study last year by a team of Stanford University researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to 20 or 30 years ago, farmers are recognizing a lot more risk factors in climate events,” said Jeff Yasui, director of the \u003ca title=\"USDA Risk Management Agency\" href=\"http://www.rma.usda.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Risk Management Agency office\u003c/a> in California, which handles crop insurance in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate and agriculture scientists predicted much of this. \u003ca title=\"Charles Kolstad bio\" href=\"http://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~kolstad/HmPg/\" target=\"_blank\">Charles Kolstad\u003c/a>, an environmental economist at UC Santa Barbara, said California agriculture is being hit with a trifecta of converging forces prompted by climate change: longer seasons of extreme heat, shorter cold seasons and dwindling water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Rain is coming at unexpected times. Winters aren’t getting cold enough. And salt from the rising ocean is making its way into Central Valley water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yields of key crops are expected to drop significantly over the coming decades as climate change alters these growing conditions, according to a report Kolstad co-wrote for the state Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Commission and published last fall in the peer-reviewed journal Climatic Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists believe the Earth’s average temperature will rise at least 2 degrees in the next four decades – their most conservative estimate. Along the way, the yields of citrus crops in the San Joaquin Valley are expected to drop about 18 percent, grapes about 6 percent, and cherries and other orchard crops about 9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those crops – accustomed to the cooler edges of California’s climate – are showing declining yields already, according to the \u003ca title=\"National Agricultural Statistics Service\" href=\"http://www.nass.usda.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service\u003c/a>. That could mean higher prices for consumers as the supply shrinks. This summer’s record droughts in the Midwest also prompted the USDA to predict a similar rise in prices driven by devastated yields for corn and soybeans, the primary food for chicken and cattle nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolstad and other scientists have focused on tree-based perennial crops because they are fixed in 25- to 30-year cycles and cannot easily be adapted to changing conditions. Switching a tree orchard from cherries, for example, to more heat-tolerant pistachios, avocados or tangerines can cost millions of dollars before the trees start bearing marketable fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California’s water crisis persists, seasonal vegetables and fruits also will be dramatically affected. Some already are.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This year, Sacramento Delta water supplies are not expected to come anywhere close to filling the irrigation needs of Central Valley farmers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Much of the southern Central Valley, spreading along either side of Interstate 5, is now a patchwork of fallow fields, according to Gayle Holman with the \u003ca title=\"Westlands Water District\" href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd/default2.asp?cwide=1280\" target=\"_blank\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a> in Fresno. Thousands of acres that once grew onions, tomatoes, melons and other crops have been set aside by farmers because they can no longer obtain, or afford, water – a scarcity, scientists say, that is significantly due to the dramatic shifts in the timing of rainfalls in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grower cutbacks are felt most acutely in Central Valley towns like Mendota, where farm workers can no longer find the seasonal fieldwork upon which they once relied. Official unemployment in the area ranges between 15 and 20 percent. Studies by the state’s Employment Development Department show an inverse correlation between water allocations and unemployment in the valley: The water supply goes down, and the unemployment rate goes up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One problem, then another\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like just about everything having to do with climate change, the consequences unfold like a sequence of trapdoors. First, there’s the temperature, a jagged progression over the past decade of unusual highs and lows occurring at times of the year that can debilitate growing crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45073\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/California_Aqueduct_and_fields_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45073\" title=\"California Aqueduct\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/California_Aqueduct_and_fields_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists warn that less water is coming into the system. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the water. California’s water sources are caught in a pincer: More water is needed at a time when less water is being delivered into the network of canals carrying it from the north to the agricultural regions in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A precipitous drop in snowfall has led to declining water runoff in the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers in the spring and summer months, when it’s central to irrigation in the valley. Over the past century, the state \u003ca title=\"Department of Water Resources\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> has measured a steady 10 percent decline in runoff from April to July. In recent years, however, the rate has accelerated to as much as 20 percent during those critical months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the three years between 2006 and 2009, the runoff amounted to the equivalent of two “normal” years, according to John Leahigh, chief of operations planning for the \u003ca title=\"California State Water Project\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\" target=\"_blank\">California State Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, such calculations appear to be the new normal. This year, Sacramento Delta water supplies are not expected to come anywhere close to filling the irrigation needs of Central Valley farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the Department of Water Resources cut the delivery of water to valley farmers from 60 to 50 percent of their allotment – a practically unprecedented reduction that late in the growing season, according to Leahigh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the valley supplied by the federal water project have been cut even more severely, to 30 percent of their normal allotment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the valley generally blame the drop-off in water on the 2007 state Supreme Court decision affirming the need for water to preserve Pacific smelt and other endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the \u003ca title=\"Public Policy Institute of California\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, however, concludes that the roughly 300,000 acre-feet of water diverted to comply with the Endangered Species Act constitutes no more than 15 to 20 percent of the reduced water flow to the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, the overall pool of water is shrinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s less water coming into the system,” said \u003ca title=\"Francis Chung bio\" href=\"http://baydeltaoffice.water.ca.gov/modeling/keypersonnel.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Francis Chung\u003c/a>, chief of the Modeling Support Branch for the Department of Water Resources. “The water that used to exist is now coming earlier in the year. So there’s less water to distribute (to the valley) during the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising sea levels threaten water supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another growing problem has been rising sea levels associated with climate change. The San Francisco Bay, according to a recent assessment by the \u003ca title=\"National Research Council\" href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/nrc/\" target=\"_blank\">National Research Council\u003c/a>, is projected to rise by as much as 18 inches, and potentially triple that by the end of the century. Those inches translate into waves of new salt sources lapping into the delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less water channeled into the delta from the Sierra means less available freshwater to dilute the onrush of salt, which has been pushing steadily eastward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For each foot in sea level, 200,000 acre-feet of freshwater, known as “carriage water,” is needed to hold the line on the saltwater. That amounts to one-fifth the volume of Folsom Lake each year, according to Chung, and the diversions will only increase as the sea level rises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by UC Davis estimates that if salinity continues to rise at the current rate, by 2030, the financial costs to the Central Valley could be huge: as much as $1 billion to $1.5 billion a year in decreased agricultural activity, amounting to some 27,000 to 53,000 jobs lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45064\" title=\"Almond leaves burned by salt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt in the groundwater burns almond leaves and reduces a tree's yield. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the next 40 years, salinity is expected to increase by 4 to 26 percent, depending on the time of year, at the two water-pumping stations outside of Tracy. From there, most of the water destined for the valley is sent southward, according to a study by the Public Policy Institute of California and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Watershed Sciences\" href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Ellen Hanak bio\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=72\" target=\"_blank\">Ellen Hanak\u003c/a>, senior policy fellow at the institute, explained that inside the delta, the network of waterways helps to dilute the salt content. But in the Central Valley, she said, there’s not enough freshwater to reduce the salt’s impact. That’s partly the result of farmers using more targeted irrigation to reduce waste; they no longer have the excess spillover to mix with the salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no drainage,” she said. “They can’t get rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As freshwater supplies decrease, the decisions over how to use it are likely to become even more difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water used to push the ocean back is water not used for agriculture,” said Tara Smith, an analyst and water modeling expert for the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the liquid barricade needed to hold back the ocean is drawn from a dwindling amount of freshwater. The reduction in allocations issued by the water board in February means that more water is necessary to hold back the advancing Pacific Ocean and push the saltwater intrusion westward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to have to keep reducing the volume of exports from the delta because of the increased volume needed of carriage water,” said Chung at the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The higher the value of the crop, the more sensitive it is to salt.”\u003cbr>\nDaniel Cozad, executive director, Central Valley Salinity Coalition \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, 40 railroad cars’ worth of salt – about 500,000 tons a year – flow daily out of the delta into the fields of the Central Valley. That adds extra salt to valley soils already made salty by the intensive pumping of groundwater from what millions of years ago was the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Cozad, executive director of the \u003ca title=\"Central Valley Salinity Coalition\" href=\"http://cvsalinity.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Central Valley Salinity Coalition\u003c/a>, a group of local farmers, businessmen and government officials, said some farmers in the western valley are being forced to adapt by switching from salt-sensitive crops like strawberries and avocados to less sensitive – and less profitable – crops like alfalfa and wheat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” Cozad said, “the higher the value of the crop, the more sensitive it is to salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Robert Salladay and copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was produced by the nonprofit \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, the country’s largest investigative reporting team, in collaboration with KQED. Mark Schapiro can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:mschapiro@cironline.org\">mschapiro@cironline.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Salty groundwater is ruining almond crops in the Central Valley, and scientists expect sea level rise to worsen the problem. This video is part of the Heat and Harvest series, co-produced by KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1457566998,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":56,"wordCount":2448},"headData":{"title":"Dry and Salted | KQED","description":"Salty groundwater is ruining almond crops in the Central Valley, and scientists expect sea level rise to worsen the problem. This video is part of the Heat and Harvest series, co-produced by KQED and the Center for Investigative Reporting.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Dry and Salted","datePublished":"2012-09-27T08:00:18.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-09T23:43:18.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"45029 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=videos&p=45029","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/27/dry-and-salted/","disqusTitle":"Dry and Salted","videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z5qlmcD7ceY","path":"/quest/45029/dry-and-salted","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dry and Salted\u003c/strong> examines the major wildcards in California's farming future: water and salt. Growers are having to learn to get along with less of the first and more of the second. That can mean leaving once-productive fields fallow or having to find less water-intensive crops and irrigation methods. But water quality is also presenting a challenge as growers find themselves having to cope with salt in their groundwater and the threat of encroaching saltwater from rising seas. (Reporter: Mark Schapiro / Producer: Serene Fang)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Dry and Salted \u003c/strong>is one of the three stories in \u003cstrong>\u003ca title=\"Heat and Harvest\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/heat-and-harvest/\" target=\"_blank\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>, a half-hour documentary on how climate change is challenging California’s $30 billion agricultural industry. \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest \u003c/strong>is a co-production of KQED and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a> and airs on KQED channel 9 on Friday Sept. 28 and Monday Oct. 1 at 7:30 pm. The film also airs on PBS stations around California in September and October. Check local listings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch1>Volatile weather creates dramatic changes for California farmers\u003c/h1>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nBy Mark Schapiro\u003cbr>\nCenter for Investigative Reporting\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article is part 1 of a two-part series published in newspapers across California on Thurs. Sept. 27.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ten miles outside of Modesto, in the farming town of Hughson just off Highway 99, the \u003ca title=\"Duarte Nursery\" href=\"http://duartenursery.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Duarte Nursery\u003c/a> is at the front line of dramatic changes now under way in California’s immense agriculture industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45068\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa08_Jduarte_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45068\" title=\"John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa08_Jduarte_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The family-run nursery, founded in 1976, is one of the largest in the United States, and there’s a good chance the berries, nuts and citrus fruits eaten across the West began their journey to market as seedlings in Duarte’s 30 acres of greenhouses, labs and breeding stations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The nursery’s owners have built a thriving business using state-of-the-art techniques to develop varieties adapted to the particular conditions and pests California farmers face.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These days, according to John Duarte, president of the nursery, that means breeding for elevated levels of heat and salt, which researchers say are symptoms of climate change – even if Duarte doesn’t necessarily see it that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether it’s carbon built up in the atmosphere or just friggin’ bad luck,” he said, “the conditions are straining us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cause of Duarte’s woes might be in dispute among farmers in California’s $31 billion agriculture industry. But the symptoms are clear. From the vast fields of fruits and nuts in the Central Valley to the wineries of Napa and Sonoma, the increasingly volatile weather is altering the fundamental conditions for growing food, California’s largest industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Climate change already has cost farmers money. In the Central Valley, some growers are paying more for seeds designed to withstand the new extremes.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Farmers are in many ways at the front line of climate change. They conjure food from soil, sunlight and water – all of which are profoundly affected, scientists say, by climate change. Stresses have emerged across the state as water supplies tighten. Rain is coming at unexpected times. Winters aren’t getting cold enough. And salt from the rising ocean is making its way into Central Valley water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate change already has cost farmers money. In the Central Valley, some growers are paying more for seeds designed to withstand the new extremes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the nurseries and colleges in what Duarte calls “the Silicon Valley of agricultural innovation,” these changing conditions have forced botanists to look for varieties of almond, pepper, citrus, cherry and other crops resistant to drought and salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other interests also are bracing for dramatic change. The crop insurance industry is calculating potential billion-dollar losses from extreme weather conditions, as well as the floods and fires that occur in their wake. Climate change could join the ranks of earthquake and hurricane insurance as a special – and hugely expensive – problem for insurers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45066\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa04_clone_resized.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45066\" title=\"Plant clone\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa04_clone_resized-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">John Duarte, of Duarte Nursery, holds a plant that he's breeding to be more tolerant to heat and salt. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the past 20 years, there has been more than $500 million in crop losses from heat waves, floods and ill-timed rainstorms in the heavily agricultural counties of San Joaquin, Merced, Kings, Kern, Napa and Sonoma, according to a study last year by a team of Stanford University researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Compared to 20 or 30 years ago, farmers are recognizing a lot more risk factors in climate events,” said Jeff Yasui, director of the \u003ca title=\"USDA Risk Management Agency\" href=\"http://www.rma.usda.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Risk Management Agency office\u003c/a> in California, which handles crop insurance in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate and agriculture scientists predicted much of this. \u003ca title=\"Charles Kolstad bio\" href=\"http://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~kolstad/HmPg/\" target=\"_blank\">Charles Kolstad\u003c/a>, an environmental economist at UC Santa Barbara, said California agriculture is being hit with a trifecta of converging forces prompted by climate change: longer seasons of extreme heat, shorter cold seasons and dwindling water supplies.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Rain is coming at unexpected times. Winters aren’t getting cold enough. And salt from the rising ocean is making its way into Central Valley water.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Yields of key crops are expected to drop significantly over the coming decades as climate change alters these growing conditions, according to a report Kolstad co-wrote for the state Environmental Protection Agency and Energy Commission and published last fall in the peer-reviewed journal Climatic Change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate scientists believe the Earth’s average temperature will rise at least 2 degrees in the next four decades – their most conservative estimate. Along the way, the yields of citrus crops in the San Joaquin Valley are expected to drop about 18 percent, grapes about 6 percent, and cherries and other orchard crops about 9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those crops – accustomed to the cooler edges of California’s climate – are showing declining yields already, according to the \u003ca title=\"National Agricultural Statistics Service\" href=\"http://www.nass.usda.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service\u003c/a>. That could mean higher prices for consumers as the supply shrinks. This summer’s record droughts in the Midwest also prompted the USDA to predict a similar rise in prices driven by devastated yields for corn and soybeans, the primary food for chicken and cattle nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kolstad and other scientists have focused on tree-based perennial crops because they are fixed in 25- to 30-year cycles and cannot easily be adapted to changing conditions. Switching a tree orchard from cherries, for example, to more heat-tolerant pistachios, avocados or tangerines can cost millions of dollars before the trees start bearing marketable fruit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California’s water crisis persists, seasonal vegetables and fruits also will be dramatically affected. Some already are.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">This year, Sacramento Delta water supplies are not expected to come anywhere close to filling the irrigation needs of Central Valley farmers.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Much of the southern Central Valley, spreading along either side of Interstate 5, is now a patchwork of fallow fields, according to Gayle Holman with the \u003ca title=\"Westlands Water District\" href=\"http://www.westlandswater.org/wwd/default2.asp?cwide=1280\" target=\"_blank\">Westlands Water District\u003c/a> in Fresno. Thousands of acres that once grew onions, tomatoes, melons and other crops have been set aside by farmers because they can no longer obtain, or afford, water – a scarcity, scientists say, that is significantly due to the dramatic shifts in the timing of rainfalls in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those grower cutbacks are felt most acutely in Central Valley towns like Mendota, where farm workers can no longer find the seasonal fieldwork upon which they once relied. Official unemployment in the area ranges between 15 and 20 percent. Studies by the state’s Employment Development Department show an inverse correlation between water allocations and unemployment in the valley: The water supply goes down, and the unemployment rate goes up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>One problem, then another\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like just about everything having to do with climate change, the consequences unfold like a sequence of trapdoors. First, there’s the temperature, a jagged progression over the past decade of unusual highs and lows occurring at times of the year that can debilitate growing crops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45073\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/California_Aqueduct_and_fields_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45073\" title=\"California Aqueduct\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/California_Aqueduct_and_fields_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scientists warn that less water is coming into the system. Photo: Gabriela Quirós.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the water. California’s water sources are caught in a pincer: More water is needed at a time when less water is being delivered into the network of canals carrying it from the north to the agricultural regions in the south.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A precipitous drop in snowfall has led to declining water runoff in the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers in the spring and summer months, when it’s central to irrigation in the valley. Over the past century, the state \u003ca title=\"Department of Water Resources\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Department of Water Resources\u003c/a> has measured a steady 10 percent decline in runoff from April to July. In recent years, however, the rate has accelerated to as much as 20 percent during those critical months.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the three years between 2006 and 2009, the runoff amounted to the equivalent of two “normal” years, according to John Leahigh, chief of operations planning for the \u003ca title=\"California State Water Project\" href=\"http://www.water.ca.gov/swp/\" target=\"_blank\">California State Water Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, such calculations appear to be the new normal. This year, Sacramento Delta water supplies are not expected to come anywhere close to filling the irrigation needs of Central Valley farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, the Department of Water Resources cut the delivery of water to valley farmers from 60 to 50 percent of their allotment – a practically unprecedented reduction that late in the growing season, according to Leahigh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Parts of the valley supplied by the federal water project have been cut even more severely, to 30 percent of their normal allotment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farmers in the valley generally blame the drop-off in water on the 2007 state Supreme Court decision affirming the need for water to preserve Pacific smelt and other endangered species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by the \u003ca title=\"Public Policy Institute of California\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/home.asp\" target=\"_blank\">Public Policy Institute of California\u003c/a>, however, concludes that the roughly 300,000 acre-feet of water diverted to comply with the Endangered Species Act constitutes no more than 15 to 20 percent of the reduced water flow to the valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather, the overall pool of water is shrinking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s less water coming into the system,” said \u003ca title=\"Francis Chung bio\" href=\"http://baydeltaoffice.water.ca.gov/modeling/keypersonnel.cfm\" target=\"_blank\">Francis Chung\u003c/a>, chief of the Modeling Support Branch for the Department of Water Resources. “The water that used to exist is now coming earlier in the year. So there’s less water to distribute (to the valley) during the summer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rising sea levels threaten water supply\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another growing problem has been rising sea levels associated with climate change. The San Francisco Bay, according to a recent assessment by the \u003ca title=\"National Research Council\" href=\"http://nationalacademies.org/nrc/\" target=\"_blank\">National Research Council\u003c/a>, is projected to rise by as much as 18 inches, and potentially triple that by the end of the century. Those inches translate into waves of new salt sources lapping into the delta.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less water channeled into the delta from the Sierra means less available freshwater to dilute the onrush of salt, which has been pushing steadily eastward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For each foot in sea level, 200,000 acre-feet of freshwater, known as “carriage water,” is needed to hold the line on the saltwater. That amounts to one-fifth the volume of Folsom Lake each year, according to Chung, and the diversions will only increase as the sea level rises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A study by UC Davis estimates that if salinity continues to rise at the current rate, by 2030, the financial costs to the Central Valley could be huge: as much as $1 billion to $1.5 billion a year in decreased agricultural activity, amounting to some 27,000 to 53,000 jobs lost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_45064\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized1.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-45064\" title=\"Almond leaves burned by salt\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/sa01_leaves_resized1-300x169.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salt in the groundwater burns almond leaves and reduces a tree's yield. Photo: Center for Investigative Reporting.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Over the next 40 years, salinity is expected to increase by 4 to 26 percent, depending on the time of year, at the two water-pumping stations outside of Tracy. From there, most of the water destined for the valley is sent southward, according to a study by the Public Policy Institute of California and the \u003ca title=\"Center for Watershed Sciences\" href=\"http://watershed.ucdavis.edu/front?destination=node/116\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Watershed Sciences at UC Davis\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"Ellen Hanak bio\" href=\"http://www.ppic.org/main/bio.asp?i=72\" target=\"_blank\">Ellen Hanak\u003c/a>, senior policy fellow at the institute, explained that inside the delta, the network of waterways helps to dilute the salt content. But in the Central Valley, she said, there’s not enough freshwater to reduce the salt’s impact. That’s partly the result of farmers using more targeted irrigation to reduce waste; they no longer have the excess spillover to mix with the salt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s no drainage,” she said. “They can’t get rid of it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As freshwater supplies decrease, the decisions over how to use it are likely to become even more difficult.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Water used to push the ocean back is water not used for agriculture,” said Tara Smith, an analyst and water modeling expert for the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, the liquid barricade needed to hold back the ocean is drawn from a dwindling amount of freshwater. The reduction in allocations issued by the water board in February means that more water is necessary to hold back the advancing Pacific Ocean and push the saltwater intrusion westward.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re going to have to keep reducing the volume of exports from the delta because of the increased volume needed of carriage water,” said Chung at the Department of Water Resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“The higher the value of the crop, the more sensitive it is to salt.”\u003cbr>\nDaniel Cozad, executive director, Central Valley Salinity Coalition \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, 40 railroad cars’ worth of salt – about 500,000 tons a year – flow daily out of the delta into the fields of the Central Valley. That adds extra salt to valley soils already made salty by the intensive pumping of groundwater from what millions of years ago was the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Cozad, executive director of the \u003ca title=\"Central Valley Salinity Coalition\" href=\"http://cvsalinity.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Central Valley Salinity Coalition\u003c/a>, a group of local farmers, businessmen and government officials, said some farmers in the western valley are being forced to adapt by switching from salt-sensitive crops like strawberries and avocados to less sensitive – and less profitable – crops like alfalfa and wheat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately,” Cozad said, “the higher the value of the crop, the more sensitive it is to salt.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was edited by Robert Salladay and copy edited by Nikki Frick and Christine Lee. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This story was produced by the nonprofit \u003ca title=\"Center for Investigative Reporting\" href=\"http://cironline.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, the country’s largest investigative reporting team, in collaboration with KQED. Mark Schapiro can be reached at \u003ca href=\"mailto:mschapiro@cironline.org\">mschapiro@cironline.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/45029/dry-and-salted","authors":["10385"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229","quest_3422","quest_3233","quest_11766"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_11496","quest_11484","quest_533","quest_11498","quest_621","quest_11500","quest_11463","quest_11499","quest_11497","quest_11495","quest_2559","quest_2893","quest_3071","quest_3108"],"collections":["quest_3354"],"featImg":"quest_45066","label":"quest_13295"},"quest_44893":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_44893","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"44893","score":null,"sort":[1348513813000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"californias-farm-belt-didnt-dodge-the-summer-heat-wave","title":"California's Farm Belt Didn't Dodge the Summer Heat Wave","publishDate":1348513813,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13295,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting by Nicholas Christen\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24399\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-24399\" title=\"IMG_2485\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2012/09/IMG_2485.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"244\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even tomatoes can only take so much heat. A belt from Bakersfield to the northern Sacramento Valley produces a third of the nation's canning tomatoes.\" credit=\"Craig Miller / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Autumn is here, so says the calendar. Living on the coast, it might be easy to think that California escaped the heat wave suffered by much of the nation this summer. While that may be true for most of the large coastal population centers, it was a different story for much of the state's interior farm belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout June and July, even Central Valley spots escaped much of the heat felt by the Great Plains, though Cal Expo officials blamed the heat, in part, for tamping down attendance at the state fair. Then things heated up quickly -- especially in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys -- through August and into September. Valley towns including Redding, Red Bluff, Sacramento, Merced, Madera, Fresno, and Bakersfield, have been on the order of three-to-five degrees above normal for the duration of August and September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresno saw 27 days above normal during August and most of those days were at least three degrees above normal, a string one meteorologist at the National Weather Service in Fresno called, \"pretty amazing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Central Valley farmers, who are used to triple-digit days, were taken aback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yeah, this summer has been one of the hottest that I remember,\" said Don Cameron, who runs 7,000 acres of crops for the Terranova Ranch, southeast of Fresno. He's been farming the Valley for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our tomatoes have taken a little bit of a beating from the 110 degree weather we’ve had, but with the drip irrigation we’re able to keep them a little fresher, a little cooler when it does get hot like that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day we visited Cameron, the fever seemed to have broken. \"Yeah, we’re in the low 90s today,\" he snorted. \"It’s like -- like a spring day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had just a couple of weeks on end where we were 109, 110, 111 degrees. Just brutal. The nights don’t cool down, it’s hard on the plants, it’s hard on the people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a plus side to all this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can remember we used to get a lot of real severe frosts during the spring growing season,\" recalled Cameron. \"I can’t remember the last time we had one that was actually a killing frost during April.\" That's created an opportunity of sorts for growers. \"We’ve been able to plant our tomatoes earlier in the year for earlier harvest, which extends the, the season for the cannery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roast continued well into September, bringing with it an unusual late-season streak of 90-plus-degree days in downtown Sacramento. This year could eclipse the September record of 20 days, set back in 1899.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24410\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24410\" title=\"AugTemps_Sac_NWS\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2012/09/AugTemps_Sac_NWS-620x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"452\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">August was more than four degrees above average in Sacramento.\" credit=\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See more on how climate change is challenging California farmers on the documentary, \u003c/em>\u003ca title=\"H&H - main\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/heatandharvest\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>\u003cem>. It premieres Friday evening on KQED TV.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Autumn is here, so says the calendar. Living on the coast, it might be easy to think that California escaped the heat wave suffered by much of the nation this summer. While that may be true for most of the large coastal population centers, it was a different story for much of the state's interior farm belt.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1368124674,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":530},"headData":{"title":"California's Farm Belt Didn't Dodge the Summer Heat Wave | KQED","description":"Autumn is here, so says the calendar. Living on the coast, it might be easy to think that California escaped the heat wave suffered by much of the nation this summer. While that may be true for most of the large coastal population centers, it was a different story for much of the state's interior farm belt.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California's Farm Belt Didn't Dodge the Summer Heat Wave","datePublished":"2012-09-24T19:10:13.000Z","dateModified":"2013-05-09T18:37:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"44893 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=44893","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/californias-farm-belt-didnt-dodge-the-summer-heat-wave/","disqusTitle":"California's Farm Belt Didn't Dodge the Summer Heat Wave","path":"/quest/44893/californias-farm-belt-didnt-dodge-the-summer-heat-wave","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Additional reporting by Nicholas Christen\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24399\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-24399\" title=\"IMG_2485\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2012/09/IMG_2485.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"340\" height=\"244\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even tomatoes can only take so much heat. A belt from Bakersfield to the northern Sacramento Valley produces a third of the nation's canning tomatoes.\" credit=\"Craig Miller / KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Autumn is here, so says the calendar. Living on the coast, it might be easy to think that California escaped the heat wave suffered by much of the nation this summer. While that may be true for most of the large coastal population centers, it was a different story for much of the state's interior farm belt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout June and July, even Central Valley spots escaped much of the heat felt by the Great Plains, though Cal Expo officials blamed the heat, in part, for tamping down attendance at the state fair. Then things heated up quickly -- especially in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys -- through August and into September. Valley towns including Redding, Red Bluff, Sacramento, Merced, Madera, Fresno, and Bakersfield, have been on the order of three-to-five degrees above normal for the duration of August and September.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fresno saw 27 days above normal during August and most of those days were at least three degrees above normal, a string one meteorologist at the National Weather Service in Fresno called, \"pretty amazing.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even Central Valley farmers, who are used to triple-digit days, were taken aback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Yeah, this summer has been one of the hottest that I remember,\" said Don Cameron, who runs 7,000 acres of crops for the Terranova Ranch, southeast of Fresno. He's been farming the Valley for 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Our tomatoes have taken a little bit of a beating from the 110 degree weather we’ve had, but with the drip irrigation we’re able to keep them a little fresher, a little cooler when it does get hot like that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the day we visited Cameron, the fever seemed to have broken. \"Yeah, we’re in the low 90s today,\" he snorted. \"It’s like -- like a spring day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We had just a couple of weeks on end where we were 109, 110, 111 degrees. Just brutal. The nights don’t cool down, it’s hard on the plants, it’s hard on the people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There has been a plus side to all this.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I can remember we used to get a lot of real severe frosts during the spring growing season,\" recalled Cameron. \"I can’t remember the last time we had one that was actually a killing frost during April.\" That's created an opportunity of sorts for growers. \"We’ve been able to plant our tomatoes earlier in the year for earlier harvest, which extends the, the season for the cannery.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roast continued well into September, bringing with it an unusual late-season streak of 90-plus-degree days in downtown Sacramento. This year could eclipse the September record of 20 days, set back in 1899.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24410\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-24410\" title=\"AugTemps_Sac_NWS\" src=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/files/2012/09/AugTemps_Sac_NWS-620x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"452\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">August was more than four degrees above average in Sacramento.\" credit=\"\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See more on how climate change is challenging California farmers on the documentary, \u003c/em>\u003ca title=\"H&H - main\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/heatandharvest\">Heat and Harvest\u003c/a>\u003cem>. It premieres Friday evening on KQED TV.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/44893/californias-farm-belt-didnt-dodge-the-summer-heat-wave","authors":["221"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_11518","quest_13364"],"featImg":"quest_44900","label":"quest_13295"},"quest_44461":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_44461","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"44461","score":null,"sort":[1348513345000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"heat-and-harvest-calif-farms-on-a-climate-collision-course","title":"Heat and Harvest: Calif. Farms on a Climate Collision Course","publishDate":1348513345,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13295,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44465\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 342px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/heat-and-harvest-calif-farms-on-a-climate-collision-course/img_1626/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44465\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-44465 \" title=\"IMG_1626\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_1626-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"342\" height=\"192\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farm in Dixon, California. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New pests, a shrinking water supply and rising temperatures will alter agriculture in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Heat and Harvest\u003c/em>, a \u003ca title=\"H&H - main\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/heatandharvest\">new series\u003c/a> from KQED Science and the Center for Investigative Reporting looks at the multiple climate challenges confronting California farmers. It's no trivial matter. California's Central Valley is widely known as \"the nation's salad bowl,\" and there's more than bragging rights at stake. Ag contributes more than $30 billion a year to the state's economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, KQED has focused on efforts in the ag sector to conserve water or lower the carbon footprint. Some farmers are trying new technologies, others are experimenting with renewable energy. But meeting climate challenges on multiple fronts will, for some farmers and ranchers, be a matter of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are links to some previous reporting from \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/\">KQED's \u003cem>Climate Watch\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, from ag's potential role in California's emerging cap-and-trade program for carbon emissions, to innovation on the renewable energy front and new conflicts over land use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/09/07/planting-the-seeds-for-greener-farms/\">Planting the Seeds for Greener Farms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSupporters of sustainable agriculture are looking forward to some “sustenance” of their own, after an eleventh-hour win in Sacramento. The new bills lays out an approach for ensuring that all proceeds from the sale of cap-and-trade permits be used to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among the eligible activities listed in the bill are farming and ranching practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sequester carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/07/17/satellites-helping-save-water-on-california-farms/\">Satellites Help Save Water on California Farms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEngineers at NASA and CSU Monterey Bay are developing an online tool that can estimate how much water a farm's field might need. Satellites orbiting the earth take high-resolution pictures which are combined with on-the-ground data from farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/01/03/can-solar-and-farming-make-good-neighbors/\">Making Hay While the Sun Shines: A Flap over Solar Panels in Farm Country\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSun and open land make the San Joaquin Valley ideal for growing crops. But they're also attracting an increasing number of large-scale solar power developers to the region. And that's generating debate over whether farming the sun is really farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/08/24/another-renewable-energy-frontier-farm-biomass/\">Making Renewable Energy from Farm Waste\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCalifornia is just a few votes away from changing the rules to allow farmers to connect machines that create bioenergy to the electrical grid, a privilege that has thus far been reserved for farm-generated wind and solar energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/01/26/new-map-for-gardeners-wont-help-californias-green-thumbs/\">New Map for Gardeners Won’t Help California’s Green Thumbs\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>It’s been more than two decades since the U.S. Department of Agriculture updated its Plant Hardiness Zones Map, used by gardeners across the country to determine what will grow in their yards. The new GIS-enabled map unveiled this week is a boost to people who live in places that get a lot of cold weather and may be seeing slightly warmer average winters now. Despite the new level of detail in the map, gardeners in California and the Bay Area in particular, won’t learn much from it.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New pests, a shrinking water supply and rising temperatures will alter agriculture in California.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1367353385,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":511},"headData":{"title":"Heat and Harvest: Calif. Farms on a Climate Collision Course | KQED","description":"New pests, a shrinking water supply and rising temperatures will alter agriculture in California.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Heat and Harvest: Calif. Farms on a Climate Collision Course","datePublished":"2012-09-24T19:02:25.000Z","dateModified":"2013-04-30T20:23:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"44461 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?p=44461","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/heat-and-harvest-calif-farms-on-a-climate-collision-course/","disqusTitle":"Heat and Harvest: Calif. Farms on a Climate Collision Course","path":"/quest/44461/heat-and-harvest-calif-farms-on-a-climate-collision-course","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_44465\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 342px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/24/heat-and-harvest-calif-farms-on-a-climate-collision-course/img_1626/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-44465\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-44465 \" title=\"IMG_1626\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_1626-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"342\" height=\"192\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A farm in Dixon, California. (Photo: Craig Miller)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>New pests, a shrinking water supply and rising temperatures will alter agriculture in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Heat and Harvest\u003c/em>, a \u003ca title=\"H&H - main\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/heatandharvest\">new series\u003c/a> from KQED Science and the Center for Investigative Reporting looks at the multiple climate challenges confronting California farmers. It's no trivial matter. California's Central Valley is widely known as \"the nation's salad bowl,\" and there's more than bragging rights at stake. Ag contributes more than $30 billion a year to the state's economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previously, KQED has focused on efforts in the ag sector to conserve water or lower the carbon footprint. Some farmers are trying new technologies, others are experimenting with renewable energy. But meeting climate challenges on multiple fronts will, for some farmers and ranchers, be a matter of survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are links to some previous reporting from \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/\">KQED's \u003cem>Climate Watch\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, from ag's potential role in California's emerging cap-and-trade program for carbon emissions, to innovation on the renewable energy front and new conflicts over land use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/09/07/planting-the-seeds-for-greener-farms/\">Planting the Seeds for Greener Farms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSupporters of sustainable agriculture are looking forward to some “sustenance” of their own, after an eleventh-hour win in Sacramento. The new bills lays out an approach for ensuring that all proceeds from the sale of cap-and-trade permits be used to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Among the eligible activities listed in the bill are farming and ranching practices that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and sequester carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/07/17/satellites-helping-save-water-on-california-farms/\">Satellites Help Save Water on California Farms\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nEngineers at NASA and CSU Monterey Bay are developing an online tool that can estimate how much water a farm's field might need. Satellites orbiting the earth take high-resolution pictures which are combined with on-the-ground data from farms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/01/03/can-solar-and-farming-make-good-neighbors/\">Making Hay While the Sun Shines: A Flap over Solar Panels in Farm Country\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nSun and open land make the San Joaquin Valley ideal for growing crops. But they're also attracting an increasing number of large-scale solar power developers to the region. And that's generating debate over whether farming the sun is really farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2011/08/24/another-renewable-energy-frontier-farm-biomass/\">Making Renewable Energy from Farm Waste\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nCalifornia is just a few votes away from changing the rules to allow farmers to connect machines that create bioenergy to the electrical grid, a privilege that has thus far been reserved for farm-generated wind and solar energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/climatewatch/2012/01/26/new-map-for-gardeners-wont-help-californias-green-thumbs/\">New Map for Gardeners Won’t Help California’s Green Thumbs\u003c/a>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>It’s been more than two decades since the U.S. Department of Agriculture updated its Plant Hardiness Zones Map, used by gardeners across the country to determine what will grow in their yards. The new GIS-enabled map unveiled this week is a boost to people who live in places that get a lot of cold weather and may be seeing slightly warmer average winters now. Despite the new level of detail in the map, gardeners in California and the Bay Area in particular, won’t learn much from it.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/44461/heat-and-harvest-calif-farms-on-a-climate-collision-course","authors":["200"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_11765","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_11518","quest_13364"],"featImg":"quest_44465","label":"quest_13295"},"quest_44496":{"type":"posts","id":"quest_44496","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"quest","id":"44496","score":null,"sort":[1348444841000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"heat-and-harvest-2","title":"Heat, Salt and Pests Threaten California Fields","publishDate":1348444841,"format":"video","headTitle":"Heat and Harvest | QUEST | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":13295,"site":"quest"},"content":"\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/09/2012-09-24-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_24291-e1348179997154.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-44525\" title=\"tomatoes\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_24291-e1348179997154.jpg\" alt=\"tomatoes\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_24291-e1348179997154.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_24291-e1348179997154-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, while the media was full of images of desiccated corn stalks in the Midwest, climate change was quietly creeping up on the California farm belt. The effects of rising temperatures, encroaching pests and shrinking water supplies are all showing up in California fields, threatening a $30 billion-dollar industry and putting pressure on produce prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now those concerns — and some possible solutions — are explored in a new documentary, \u003ca href=\"http://ow.ly/dSjxu\">Heat and Harvest,\u003c/a> co-reported by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/cmiller/\">KQED Science Editor Craig Miller \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://californiawatch.org/user/mark-schapiro\">Mark Schapiro of the Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, whose forthcoming book examines the financial costs of America’s carbon footprint. In this conversation, the two compare notes from their reporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MARK SCHAPIRO: Let's remember, farmers are the ones who experience climate change most directly of all of us. So the extraordinary heat — really the volatility of the heat when it's showing up at different times — has had a major impact on the types of crops being grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRAIG MILLER: Yeah, a lot of people think about the nice warm, consistent growing climate that California has. But I think what a lot of people don't realize is that many crops need some relief from that warmth and heat, in order to develop properly, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Yes, that was interesting. I certainly didn't expect, when I was reporting, to find that cherries, for example, are extremely sensitive to climactic conditions. They need to get cold in the winter so that they can kind of hibernate, and preserve their energy for when they blossom. Well, we've been seeing less of that chill factor here in the state of California. We've also been seeing less fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: …in the inland areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: In the inland areas, you know, we're talking about the Central Valley. And so you've seen pretty significant drop-offs in cherry production\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: And also what we're seeing are some of the indirect effects of temperatures on crops, such as what turned up in our reporting on a tiny little bug called the psyllid, which is making its home in California's potato and tomato fields, and can do enormous damage, as John Trumble, an entomologist at UC Riverside told us:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The losses in San Diego County alone were about 85% of total productivity in 2004-2005; the losses were substantial. They were so large in Mexico, and Baja in particular, that they began planting tomatoes in screen houses, instead of large thousands-of-acre fields.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: What are these, bugs that are more accustomed to warmer climates somewhere else in the world?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Yeah, the psyllids have always been in California at least part time. They would move up from Mexico; in the case of California, they're coming from Baja, basically. They would move into California during the summer season, and then retreat during the winters. But researchers at UC Riverside found just a few years ago, all of the sudden, they're not retreating anymore. They're staying over the winter. And because they're staying here during the winter, they can start a lot earlier and do a lot more damage. And they're being found farther and farther North all the time. They've been found in Northern California, and even up in Idaho, which of course is big-time potato country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we all know that water is becoming a bigger and bigger issue in California, particularly for agriculture, but there's this interesting connection with salt. Talk about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Right, remember that the Central Valley is built on top of what used to be the ocean, and like, 2 million years ago you'd go surfing in Modesto [both laugh]. So, that salt is at rest deep inside the aquifer. All those years of pumping ground water has brought huge amounts of salt to the surface, which they used to drain with water. So number one, you have an increasing problem with salt, and you have farmers who are utilizing water with salt that is actually hurting their plants. We talk about that in the documentary; we show farmers whose crops have been directly impacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Almonds, in particular - another huge crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Right, right. And two, you have the rising sea level. So, remember: climate change, rising sea level, could be as much as a foot-and-a-half by 2050, according to the National Academy of Sciences. And all of that saltwater coming into the Delta…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: …pushing back on it, basically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Exactly. What you've got is the state of California now committing huge amounts of its freshwater — that precious freshwater, the water that actually does come out of the mountains —is used to actually push back the salt water in the Sacramento delta to prevent it from coming down into the Central Valley. So, as a result, you have two things happening with water: One, less is falling as snow, so it's not preserved in the mountains in a big reservoir, and two, huge amounts of that freshwater is needed to hold back the rising sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Did you get the sense, in your reporting, that there are solutions out there for these problems, or not yet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Uh, good question, I mean basically look, the overall solution is going to be to slow the rate of climate change. That is the overall big solution that you cannot get around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Right, reducing the carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Reducing the carbon footprint. Short of that, you have scientists who are trying to develop new crop varieties that are more resistant to salt, more resistant to heat, and don’t need as much chill. And these are efforts. We visited one of the nurseries, I know you've talked to some of the scientists involved in the pest department--so they're trying very hard to kind of adapt to this circumstance. We'll see how effective that is, really.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See and hear more about all of the issues discussed here in the documentary, \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest\u003c/strong>, which premieres Friday, September 28, on KQED TV, at 7:30 pm.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"California's warming climate is having a big impact on farmers. Find out more from our multimedia series, \"Heat and Harvest.\"","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1443824660,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1050},"headData":{"title":"Heat, Salt and Pests Threaten California Fields | KQED","description":"California's warming climate is having a big impact on farmers. Find out more from our multimedia series, "Heat and Harvest."","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Heat, Salt and Pests Threaten California Fields","datePublished":"2012-09-24T00:00:41.000Z","dateModified":"2015-10-02T22:24:20.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"44496 http://science.kqed.org/quest/?post_type=audio_reports&p=44496","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2012/09/23/heat-and-harvest-2/","disqusTitle":"Heat, Salt and Pests Threaten California Fields","path":"/quest/44496/heat-and-harvest-2","audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/09/2012-09-24-quest.mp3","audioDuration":null,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/quest/2012/09/2012-09-24-quest.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_24291-e1348179997154.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-44525\" title=\"tomatoes\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_24291-e1348179997154.jpg\" alt=\"tomatoes\" width=\"639\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_24291-e1348179997154.jpg 639w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2012/09/IMG_24291-e1348179997154-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer, while the media was full of images of desiccated corn stalks in the Midwest, climate change was quietly creeping up on the California farm belt. The effects of rising temperatures, encroaching pests and shrinking water supplies are all showing up in California fields, threatening a $30 billion-dollar industry and putting pressure on produce prices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now those concerns — and some possible solutions — are explored in a new documentary, \u003ca href=\"http://ow.ly/dSjxu\">Heat and Harvest,\u003c/a> co-reported by \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/cmiller/\">KQED Science Editor Craig Miller \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://californiawatch.org/user/mark-schapiro\">Mark Schapiro of the Center for Investigative Reporting\u003c/a>, whose forthcoming book examines the financial costs of America’s carbon footprint. In this conversation, the two compare notes from their reporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MARK SCHAPIRO: Let's remember, farmers are the ones who experience climate change most directly of all of us. So the extraordinary heat — really the volatility of the heat when it's showing up at different times — has had a major impact on the types of crops being grown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRAIG MILLER: Yeah, a lot of people think about the nice warm, consistent growing climate that California has. But I think what a lot of people don't realize is that many crops need some relief from that warmth and heat, in order to develop properly, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Yes, that was interesting. I certainly didn't expect, when I was reporting, to find that cherries, for example, are extremely sensitive to climactic conditions. They need to get cold in the winter so that they can kind of hibernate, and preserve their energy for when they blossom. Well, we've been seeing less of that chill factor here in the state of California. We've also been seeing less fog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: …in the inland areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: In the inland areas, you know, we're talking about the Central Valley. And so you've seen pretty significant drop-offs in cherry production\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: And also what we're seeing are some of the indirect effects of temperatures on crops, such as what turned up in our reporting on a tiny little bug called the psyllid, which is making its home in California's potato and tomato fields, and can do enormous damage, as John Trumble, an entomologist at UC Riverside told us:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"The losses in San Diego County alone were about 85% of total productivity in 2004-2005; the losses were substantial. They were so large in Mexico, and Baja in particular, that they began planting tomatoes in screen houses, instead of large thousands-of-acre fields.\"\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: What are these, bugs that are more accustomed to warmer climates somewhere else in the world?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Yeah, the psyllids have always been in California at least part time. They would move up from Mexico; in the case of California, they're coming from Baja, basically. They would move into California during the summer season, and then retreat during the winters. But researchers at UC Riverside found just a few years ago, all of the sudden, they're not retreating anymore. They're staying over the winter. And because they're staying here during the winter, they can start a lot earlier and do a lot more damage. And they're being found farther and farther North all the time. They've been found in Northern California, and even up in Idaho, which of course is big-time potato country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think we all know that water is becoming a bigger and bigger issue in California, particularly for agriculture, but there's this interesting connection with salt. Talk about that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Right, remember that the Central Valley is built on top of what used to be the ocean, and like, 2 million years ago you'd go surfing in Modesto [both laugh]. So, that salt is at rest deep inside the aquifer. All those years of pumping ground water has brought huge amounts of salt to the surface, which they used to drain with water. So number one, you have an increasing problem with salt, and you have farmers who are utilizing water with salt that is actually hurting their plants. We talk about that in the documentary; we show farmers whose crops have been directly impacted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Almonds, in particular - another huge crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Right, right. And two, you have the rising sea level. So, remember: climate change, rising sea level, could be as much as a foot-and-a-half by 2050, according to the National Academy of Sciences. And all of that saltwater coming into the Delta…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: …pushing back on it, basically.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Exactly. What you've got is the state of California now committing huge amounts of its freshwater — that precious freshwater, the water that actually does come out of the mountains —is used to actually push back the salt water in the Sacramento delta to prevent it from coming down into the Central Valley. So, as a result, you have two things happening with water: One, less is falling as snow, so it's not preserved in the mountains in a big reservoir, and two, huge amounts of that freshwater is needed to hold back the rising sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Did you get the sense, in your reporting, that there are solutions out there for these problems, or not yet?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Uh, good question, I mean basically look, the overall solution is going to be to slow the rate of climate change. That is the overall big solution that you cannot get around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CM: Right, reducing the carbon footprint.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>MS: Reducing the carbon footprint. Short of that, you have scientists who are trying to develop new crop varieties that are more resistant to salt, more resistant to heat, and don’t need as much chill. And these are efforts. We visited one of the nurseries, I know you've talked to some of the scientists involved in the pest department--so they're trying very hard to kind of adapt to this circumstance. We'll see how effective that is, really.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>See and hear more about all of the issues discussed here in the documentary, \u003cstrong>Heat and Harvest\u003c/strong>, which premieres Friday, September 28, on KQED TV, at 7:30 pm.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/quest/44496/heat-and-harvest-2","authors":["221"],"series":["quest_13295"],"categories":["quest_6","quest_9","quest_3229"],"tags":["quest_85","quest_252","quest_11484","quest_13195","quest_11463","quest_11194","quest_13364","quest_2893"],"featImg":"quest_44525","label":"quest_13295"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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