CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley
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filing image","publishDate":1452751519,"status":"inherit","parent":94302,"modified":1452790455,"caption":"Though the Broad Institute and the University of California Berkeley both filed patents for CRISPR-Cas9, the Broad's expedited application was approved while Berkeley's was still pending.","credit":"Liebrecht 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One day it could cut out and replace the tiny bit of mutant genetic material that contributes to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.'\u003ccite>Mildred Cho, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The process could yield new therapies for certain cancers or genetic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, billions of dollars are at stake that could flow either to UC Berkeley or to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\">Broad Institute\u003c/a> (rhymes with \"road\") in Cambridge, Mass., jointly owned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvard.edu/\">Harvard University\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) agreed this week to resolve the competing claims for the discovery of the revolutionary tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the office declared an interference, recognizing a conflict between \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/patents/US8697359\">patent rights granted\u003c/a> to the Broad Institute and rights claimed by a pending \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> patent application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoever gets the patent will be an important player in university research and the future of medicine, because that institution will set the terms for how the technology is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the case also raises serious questions about the ethics surrounding sole ownership of a life-saving device or technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>PATENT FILING TIMELINE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-invent” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>September 16, 2011:\u003c/strong> Leahy-Smith America Invents Act signed into law\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>May 25, 2012:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>December 12, 2012:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 15, 2013:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley files a completed patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 16, 2013:\u003c/strong> The Act goes into effect\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-file” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>October 13, 2013:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute files an expedited patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Tricky Timeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute were working on CRISPR simultaneously. Biologists Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier led Berkeley's research. Synthetic biologist Feng Zhang led research at Broad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each institution filed patent claims—UC Berkeley filed first—and while they were filing, the U.S. changed the terms of how it awards patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2013, the U.S. operated under a \"first to invent\" rule: whomever developed the invention first was awarded the patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leahy-Smith_America_Invents_Act\">Leahy-Smith America Invents Act\u003c/a> took effect in March 2013, a “first-to-file” system became law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang's team filed after the \"first-to-file\" rule was enacted and paid extra to have its application expedited. The average wait time for patent approval is three years but an expedited patent application takes around a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while UC Berkeley's application was under review the USPTO approved Zhang's application, even though it was submitted later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, having granted an interference, the USPTO will determine which team was the first to invent the gene-editing technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each side will have to prove, via notes and lab records, that it was the first inventor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Doudna's team wins, all 13 of the Broad's CRISPR patents will be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billions Riding on One Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many companies are \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/patent-battle-brews-celgene-leads-64m-raise-crispr-therapeutics/2015-04-28\">already making money off CRISPR\u003c/a>. Startups that use the tool, like \u003ca href=\"http://crisprtx.com/\">CRISPR Therapeutics\u003c/a>, have raised millions in venture capital funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121794\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-121794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \" width=\"331\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg 405w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption-400x444.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \u003ccite>(David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Editas Medicine in Cambridge, which uses CRISPR to develop novel drugs, filed to go public late last year and set its initial public offering at $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This patent is potentially worth billions of dollars,\" says Stanford University bioethicist \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/mildred-cho\">Mildred Cho\u003c/a>. \"Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts caution that the patent for CRISPR-Cas9 is just one of many possible CRISPR patents. Cas9 is an enzyme used in the gene-editing technique, and there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v9/n6/abs/nrmicro2577.html\" target=\"_blank\">many enzymes\u003c/a> that could be used. How lucrative any one patent is depends on how broadly or narrowly it's written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the patent is awarded, a lot rides on how the patent is enforced. Cho says the patent holder may encourage other groups to use the technology for a small fee or it could assert its monopoly ownership and charge exorbitant fees for its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Universities across the country are watching this case, says New York Law School Associate Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jake Sherkow\u003c/a>, both for what it will tell them about their own abilities to pursue similar research, or file for lucrative patent claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Other universities may be more aggressive about pursuing patents because of this case,\" Sherkow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even bigger than this is the ethical question, according to Cho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should Life-Saving Health Tools Be Patented?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"W3NFPgf5ldgwcoylE8W7c9dtbvsSZL94\"]\"If this biotech is going to cure previously incurable diseases through altering DNA, do we allow patent holders to collect royalties and if so how much?\" Cho asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Should they even be allowed to have those patents at all?\" she continues. \"Should we have the same considerations for patents used for health purposes as other types of patents that apply to phones and cars?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The victor won't be announced in 2016. Sherkow says the trial will take years. It could go all the way to the Supreme Court, but he says that's not likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The chances of it going to the Supreme Court are only slightly better than the Powerball we had [this week],” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three members of the Patent Appeals and Interferences Board will start discussing the case on March 9.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"This week, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said it would review conflicting claims for a revolutionary gene-editing technique, known as CRISPR–Cas9.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1458627617,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":993},"headData":{"title":"CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley | KQED","description":"This week, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office said it would review conflicting claims for a revolutionary gene-editing technique, known as CRISPR–Cas9.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley","datePublished":"2016-01-15T08:04:09.000Z","dateModified":"2016-03-22T06:20:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"94302 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=94302","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/01/15/crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley/","disqusTitle":"CRISPR Patent War: Billions at Stake for UC Berkeley","source":"Big Ideas","path":"/futureofyou/94302/crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>This isn't an everyday patent dispute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is a battle for who invented the powerful gene-editing technique that Science magazine named the Breakthrough of the Year for 2015: CRISPR-Cas9.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>CRISPR is like \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/30/a-crispr-solution-to-bubble-boy-disease/\" target=\"_blank\">a molecular scalpel\u003c/a> that uses the enzyme Cas9 to locate and snip out bits of DNA. One day it could cut out and replace the tiny bit of mutant genetic material that contributes to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.'\u003ccite>Mildred Cho, Stanford University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The process could yield new therapies for certain cancers or genetic disorders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Potentially, billions of dollars are at stake that could flow either to UC Berkeley or to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.broadinstitute.org/\">Broad Institute\u003c/a> (rhymes with \"road\") in Cambridge, Mass., jointly owned by \u003ca href=\"http://www.harvard.edu/\">Harvard University\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/\">Massachusetts Institute of Technology\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) agreed this week to resolve the competing claims for the discovery of the revolutionary tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, the office declared an interference, recognizing a conflict between \u003ca href=\"http://www.google.com/patents/US8697359\">patent rights granted\u003c/a> to the Broad Institute and rights claimed by a pending \u003ca href=\"http://www.berkeley.edu/\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> patent application.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoever gets the patent will be an important player in university research and the future of medicine, because that institution will set the terms for how the technology is used.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the case also raises serious questions about the ethics surrounding sole ownership of a life-saving device or technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch2>PATENT FILING TIMELINE\u003c/h2>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-invent” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>September 16, 2011:\u003c/strong> Leahy-Smith America Invents Act signed into law\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>May 25, 2012:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>December 12, 2012:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute submits a provisional patent claim\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 15, 2013:\u003c/strong> UC Berkeley files a completed patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>March 16, 2013:\u003c/strong> The Act goes into effect\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cem>“First-to-file” system in place\u003c/em>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003cstrong>October 13, 2013:\u003c/strong> Broad Institute files an expedited patent application\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Tricky Timeline\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists at UC Berkeley and the Broad Institute were working on CRISPR simultaneously. Biologists Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier led Berkeley's research. Synthetic biologist Feng Zhang led research at Broad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each institution filed patent claims—UC Berkeley filed first—and while they were filing, the U.S. changed the terms of how it awards patents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before 2013, the U.S. operated under a \"first to invent\" rule: whomever developed the invention first was awarded the patent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leahy-Smith_America_Invents_Act\">Leahy-Smith America Invents Act\u003c/a> took effect in March 2013, a “first-to-file” system became law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhang's team filed after the \"first-to-file\" rule was enacted and paid extra to have its application expedited. The average wait time for patent approval is three years but an expedited patent application takes around a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So while UC Berkeley's application was under review the USPTO approved Zhang's application, even though it was submitted later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, having granted an interference, the USPTO will determine which team was the first to invent the gene-editing technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each side will have to prove, via notes and lab records, that it was the first inventor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Doudna's team wins, all 13 of the Broad's CRISPR patents will be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Billions Riding on One Decision\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many companies are \u003ca href=\"http://www.fiercebiotech.com/story/patent-battle-brews-celgene-leads-64m-raise-crispr-therapeutics/2015-04-28\">already making money off CRISPR\u003c/a>. Startups that use the tool, like \u003ca href=\"http://crisprtx.com/\">CRISPR Therapeutics\u003c/a>, have raised millions in venture capital funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_121794\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 331px\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-121794\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \" width=\"331\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption.jpg 405w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/01/CRISPR-DNA_no-caption-400x444.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, in gold, at selected sites, as seen in this model from electron microscope images. \u003ccite>(David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Editas Medicine in Cambridge, which uses CRISPR to develop novel drugs, filed to go public late last year and set its initial public offering at $100 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This patent is potentially worth billions of dollars,\" says Stanford University bioethicist \u003ca href=\"https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/mildred-cho\">Mildred Cho\u003c/a>. \"Whoever has a patent on this could charge as much in royalties as they want and can set their price because they now have a monopoly.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some experts caution that the patent for CRISPR-Cas9 is just one of many possible CRISPR patents. Cas9 is an enzyme used in the gene-editing technique, and there are \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v9/n6/abs/nrmicro2577.html\" target=\"_blank\">many enzymes\u003c/a> that could be used. How lucrative any one patent is depends on how broadly or narrowly it's written.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the patent is awarded, a lot rides on how the patent is enforced. Cho says the patent holder may encourage other groups to use the technology for a small fee or it could assert its monopoly ownership and charge exorbitant fees for its use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Universities across the country are watching this case, says New York Law School Associate Professor \u003ca href=\"http://www.nyls.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/faculty_profiles/jacob-s-sherkow/\">Jake Sherkow\u003c/a>, both for what it will tell them about their own abilities to pursue similar research, or file for lucrative patent claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Other universities may be more aggressive about pursuing patents because of this case,\" Sherkow says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But even bigger than this is the ethical question, according to Cho.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Should Life-Saving Health Tools Be Patented?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\"If this biotech is going to cure previously incurable diseases through altering DNA, do we allow patent holders to collect royalties and if so how much?\" Cho asks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Should they even be allowed to have those patents at all?\" she continues. \"Should we have the same considerations for patents used for health purposes as other types of patents that apply to phones and cars?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The victor won't be announced in 2016. Sherkow says the trial will take years. It could go all the way to the Supreme Court, but he says that's not likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The chances of it going to the Supreme Court are only slightly better than the Powerball we had [this week],” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three members of the Patent Appeals and Interferences Board will start discussing the case on March 9.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/94302/crispr-patent-war-billions-at-stake-for-uc-berkeley","authors":["5432"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_647","futureofyou_94","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_709","futureofyou_702"],"featImg":"futureofyou_97441","label":"source_futureofyou_94302"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. 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Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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