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She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"amelscript","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amel Ahmed | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aahmed"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"home","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_444953":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444953","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444953","score":null,"sort":[1539187421000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"big-data-gives-a-boost-to-immunology-research-and-potentially-treatments","title":"Big Data Gives a Boost to Immunology Research and Potentially, Treatments","publishDate":1539187421,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Women’s Health | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Researchers at UC San Francisco have unveiled the largest \u003ca href=\"http://10kimmunomes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">searchable database\u003c/a> of immunology data, gathered from 10,000 people of various ages, ethnicity, and backgrounds. It could lead to more effective treatments for a wide range of immune disorders.[contextly_sidebar id=\"lms9rSPdk5pG72xqgRdVMiGv0hv7IpdH\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new data pool represents the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31451-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">largest control group\u003c/a> ever compiled on the human immune system, according to the study published on Tuesday in the journal, \u003cem>Cell Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called the \u003ca href=\"http://10kimmunomes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10,000 Immunomes Project\u003c/a> (10KIP), it's the culmination of four years of work and provides an instant comparison group for researchers studying the immune system and immune dysfunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF researchers created the tool using immunology data from 83 studies representing 10,000 healthy subjects, according to senior author Atul Butte, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://bakarinstitute.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute\u003c/a> at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If the field of genetics is able to compile large collections consisting of millions of people, why does immunology lag behind?’\u003ccite>Atul Butte, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The data comes from studies on organ transplants, autoimmune disease trials, vaccine studies and other research funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\"We have sub-populations in the U.S. that don't really participate in studies so why not just gather all this massive data on the immune system in one central place,\" says Butte. \"We can turn to this data to see what is going on in a healthy immune system spanning different populations in the U.S.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte says the ability to manipulate immune system activity will benefit a wide range of patients, including transplant recipients, cancer and AIDS patients, and those suffering from some form of immune dysfunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autoimmune Disease (AD) in particular, an historically underfunded field, could benefit greatly from the availability of a large and diverse control group, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Autoimmine Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AD is one of the fastest growing illnesses in the U.S., with 20 percent of the population or one in five people, suffering from the disorder.[contextly_sidebar id=\"KPqEb6LD9ky4mDsIDJAEnoEvgzkEna45\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite AD being \u003ca href=\"https://www.aarda.org/who-we-are/our-mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the top 10 leading causes\u003c/a> of death in females up to 64 years of age, research has continued to lag behind, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Institutes of Health\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/10/09/voting-on-daylight-saving-time-animal-confinement-and-water-propositions-3-7-and-12-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> has spent\u003c/a> $591 million dollars on AD research compared to the $6.1 billion spent on cancer. Current treatments consist of risky immunosuppressants that can lead to devastating long-term side effects.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ZbtYikLAiggPmeNWkxr4kKECzkkjZf4Z\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF researchers developed the new searchable database in part to boost AD research. Typically, studies done on immune systems are smaller and it's rare to get 10,000 participants, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, the human immune system is a moving target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a difficult field to study because unlike DNA for example, your immune system changes from morning to night. So which aspect of the immune system scientists focus on, and \u003cem>when\u003c/em> they study it, these are all problems we are getting better at. We just need more studies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test their new tool, researchers created a custom control group comprised of women between 18 and 40 years of age and compared it to 56 pregnant women who participated in a prior study tracking immune changes during pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this control group, researchers were able to detect how various immune cells and cell signaling proteins, called cytokines, changed from pre-pregnancy levels— measurements that the original study failed to pick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also used the new tool to compare immunity in people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds. The findings showed both known differences as well as new information that could only be seen by combining data from dozens of different studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, researchers found that regulatory T cells, which suppress the immune response, are present at higher levels in African Americans, compared to all other groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shareable Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte sees the searchable database as part of a broader trend in science, promoting open access where more scientists are willing to share their raw data with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really hundreds of people who have essentially contributed to this work,\" he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte says he hopes his work will bring immunology to the forefront and inspire others to rethink their approach to the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the field of genetics is able to compile large collections consisting of millions of people,\" he wonders, \"why does immunology lag behind? I want to get people in the field thinking about larger collections of samples that cut across race, age and gender.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"UCSF scientists have created the largest searchable database consisting of immunology data gathered from 10,000 people spanning different ages, ethnicity, and backgrounds. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1539129653,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":755},"headData":{"title":"Big Data Gives a Boost to Immunology Research and Potentially, Treatments | KQED","description":"UCSF scientists have created the largest searchable database consisting of immunology data gathered from 10,000 people spanning different ages, ethnicity, and backgrounds. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Big Data Gives a Boost to Immunology Research and Potentially, Treatments","datePublished":"2018-10-10T16:03:41.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-10T00:00:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444953 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444953","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/10/big-data-gives-a-boost-to-immunology-research-and-potentially-treatments/","disqusTitle":"Big Data Gives a Boost to Immunology Research and Potentially, Treatments","source":"Health","path":"/futureofyou/444953/big-data-gives-a-boost-to-immunology-research-and-potentially-treatments","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Researchers at UC San Francisco have unveiled the largest \u003ca href=\"http://10kimmunomes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">searchable database\u003c/a> of immunology data, gathered from 10,000 people of various ages, ethnicity, and backgrounds. It could lead to more effective treatments for a wide range of immune disorders.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new data pool represents the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(18)31451-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">largest control group\u003c/a> ever compiled on the human immune system, according to the study published on Tuesday in the journal, \u003cem>Cell Reports\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called the \u003ca href=\"http://10kimmunomes.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">10,000 Immunomes Project\u003c/a> (10KIP), it's the culmination of four years of work and provides an instant comparison group for researchers studying the immune system and immune dysfunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF researchers created the tool using immunology data from 83 studies representing 10,000 healthy subjects, according to senior author Atul Butte, director of the \u003ca href=\"http://bakarinstitute.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute\u003c/a> at UCSF.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If the field of genetics is able to compile large collections consisting of millions of people, why does immunology lag behind?’\u003ccite>Atul Butte, UCSF\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The data comes from studies on organ transplants, autoimmune disease trials, vaccine studies and other research funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID).\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cp>\"We have sub-populations in the U.S. that don't really participate in studies so why not just gather all this massive data on the immune system in one central place,\" says Butte. \"We can turn to this data to see what is going on in a healthy immune system spanning different populations in the U.S.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte says the ability to manipulate immune system activity will benefit a wide range of patients, including transplant recipients, cancer and AIDS patients, and those suffering from some form of immune dysfunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Autoimmune Disease (AD) in particular, an historically underfunded field, could benefit greatly from the availability of a large and diverse control group, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Rise of Autoimmine Disease\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>AD is one of the fastest growing illnesses in the U.S., with 20 percent of the population or one in five people, suffering from the disorder.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite AD being \u003ca href=\"https://www.aarda.org/who-we-are/our-mission/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one of the top 10 leading causes\u003c/a> of death in females up to 64 years of age, research has continued to lag behind, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Institutes of Health\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/10/09/voting-on-daylight-saving-time-animal-confinement-and-water-propositions-3-7-and-12-explained/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> has spent\u003c/a> $591 million dollars on AD research compared to the $6.1 billion spent on cancer. Current treatments consist of risky immunosuppressants that can lead to devastating long-term side effects.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>UCSF researchers developed the new searchable database in part to boost AD research. Typically, studies done on immune systems are smaller and it's rare to get 10,000 participants, according to Butte.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Plus, the human immune system is a moving target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a difficult field to study because unlike DNA for example, your immune system changes from morning to night. So which aspect of the immune system scientists focus on, and \u003cem>when\u003c/em> they study it, these are all problems we are getting better at. We just need more studies.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test their new tool, researchers created a custom control group comprised of women between 18 and 40 years of age and compared it to 56 pregnant women who participated in a prior study tracking immune changes during pregnancy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using this control group, researchers were able to detect how various immune cells and cell signaling proteins, called cytokines, changed from pre-pregnancy levels— measurements that the original study failed to pick up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers also used the new tool to compare immunity in people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds. The findings showed both known differences as well as new information that could only be seen by combining data from dozens of different studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, researchers found that regulatory T cells, which suppress the immune response, are present at higher levels in African Americans, compared to all other groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Shareable Science\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte sees the searchable database as part of a broader trend in science, promoting open access where more scientists are willing to share their raw data with others.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's really hundreds of people who have essentially contributed to this work,\" he notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Butte says he hopes his work will bring immunology to the forefront and inspire others to rethink their approach to the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If the field of genetics is able to compile large collections consisting of millions of people,\" he wonders, \"why does immunology lag behind? I want to get people in the field thinking about larger collections of samples that cut across race, age and gender.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444953/big-data-gives-a-boost-to-immunology-research-and-potentially-treatments","authors":["11428"],"series":["futureofyou_219"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1198","futureofyou_1594","futureofyou_1623","futureofyou_327","futureofyou_271"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444955","label":"source_futureofyou_444953"},"futureofyou_444725":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_444725","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"444725","score":null,"sort":[1538427207000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"italian-physicist-under-fire-for-claiming-physics-invented-by-men","title":"Italian Physicist Under Fire for Claiming Physics 'Invented' By Men","publishDate":1538427207,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Officials at the world’s largest particle accelerator have suspended an Italian physicist pending an investigation of his “highly offensive” presentation on gender issues that raised new concerns about sexism in science.[contextly_sidebar id=\"2ka9F7Lfk5Eruw05hhTtIn4SXoFZFBoX\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, said Monday that Alessandro Strumia of the University of Pisa was out of line in his talk Friday for a seminar on “High Energy Theory and Gender.” The Geneva-area center said it had no prior knowledge of the content of the presentation and cited its “attacks on individuals” as “unacceptable in any professional context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" noPrimaryImage \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>A CERN spokesman confirmed a slide presentation on Strumia’s talk found online but said a recording was not immediately available. One slide read “Physics invented and built by men, it’s not by invitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Covi, who studies cosmology at Georg-August University in Goettingen, Germany and was at the Friday seminar, said Strumia’s comments didn’t go over well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was claiming that some of the positions women were getting, they’re getting positions with fewer (journal) citations than men,” she said. “I’m not so sure his thesis was supported by the data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Covi acknowledged that some of the world’s most eminent physicists have been men, but said that was “mostly a historical bias” since men have been able to study physics longer than women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also disputed that citations are an indicator of quality and said it wasn’t her experience that female physicists were able to land jobs with fewer journal publications than men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Covi said Strumia has frequently made provocative comments in the past and said after his presentation, he was challenged by many at the seminar — so much so that the chair had to abruptly end the session when it ran overtime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were upset by what he was saying. And then he later started to make statements that were completely unscientific,” she said, declining to elaborate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think he represents the majority view,” Covi said. “There were a few men who were there but they didn’t support his view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Italian physicist Alessandro Strumia is under fire for his “highly offensive” presentation on gender issues that raised new concerns about sexism in science.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1538427407,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":385},"headData":{"title":"Italian Physicist Under Fire for Claiming Physics 'Invented' By Men | KQED","description":"Italian physicist Alessandro Strumia is under fire for his “highly offensive” presentation on gender issues that raised new concerns about sexism in science.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Italian Physicist Under Fire for Claiming Physics 'Invented' By Men","datePublished":"2018-10-01T20:53:27.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-01T20:56:47.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"444725 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=444725","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/01/italian-physicist-under-fire-for-claiming-physics-invented-by-men/","disqusTitle":"Italian Physicist Under Fire for Claiming Physics 'Invented' By Men","nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/444725/italian-physicist-under-fire-for-claiming-physics-invented-by-men","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Officials at the world’s largest particle accelerator have suspended an Italian physicist pending an investigation of his “highly offensive” presentation on gender issues that raised new concerns about sexism in science.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, said Monday that Alessandro Strumia of the University of Pisa was out of line in his talk Friday for a seminar on “High Energy Theory and Gender.” The Geneva-area center said it had no prior knowledge of the content of the presentation and cited its “attacks on individuals” as “unacceptable in any professional context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" noPrimaryImage \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>A CERN spokesman confirmed a slide presentation on Strumia’s talk found online but said a recording was not immediately available. One slide read “Physics invented and built by men, it’s not by invitation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Laura Covi, who studies cosmology at Georg-August University in Goettingen, Germany and was at the Friday seminar, said Strumia’s comments didn’t go over well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was claiming that some of the positions women were getting, they’re getting positions with fewer (journal) citations than men,” she said. “I’m not so sure his thesis was supported by the data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Covi acknowledged that some of the world’s most eminent physicists have been men, but said that was “mostly a historical bias” since men have been able to study physics longer than women.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also disputed that citations are an indicator of quality and said it wasn’t her experience that female physicists were able to land jobs with fewer journal publications than men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Covi said Strumia has frequently made provocative comments in the past and said after his presentation, he was challenged by many at the seminar — so much so that the chair had to abruptly end the session when it ran overtime.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People were upset by what he was saying. And then he later started to make statements that were completely unscientific,” she said, declining to elaborate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think he represents the majority view,” Covi said. “There were a few men who were there but they didn’t support his view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/444725/italian-physicist-under-fire-for-claiming-physics-invented-by-men","authors":["byline_futureofyou_444725"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_791","futureofyou_1616","futureofyou_271"],"featImg":"futureofyou_444727","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_443575":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_443575","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"443575","score":null,"sort":[1532558227000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"most-people-think-pots-totally-safe-but-we-dont-actually-know","title":"Most People Think Pot's Totally Safe. But We Don't Actually Know","publishDate":1532558227,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1097,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>When it comes to pot, many Americans seem to think it is a magic cure-all despite the lack of scientific data to corroborate that view.[contextly_sidebar id=\"qbIMJ6HAj7B7PdjXyzZ3WGlgtNv4dD58\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new survey, published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/aim/article/doi/10.7326/M18-0810\">\u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>. \u003c/a>The online survey, conducted by researchers at UC San Francisco, found that many Americans believe marijuana has significant health benefits, despite a lack of scientific data to support that view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data lack is largely due to marijuana's restricted legal status in the U.S., which makes it difficult for scientists to study the drug's impact on human health, according to Timothy Fong, a professor of addiction psychiatry at UC Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"1hOtotjglJ20ftdvAgNx5fpFHerDNbOZ\"]Without actual data to go on, people fall back on personal or anecdotal evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to do more studies, but we can’t do a darn thing if the federal government handcuffs us,” Fong told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “This is the kind of study that I think elevates the discussion. And it shows we have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers surveyed 16,280 people in the U.S. and found that 81 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana has at least one health benefit, with pain management being the most commonly cited one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a separate study \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30110-5/fulltext?code=lancet-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spanning four years\u003c/a> found no evidence that marijuana use improves the symptoms of chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also found that 91 percent of respondents believe that marijuana has at least one risk, but the most commonly cited risk — legal trouble — wasn't health related, a finding researchers found troubling because it indicates that many people are downplaying potential harm, according to \u003ca href=\"http://chime.ucsf.edu/people/salomeh-keyhani-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Salomeh Keyhani,\u003c/a> a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American public has a much more favorable point of view than is warranted by the evidence,” Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “Perhaps most concerning is that they think that it prevents health problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found that 18 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana is somewhat or completely safe for adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, nearly half of those surveyed believe that marijuana can alleviate insomnia, anxiety and depression, none of which are scientifically established, says Dr. Keyhani.[contextly_sidebar id=\"llwIT8YXMfGYSqJGFFEv4ackgmMz0K5Q\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is that there's no evidence for the vast majority of this,\" Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/63141-marijuana-assumed-beneficial.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Livescience\u003c/a>. \"There's limited data on harm, and people think that means it's OK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers created the survey to examine the impact of marketing on the public's perception of marijuana. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jul/23/cannabis-health-benefits-american-attitudes-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Guardian\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Mixed signals regarding marijuana’s potential dangers and benefits have enabled the commercial marijuana industry to promote a maximalist view of marijuana’s possible benefits. Since direct unproven claims of marijuana’s medical benefits, and assertions such as that a product cures cancer, can lead to unwanted attention from the FDA regulators, cannabis companies have learned to be much more subtle.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite the federal ban on marijuana, the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/443383/meet-sam-the-berkeley-kid-who-inspired-first-marijuana-based-drug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently approved Epidiolex, an epilepsy drug\u003c/a> derived from marijuana. Medical marijuana is also legal in 31 states, a fact that only contributes to its rosy reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Keyhani says more research needs to be done. Until that happens, most of the health claims touted by the industry remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need better data,” Keyhani told the Guardian. “We need any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The public's view of marijuana's holistic health benefits is more a product of marketing than science, according to a new survey out this week. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1532558227,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":588},"headData":{"title":"Most People Think Pot's Totally Safe. But We Don't Actually Know | KQED","description":"The public's view of marijuana's holistic health benefits is more a product of marketing than science, according to a new survey out this week. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Most People Think Pot's Totally Safe. But We Don't Actually Know","datePublished":"2018-07-25T22:37:07.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-25T22:37:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443575 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443575","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/25/most-people-think-pots-totally-safe-but-we-dont-actually-know/","disqusTitle":"Most People Think Pot's Totally Safe. But We Don't Actually Know","path":"/futureofyou/443575/most-people-think-pots-totally-safe-but-we-dont-actually-know","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When it comes to pot, many Americans seem to think it is a magic cure-all despite the lack of scientific data to corroborate that view.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new survey, published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://annals.org/aim/article/doi/10.7326/M18-0810\">\u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>. \u003c/a>The online survey, conducted by researchers at UC San Francisco, found that many Americans believe marijuana has significant health benefits, despite a lack of scientific data to support that view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That data lack is largely due to marijuana's restricted legal status in the U.S., which makes it difficult for scientists to study the drug's impact on human health, according to Timothy Fong, a professor of addiction psychiatry at UC Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Without actual data to go on, people fall back on personal or anecdotal evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to do more studies, but we can’t do a darn thing if the federal government handcuffs us,” Fong told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “This is the kind of study that I think elevates the discussion. And it shows we have a long way to go.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers surveyed 16,280 people in the U.S. and found that 81 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana has at least one health benefit, with pain management being the most commonly cited one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yet a separate study \u003ca href=\"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(18)30110-5/fulltext?code=lancet-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">spanning four years\u003c/a> found no evidence that marijuana use improves the symptoms of chronic pain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey also found that 91 percent of respondents believe that marijuana has at least one risk, but the most commonly cited risk — legal trouble — wasn't health related, a finding researchers found troubling because it indicates that many people are downplaying potential harm, according to \u003ca href=\"http://chime.ucsf.edu/people/salomeh-keyhani-md\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Salomeh Keyhani,\u003c/a> a professor of medicine at UC San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The American public has a much more favorable point of view than is warranted by the evidence,” Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-marijuana/americans-view-of-marijuana-is-rosy-and-unscientific-idUSKBN1KD2IR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters.\u003c/a> “Perhaps most concerning is that they think that it prevents health problems.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The survey found that 18 percent of respondents believe that smoking marijuana is somewhat or completely safe for adults.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition, nearly half of those surveyed believe that marijuana can alleviate insomnia, anxiety and depression, none of which are scientifically established, says Dr. Keyhani.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The bottom line is that there's no evidence for the vast majority of this,\" Dr. Keyhani told \u003ca href=\"https://www.livescience.com/63141-marijuana-assumed-beneficial.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Livescience\u003c/a>. \"There's limited data on harm, and people think that means it's OK.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers created the survey to examine the impact of marketing on the public's perception of marijuana. From \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jul/23/cannabis-health-benefits-american-attitudes-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the Guardian\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Mixed signals regarding marijuana’s potential dangers and benefits have enabled the commercial marijuana industry to promote a maximalist view of marijuana’s possible benefits. Since direct unproven claims of marijuana’s medical benefits, and assertions such as that a product cures cancer, can lead to unwanted attention from the FDA regulators, cannabis companies have learned to be much more subtle.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Despite the federal ban on marijuana, the Food and Drug Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/443383/meet-sam-the-berkeley-kid-who-inspired-first-marijuana-based-drug\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recently approved Epidiolex, an epilepsy drug\u003c/a> derived from marijuana. Medical marijuana is also legal in 31 states, a fact that only contributes to its rosy reputation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, Keyhani says more research needs to be done. Until that happens, most of the health claims touted by the industry remain unproven.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need better data,” Keyhani told the Guardian. “We need any data.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443575/most-people-think-pots-totally-safe-but-we-dont-actually-know","authors":["11428"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_952","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1041","futureofyou_1056","futureofyou_271"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443583","label":"futureofyou_1097"},"futureofyou_442583":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_442583","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"442583","score":null,"sort":[1528820134000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-science-writer-explores-the-perversions-and-potential-of-genetic-tests","title":"A Science Writer Explores The 'Perversions And Potential' Of Genetic Tests","publishDate":1528820134,"format":"audio","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/618870881/618969757\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a science columnist for\u003cem> The New York Times, \u003c/em>Carl Zimmer had reported extensively about genetics and the role gene mutations play in various ailments. After a while, he got to wondering about what secrets his own genetic code holds.[contextly_sidebar id=\"AyWMyOjcCCjd9Wr45bM9omzK5fGeueow\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wanted to know if there was anything I needed to worry about,\" Zimmer says. \"We all think back to our relatives who got sick and then wonder, 'Is that in me?'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Zimmer worked with a genetics counselor to get his entire genome sequenced — an experience he describes as \"very nerve-wracking.\" He worried that he would discover a mutation that would put him on the path for a particular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, the counselor told Zimmer he has a \"boring genome.\" Though Zimmer initially hoped for a more \"exciting and exotic\" assessment, the counselor reminded him \"A boring genome is a really good genome.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zimmer writes about the broader implications of genetic research and testing in his new book, \u003cem>She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions and Potential of Heredity\u003c/em>.[contextly_sidebar id=\"YtqF4uhyPE2pCelB55bttG0XpqJfRSq3\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how the new genetic editing technology known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a> works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens with CRISPR is that scientists will design a molecule — think of it as a probe — and it will search around in the DNA in a cell until if finds a very specific short sequence. And it will grab onto it, and it brings on with it basically molecular scissors, which will then cut the DNA at that spot — kind of like cutting tape. And you can cut out a segment of DNA. And if you just do that, DNA will heal itself. Basically the two loose ends will stitch themselves together, and now that piece is just missing. Or you can add in a little piece of different DNA, and you can actually get the cell to put in that new piece of DNA where you just cut out the old one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether CRISPR technology could be used to treat diseases in humans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're just on the verge of human trials. They will be starting, hopefully very soon, for diseases like sickle-cell anemia. There's actually a lot of research on muscular dystrophy as well. There are a few key diseases where scientists think these would be the best places to start. To basically inject CRISPR molecules into people's bodies; these CRISPR molecules would then go to certain kinds of cells and repair one particular spot in their DNA. And that treats the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We shouldn't look at this as a panacea. ... There have been earlier kinds of treatments known as gene therapy, where you basically try to add an extra gene into someone's cells. And that [seemed] like it was just a slam dunk, but then it turned out to not work very well for years and years. ... So CRISPR could be even more exciting and truly revolutionary. We just have to wait and see what this first generation of human clinical trials show us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his visit to an insectarium where a scientist is breeding genetically modified mosquitoes that are resistant to malaria\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, you have to gown up before you go in there. ... And then you go through an air lock, and then you're in this room where there are mosquitoes living in all their different life cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there's a dark room where the female mosquitoes are laying their eggs, because they like to do it in the dark. And then the scientists pull the eggs out from these rooms and they inject DNA into them and then they put them in water, because that's where mosquito larvae like to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so you go into this other room where there are these tubs of water, and these snake-like things are slithering around in there and then they develop into adults. And the females need to drink blood; so [researchers] found that the containers for movie popcorn work really well. What they do is, they basically clamp a warm container of calves' blood on top of them, and then the mosquitoes are underneath — on the underside of the plastic lid — basically poking through and drinking the blood and fattening themselves up. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell that they've been genetically altered because they have red eyes, which is kind of spooky. But you look at that and you say, well, that means that these could be the cure for malaria. It really could happen. And hundreds of thousands of people die every year of malaria. We've thrown everything we can at it and this parasite is still knocking us down worldwide. So, maybe this could be it – so, that's actually quite exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how genetic testing was used in the Golden State Killer case\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden State Killer case\u003c/a>, what somebody decided to do was take the DNA that they had from these crime scenes, and upload it to one of these open-access sites — not a commercial site — and then see if they could find any close matches. And they found that there were some people that looked like they were distant cousins of this person. And they went and did the genealogical research to figure out \"Well, how would they be related?\" And then said \"OK, who are the possible relatives that this person could be, and where do they live?\" And that actually helped narrow down their search until they made an arrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether genetic testing companies will protect user privacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can choose different levels of privacy with a lot of these services. So, for example, some people will say \"I want you to look at my DNA. I want you to tell me about my ancestry.\" ... For 23 and Me they'll give you a few bits of information about your medical conditions, and that's it. But they will try to get you to opt in to sharing your data for their own basic research. At 23 and Me, for example, there's a whole team of researchers who are studying all sorts of ... diseases, sleep patterns and so on. And then they will also go into partnerships with drug development companies who will take their data, looking at, say, 50,000 people with lupus and 50,000 people who don't have lupus, and try to look for the genetic differences. Those could point the way toward possible drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Phyllis Myers and Seth Kelley produced and edited the audio of this interview. Bridget Bentz and Seth Kelley adapted it for the Web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Science+Writer+Explores+The+%27Perversions+And+Potential%27+Of+Genetic+Tests&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Carl Zimmer wondered what secrets lurked in his genetic code — so he decided to have his genome sequenced. He writes about the implications of the study of genetics in \u003cem>She Has Her Mother's Laugh.\u003c/em>","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1528822199,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1128},"headData":{"title":"A Science Writer Explores The 'Perversions And Potential' Of Genetic Tests | KQED","description":"Carl Zimmer wondered what secrets lurked in his genetic code — so he decided to have his genome sequenced. He writes about the implications of the study of genetics in She Has Her Mother's Laugh.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Science Writer Explores The 'Perversions And Potential' Of Genetic Tests","datePublished":"2018-06-12T16:15:34.000Z","dateModified":"2018-06-12T16:49:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"442583 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=442583","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/06/12/a-science-writer-explores-the-perversions-and-potential-of-genetic-tests/","disqusTitle":"A Science Writer Explores The 'Perversions And Potential' Of Genetic Tests","source":"Future of You","nprImageCredit":"Westend61","nprByline":"Terry Gross, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"618870881","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=618870881&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/06/11/618870881/a-science-writer-explores-the-perversions-and-potential-of-genetic-tests?ft=nprml&f=618870881","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 11 Jun 2018 16:05:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 11 Jun 2018 14:43:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 11 Jun 2018 15:07:30 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/fa/2018/06/20180611_fa_01.mp3?orgId=427869011&topicId=1128&d=2169&p=13&story=618870881&ft=nprml&f=618870881","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1618969757-dcc7b4.m3u?orgId=427869011&topicId=1128&d=2169&p=13&story=618870881&ft=nprml&f=618870881","path":"/futureofyou/442583/a-science-writer-explores-the-perversions-and-potential-of-genetic-tests","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/fa/2018/06/20180611_fa_01.mp3?orgId=427869011&topicId=1128&d=2169&p=13&story=618870881&ft=nprml&f=618870881","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe src=\"https://www.npr.org/player/embed/618870881/618969757\" width=\"100%\" height=\"290\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" title=\"NPR embedded audio player\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a science columnist for\u003cem> The New York Times, \u003c/em>Carl Zimmer had reported extensively about genetics and the role gene mutations play in various ailments. After a while, he got to wondering about what secrets his own genetic code holds.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I wanted to know if there was anything I needed to worry about,\" Zimmer says. \"We all think back to our relatives who got sick and then wonder, 'Is that in me?'\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Zimmer worked with a genetics counselor to get his entire genome sequenced — an experience he describes as \"very nerve-wracking.\" He worried that he would discover a mutation that would put him on the path for a particular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As it turned out, the counselor told Zimmer he has a \"boring genome.\" Though Zimmer initially hoped for a more \"exciting and exotic\" assessment, the counselor reminded him \"A boring genome is a really good genome.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zimmer writes about the broader implications of genetic research and testing in his new book, \u003cem>She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions and Potential of Heredity\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Interview Highlights\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how the new genetic editing technology known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/tags/419142387/crispr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CRISPR\u003c/a> works\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happens with CRISPR is that scientists will design a molecule — think of it as a probe — and it will search around in the DNA in a cell until if finds a very specific short sequence. And it will grab onto it, and it brings on with it basically molecular scissors, which will then cut the DNA at that spot — kind of like cutting tape. And you can cut out a segment of DNA. And if you just do that, DNA will heal itself. Basically the two loose ends will stitch themselves together, and now that piece is just missing. Or you can add in a little piece of different DNA, and you can actually get the cell to put in that new piece of DNA where you just cut out the old one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether CRISPR technology could be used to treat diseases in humans\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're just on the verge of human trials. They will be starting, hopefully very soon, for diseases like sickle-cell anemia. There's actually a lot of research on muscular dystrophy as well. There are a few key diseases where scientists think these would be the best places to start. To basically inject CRISPR molecules into people's bodies; these CRISPR molecules would then go to certain kinds of cells and repair one particular spot in their DNA. And that treats the disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We shouldn't look at this as a panacea. ... There have been earlier kinds of treatments known as gene therapy, where you basically try to add an extra gene into someone's cells. And that [seemed] like it was just a slam dunk, but then it turned out to not work very well for years and years. ... So CRISPR could be even more exciting and truly revolutionary. We just have to wait and see what this first generation of human clinical trials show us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On his visit to an insectarium where a scientist is breeding genetically modified mosquitoes that are resistant to malaria\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First of all, you have to gown up before you go in there. ... And then you go through an air lock, and then you're in this room where there are mosquitoes living in all their different life cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So there's a dark room where the female mosquitoes are laying their eggs, because they like to do it in the dark. And then the scientists pull the eggs out from these rooms and they inject DNA into them and then they put them in water, because that's where mosquito larvae like to develop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And so you go into this other room where there are these tubs of water, and these snake-like things are slithering around in there and then they develop into adults. And the females need to drink blood; so [researchers] found that the containers for movie popcorn work really well. What they do is, they basically clamp a warm container of calves' blood on top of them, and then the mosquitoes are underneath — on the underside of the plastic lid — basically poking through and drinking the blood and fattening themselves up. ...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can tell that they've been genetically altered because they have red eyes, which is kind of spooky. But you look at that and you say, well, that means that these could be the cure for malaria. It really could happen. And hundreds of thousands of people die every year of malaria. We've thrown everything we can at it and this parasite is still knocking us down worldwide. So, maybe this could be it – so, that's actually quite exciting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On how genetic testing was used in the Golden State Killer case\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Golden State Killer case\u003c/a>, what somebody decided to do was take the DNA that they had from these crime scenes, and upload it to one of these open-access sites — not a commercial site — and then see if they could find any close matches. And they found that there were some people that looked like they were distant cousins of this person. And they went and did the genealogical research to figure out \"Well, how would they be related?\" And then said \"OK, who are the possible relatives that this person could be, and where do they live?\" And that actually helped narrow down their search until they made an arrest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>On whether genetic testing companies will protect user privacy\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can choose different levels of privacy with a lot of these services. So, for example, some people will say \"I want you to look at my DNA. I want you to tell me about my ancestry.\" ... For 23 and Me they'll give you a few bits of information about your medical conditions, and that's it. But they will try to get you to opt in to sharing your data for their own basic research. At 23 and Me, for example, there's a whole team of researchers who are studying all sorts of ... diseases, sleep patterns and so on. And then they will also go into partnerships with drug development companies who will take their data, looking at, say, 50,000 people with lupus and 50,000 people who don't have lupus, and try to look for the genetic differences. Those could point the way toward possible drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Phyllis Myers and Seth Kelley produced and edited the audio of this interview. Bridget Bentz and Seth Kelley adapted it for the Web.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 Fresh Air. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/\">Fresh Air\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Science+Writer+Explores+The+%27Perversions+And+Potential%27+Of+Genetic+Tests&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/442583/a-science-writer-explores-the-perversions-and-potential-of-genetic-tests","authors":["byline_futureofyou_442583"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_17","futureofyou_1015","futureofyou_271"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1097","futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_442584","label":"source_futureofyou_442583"},"futureofyou_441274":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_441274","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"441274","score":null,"sort":[1525467630000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dna-match-sought-to-catch-zodiac-killer-after-break-in-other-case","title":"DNA Match Sought to Catch Zodiac Killer After Break in Other Case","publishDate":1525467630,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Northern California detectives still trying to identify the infamous Zodiac Killer who targeted victims in the late 1960s and taunted investigators with letters say they hope to try the same DNA tracing technology recently used to arrest a suspect in another string of cold-case serial slayings — those blamed on the Golden State Killer.[contextly_sidebar id=\"zUhwd65sr96OmXZ5rNGiH0XjWcE7Vddr\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first they have to get a better DNA profile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several months ago, the Vallejo Police Department sent two letters written by the Zodiac Killer to a private lab in hopes of finding his DNA on the back of the stamps or envelope flaps that may have been licked. They are expecting results soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were confident they would be able to get something off it,” Vallejo police Detective Terry Poyser told the Sacramento Bee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poyser said he hopes a full DNA profile will be found that will enable detectives to try the same DNA sleuthing techniques that were used to arrest Joseph DeAngelo last month. Authorities suspect he committed at least 12 murders and 50 rapes in California between 1976 and 1986.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators uploaded DNA collected at one of the crime scenes to an open-source genealogical website and found a partial match to a distant relative of DeAngelo’s. From there, they painstakingly constructed a family tree dating back several generations before they zeroed in on DeAngelo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some privacy advocates say they are concerned with the process and worry about future abuses, but detectives investigating the Zodiac Killer say they hope the technique will help solve one of the most vexing cold cases in the country.[contextly_sidebar id=\"g4kjcqBcthT0ZUevaj35GoD7FRXTonPJ\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a great idea,” said Gary Harmor, founder and director of the Serological Research Institute, a private DNA lab. “I think we’ll see more investigations use this technique.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detectives in Southern California are testing DNA collected from a double-murder and rape to see if they can be tied to DeAngelo. Another man, Craig Coley, was recently cleared of those crimes after spending 38 years in prison in the murder of a 24-year-old college student and her 4-year-old son in 1978.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zodiac Killer fatally stabbed or shot to death five people in Northern California in 1968 and 1969, then sent taunting letters and cryptograms to the police and newspapers. The Vallejo police are the lead investigators because the first two victims were killed there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suspect was dubbed the Zodiac Killer because some of the cryptograms included astrological symbols and references.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Various pieces of evidence, including a rope used to tie a victim as well as the letters, have been tested unsuccessfully for the killer’s DNA profile. Poyser said recent advances in DNA testing prompted investigators to seek a match on two of the killer’s letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vallejo Mayor Bob Sampayan said the samples were sent to the lab as a matter of routine. Sampayan, a former homicide detective, said police submit samples every couple of years in hopes that advances in DNA testing will finally yield a profile detectives can use.[contextly_sidebar id=\"ij6OwtCH46Lhi3AkKIvypYUgun9XpRrV\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was coincidental,” Sampayan said of the new DNA test occurring at the same time as the breakthrough in the Golden State Killer case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will come a time when we get a match,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2007 movie “Zodiac,” starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Robert Downey Jr., renewed widespread interest in a case that has always had a cult following of amateur detectives and cryptographers who sought to crack the killer’s code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those amateur sleuths, Tom Voigt, said the key to solving the Zodiac killings is mimicking the Golden State Killer investigation, which included forming a full-time task force dedicated to the case and exploiting publicly accessible DNA databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voigt said the Zodiac case was being investigated part time by a Police Department in a city that filed for municipal bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a formula to follow,” Voigt said. “And it’s to simply copy what happened to the Golden State Killer.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some privacy advocates express concern about potential abuses, but detectives say they hope the technique will help solve one of the most vexing cold cases in the country.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1525459662,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":694},"headData":{"title":"DNA Match Sought to Catch Zodiac Killer After Break in Other Case | KQED","description":"Some privacy advocates express concern about potential abuses, but detectives say they hope the technique will help solve one of the most vexing cold cases in the country.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"DNA Match Sought to Catch Zodiac Killer After Break in Other Case","datePublished":"2018-05-04T21:00:30.000Z","dateModified":"2018-05-04T18:47:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"441274 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=441274","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/05/04/dna-match-sought-to-catch-zodiac-killer-after-break-in-other-case/","disqusTitle":"DNA Match Sought to Catch Zodiac Killer After Break in Other Case","source":"Your Genes","nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/futureofyou/441274/dna-match-sought-to-catch-zodiac-killer-after-break-in-other-case","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Northern California detectives still trying to identify the infamous Zodiac Killer who targeted victims in the late 1960s and taunted investigators with letters say they hope to try the same DNA tracing technology recently used to arrest a suspect in another string of cold-case serial slayings — those blamed on the Golden State Killer.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first they have to get a better DNA profile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several months ago, the Vallejo Police Department sent two letters written by the Zodiac Killer to a private lab in hopes of finding his DNA on the back of the stamps or envelope flaps that may have been licked. They are expecting results soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They were confident they would be able to get something off it,” Vallejo police Detective Terry Poyser told the Sacramento Bee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Poyser said he hopes a full DNA profile will be found that will enable detectives to try the same DNA sleuthing techniques that were used to arrest Joseph DeAngelo last month. Authorities suspect he committed at least 12 murders and 50 rapes in California between 1976 and 1986.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Investigators uploaded DNA collected at one of the crime scenes to an open-source genealogical website and found a partial match to a distant relative of DeAngelo’s. From there, they painstakingly constructed a family tree dating back several generations before they zeroed in on DeAngelo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some privacy advocates say they are concerned with the process and worry about future abuses, but detectives investigating the Zodiac Killer say they hope the technique will help solve one of the most vexing cold cases in the country.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s a great idea,” said Gary Harmor, founder and director of the Serological Research Institute, a private DNA lab. “I think we’ll see more investigations use this technique.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Detectives in Southern California are testing DNA collected from a double-murder and rape to see if they can be tied to DeAngelo. Another man, Craig Coley, was recently cleared of those crimes after spending 38 years in prison in the murder of a 24-year-old college student and her 4-year-old son in 1978.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Zodiac Killer fatally stabbed or shot to death five people in Northern California in 1968 and 1969, then sent taunting letters and cryptograms to the police and newspapers. The Vallejo police are the lead investigators because the first two victims were killed there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The suspect was dubbed the Zodiac Killer because some of the cryptograms included astrological symbols and references.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Various pieces of evidence, including a rope used to tie a victim as well as the letters, have been tested unsuccessfully for the killer’s DNA profile. Poyser said recent advances in DNA testing prompted investigators to seek a match on two of the killer’s letters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vallejo Mayor Bob Sampayan said the samples were sent to the lab as a matter of routine. Sampayan, a former homicide detective, said police submit samples every couple of years in hopes that advances in DNA testing will finally yield a profile detectives can use.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was coincidental,” Sampayan said of the new DNA test occurring at the same time as the breakthrough in the Golden State Killer case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There will come a time when we get a match,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 2007 movie “Zodiac,” starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Robert Downey Jr., renewed widespread interest in a case that has always had a cult following of amateur detectives and cryptographers who sought to crack the killer’s code.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of those amateur sleuths, Tom Voigt, said the key to solving the Zodiac killings is mimicking the Golden State Killer investigation, which included forming a full-time task force dedicated to the case and exploiting publicly accessible DNA databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voigt said the Zodiac case was being investigated part time by a Police Department in a city that filed for municipal bankruptcy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a formula to follow,” Voigt said. “And it’s to simply copy what happened to the Golden State Killer.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/441274/dna-match-sought-to-catch-zodiac-killer-after-break-in-other-case","authors":["byline_futureofyou_441274"],"programs":["futureofyou_54"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_17","futureofyou_324","futureofyou_271","futureofyou_35"],"featImg":"futureofyou_441281","label":"source_futureofyou_441274"},"futureofyou_439443":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439443","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439443","score":null,"sort":[1518462046000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"those-smartphone-dings-are-turning-you-into-a-pavlov-dog","title":"Those Smartphone Dings Are Turning You Into a Pavlov Dog","publishDate":1518462046,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1096,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>If the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov were alive today, what would he say about smartphones? He might not think of them as phones at all, but instead as remarkable tools for understanding how technology can manipulate our brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov's own findings — from \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experiments\u003c/a> he did more than a century ago, involving food, buzzers and slobbering dogs — offer key insights, into why our phones have become almost an extension of our bodies, modern researchers say. The findings also provide clues to how we can break our dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov originally set off to study canine digestion. But one day, he noticed something peculiar while feeding his dogs. If he played a sound — like a metronome or buzzer — before mealtimes, eventually the sound started to have a special meaning for the animals. It meant food was coming! The dogs actually started drooling when they heard the sound, even if no food was around.[contextly_sidebar id=\"WFvp0A8BvWC683stKdY7NtFgZFPpmCHR\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing the buzzer had become pleasurable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's exactly what's happening with smartphones, says David Greenfield, a \u003ca href=\"http://virtual-addiction.com/about-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychologist\u003c/a> and assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we hear a ding or little ditty alerting us to a new text, email or Facebook post, cells in our brains likely release dopamine — one of the chemical transmitters in the brain's reward circuitry. That dopamine makes us feel pleasure, Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That ping is telling us there is some type of reward there, waiting for us,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, that ping can become more powerful than the reward itself. Research on animals suggests dopamine levels in the brain can be twice as high when you anticipate the reward as when you actually receive it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, just hearing the notification can be more pleasurable than the text, email or tweet. \"Smartphone notifications have turned us all into Pavlov's dogs,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Signs you might need to cut back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average adult checks their phone 50 to 300 times each day, Greenfield says. And smartphones use psychological tricks that encourage our continued high usage — some of the same tricks slot machines use to hook gamblers.[contextly_sidebar id=\"oJLVZ8oFYDN98pI8tihIPWKg11UGF8v0\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For example, every time you look at your phone, you don't know what you're going to find — how relevant or desirable a message is going to be,\" Greenfield says. \"So you keep checking it over and over again because every once in a while, there's something good there.\" (This is called a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. Animal studies suggest it makes dopamine skyrocket in the brain's reward circuity and is possibly one reason people keep playing slot machines.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing number of doctors and psychologists are concerned about our relationship with the phone. There's a debate about what to call the problem. Some say \"disorder\" or \"problematic behavior.\" Others think over-reliance on a smartphone can become a behavioral addiction, like gambling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a spectrum disorder,\" says Dr. Anna Lembke, a \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/anna-lembke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychiatrist\u003c/a> at Stanford University, who studies addiction. \"There are mild, moderate and extreme forms.\" And for many people, there's no problem at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this way, the phone is kind of like alcohol, Lembke says. Moderate alcohol consumption can be beneficial, for some people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can make an argument that a temperate amount of smartphone or screen use might be good for people,\" Lembke says. \"So I'm not saying, 'Everybody get rid of their smartphones because they're completely addictive,' But instead, let's be very thoughtful about how we're how we're using these devices, because we can use them in pathological ways.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs you might be experiencing problematic use, Lembke says, include these:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Interacting with the device keeps you up late or otherwise interferes with your sleep.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It reduces the time you have to be with friends or family.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It interferes with your ability to finish work or homework.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It causes you to be rude, even subconsciously. \"For instance,\" Lembke asks, \"are you in the middle of having a conversation with someone and just dropping down and scrolling through your phone?\" That's a bad sign.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It's squelching your creativity. \"I think that's really what people don't realize with their smartphone usage,\" Lembke says. \"It can really deprive you of a kind of seamless flow of creative thought that generates from your own brain.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider a digital detox one day a week\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.letitripple.org/about/tiffany-shlain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tiffany Shlain\u003c/a>, a San Francisco Bay Area filmmaker, noticed some of those warning signs in herself and loved ones, so she and her family now power down all their devices every Friday evening, for a 24-hour period.[contextly_sidebar id=\"oKMoZqJxDnKRySnPIdhx72Nu1HStqOIa\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's something we look forward to each week,\" Shlain says. She and her husband \u003ca href=\"http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ken Goldberg\u003c/a>, a professor in the field of robotics at the University of California, Berkeley, are very tech savvy. But they find they need a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"During the week, [we're] like an emotional pinball machine responding to all the external forces,\" Shlain says. The buzzes, beeps, emails, alerts and notifications never end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shutting the smartphones off shuts out all those distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're making your time sacred again — reclaiming it,\" Shlain says. \"You stop all the noise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they started the digital break, which they call \"Tech Shabbat,\" Saturdays suddenly felt very different. The family's not religious, she says, but they love the Jewish Sabbath ritual of setting aside a day for rest or restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The days felt much longer, and we generally feel much more relaxed,\" says Goldberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their daughter, Odessa Shlain Goldberg, a ninth-grader, says the unplugging takes some of the pressure off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no FOMO — fear of missing out — or seeing what my friends are doing,\" Odessa says. \"It's a family day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teen says the perspective she gains from the digital power-down carries over into the rest of the week. For instance, she thinks about using social media differently. She realizes the social-media feeds often make other people's lives appear more exciting or glamorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're sitting at home scrolling, you're not having that glamorous experience,\" she says. \"So it feels a little discouraging.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smartphones can compound teen angst, but there's a sweet spot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odessa is definitely not alone in those observations. Social media can amplify the anxieties that come along with adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study of high school students, \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-02758-001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Emotion\u003c/em>, found that too much time spent on digital devices is linked to lower self-esteem and a decrease in well-being. The survey asked teens how much time they spent — outside of schoolwork — on activities such as texting, gaming, searching the internet or using social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found teens who spend five or more hours a day online are twice as likely to say they're unhappy,\" compared to those who spend less time plugged in, explains the study's author, \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.sdsu.edu/people/jean-twenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean Twenge\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenge's research suggests digital abstinence is not good either. Teens who have no access to screens or social media may feel shut out, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there may be a sweet spot. According to the survey data, \"the teens who spend a little time — an hour or two hours a day [on their devices] — those are actually the happiest teens,\" Twenge says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its best, technology connects us to new ideas and people. It makes the world smaller, and opens up possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The ability to connect with people across the world is one the great benefits,\" Odessa believes. She says she's made some of her friends \"purely online.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to wrestle with it more,\" her mother says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology is not going away — our lives are becoming more wired all the time. But Shlain and Odessa say taking a weekly break helps their whole family find a happy medium in dealing with their phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A growing number of doctors concerned about our relationship with the smartphones.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1518462004,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":42,"wordCount":1355},"headData":{"title":"Those Smartphone Dings Are Turning You Into a Pavlov Dog | KQED","description":"A growing number of doctors concerned about our relationship with the smartphones.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Those Smartphone Dings Are Turning You Into a Pavlov Dog","datePublished":"2018-02-12T19:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-12T19:00:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439443 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439443","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/12/those-smartphone-dings-are-turning-you-into-a-pavlov-dog/","disqusTitle":"Those Smartphone Dings Are Turning You Into a Pavlov Dog","nprByline":"Michaeleen Doucleff and Allison Aubrey\u003cbr />NPR Shots","path":"/futureofyou/439443/those-smartphone-dings-are-turning-you-into-a-pavlov-dog","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov were alive today, what would he say about smartphones? He might not think of them as phones at all, but instead as remarkable tools for understanding how technology can manipulate our brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov's own findings — from \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experiments\u003c/a> he did more than a century ago, involving food, buzzers and slobbering dogs — offer key insights, into why our phones have become almost an extension of our bodies, modern researchers say. The findings also provide clues to how we can break our dependence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pavlov originally set off to study canine digestion. But one day, he noticed something peculiar while feeding his dogs. If he played a sound — like a metronome or buzzer — before mealtimes, eventually the sound started to have a special meaning for the animals. It meant food was coming! The dogs actually started drooling when they heard the sound, even if no food was around.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hearing the buzzer had become pleasurable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's exactly what's happening with smartphones, says David Greenfield, a \u003ca href=\"http://virtual-addiction.com/about-us/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychologist\u003c/a> and assistant clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of Connecticut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When we hear a ding or little ditty alerting us to a new text, email or Facebook post, cells in our brains likely release dopamine — one of the chemical transmitters in the brain's reward circuitry. That dopamine makes us feel pleasure, Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That ping is telling us there is some type of reward there, waiting for us,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, that ping can become more powerful than the reward itself. Research on animals suggests dopamine levels in the brain can be twice as high when you anticipate the reward as when you actually receive it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, just hearing the notification can be more pleasurable than the text, email or tweet. \"Smartphone notifications have turned us all into Pavlov's dogs,\" Greenfield says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Signs you might need to cut back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The average adult checks their phone 50 to 300 times each day, Greenfield says. And smartphones use psychological tricks that encourage our continued high usage — some of the same tricks slot machines use to hook gamblers.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For example, every time you look at your phone, you don't know what you're going to find — how relevant or desirable a message is going to be,\" Greenfield says. \"So you keep checking it over and over again because every once in a while, there's something good there.\" (This is called a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. Animal studies suggest it makes dopamine skyrocket in the brain's reward circuity and is possibly one reason people keep playing slot machines.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A growing number of doctors and psychologists are concerned about our relationship with the phone. There's a debate about what to call the problem. Some say \"disorder\" or \"problematic behavior.\" Others think over-reliance on a smartphone can become a behavioral addiction, like gambling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a spectrum disorder,\" says Dr. Anna Lembke, a \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/anna-lembke\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">psychiatrist\u003c/a> at Stanford University, who studies addiction. \"There are mild, moderate and extreme forms.\" And for many people, there's no problem at all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this way, the phone is kind of like alcohol, Lembke says. Moderate alcohol consumption can be beneficial, for some people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can make an argument that a temperate amount of smartphone or screen use might be good for people,\" Lembke says. \"So I'm not saying, 'Everybody get rid of their smartphones because they're completely addictive,' But instead, let's be very thoughtful about how we're how we're using these devices, because we can use them in pathological ways.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Signs you might be experiencing problematic use, Lembke says, include these:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Interacting with the device keeps you up late or otherwise interferes with your sleep.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It reduces the time you have to be with friends or family.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It interferes with your ability to finish work or homework.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It causes you to be rude, even subconsciously. \"For instance,\" Lembke asks, \"are you in the middle of having a conversation with someone and just dropping down and scrolling through your phone?\" That's a bad sign.\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>It's squelching your creativity. \"I think that's really what people don't realize with their smartphone usage,\" Lembke says. \"It can really deprive you of a kind of seamless flow of creative thought that generates from your own brain.\"\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Consider a digital detox one day a week\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.letitripple.org/about/tiffany-shlain/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tiffany Shlain\u003c/a>, a San Francisco Bay Area filmmaker, noticed some of those warning signs in herself and loved ones, so she and her family now power down all their devices every Friday evening, for a 24-hour period.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's something we look forward to each week,\" Shlain says. She and her husband \u003ca href=\"http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ken Goldberg\u003c/a>, a professor in the field of robotics at the University of California, Berkeley, are very tech savvy. But they find they need a break.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"During the week, [we're] like an emotional pinball machine responding to all the external forces,\" Shlain says. The buzzes, beeps, emails, alerts and notifications never end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shutting the smartphones off shuts out all those distractions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You're making your time sacred again — reclaiming it,\" Shlain says. \"You stop all the noise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they started the digital break, which they call \"Tech Shabbat,\" Saturdays suddenly felt very different. The family's not religious, she says, but they love the Jewish Sabbath ritual of setting aside a day for rest or restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The days felt much longer, and we generally feel much more relaxed,\" says Goldberg.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their daughter, Odessa Shlain Goldberg, a ninth-grader, says the unplugging takes some of the pressure off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's no FOMO — fear of missing out — or seeing what my friends are doing,\" Odessa says. \"It's a family day.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teen says the perspective she gains from the digital power-down carries over into the rest of the week. For instance, she thinks about using social media differently. She realizes the social-media feeds often make other people's lives appear more exciting or glamorous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you're sitting at home scrolling, you're not having that glamorous experience,\" she says. \"So it feels a little discouraging.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Smartphones can compound teen angst, but there's a sweet spot\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Odessa is definitely not alone in those observations. Social media can amplify the anxieties that come along with adolescence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent study of high school students, \u003ca href=\"http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2018-02758-001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">published\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Emotion\u003c/em>, found that too much time spent on digital devices is linked to lower self-esteem and a decrease in well-being. The survey asked teens how much time they spent — outside of schoolwork — on activities such as texting, gaming, searching the internet or using social media.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found teens who spend five or more hours a day online are twice as likely to say they're unhappy,\" compared to those who spend less time plugged in, explains the study's author, \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychology.sdsu.edu/people/jean-twenge/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean Twenge\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at San Diego State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Twenge's research suggests digital abstinence is not good either. Teens who have no access to screens or social media may feel shut out, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there may be a sweet spot. According to the survey data, \"the teens who spend a little time — an hour or two hours a day [on their devices] — those are actually the happiest teens,\" Twenge says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At its best, technology connects us to new ideas and people. It makes the world smaller, and opens up possibilities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The ability to connect with people across the world is one the great benefits,\" Odessa believes. She says she's made some of her friends \"purely online.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We need to wrestle with it more,\" her mother says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technology is not going away — our lives are becoming more wired all the time. But Shlain and Odessa say taking a weekly break helps their whole family find a happy medium in dealing with their phones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439443/those-smartphone-dings-are-turning-you-into-a-pavlov-dog","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439443"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_61","futureofyou_271","futureofyou_188","futureofyou_35"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439445","label":"futureofyou_1096"},"futureofyou_439352":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439352","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439352","score":null,"sort":[1518040330000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory","title":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory","publishDate":1518040330,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1096,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>A little electrical brain stimulation can go a long way in boosting memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to deliver a tiny pulse of electricity to exactly the right place at exactly the right moment, a team \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02753-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> in Tuesday's \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We saw a 15 percent improvement in memory,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://psychology.sas.upenn.edu/people/michael-kahana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Kahana\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and an author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach hints at a new way of treating people with memory problems caused by a brain injury or Alzheimer's disease, Kahana says. But the technology is still far from widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana has spent years trying to understand why the brain often fails to store information we want it to keep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're trying to study a list of items, sometimes the items stick and sometimes we have momentary lapses where we don't seem to remember anything,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"w3ybK8P4RrrgdzChQHgt9AKIj7mlCTPN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana and a team of researchers thought there must be a way to help the brain do better. So they had a computer learn to recognize patterns of electrical activity indicating that the brain was about to have a memory lapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the team had the computer intervene by delivering a pulse of electricity to different areas of the brain just before the lapse was going to occur. And in the area involved in recalling words, the approach worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we stimulated the left temporal cortex, we found that memory was improved significantly,\" Kahana says. \"When we stimulated other parts of the brain, memory was, by and large, impaired.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done with 25 patients with epilepsy who were in the hospital awaiting surgery to treat their seizures. That meant doctors had already inserted wires into their brains to monitor electrical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science.\"\u003ccite>Michael Sperling, neurologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But epilepsy patients tend to have memory problems and other brain anomalies, says \u003ca href=\"http://hospitals.jefferson.edu/find-a-doctor/s/sperling-michael-r.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Sperling\u003c/a>, an author of the study and director of the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still really lack any experiments in people with other conditions to know for certain whether [the treatment] would prove effective or not,\" Sperling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Sperling is optimistic that the research will lead to an implantable device that can improve memory in at least some patients. \"There's a good chance that something like this will come available,\" he says, \"I would hope within the next half dozen years, or so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memory research is being funded by the military's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. It's part of an effort by the agency to develop technologies to help military personnel and veterans with memory problems caused by brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.darpa.mil/staff/dr-justin-sanchez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Justin Sanchez\u003c/a>, who directs DARPA's biological technologies office. \"We wanted a real technology that could ultimately make its way out into the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DARPA-funded scientists are already working on a version of the brain stimulation system that could be implanted in a person, Sanchez says. And this sort of technology could eventually extend beyond people who have memory impairments, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If any of us could get a 15 percent boost in our memory, that would be transformative,\" Sanchez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Technology that uses electrical stimulation could eventually help people with memory problems.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1518040330,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":563},"headData":{"title":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory | KQED","description":"Technology that uses electrical stimulation could eventually help people with memory problems.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory","datePublished":"2018-02-07T21:52:10.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-07T21:52:10.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439352 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439352","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/07/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory/","disqusTitle":"A Tiny Pulse of Electricity to the Brain Can Boost Memory","nprImageCredit":"BSIP","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Collection Mix: Sub/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"583633391","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=583633391&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/06/583633391/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-can-help-the-brain-form-lasting-memories?ft=nprml&f=583633391","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Tue, 06 Feb 2018 21:05:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Tue, 06 Feb 2018 13:35:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Tue, 06 Feb 2018 18:00:40 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/02/20180206_atc_a_tiny_pulse_of_electricity_can_help_the_brain_form_lasting_memories.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=192&p=2&story=583633391&ft=nprml&f=583633391","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1583778487-177409.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=192&p=2&story=583633391&ft=nprml&f=583633391","path":"/futureofyou/439352/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/02/20180206_atc_a_tiny_pulse_of_electricity_can_help_the_brain_form_lasting_memories.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=192&p=2&story=583633391&ft=nprml&f=583633391","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A little electrical brain stimulation can go a long way in boosting memory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The key is to deliver a tiny pulse of electricity to exactly the right place at exactly the right moment, a team \u003ca href=\"http://nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02753-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reports\u003c/a> in Tuesday's \u003cem>Nature Communications\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We saw a 15 percent improvement in memory,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://psychology.sas.upenn.edu/people/michael-kahana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Kahana\u003c/a>, a professor of psychology at the University of Pennsylvania and an author of the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The approach hints at a new way of treating people with memory problems caused by a brain injury or Alzheimer's disease, Kahana says. But the technology is still far from widespread use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana has spent years trying to understand why the brain often fails to store information we want it to keep.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we're trying to study a list of items, sometimes the items stick and sometimes we have momentary lapses where we don't seem to remember anything,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kahana and a team of researchers thought there must be a way to help the brain do better. So they had a computer learn to recognize patterns of electrical activity indicating that the brain was about to have a memory lapse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then the team had the computer intervene by delivering a pulse of electricity to different areas of the brain just before the lapse was going to occur. And in the area involved in recalling words, the approach worked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we stimulated the left temporal cortex, we found that memory was improved significantly,\" Kahana says. \"When we stimulated other parts of the brain, memory was, by and large, impaired.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment was done with 25 patients with epilepsy who were in the hospital awaiting surgery to treat their seizures. That meant doctors had already inserted wires into their brains to monitor electrical activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science.\"\u003ccite>Michael Sperling, neurologist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>But epilepsy patients tend to have memory problems and other brain anomalies, says \u003ca href=\"http://hospitals.jefferson.edu/find-a-doctor/s/sperling-michael-r.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Michael Sperling\u003c/a>, an author of the study and director of the Comprehensive Epilepsy Center at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We still really lack any experiments in people with other conditions to know for certain whether [the treatment] would prove effective or not,\" Sperling says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, Sperling is optimistic that the research will lead to an implantable device that can improve memory in at least some patients. \"There's a good chance that something like this will come available,\" he says, \"I would hope within the next half dozen years, or so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The memory research is being funded by the military's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. It's part of an effort by the agency to develop technologies to help military personnel and veterans with memory problems caused by brain injuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We didn't just do this for the sake of science,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.darpa.mil/staff/dr-justin-sanchez\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Justin Sanchez\u003c/a>, who directs DARPA's biological technologies office. \"We wanted a real technology that could ultimately make its way out into the world.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DARPA-funded scientists are already working on a version of the brain stimulation system that could be implanted in a person, Sanchez says. And this sort of technology could eventually extend beyond people who have memory impairments, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If any of us could get a 15 percent boost in our memory, that would be transformative,\" Sanchez says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Tiny+Pulse+Of+Electricity+Can+Help+The+Brain+Form+Lasting+Memories&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439352/a-tiny-pulse-of-electricity-to-the-brain-can-boost-memory","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439352"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_999","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1047","futureofyou_23","futureofyou_271","futureofyou_35"],"collections":["futureofyou_1096"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439353","label":"futureofyou_1096"},"futureofyou_439223":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439223","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439223","score":null,"sort":[1518028224000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"migraine-injections-may-finally-offer-relief-for-sufferers","title":"Migraine Injections May Finally Offer Relief For Sufferers","publishDate":1518028224,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Humans have suffered from migraines for millennia. Yet, despite decades of research, there isn't a drug on the market today that prevents them by targeting the underlying cause. All of that could change in a few months when the FDA is expected to announce its decision about new therapies that have the potential to turn migraine treatment on its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new therapies are based on research begun in the 1980s showing that people in the throes of a migraine attack have high levels of a protein called calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) in their blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"ECfTe7PnuepSCIujv8538j2RQRMlQ2J6\"]Step by step, researchers tracked and studied this neurochemical's effects. They found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11993614\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">injecting\u003c/a> the peptide into the blood of people prone to migraines triggers migraine-like headaches, whereas people not prone to migraines experienced, at most, mild pain. Blocking transmission of\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.12686/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> CGRP in mice\u003c/a> appeared to prevent migraine-like symptoms. And so a few companies started developing a pill that might do the same in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials of the first pills were effective against migraine but halted in 2011 over concerns about potential liver damage. So, four pharmaceutical companies rejiggered their approach. To bypass the liver, all four instead looked to an injectable therapy called monoclonal antibodies — tiny immune molecules most commonly used to treat cancer. Not only do these bypass the liver to block CGRP, but one injection appears to be effective for up to three months with almost no noticeable side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two manufacturers, Amgen (in collaboration with Novartis) and Teva Pharmaceuticals, have completed clinical trials and expect to hear from the FDA by June whether the therapies have been approved. Two more companies, Eli Lilly and Alder Biopharmaceuticals, plan to file for FDA approval later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current treatments don't always work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a long time coming. Right now, the only available preventive treatments are accidental discoveries: A number of people prescribed medications for depression, high blood pressure and epilepsy discovered migraine relief, too. Now, many of those drugs, including propranolol and topiramate, have been tested and approved for migraine. But no one drug works for everyone, and side effects can prove intolerable or downright unpleasant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Migraines are throbbing, one-sided headaches that can be accompanied by nausea as well as sensitivity to light, sound, smell, and movement. At their best, the headaches are an annoyance. At their worst, they can be completely debilitating. So for those of us who get numerous migraines each month, the prospect of a new approach feels almost life-changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">“By age 25, I started to wonder if there was something seriously wrong with my head.”\u003ccite>Lauren Gravitz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6624a8.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one recent survey\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 10 percent of men and 20 percent of women in the U.S. reported having had a migraine in the last three months. And \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21063918?dopt=Abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to two percent\u003c/a> of all Americans has at least 15 migraine days every single month. The toll such pain can take on health, morale, and productivity is substantial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own migraines started when I was 13. They struck a few times a week and I thought \u003ca href=\"https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/identifying-treating-migraine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they were normal headaches\u003c/a>. For a while, I tried the usual over the counter pain relievers but, one by one, they stopped working. By age 25, I started to wonder if there was something seriously wrong with my head. My general practitioner diagnosed me with migraines, gave me my first preventive medication — an antidepressant — then sent me to see a specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that day more than 17 years ago, I have tried six preventive prescription medications. Not one helped. I alternated among four different, neurologist-recommended supplements, all to no avail. I received bi-monthly injections of magnesium and participated in one of the first clinical trials of Botox. And while Botox seemed to decrease my migraines by one or two per month, it wasn't enough to bother fighting about it with a new insurance company. I exercised regularly. I experimented with an elimination diet that left me eating nothing but broccoli and white rice, but still the migraines came. I averaged about 15 to 20 each month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, I considered myself lucky. The headaches almost never came with nausea, and I had medications that typically ousted them within an hour or two. All told, I usually lost only a few hours of productivity a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I grew older and had two children, my body changed and my migraines changed, too. I get them less frequently now, but when they come, they can stick around for a few days or even a week. Abortive medications still work, except when they don't. So when I heard about a new approach that was making its way through a number of pharmaceutical company pipelines, I began combing through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.clinicaltrials.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national clinical trials database\u003c/a> to find a trial near me. I found one about 80 miles away, which didn't seem too far a trek considering the tantalizing reward of a migraine-free life. I made an appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clinical trials seem promising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/biographies/dodick-david-w-m-d/bio-20053142\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Dodick\u003c/a>, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Phoenix, Ariz., has been involved in multiple clinical trials with each of the four anti-CGRP antibody treatments in development. And, he admits, he's optimistic. He has good reason to be: Each of the therapies decreases migraine frequency by at least one to two days per month. \"In a field where, over time, the progress and pace of research in understanding the underlying biology and mechanism of disease has been slow, this was very exciting,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because migraines are not life-threatening, most drugs have to pass a pretty high bar to be approved. And so far, patients on the experimental treatments report limited side effects that consist mostly of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383797/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pain at the injection site\u003c/a>. Unlike the current preventive medications, there is no nausea, no fuzzy thinking, no nerve pain, no weight loss or gain. And instead of remembering to take a daily pill, there is just a once-monthly injection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neurologists already have patients eager to test these therapies, especially when everything else they've tried hasn't worked. \"There's a big hole to fill, both in prevention and acute therapies,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://nyheadache.com/staff/alexander-mauskop/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alexander Mauskop\u003c/a>, director of the New York Headache Center in New York City. (Full disclosure: He's my former neurologist.) \"If I have someone who's really suffering and can't find a solution, I tell them that in June I might have something new for them to try.\" Right now, he says, he has a list of about two dozen such patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High price tag\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the new therapies are approved, however, patients may still have to jump through a number of hoops to get them. Biologic therapies like these are expensive, and treatment could \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/24/11712554/migraine-drug-treatment-headache-cost-pharmaceutical-health-insurance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly range\u003c/a> anywhere from $8,000 to $18,000 a year. At that price, Mauskop and other neurologists expect insurance companies to require patients to have tried just about everything else first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other hitch at this stage is a lack of long-term safety data. \"If someone is well-controlled with Botox or another drug, I'd not suggest they switch,\" Mauskop says. \"With Vioxx, it took 10 years before they discovered that it increased the risk of heart problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Side effects are a potential concern. \u003ca href=\"https://physiciandirectory.brighamandwomens.org/Details/124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elizabeth Loder\u003c/a>, chief of headache at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, points out that because CGRP constricts blood vessels, there may be potential long-term effects on blood pressure or other cardiovascular function. In women of childbearing age, who are the ones most prone to frequent migraines, \"you can imagine that might have effects on fertility or placental function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the longest patients have been on one of these new therapies is one to two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Mauskop whether he'd recommend I enroll in a clinical trial, given my failure to respond to most everything else. He pauses, noting that he's no longer my neurologist and that he can't really give me any suggestions. But then he says that, since I'd previously shown some response to Botox, perhaps I might want to give it another try. I think about my two young children and my risk tolerance. Perhaps in ten years I'll feel differently. For now, however, I pick up the phone and cancel my clinical trial appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lauren Gravitz is a science writer and editor in Hershey, Penn. Her work has appeared in \u003c/em>Nature\u003cem>, \u003c/em>The Economist\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Aeon\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Discover\u003cem>, \u003c/em>The Oprah Magazine\u003cem>, and more. Find her at \u003ca href=\"http://www.laurengravitz.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.laurengravitz.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lyrebard\">@lyrebard\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Gone+With+A+Shot%3F+Hopeful+New+Signs+Of+Relief+For+Migraine+Sufferers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Novel migraine therapies could change how physicians treat these debilitating headaches. But they are likely to be expensive and the long-term side effects will not be known for some time.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1518039302,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1459},"headData":{"title":"Migraine Injections May Finally Offer Relief For Sufferers | KQED","description":"Novel migraine therapies could change how physicians treat these debilitating headaches. But they are likely to be expensive and the long-term side effects will not be known for some time.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Migraine Injections May Finally Offer Relief For Sufferers","datePublished":"2018-02-07T18:30:24.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-07T21:35:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439223 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439223","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/07/migraine-injections-may-finally-offer-relief-for-sufferers/","disqusTitle":"Migraine Injections May Finally Offer Relief For Sufferers","nprImageCredit":"Photographer is my life","nprByline":"Lauren Gravitz\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"581092093","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=581092093&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/02/03/581092093/gone-with-a-shot-hopeful-new-signs-of-relief-for-migraine-sufferers?ft=nprml&f=581092093","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 03 Feb 2018 08:00:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 03 Feb 2018 08:00:21 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 03 Feb 2018 08:00:21 -0500","path":"/futureofyou/439223/migraine-injections-may-finally-offer-relief-for-sufferers","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Humans have suffered from migraines for millennia. Yet, despite decades of research, there isn't a drug on the market today that prevents them by targeting the underlying cause. All of that could change in a few months when the FDA is expected to announce its decision about new therapies that have the potential to turn migraine treatment on its head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new therapies are based on research begun in the 1980s showing that people in the throes of a migraine attack have high levels of a protein called calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) in their blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Step by step, researchers tracked and studied this neurochemical's effects. They found that \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11993614\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">injecting\u003c/a> the peptide into the blood of people prone to migraines triggers migraine-like headaches, whereas people not prone to migraines experienced, at most, mild pain. Blocking transmission of\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.12686/pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> CGRP in mice\u003c/a> appeared to prevent migraine-like symptoms. And so a few companies started developing a pill that might do the same in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clinical trials of the first pills were effective against migraine but halted in 2011 over concerns about potential liver damage. So, four pharmaceutical companies rejiggered their approach. To bypass the liver, all four instead looked to an injectable therapy called monoclonal antibodies — tiny immune molecules most commonly used to treat cancer. Not only do these bypass the liver to block CGRP, but one injection appears to be effective for up to three months with almost no noticeable side effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two manufacturers, Amgen (in collaboration with Novartis) and Teva Pharmaceuticals, have completed clinical trials and expect to hear from the FDA by June whether the therapies have been approved. Two more companies, Eli Lilly and Alder Biopharmaceuticals, plan to file for FDA approval later this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Current treatments don't always work\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been a long time coming. Right now, the only available preventive treatments are accidental discoveries: A number of people prescribed medications for depression, high blood pressure and epilepsy discovered migraine relief, too. Now, many of those drugs, including propranolol and topiramate, have been tested and approved for migraine. But no one drug works for everyone, and side effects can prove intolerable or downright unpleasant.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Migraines are throbbing, one-sided headaches that can be accompanied by nausea as well as sensitivity to light, sound, smell, and movement. At their best, the headaches are an annoyance. At their worst, they can be completely debilitating. So for those of us who get numerous migraines each month, the prospect of a new approach feels almost life-changing.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote aligncenter\">“By age 25, I started to wonder if there was something seriously wrong with my head.”\u003ccite>Lauren Gravitz\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6624a8.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">one recent survey\u003c/a> by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 10 percent of men and 20 percent of women in the U.S. reported having had a migraine in the last three months. And \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21063918?dopt=Abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to two percent\u003c/a> of all Americans has at least 15 migraine days every single month. The toll such pain can take on health, morale, and productivity is substantial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My own migraines started when I was 13. They struck a few times a week and I thought \u003ca href=\"https://americanmigrainefoundation.org/understanding-migraine/identifying-treating-migraine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">they were normal headaches\u003c/a>. For a while, I tried the usual over the counter pain relievers but, one by one, they stopped working. By age 25, I started to wonder if there was something seriously wrong with my head. My general practitioner diagnosed me with migraines, gave me my first preventive medication — an antidepressant — then sent me to see a specialist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since that day more than 17 years ago, I have tried six preventive prescription medications. Not one helped. I alternated among four different, neurologist-recommended supplements, all to no avail. I received bi-monthly injections of magnesium and participated in one of the first clinical trials of Botox. And while Botox seemed to decrease my migraines by one or two per month, it wasn't enough to bother fighting about it with a new insurance company. I exercised regularly. I experimented with an elimination diet that left me eating nothing but broccoli and white rice, but still the migraines came. I averaged about 15 to 20 each month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, I considered myself lucky. The headaches almost never came with nausea, and I had medications that typically ousted them within an hour or two. All told, I usually lost only a few hours of productivity a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I grew older and had two children, my body changed and my migraines changed, too. I get them less frequently now, but when they come, they can stick around for a few days or even a week. Abortive medications still work, except when they don't. So when I heard about a new approach that was making its way through a number of pharmaceutical company pipelines, I began combing through the \u003ca href=\"http://www.clinicaltrials.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">national clinical trials database\u003c/a> to find a trial near me. I found one about 80 miles away, which didn't seem too far a trek considering the tantalizing reward of a migraine-free life. I made an appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Clinical trials seem promising\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.mayoclinic.org/biographies/dodick-david-w-m-d/bio-20053142\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">David Dodick\u003c/a>, a neurologist at the Mayo Clinic in Phoenix, Ariz., has been involved in multiple clinical trials with each of the four anti-CGRP antibody treatments in development. And, he admits, he's optimistic. He has good reason to be: Each of the therapies decreases migraine frequency by at least one to two days per month. \"In a field where, over time, the progress and pace of research in understanding the underlying biology and mechanism of disease has been slow, this was very exciting,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because migraines are not life-threatening, most drugs have to pass a pretty high bar to be approved. And so far, patients on the experimental treatments report limited side effects that consist mostly of \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5383797/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pain at the injection site\u003c/a>. Unlike the current preventive medications, there is no nausea, no fuzzy thinking, no nerve pain, no weight loss or gain. And instead of remembering to take a daily pill, there is just a once-monthly injection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neurologists already have patients eager to test these therapies, especially when everything else they've tried hasn't worked. \"There's a big hole to fill, both in prevention and acute therapies,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://nyheadache.com/staff/alexander-mauskop/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Alexander Mauskop\u003c/a>, director of the New York Headache Center in New York City. (Full disclosure: He's my former neurologist.) \"If I have someone who's really suffering and can't find a solution, I tell them that in June I might have something new for them to try.\" Right now, he says, he has a list of about two dozen such patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>High price tag\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even if the new therapies are approved, however, patients may still have to jump through a number of hoops to get them. Biologic therapies like these are expensive, and treatment could \u003ca href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/24/11712554/migraine-drug-treatment-headache-cost-pharmaceutical-health-insurance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">reportedly range\u003c/a> anywhere from $8,000 to $18,000 a year. At that price, Mauskop and other neurologists expect insurance companies to require patients to have tried just about everything else first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other hitch at this stage is a lack of long-term safety data. \"If someone is well-controlled with Botox or another drug, I'd not suggest they switch,\" Mauskop says. \"With Vioxx, it took 10 years before they discovered that it increased the risk of heart problems.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Side effects are a potential concern. \u003ca href=\"https://physiciandirectory.brighamandwomens.org/Details/124\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elizabeth Loder\u003c/a>, chief of headache at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, points out that because CGRP constricts blood vessels, there may be potential long-term effects on blood pressure or other cardiovascular function. In women of childbearing age, who are the ones most prone to frequent migraines, \"you can imagine that might have effects on fertility or placental function.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the longest patients have been on one of these new therapies is one to two years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I ask Mauskop whether he'd recommend I enroll in a clinical trial, given my failure to respond to most everything else. He pauses, noting that he's no longer my neurologist and that he can't really give me any suggestions. But then he says that, since I'd previously shown some response to Botox, perhaps I might want to give it another try. I think about my two young children and my risk tolerance. Perhaps in ten years I'll feel differently. For now, however, I pick up the phone and cancel my clinical trial appointment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Lauren Gravitz is a science writer and editor in Hershey, Penn. Her work has appeared in \u003c/em>Nature\u003cem>, \u003c/em>The Economist\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Aeon\u003cem>, \u003c/em>Discover\u003cem>, \u003c/em>The Oprah Magazine\u003cem>, and more. Find her at \u003ca href=\"http://www.laurengravitz.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">www.laurengravitz.com\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/lyrebard\">@lyrebard\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http://www.npr.org/\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Gone+With+A+Shot%3F+Hopeful+New+Signs+Of+Relief+For+Migraine+Sufferers&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439223/migraine-injections-may-finally-offer-relief-for-sufferers","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439223"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_61","futureofyou_173","futureofyou_1407","futureofyou_271","futureofyou_812"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439224","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_439177":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439177","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439177","score":null,"sort":[1517865433000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-crispr-method-targeting-blindness-in-mice-could-one-day-treat-hundreds-of-diseases","title":"New CRISPR Method Targeting Blindness In Mice Could Treat Hundreds Of Inherited Diseases","publishDate":1517865433,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1094,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>It might seem that scientists have never met a chunk of DNA they couldn’t edit in mice or isolated cells using\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR\u003cstrong> —\u003c/strong> from mutations causing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deafness\u003c/a> to those for \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/eaap9004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Duchenne muscular dystrophy.\u003c/a> In fact, they are learning what every pencil- or Word-wielding editor knows: It’s much easier to improve something that’s in terrible shape than writing that’s near perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genome-editing, the challenge for CRISPR-wielding scientists is to edit only one of the two copies, or alleles, of every gene that people have, repairing the ever-so-slightly broken one and leaving the healthy one alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, in one of the first research papers scheduled for publication in the first journal dedicated to research on CRISPR, scientists in Boston \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/01/29/197962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> “allele specific” editing of a gene that, when mutated, destroys the eye’s photoreceptors and causes the form of blindness called retinitis pigmentosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"4VdUEhIyuniYpIiGF8VW99wqTQ1JaiBO\"]The achievement might one day help people with retinitis pigmentosa, which affects about 100,000 people in the U.S. But its greater significance is as a proof-of-concept. The hope is that the same trick might work in the hundreds of diseases, including Huntington’s disease and Marfan syndrome, where inheriting a single mutated gene (from mom \u003cem>or\u003c/em> dad) is enough to cause problems despite the presence of a healthy copy, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to target only the mutant allele without messing up the healthy one,” said Linzhao Cheng, of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, who is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4351458/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developing\u003c/a> allele-specific techniques for blood disorders. “But the alleles might differ in only one nucleotide,” one of the molecular “letters” that spell out the genetic code. “That makes allele-specific editing probably the most challenging situation for CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Boston scientists, led by Dr. Qin Liu of the Ocular Genomics Institute at Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, aimed to remove the misspelled copy of the gene for rhodopsin, which makes up the rods (of rods and cones fame) in the eye. The misspelling consisted of a single wrong nucleotide. That seemingly minor glitch, called P23H, is enough to produce a rogue rhodopsin that is toxic to the healthy rhodopsins produced by the healthy copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just kills the photoreceptors,” said Dr. Stephen Rose, chief research officer at the Foundation Fighting Blindness, which helped fund Liu’s research. “But what if you could repair that one mutation and turn it back to the normal form? That’s the holy grail, to wave a magic wand and change a single wrong nucleotide to the right one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“You want to target only the mutant allele without messing up the healthy one.”\u003ccite>Linzhao Cheng, Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s what Liu and her colleagues report doing in the paper to be published in\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/toc/crispr/0/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The CRISPR Journal\u003c/a>, whose first issue is due this month. They built standard CRISPR molecules: a target-finding molecule called a guide RNA and a snip-the-nucleotide enzyme, in this case a version of Cas9. They injected their CRISPR molecules under the retinas of days-old mice bred to have one good rhodopsin gene and one mutated copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editing flopped. The target-finding molecule couldn’t tell the healthy gene from the one-letter-off copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the drawing board, the scientists, who included Editas Medicine co-founder J. Keith Joung of Massachusetts General Hospital, created target-finding molecules that looked for shorter regions of DNA, hoping to avoid editing the healthy gene. That produced better results: Cas9 edited only the mutant allele. But it did so in very few of the cells. As long as there is a lot of mutant rhodopsin compared to healthy rhodopsin, the mutant proteins will kill the eyes’ rods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third time was the charm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to using the short target-finding molecules, the scientists also tweaked Cas9 so it made a beeline for tiny DNA mile markers (called PAMs). The mile markers nearest the disease-causing allele are, luckily, different from those near the healthy one. Including the go-to-PAM instruction in their CRISPR produced accurate editing and a lot of it: There were nearly three times as many healthy rhodopsin molecules as mutant ones, compared to similar numbers of healthy and mutant rhodopsin in cells that had not been CRISPR’d. That translated into healthier eyes, with treated mice having five or six rows of photoreceptors compared with three or four in untreated mice. (The mice were not tested for eyesight, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"sdpN9QvSR4CNAVKzz3djOr9Ogv4R5axT\"]As always with CRISPR, there is a danger of editing unintended regions of DNA. The scientists checked potential “off target” sites; nine were fine, and one was inadvertently edited in 3 percent of treated cells, though with no apparent ill effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nice work,” said biologist Tara Moore of Ulster University, who is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16279-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developing\u003c/a> allele-specific CRISPR editing for eye diseases. Exploiting DNA’s tiny mile markers, the PAMs, offers the best shot at allele-specific editing, she said: “Otherwise it’s “a challenge,” and the chance of hitting the disease-causing DNA but sparing the healthy copy “is low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mouse study raises hopes that allele-specific editing might work not only for the mutation in retinitis pigmentosa but also “for most, if not all, human dominant alleles,” the scientists wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu said she was not permitted to speak to reporters about the paper until The CRISPR Journal published it. The study was also funded by the National Institutes of Health and Mass. General.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/02/crispr-blindness-retinitis-pigmentosa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists say new CRISPR method could one day treat other diseases involving a single mutated allele.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1517935014,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":1004},"headData":{"title":"New CRISPR Method Targeting Blindness In Mice Could Treat Hundreds Of Inherited Diseases | KQED","description":"Scientists say new CRISPR method could one day treat other diseases involving a single mutated allele.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New CRISPR Method Targeting Blindness In Mice Could Treat Hundreds Of Inherited Diseases","datePublished":"2018-02-05T21:17:13.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-06T16:36:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439177 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439177","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/05/new-crispr-method-targeting-blindness-in-mice-could-one-day-treat-hundreds-of-diseases/","disqusTitle":"New CRISPR Method Targeting Blindness In Mice Could Treat Hundreds Of Inherited Diseases","nprByline":"Sharon Begley\u003c/BR>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/\">STAT\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>","path":"/futureofyou/439177/new-crispr-method-targeting-blindness-in-mice-could-one-day-treat-hundreds-of-diseases","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>It might seem that scientists have never met a chunk of DNA they couldn’t edit in mice or isolated cells using\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR\u003cstrong> —\u003c/strong> from mutations causing \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25164\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">deafness\u003c/a> to those for \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/eaap9004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Duchenne muscular dystrophy.\u003c/a> In fact, they are learning what every pencil- or Word-wielding editor knows: It’s much easier to improve something that’s in terrible shape than writing that’s near perfect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In genome-editing, the challenge for CRISPR-wielding scientists is to edit only one of the two copies, or alleles, of every gene that people have, repairing the ever-so-slightly broken one and leaving the healthy one alone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, in one of the first research papers scheduled for publication in the first journal dedicated to research on CRISPR, scientists in Boston \u003ca href=\"https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2018/01/29/197962\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">report\u003c/a> “allele specific” editing of a gene that, when mutated, destroys the eye’s photoreceptors and causes the form of blindness called retinitis pigmentosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The achievement might one day help people with retinitis pigmentosa, which affects about 100,000 people in the U.S. But its greater significance is as a proof-of-concept. The hope is that the same trick might work in the hundreds of diseases, including Huntington’s disease and Marfan syndrome, where inheriting a single mutated gene (from mom \u003cem>or\u003c/em> dad) is enough to cause problems despite the presence of a healthy copy, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You want to target only the mutant allele without messing up the healthy one,” said Linzhao Cheng, of Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, who is \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4351458/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developing\u003c/a> allele-specific techniques for blood disorders. “But the alleles might differ in only one nucleotide,” one of the molecular “letters” that spell out the genetic code. “That makes allele-specific editing probably the most challenging situation for CRISPR.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Boston scientists, led by Dr. Qin Liu of the Ocular Genomics Institute at Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, aimed to remove the misspelled copy of the gene for rhodopsin, which makes up the rods (of rods and cones fame) in the eye. The misspelling consisted of a single wrong nucleotide. That seemingly minor glitch, called P23H, is enough to produce a rogue rhodopsin that is toxic to the healthy rhodopsins produced by the healthy copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It just kills the photoreceptors,” said Dr. Stephen Rose, chief research officer at the Foundation Fighting Blindness, which helped fund Liu’s research. “But what if you could repair that one mutation and turn it back to the normal form? That’s the holy grail, to wave a magic wand and change a single wrong nucleotide to the right one.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“You want to target only the mutant allele without messing up the healthy one.”\u003ccite>Linzhao Cheng, Johns Hopkins University.\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>That’s what Liu and her colleagues report doing in the paper to be published in\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003ca href=\"http://online.liebertpub.com/toc/crispr/0/0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The CRISPR Journal\u003c/a>, whose first issue is due this month. They built standard CRISPR molecules: a target-finding molecule called a guide RNA and a snip-the-nucleotide enzyme, in this case a version of Cas9. They injected their CRISPR molecules under the retinas of days-old mice bred to have one good rhodopsin gene and one mutated copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editing flopped. The target-finding molecule couldn’t tell the healthy gene from the one-letter-off copy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back at the drawing board, the scientists, who included Editas Medicine co-founder J. Keith Joung of Massachusetts General Hospital, created target-finding molecules that looked for shorter regions of DNA, hoping to avoid editing the healthy gene. That produced better results: Cas9 edited only the mutant allele. But it did so in very few of the cells. As long as there is a lot of mutant rhodopsin compared to healthy rhodopsin, the mutant proteins will kill the eyes’ rods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The third time was the charm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to using the short target-finding molecules, the scientists also tweaked Cas9 so it made a beeline for tiny DNA mile markers (called PAMs). The mile markers nearest the disease-causing allele are, luckily, different from those near the healthy one. Including the go-to-PAM instruction in their CRISPR produced accurate editing and a lot of it: There were nearly three times as many healthy rhodopsin molecules as mutant ones, compared to similar numbers of healthy and mutant rhodopsin in cells that had not been CRISPR’d. That translated into healthier eyes, with treated mice having five or six rows of photoreceptors compared with three or four in untreated mice. (The mice were not tested for eyesight, however.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>As always with CRISPR, there is a danger of editing unintended regions of DNA. The scientists checked potential “off target” sites; nine were fine, and one was inadvertently edited in 3 percent of treated cells, though with no apparent ill effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s nice work,” said biologist Tara Moore of Ulster University, who is \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-16279-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">developing\u003c/a> allele-specific CRISPR editing for eye diseases. Exploiting DNA’s tiny mile markers, the PAMs, offers the best shot at allele-specific editing, she said: “Otherwise it’s “a challenge,” and the chance of hitting the disease-causing DNA but sparing the healthy copy “is low.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mouse study raises hopes that allele-specific editing might work not only for the mutation in retinitis pigmentosa but also “for most, if not all, human dominant alleles,” the scientists wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Liu said she was not permitted to speak to reporters about the paper until The CRISPR Journal published it. The study was also funded by the National Institutes of Health and Mass. General.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This \u003ca href=\"https://www.statnews.com/2018/02/02/crispr-blindness-retinitis-pigmentosa/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">story\u003c/a> was originally published by STAT, an online publication of Boston Globe Media that covers health, medicine, and scientific discovery.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439177/new-crispr-method-targeting-blindness-in-mice-could-one-day-treat-hundreds-of-diseases","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439177"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_94","futureofyou_17","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_23","futureofyou_271"],"collections":["futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439182","label":"futureofyou_1094"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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