This Robo Eye Doctor May Help Patients With Diabetes Keep Sight
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She is also co-founder of Ladies Who Vino, a networking group for women in technology and business.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["administrator"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["author"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Christina Farr | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/22c63869a7901c61c15e204391c1261d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/cfarr"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_445028":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445028","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445028","score":null,"sort":[1539370848000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"human-retinas-grown-in-a-dish-reveal-origin-of-color-vision","title":"Human Retinas Grown In a Dish Reveal Origin Of Color Vision","publishDate":1539370848,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In order to see the red of a sunset or the green of spring leaves, developing human eyes need to get the right hormone at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the finding of a team of scientists who studied how color vision develops using hundreds of human retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery, \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aau6348\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, could help accelerate current efforts to cure colorblindness. It could also lead to new treatments for diseases including macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important that we understand how nature controls the development of the retina so we can understand better why things go wrong in disease and how we can treat them,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/smbeck2000/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Becker\u003c/a>, a scientist at the National Eye Institute. The newly published findings are a step in that direction, says Becker, who has no connection to the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of color vision in people has been difficult to study because it usually occurs in the womb — and out of sight. But two scientists at Johns Hopkins University thought they might find some answers using retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CHvLNjg6nI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">retinal organoids\u003c/a>\" have been around for a few years but are difficult and tedious to grow, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/kiara-eldred-984b1513/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kiara Eldred\u003c/a>, a graduate student at Hopkins who is the paper's first author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes up to a year to turn a batch of immature retinal cells into a functioning organoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For the first week of their life, I take care of them every day,\" Eldred says. After a couple of weeks, she says, the cells become \"a little bit more independent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with luck, these clusters of immature cells develop into a 3D structure that \"looks and acts like a developing retina that you would see in a baby,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/johnstonlab/people/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bob Johnston\u003c/a>, Eldred's boss and an assistant professor in the biology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston's lab had been studying vision in flies. But he and Eldred saw a chance to try something much more ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We discussed this crazy idea of: Could we use these human retinal organoids to study how we get the different color-sensing cells in our eyes?\" Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using human cells was key because you can't study how humans see color in a fly, or even a mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mice don't sense red,\" Johnston says. \"They don't have these red-detecting cells. So we really have to study this in human tissue to get any insight into how it works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston and Eldred knew that in a human fetus, cells that detect blue light appear first. Then come cells that respond to red and green light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And research on animals suggested that the thyroid hormone was involved in the development of these color-sensing cells, called cones. So Johnston had Eldred conduct an experiment with immature retinal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I added thyroid hormone to the dish during their development, and we got more red-green cones developing in those organoids,\" she says. \"We got really excited because we were on to something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take years and many more experiments to confirm that the thyroid hormone was actually triggering the emergence of color vision. And the team still hasn't figured out what causes some cones to go on to become even more specialized by detecting only red or only green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Johnston says his lab is now preparing to take on two new goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One is to restore color vision to people that are colorblind,\" he says. What his lab is learning, he says, could help speed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/25/395303785/university-and-biotech-firm-team-up-on-colorblindness-therapy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing effort\u003c/a> to use gene therapy to cure colorblindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab's second goal is to use retinal organoids to better understand diseases including glaucoma and \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/maculardegeneration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">macular degeneration\u003c/a>, a leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macular degeneration affects the macula, an area of the retina that provides high-resolution vision. The condition has been hard to study, though, because mice don't have a macula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Johnston hopes to learn more by having his lab create macular organoids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's growing optimism among scientists that new treatments for retinal diseases will emerge from such efforts, Becker says. Initially, he says, researchers had doubts about whether a retina grown in a dish could mimic the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies like this one on color vision, he says, \"show that the similarity is quite high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To encourage scientists to develop more retinal organoids, the National Eye Institute is sponsoring a \u003ca href=\"https://nei.nih.gov/content/nih-solicits-next-generation-retina-organoids-prize-competition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific competition\u003c/a> with $1 million in prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Human+Retinas+Grown+In+A+Dish+Reveal+Origin+Of+Color+Vision&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Our ability to see colors develops in the womb. Now scientists have replicated that process, which could help accelerate efforts to cure colorblindness and lead to new treatments for diseases.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1539631049,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":761},"headData":{"title":"Human Retinas Grown In a Dish Reveal Origin Of Color Vision | KQED","description":"Our ability to see colors develops in the womb. Now scientists have replicated that process, which could help accelerate efforts to cure colorblindness and lead to new treatments for diseases.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Human Retinas Grown In a Dish Reveal Origin Of Color Vision","datePublished":"2018-10-12T19:00:48.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-15T19:17:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445028 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445028","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/12/human-retinas-grown-in-a-dish-reveal-origin-of-color-vision/","disqusTitle":"Human Retinas Grown In a Dish Reveal Origin Of Color Vision","source":"Health","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Johns Hopkins University","nprStoryId":"656560767","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=656560767&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/11/656560767/human-retinas-grown-in-a-dish-reveal-origin-of-color-vision?ft=nprml&f=656560767","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 11 Oct 2018 18:53:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 11 Oct 2018 14:01:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 11 Oct 2018 17:56:46 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/10/20181011_atc_human_retinas_grown_in_a_dish_reveal_origin_of_color_vision.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=223&p=2&story=656560767&ft=nprml&f=656560767","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1656682256-4e09f0.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=223&p=2&story=656560767&ft=nprml&f=656560767","audioTrackLength":224,"path":"/futureofyou/445028/human-retinas-grown-in-a-dish-reveal-origin-of-color-vision","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/10/20181011_atc_human_retinas_grown_in_a_dish_reveal_origin_of_color_vision.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=223&p=2&story=656560767&ft=nprml&f=656560767","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In order to see the red of a sunset or the green of spring leaves, developing human eyes need to get the right hormone at the right time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's the finding of a team of scientists who studied how color vision develops using hundreds of human retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The discovery, \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aau6348\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, could help accelerate current efforts to cure colorblindness. It could also lead to new treatments for diseases including macular degeneration, the leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's important that we understand how nature controls the development of the retina so we can understand better why things go wrong in disease and how we can treat them,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/smbeck2000/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Steven Becker\u003c/a>, a scientist at the National Eye Institute. The newly published findings are a step in that direction, says Becker, who has no connection to the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The development of color vision in people has been difficult to study because it usually occurs in the womb — and out of sight. But two scientists at Johns Hopkins University thought they might find some answers using retinas grown in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CHvLNjg6nI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">retinal organoids\u003c/a>\" have been around for a few years but are difficult and tedious to grow, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/kiara-eldred-984b1513/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kiara Eldred\u003c/a>, a graduate student at Hopkins who is the paper's first author.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It takes up to a year to turn a batch of immature retinal cells into a functioning organoid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For the first week of their life, I take care of them every day,\" Eldred says. After a couple of weeks, she says, the cells become \"a little bit more independent.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with luck, these clusters of immature cells develop into a 3D structure that \"looks and acts like a developing retina that you would see in a baby,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/johnstonlab/people/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bob Johnston\u003c/a>, Eldred's boss and an assistant professor in the biology department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston's lab had been studying vision in flies. But he and Eldred saw a chance to try something much more ambitious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We discussed this crazy idea of: Could we use these human retinal organoids to study how we get the different color-sensing cells in our eyes?\" Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using human cells was key because you can't study how humans see color in a fly, or even a mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Mice don't sense red,\" Johnston says. \"They don't have these red-detecting cells. So we really have to study this in human tissue to get any insight into how it works.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston and Eldred knew that in a human fetus, cells that detect blue light appear first. Then come cells that respond to red and green light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And research on animals suggested that the thyroid hormone was involved in the development of these color-sensing cells, called cones. So Johnston had Eldred conduct an experiment with immature retinal cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I added thyroid hormone to the dish during their development, and we got more red-green cones developing in those organoids,\" she says. \"We got really excited because we were on to something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would take years and many more experiments to confirm that the thyroid hormone was actually triggering the emergence of color vision. And the team still hasn't figured out what causes some cones to go on to become even more specialized by detecting only red or only green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Johnston says his lab is now preparing to take on two new goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One is to restore color vision to people that are colorblind,\" he says. What his lab is learning, he says, could help speed an \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/03/25/395303785/university-and-biotech-firm-team-up-on-colorblindness-therapy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing effort\u003c/a> to use gene therapy to cure colorblindness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lab's second goal is to use retinal organoids to better understand diseases including glaucoma and \u003ca href=\"https://medlineplus.gov/maculardegeneration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">macular degeneration\u003c/a>, a leading cause of vision loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macular degeneration affects the macula, an area of the retina that provides high-resolution vision. The condition has been hard to study, though, because mice don't have a macula.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Johnston hopes to learn more by having his lab create macular organoids.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's growing optimism among scientists that new treatments for retinal diseases will emerge from such efforts, Becker says. Initially, he says, researchers had doubts about whether a retina grown in a dish could mimic the real thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But studies like this one on color vision, he says, \"show that the similarity is quite high.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To encourage scientists to develop more retinal organoids, the National Eye Institute is sponsoring a \u003ca href=\"https://nei.nih.gov/content/nih-solicits-next-generation-retina-organoids-prize-competition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scientific competition\u003c/a> with $1 million in prizes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Human+Retinas+Grown+In+A+Dish+Reveal+Origin+Of+Color+Vision&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445028/human-retinas-grown-in-a-dish-reveal-origin-of-color-vision","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445028"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_141","futureofyou_1625","futureofyou_1626","futureofyou_565"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445029","label":"source_futureofyou_445028"},"futureofyou_443696":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443696","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443696","score":null,"sort":[1533157241000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"watch-how-the-brain-transforms-vision-into-action","title":"WATCH: How the Brain Transforms Vision Into Action","publishDate":1533157241,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://content.jwplatform.com/players/FN1FYn4y-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we see often determines how we act: We hit the brakes if a car is stopped ahead of us. We duck to avoid a low-hanging tree branch. We bend down to tie our shoe when the laces come undone.We rarely give these actions a second thought. But Mriganka Sur, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, is obsessed with them.“How is vision, which we do effortlessly, transformed into action, which requires volition, which requires attention and engagement?” Sur asked. “How this transformation takes place is a fundamental question that is at the heart of brain function and behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05012-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mouse study\u003c/a> published in Nature Communications, Sur and his team took a step toward answering that question\u003cem>.\u003c/em> Their experimental data suggest that the posterior parietal cortex, or PPC, may help us make decisions based on what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First author Gerald Pho, formerly a Ph.D. student in Sur’s lab and now a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard, was exhilarated to see mice’s PPCs light up under a microscope when they made choices based on visual stimuli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite magical,” he said. “It’s almost like fireworks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pho said he’s excited to see how our understanding of visual decision-making will develop as imaging technology becomes more advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just think we’re in an exciting time in neuroscience,” he said. “And I think the advance of these technologies can only improve our ability to understand how the brain works in a normal animal, and extending to humans, but also how it goes awry in neurological disease.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1533236967,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":9,"wordCount":296},"headData":{"title":"WATCH: How the Brain Transforms Vision Into Action | KQED","description":"What we see often determines how we act: We hit the brakes if a car is stopped ahead of us. We duck to avoid a low-hanging tree branch. We bend down to tie our shoe when the laces come undone.We rarely give these actions a second thought. But Mriganka Sur, a professor at the Massachusetts","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"WATCH: How the Brain Transforms Vision Into Action","datePublished":"2018-08-01T21:00:41.000Z","dateModified":"2018-08-02T19:09:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443696 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443696","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/08/01/watch-how-the-brain-transforms-vision-into-action/","disqusTitle":"WATCH: How the Brain Transforms Vision Into Action","source":"Health","nprByline":"Jaclyn Jeffrey-Wilensky\u003cbr />STAT","path":"/futureofyou/443696/watch-how-the-brain-transforms-vision-into-action","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://content.jwplatform.com/players/FN1FYn4y-jEuQjxp9.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What we see often determines how we act: We hit the brakes if a car is stopped ahead of us. We duck to avoid a low-hanging tree branch. We bend down to tie our shoe when the laces come undone.We rarely give these actions a second thought. But Mriganka Sur, a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, is obsessed with them.“How is vision, which we do effortlessly, transformed into action, which requires volition, which requires attention and engagement?” Sur asked. “How this transformation takes place is a fundamental question that is at the heart of brain function and behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a recent \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05012-y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mouse study\u003c/a> published in Nature Communications, Sur and his team took a step toward answering that question\u003cem>.\u003c/em> Their experimental data suggest that the posterior parietal cortex, or PPC, may help us make decisions based on what we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First author Gerald Pho, formerly a Ph.D. student in Sur’s lab and now a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard, was exhilarated to see mice’s PPCs light up under a microscope when they made choices based on visual stimuli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s quite magical,” he said. “It’s almost like fireworks.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pho said he’s excited to see how our understanding of visual decision-making will develop as imaging technology becomes more advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I just think we’re in an exciting time in neuroscience,” he said. “And I think the advance of these technologies can only improve our ability to understand how the brain works in a normal animal, and extending to humans, but also how it goes awry in neurological disease.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443696/watch-how-the-brain-transforms-vision-into-action","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443696"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1061"],"tags":["futureofyou_56","futureofyou_1037","futureofyou_35","futureofyou_565"],"collections":["futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_435640","label":"source_futureofyou_443696"},"futureofyou_345830":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_345830","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"345830","score":null,"sort":[1488995213000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"quickly-inserted-eye-implant-repairs-blurry-close-up-vision","title":"Quickly Inserted Eye Implant Repairs Blurry Close-Up Vision","publishDate":1488995213,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Squinting while texting? Always losing your reading glasses? An eye implant that takes about 10 minutes to put in place is the newest in a list of surgical repairs for the blurry close-up vision that is a bane of middle age. But who's really a good candidate to toss their specs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not bringing anybody back to being 20 again,\" cautioned Dr. Shilpa Rose, a Washington ophthalmologist who tests whether patients' eyes are healthy enough to qualify. \"But it decreases the need to rush to get that pair of reading glasses every time you want to send a text or read an email.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly everybody will experience presbyopia at some point, usually starting in the mid-40s. At first you may notice yourself holding restaurant menus at arm's length. Eventually, even in good light, reading becomes a blur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How well you see has to do with how light is directed through the natural lens to the back of the eye. That lens stiffens with age, losing its ability to shift and bend light so that it becomes more difficult to focus close-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The usual options are magnifying drugstore reading glasses or, for people with other vision problems, bifocals, multifocal contact lenses or what's called monovision, correcting for distance vision in one eye and near vision in the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have glasses everywhere — the bedroom, the office, the kitchen,\" said Christianne Krupinsky, 51, of Marriottsville, Maryland, who'd never needed them until presbyopia struck. \"Getting ready in the morning, even to put on jewelry I can't see the clasp. It's so frustrating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while surgery always carries some risk, corneal inlays that are implanted into the eye's clear front surface are getting attention because they're removable if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not magic. It's surgery. People have to remember this is not one and done,\" but requires post-surgical exams and care, said Dr. Deepinder K. Dhaliwal of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, a corneal specialist who is watching studies of the inlays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krupinsky was a little nervous while lying on the operating table to receive the new Raindrop near vision inlay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The most you're going to feel is pressure,\" promised Washington refractive surgeon Dr. Mark Whitten, applying numbing drops to her left eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gel-like device that looks like a miniature contact lens, the Raindrop is smaller than the eye of a needle. It's the first implant to treat presbyopia by changing the cornea's shape, making it steeper to alter how light passes through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's placed in only one eye; both eyes still see at a distance. Patients can test-wear a single contact lens to be sure they'll like the effect before choosing surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose, the ophthalmologist, checked for dry eye, underlying diseases like glaucoma, and whether the corneas were thick and healthy enough to implant before turning Krupinsky over to her surgical partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just look straight up,\" Whitten said as he used a laser to slice a flap in Krupinsky's cornea. He centered the Raindrop inlay over her pupil and lowered the flap to seal it in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minutes later, Krupinsky read lines on an eye chart she previously couldn't make out without glasses, albeit still a little blurry. She'll need eye drops for several months as her cornea heals so vision can sharpen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maker ReVision Optics Inc. is gradually training eye surgeons to use the Raindrop properly, after the Food and Drug Administration approved it last summer based on a study of 373 people whose only vision problem was moderate presbyopia. Two years later, 92 percent had good near vision, 20/40 or better without glasses, in the implanted eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potential side effects include infection, dry eye, glare, or corneal problems such as scarring. About 7 percent of study participants had the implant removed, mostly because they weren't satisfied with their vision or experienced a haze or clouding of the cornea. Most returned to their pre-surgical vision, although one had lingering haze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other surgical options:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—Another FDA-approved corneal inlay, the Kamra, is a doughnut-shaped device, also used in one eye and removable. It works like a pinhole camera, improving vision by focusing light through the center of the pupil.\u003cbr>\n—A more invasive operation replaces the natural lens in each eye with an artificial one, named Symfony, that can focus both near and far. Approved for cataract surgery, it also is being offered as a presbyopia fix for the middle-aged who don't yet have cataracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike inlays, artificial lenses can't simply be removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance doesn't cover elective presbyopia surgery. Rose said the inlays average about $4,000 to $5,000, while the artificial lens in both eyes can cost twice as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients should consult a surgeon experienced with all the options who can determine which best suits their eyes, advised Pittsburgh's Dhaliwal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each has pros, cons and unknowns. For example, elective lens replacement isn't for the very nearsighted because they're at higher risk for a vision-threatening complication, Dhaliwal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Raindrop hasn't been studied in people who years ago underwent LASIK surgery to correct nearsightedness. That didn't deter Mike Gray, 52, of Haymarket, Virginia, who lost his reading glasses so often that he bought bulk packs. To implant the inlay, Whitten had to avoid cutting the cornea in the same place as Gray's long-ago LASIK, and advises such patients to pick a surgeon experienced in both procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everything is very clear and getting better every day,\" Gray said about a month later.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":" An eye implant that takes about 10 minutes to insert is the newest in a list of surgical repairs for blurry close-up vision that is a bane of middle age. But who’s a good candidate to toss their specs?\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1489078208,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":947},"headData":{"title":"Quickly Inserted Eye Implant Repairs Blurry Close-Up Vision | KQED","description":" An eye implant that takes about 10 minutes to insert is the newest in a list of surgical repairs for blurry close-up vision that is a bane of middle age. But who’s a good candidate to toss their specs?\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Quickly Inserted Eye Implant Repairs Blurry Close-Up Vision","datePublished":"2017-03-08T17:46:53.000Z","dateModified":"2017-03-09T16:50:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"345830 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=345830","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/03/08/quickly-inserted-eye-implant-repairs-blurry-close-up-vision/","disqusTitle":"Quickly Inserted Eye Implant Repairs Blurry Close-Up Vision","source":"KQED Future of You","nprByline":"Lauran Neergard\u003cbr />Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/345830/quickly-inserted-eye-implant-repairs-blurry-close-up-vision","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Squinting while texting? Always losing your reading glasses? An eye implant that takes about 10 minutes to put in place is the newest in a list of surgical repairs for the blurry close-up vision that is a bane of middle age. But who's really a good candidate to toss their specs?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not bringing anybody back to being 20 again,\" cautioned Dr. Shilpa Rose, a Washington ophthalmologist who tests whether patients' eyes are healthy enough to qualify. \"But it decreases the need to rush to get that pair of reading glasses every time you want to send a text or read an email.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly everybody will experience presbyopia at some point, usually starting in the mid-40s. At first you may notice yourself holding restaurant menus at arm's length. Eventually, even in good light, reading becomes a blur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How well you see has to do with how light is directed through the natural lens to the back of the eye. That lens stiffens with age, losing its ability to shift and bend light so that it becomes more difficult to focus close-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The usual options are magnifying drugstore reading glasses or, for people with other vision problems, bifocals, multifocal contact lenses or what's called monovision, correcting for distance vision in one eye and near vision in the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have glasses everywhere — the bedroom, the office, the kitchen,\" said Christianne Krupinsky, 51, of Marriottsville, Maryland, who'd never needed them until presbyopia struck. \"Getting ready in the morning, even to put on jewelry I can't see the clasp. It's so frustrating.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And while surgery always carries some risk, corneal inlays that are implanted into the eye's clear front surface are getting attention because they're removable if necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not magic. It's surgery. People have to remember this is not one and done,\" but requires post-surgical exams and care, said Dr. Deepinder K. Dhaliwal of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, a corneal specialist who is watching studies of the inlays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Krupinsky was a little nervous while lying on the operating table to receive the new Raindrop near vision inlay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The most you're going to feel is pressure,\" promised Washington refractive surgeon Dr. Mark Whitten, applying numbing drops to her left eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A gel-like device that looks like a miniature contact lens, the Raindrop is smaller than the eye of a needle. It's the first implant to treat presbyopia by changing the cornea's shape, making it steeper to alter how light passes through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's placed in only one eye; both eyes still see at a distance. Patients can test-wear a single contact lens to be sure they'll like the effect before choosing surgery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rose, the ophthalmologist, checked for dry eye, underlying diseases like glaucoma, and whether the corneas were thick and healthy enough to implant before turning Krupinsky over to her surgical partner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just look straight up,\" Whitten said as he used a laser to slice a flap in Krupinsky's cornea. He centered the Raindrop inlay over her pupil and lowered the flap to seal it in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Minutes later, Krupinsky read lines on an eye chart she previously couldn't make out without glasses, albeit still a little blurry. She'll need eye drops for several months as her cornea heals so vision can sharpen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maker ReVision Optics Inc. is gradually training eye surgeons to use the Raindrop properly, after the Food and Drug Administration approved it last summer based on a study of 373 people whose only vision problem was moderate presbyopia. Two years later, 92 percent had good near vision, 20/40 or better without glasses, in the implanted eye.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potential side effects include infection, dry eye, glare, or corneal problems such as scarring. About 7 percent of study participants had the implant removed, mostly because they weren't satisfied with their vision or experienced a haze or clouding of the cornea. Most returned to their pre-surgical vision, although one had lingering haze.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other surgical options:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>—Another FDA-approved corneal inlay, the Kamra, is a doughnut-shaped device, also used in one eye and removable. It works like a pinhole camera, improving vision by focusing light through the center of the pupil.\u003cbr>\n—A more invasive operation replaces the natural lens in each eye with an artificial one, named Symfony, that can focus both near and far. Approved for cataract surgery, it also is being offered as a presbyopia fix for the middle-aged who don't yet have cataracts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike inlays, artificial lenses can't simply be removed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insurance doesn't cover elective presbyopia surgery. Rose said the inlays average about $4,000 to $5,000, while the artificial lens in both eyes can cost twice as much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patients should consult a surgeon experienced with all the options who can determine which best suits their eyes, advised Pittsburgh's Dhaliwal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each has pros, cons and unknowns. For example, elective lens replacement isn't for the very nearsighted because they're at higher risk for a vision-threatening complication, Dhaliwal said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the Raindrop hasn't been studied in people who years ago underwent LASIK surgery to correct nearsightedness. That didn't deter Mike Gray, 52, of Haymarket, Virginia, who lost his reading glasses so often that he bought bulk packs. To implant the inlay, Whitten had to avoid cutting the cornea in the same place as Gray's long-ago LASIK, and advises such patients to pick a surgeon experienced in both procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Everything is very clear and getting better every day,\" Gray said about a month later.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/345830/quickly-inserted-eye-implant-repairs-blurry-close-up-vision","authors":["byline_futureofyou_345830"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1201","futureofyou_565"],"featImg":"futureofyou_351018","label":"source_futureofyou_345830"},"futureofyou_27622":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_27622","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"27622","score":null,"sort":[1440091922000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"this-robo-eye-doctor-may-help-patients-with-diabetes-keep-sight","title":"This Robo Eye Doctor May Help Patients With Diabetes Keep Sight","publishDate":1440091922,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Diabetes Management | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":308,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Would you trust an algorithm to make a medical diagnosis?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past six months, hundreds of the most talented data scientists from all over the world\u003ca href=\"https://www.kaggle.com/c/diabetic-retinopathy-detection\"> \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kaggle.com/c/diabetic-retinopathy-detection\">entered a competition\u003c/a>, sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/\">California Healthcare Foundation\u003c/a>, to build just such an algorithm. The winner, Benjamin Graham, a professor of statistics from the University of Warwick, developed a computer program that rivaled human experts in identifying signs of diabetic retinopathy from an eye scan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say this could have major implications for the 347 million people who have diabetes worldwide. Diabetic retinopathy affects 40 to 45 percent of people with diabetes. Without treatment, it often leads to severe vision loss. Early detection can make a huge difference, and an algorithm could step in where resources are scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"At some point in the near future we’ll be limited less by what technology can do and more by people’s willingness to trust it.”\u003ccite>Anthony Goldbloom,\u003cbr>\nCEO, Kaggle\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"There has been this dream in our community to develop an algorithm that can read images of the retina,\" said Jorge Cuadros. He's a clinical professor in the department of optometry at the University of California, Berkeley, and the CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.eyepacs.org/home\">Eyepacs\u003c/a>, a clinical application for exchanging eye-related information. Cuadros has been exploring algorithms and their utility for diabetic retinopathy for more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Cuadros, connecting patients with diabetes to the right treatment has proven to be an ongoing public health challenge, particularly in rural and low-income communities. Among other things, he added, a computer algorithm could do the vital work of \"triaging\" by prioritizing the patients most at risk of the disease, when there's a giant pile of eye scans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algorithm could also help human specialists avoid making mistakes. Graham's winning algorithm had an \"agreement rate\" that was roughly 10 percent higher than a human-only approach. What this means is that the algorithm and a human expert were more likely to agree on a diagnosis than two human experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At some point in the near future we'll be limited less by what technology can do and more by people's willingness to trust it,\" said Anthony Goldbloom, cofounder and CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kaggle.com\">Kaggle\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based web startup that hosted the competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong style=\"line-height: 1.5\">Smarter than Humans \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuadros had his doubts when he initially learned about the competition, which kicked off in February of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-28014\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Anthony Goldbloom is cofounder and CEO of Kaggle.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Goldbloom is cofounder and CEO of Kaggle. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I wondered whether an algorithm could be as good as a human,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new wave of tools had emerged in recent years that use sophisticated machine-learning technology for medical diagnosis. In recent years, startups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.enlitic.com/\">Entilic\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cellscope.com/\">Cellscope\u003c/a> have developed sophisticated technology to find signs of diseases like cancer from patients' medical images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Cuadros, through his work at Eyepacs, agreed to provide thousands of anonymous eye scans to the data scientists. These images had already been graded by one or more human experts as sight-threatening or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graham differentiated between the scans by leveraging neural networks, a branch of machine-learning that teaches a computer to map the function of the brain. \"The winner applied this technique to develop the algorithm in ways that would not have been possible five years ago,\" said Goldbloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Cuadros, human specialists get it right about 90 percent of the time. The error rate is in often due to tiredness or problems with the quality of the image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What was so amazing is that there was a very high correlation between the algorithm and the human experts,\" Cuadros said. \"But when there was a disagreement, sometimes the algorithm got it right and the humans were wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's Next for the Algorithm?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New programs have \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/projects/2009/diabetic-retinopathy-screening\">p\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/projects/2009/diabetic-retinopathy-screening\">opped up\u003c/a> in rural parts of California in recent years to incorporate screening into primary care visits, with results interpreted remotely by ophthalmologists via an eye scan. One immediate use for the algorithm is to notify photographers in real-time whether they need to retake the image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28015\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-28015\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Blausen_0312_DiabeticRetinopathy-800x600.png\" alt=\"An illustration depicting diabetic retinopathy\" width=\"398\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Blausen_0312_DiabeticRetinopathy-800x600.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Blausen_0312_DiabeticRetinopathy-400x300.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Blausen_0312_DiabeticRetinopathy-960x720.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Blausen_0312_DiabeticRetinopathy.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration depicting diabetic retinopathy ne immediate use for the algorithm is to notify photographers or clinicians when they should retake the eye-scan in real-time. \u003ccite>( Blausen.com staff / Wikiversity Journal of Medicine )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it remains to be seen whether the algorithm will make its way into clinical practice as a diagnostic tool that will replace or support human specialists. The next step is a more formal clinical trial to convince other decision-makers in the medical community. The trial will include 1,000 patients and will kick off later in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuadros hopes the algorithm may ultimately prove useful in places where \"virtually zero percent of patients with diabetes get retinal exams.\" In North Africa, for instance, nonprofit groups are leveraging telemedicine services so providers anywhere in the world can look at people's eye scans. But the limiting factor is that a high-quality Internet connection is required. \"In future, these clinics would only need the algorithm and an inexpensive retinal camera,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, the algorithm could potentially alert a human specialist to look more closely at one scan over another. It may also be useful in nudging primary care providers when a patient needs to see a retinal specialist immediately, rather than a regular eye doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulatory climate is far more tricky in the U.S., Cuadros said, as there are barriers to computers performing eye exams without a human specialist present. \"Unless this policy changes,\" he said, \"there will be fewer incentives for clinics to rely on the algorithm.\"\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some of the world's most talented data scientists participated in a competition to develop a computer program that could identify signs of diabetic retinopathy from an eye scan.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477279838,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":1006},"headData":{"title":"This Robo Eye Doctor May Help Patients With Diabetes Keep Sight | KQED","description":"Some of the world's most talented data scientists participated in a competition to develop a computer program that could identify signs of diabetic retinopathy from an eye scan.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"This Robo Eye Doctor May Help Patients With Diabetes Keep Sight","datePublished":"2015-08-20T17:32:02.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-24T03:30:38.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"27622 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=27622","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/08/20/this-robo-eye-doctor-may-help-patients-with-diabetes-keep-sight/","disqusTitle":"This Robo Eye Doctor May Help Patients With Diabetes Keep Sight","path":"/futureofyou/27622/this-robo-eye-doctor-may-help-patients-with-diabetes-keep-sight","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Would you trust an algorithm to make a medical diagnosis?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past six months, hundreds of the most talented data scientists from all over the world\u003ca href=\"https://www.kaggle.com/c/diabetic-retinopathy-detection\"> \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kaggle.com/c/diabetic-retinopathy-detection\">entered a competition\u003c/a>, sponsored by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/\">California Healthcare Foundation\u003c/a>, to build just such an algorithm. The winner, Benjamin Graham, a professor of statistics from the University of Warwick, developed a computer program that rivaled human experts in identifying signs of diabetic retinopathy from an eye scan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Health experts say this could have major implications for the 347 million people who have diabetes worldwide. Diabetic retinopathy affects 40 to 45 percent of people with diabetes. Without treatment, it often leads to severe vision loss. Early detection can make a huge difference, and an algorithm could step in where resources are scarce.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\"At some point in the near future we’ll be limited less by what technology can do and more by people’s willingness to trust it.”\u003ccite>Anthony Goldbloom,\u003cbr>\nCEO, Kaggle\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"There has been this dream in our community to develop an algorithm that can read images of the retina,\" said Jorge Cuadros. He's a clinical professor in the department of optometry at the University of California, Berkeley, and the CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.eyepacs.org/home\">Eyepacs\u003c/a>, a clinical application for exchanging eye-related information. Cuadros has been exploring algorithms and their utility for diabetic retinopathy for more than a decade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Cuadros, connecting patients with diabetes to the right treatment has proven to be an ongoing public health challenge, particularly in rural and low-income communities. Among other things, he added, a computer algorithm could do the vital work of \"triaging\" by prioritizing the patients most at risk of the disease, when there's a giant pile of eye scans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The algorithm could also help human specialists avoid making mistakes. Graham's winning algorithm had an \"agreement rate\" that was roughly 10 percent higher than a human-only approach. What this means is that the algorithm and a human expert were more likely to agree on a diagnosis than two human experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"At some point in the near future we'll be limited less by what technology can do and more by people's willingness to trust it,\" said Anthony Goldbloom, cofounder and CEO of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kaggle.com\">Kaggle\u003c/a>, a San Francisco-based web startup that hosted the competition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong style=\"line-height: 1.5\">Smarter than Humans \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuadros had his doubts when he initially learned about the competition, which kicked off in February of this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28014\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-28014\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Anthony Goldbloom is cofounder and CEO of Kaggle.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/goldbloom-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Anthony Goldbloom is cofounder and CEO of Kaggle. \u003ccite>(Christina Farr/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"I wondered whether an algorithm could be as good as a human,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new wave of tools had emerged in recent years that use sophisticated machine-learning technology for medical diagnosis. In recent years, startups like \u003ca href=\"http://www.enlitic.com/\">Entilic\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.cellscope.com/\">Cellscope\u003c/a> have developed sophisticated technology to find signs of diseases like cancer from patients' medical images.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Cuadros, through his work at Eyepacs, agreed to provide thousands of anonymous eye scans to the data scientists. These images had already been graded by one or more human experts as sight-threatening or not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graham differentiated between the scans by leveraging neural networks, a branch of machine-learning that teaches a computer to map the function of the brain. \"The winner applied this technique to develop the algorithm in ways that would not have been possible five years ago,\" said Goldbloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Cuadros, human specialists get it right about 90 percent of the time. The error rate is in often due to tiredness or problems with the quality of the image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What was so amazing is that there was a very high correlation between the algorithm and the human experts,\" Cuadros said. \"But when there was a disagreement, sometimes the algorithm got it right and the humans were wrong.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's Next for the Algorithm?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New programs have \u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/projects/2009/diabetic-retinopathy-screening\">p\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.chcf.org/projects/2009/diabetic-retinopathy-screening\">opped up\u003c/a> in rural parts of California in recent years to incorporate screening into primary care visits, with results interpreted remotely by ophthalmologists via an eye scan. One immediate use for the algorithm is to notify photographers in real-time whether they need to retake the image.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_28015\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 398px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-28015\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Blausen_0312_DiabeticRetinopathy-800x600.png\" alt=\"An illustration depicting diabetic retinopathy\" width=\"398\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Blausen_0312_DiabeticRetinopathy-800x600.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Blausen_0312_DiabeticRetinopathy-400x300.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Blausen_0312_DiabeticRetinopathy-960x720.png 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/08/Blausen_0312_DiabeticRetinopathy.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 398px) 100vw, 398px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration depicting diabetic retinopathy ne immediate use for the algorithm is to notify photographers or clinicians when they should retake the eye-scan in real-time. \u003ccite>( Blausen.com staff / Wikiversity Journal of Medicine )\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it remains to be seen whether the algorithm will make its way into clinical practice as a diagnostic tool that will replace or support human specialists. The next step is a more formal clinical trial to convince other decision-makers in the medical community. The trial will include 1,000 patients and will kick off later in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cuadros hopes the algorithm may ultimately prove useful in places where \"virtually zero percent of patients with diabetes get retinal exams.\" In North Africa, for instance, nonprofit groups are leveraging telemedicine services so providers anywhere in the world can look at people's eye scans. But the limiting factor is that a high-quality Internet connection is required. \"In future, these clinics would only need the algorithm and an inexpensive retinal camera,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Globally, the algorithm could potentially alert a human specialist to look more closely at one scan over another. It may also be useful in nudging primary care providers when a patient needs to see a retinal specialist immediately, rather than a regular eye doctor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The regulatory climate is far more tricky in the U.S., Cuadros said, as there are barriers to computers performing eye exams without a human specialist present. \"Unless this policy changes,\" he said, \"there will be fewer incentives for clinics to rely on the algorithm.\"\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/27622/this-robo-eye-doctor-may-help-patients-with-diabetes-keep-sight","authors":["3252"],"series":["futureofyou_308"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062"],"tags":["futureofyou_309","futureofyou_566","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_567","futureofyou_565"],"featImg":"futureofyou_28013","label":"futureofyou_308"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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