Marines Who Fired Rocket Launchers Now Worry About Their Brains
New Drugs Could Prevent Migraine Headaches For Some People
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Two Marines who used to fired rocket launchers think they already know.","publishDate":1532621210,"status":"inherit","parent":443616,"modified":1532621314,"caption":null,"credit":"Sarah Gonzales for NPR","description":"Can troops sustain brain injuries from firing certain powerful weapons? 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And the blast wave from the weapon is so powerful it feels like a whole-body punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's exhilarating,\" says Chris's buddy Daniel, a former gunner in the Marine Corps who asked that we not use his last name. \"When you feel a concussive wave, it's an awesome thing. It fills you with awe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also may do bad things to your brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that troops who repeatedly fire powerful, shoulder-launched weapons can \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/acn/article/31/6/622/2236746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experience short-term problems with memory and thinking\u003c/a>. They may also feel nauseated, fatigued and dizzy. In short, they have symptoms like \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">those of a concussion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's still not clear whether firing these weapons can lead to long-term brain damage. But Chris and Daniel suspect that, for them, it may have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While in the Marines, Daniel and Chris spent two years in the late 1990s firing a rocket launcher called the shoulder-launched multipurpose assault weapon, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/smaw.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SMAW\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were a team. Chris loaded the rockets. Daniel pulled the trigger. Then they would switch places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And together, they fired hundreds of rounds in training exercises around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's me and Daniel at the base of Mount Fuji, posing for a picture with our SMAW,\" Chris says as he leafs through an album of photographs Daniel put together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SMAW is one of several modern weapons light enough for one person to carry but powerful enough to blow up a tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel and Chris say they felt like their brains had been rattled every time they fired the SMAW. And they fired it a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chris and I were incredibly good shots,\" Daniel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We never missed,\" Chris adds. \"We were always selected by our sergeant and our leaders to do the firing because they wanted to see the explosion, you know, they wanted to see the target get hit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the two men fired the SMAW again and again, some of the thrill began to fade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every shot \"felt like the world was caving in on you,\" Chris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military limits the number of times troops can fire heavy weapons like the SMAW in a single day. But the limits are based on concern about hearing loss, not brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 20 years ago, safety wasn't taken very seriously, Daniel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remember they were saying you're only allowed to shoot three of these things a day because it's, like, really bad for you,\" he says. \"And then I would shoot three and then you [Chris] would shoot three. And then the guys 10 feet from us would shoot six and then the other team would shoot six.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris had a lot of headaches, and sometimes couldn't think straight after a day on the range. \"You feel odd and you feel out of place and you feel exhausted and tired,\" he says. \"But, you know, you're a Marine and you learn to put it away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until you can't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Daniel, that happened during a joint training exercise in Malaysia. Their platoon was still setting up, Chris says, \"and all of sudden out of nowhere: Boom!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malaysian troops just a few feet away had fired an antitank weapon called the \u003ca href=\"https://saab.com/land/weapon-systems/support-weapons/at4/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AT4\u003c/a>. The blast wave hit Daniel hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was, like, absolutely dizzy,\" Daniel says. \"I was absolutely disjointed. I felt nauseous, like I really felt like I needed to throw up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Daniel told his sergeant. \"And it was just: 'Shut your face. Are you complaining? Why is everyone else OK and you're not?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blast Injuries Overlooked\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, in the 1990s, the military pretty much assumed a fighter's brain was fine unless there was some external sign of injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was because, at the time, no one really understood how an invisible blast wave could damage the brain without leaving a mark, says Tracie Lattimore, who directs the Army's traumatic brain injury program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The science wasn't up to speed,\" she says. \"It just didn't exist.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since 2007, Lattimore says, the Department of Defense has spent about a billion dollars studying traumatic brain injuries, including those caused by blast exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, the research focused on bomb blasts, especially those from the improvised explosive devices that had become common in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, Lattimore says, the military's research has expanded beyond IEDs to include the effects of blasts from weapons like the one Chris and Daniel shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you talk to us in a year from now, I think we're going to have exponential growth in our knowledge coming out of these current studies and our future studies,\" Lattimore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, that could help the hundreds of thousands of veterans who have fired these weapons in the past couple of decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But right now, people like Daniel and Chris have no way to know whether firing heavy weapons could have affected their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris wonders whether all those blasts might be the reason he once landed in a military hospital for two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened after a weeklong training exercise in the California desert near Twentynine Palms. Thousands of troops took part and Daniel and Chris fired lots and lots of rockets. They also set off lots of explosives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days after the exercise ended, Daniel noticed that Chris was awake in the middle of the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He just got up and started walking out of the room in his stinking underwear,\" Daniel says. \"And I was like, 'Hey Chris, what's going on?' And he was just kind of like looking through me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't remember it,\" Chris says. \"But I know that they put me in the hospital and thought I had spinal meningitis or something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn't. And the doctors never pinpointed another cause. They clearly thought something was wrong with his brain. But at the time, no one would have thought to ask whether the problem was caused by the weapons Chris had fired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris's military career ended one morning when his platoon left on a bus and he didn't get on it. Ultimately, he got a bad conduct discharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been nearly two decades since Chris and Daniel fired the SMAW.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They've both settled in Northern California, which is where they grew up. And they both have symptoms that could be from a brain injury — or something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris has lots of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why does this hurt on my body? Why do I feel lost? Why can't I concentrate on stuff as long [as I used to]?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris also has trouble controlling his emotions, something he says wasn't a problem before his military service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Daniel, it's his memory that's the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I used to be photographic. Now I'm forgetful,\" he says. \"I'm 40, that's ... I don't know, man. Maybe I'm getting old.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Chris and Daniel have problems with balance and orientation. For Daniel it can happen when he turns his head quickly or stumbles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I lose my spatial orientation,\" he says. \"I don't know where I am. Vision gets blurrier. Even sound is kind of muffled.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are common symptoms of damage to the brain's \u003ca href=\"https://vestibular.org/understanding-vestibular-disorder/human-balance-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vestibular system\u003c/a>, something that affects many people who have experienced a traumatic brain injury from a bomb blast or blow to the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uncertain Coverage \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Daniel and Chris were never in combat and never were injured in any obvious way during training. That means it's not clear whether they are entitled to care from doctors and hospitals run by the Department of Veterans Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris has never tried to get care from the VA. But Daniel has. And he learned that the VA doesn't have an obvious category for people like him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel had never connected his symptoms with his time as a Marine until he heard a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/20/506146595/pentagon-shelves-blast-gauges-meant-to-detect-battlefield-brain-injuries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radio story\u003c/a> on NPR suggesting that certain military weapons might be powerful enough to give the shooter a traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I went back to the VA and I said I want to be tested for TBI,\" he says. \"And they said great.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They handed him a questionnaire. The first question asked where he had been in combat. But he hadn't been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second question asked: \"Were you hit by an IED?\" Daniel says it went on: \"Was it a grenade explosion? Was a bomb dropped too close to you?\" So I couldn't actually answer the questionnaire.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All he'd done was fire a rocket launcher in training exercises, over and over and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>VA doctors see quite a few veterans like Daniel, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtondc.va.gov/management/index.asp?cx=1&key=15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Joel Scholten\u003c/a>, who's in charge of physical medicine and rehabilitation for the VA. He says the conversation usually goes like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While I was training we fired a certain type of weapon. I felt dizzy or had some ringing in my ears after that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Scholten asks if the veteran was ever near a bomb blast or took a blow to the head. Many say yes. And for them, VA guidelines call for a full examination for traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for veterans like Daniel, coverage is uncertain. That's because there still isn't clear evidence that training with heavy weapons can cause long-term problems with things like memory, thinking and balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These symptoms are what we call nonspecific,\" Scholten says. \"So they're not unique to traumatic brain injury, and in fact there is no symptom that happens only with traumatic brain injury or concussion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a medical perspective, the lack of a box to tick is not a big deal. Treatments usually focus on improving a patient's symptoms, regardless of the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For instance, someone with cognitive or concentration impairments, we would focus our therapy on how to improve concentration,\" Scholten says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But paying for therapy is another matter. The VA gives priority to veterans whose medical problems can be linked to their service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since military scientists still aren't sure whether firing a powerful weapon can have long-term effects, Daniel says the VA is sending him the bill. He's being asked to pay out of pocket for high-tech brain scans and other tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love the VA,\" Daniel says. \"I have nothing bad to say about the VA. The individuals there get it. They really do. But their hands are typically tied by their process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://blastinjuryresearch.amedd.army.mil/index.cfm/sos/neurological_effects_of_repeated_exposure\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> now underway should help clear up whether people like Daniel could have been harmed by the weapons they fired, Scholten says. And the results of those studies will be used to update the VA's guidelines on who gets checked out for a traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the next iteration, will we or should we expand to include training exposures?\" Scholten says. \"Possibly so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they do, it could mean evaluating the brains of tens of thousands of veterans who trained with weapons like the one Daniel shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact Jon Hamilton at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:jhamilton@npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>jhamilton@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Marines+Who+Fired+Rocket+Launchers+Now+Worry+About+Their+Brains+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The military is trying to figure out whether troops can sustain brain injuries from firing certain powerful weapons. Two Marines who used to shoot these weapons think they already know.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1532621576,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":78,"wordCount":1929},"headData":{"title":"Marines Who Fired Rocket Launchers Now Worry About Their Brains | KQED","description":"The military is trying to figure out whether troops can sustain brain injuries from firing certain powerful weapons. Two Marines who used to shoot these weapons think they already know.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Marines Who Fired Rocket Launchers Now Worry About Their Brains","datePublished":"2018-07-26T18:00:46.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-26T16:12:56.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"443616 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=443616","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/07/26/marines-who-fired-rocket-launchers-now-worry-about-their-brains/","disqusTitle":"Marines Who Fired Rocket Launchers Now Worry About Their Brains","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Sarah Gonzales for NPR","nprStoryId":"632243103","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=632243103&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/25/632243103/marines-who-fired-rocket-launchers-now-worry-about-their-brains?ft=nprml&f=632243103","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 25 Jul 2018 23:41:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 25 Jul 2018 12:47:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 25 Jul 2018 23:41:33 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/07/20180725_atc_marines_who_fired_rocket_launchers_now_worry_about_their_brains_.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=433&p=2&story=632243103&ft=nprml&f=632243103","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1632411345-1c0e90.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=433&p=2&story=632243103&ft=nprml&f=632243103","audioTrackLength":434,"path":"/futureofyou/443616/marines-who-fired-rocket-launchers-now-worry-about-their-brains","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/07/20180725_atc_marines_who_fired_rocket_launchers_now_worry_about_their_brains_.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=433&p=2&story=632243103&ft=nprml&f=632243103","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chris Ferrari was just 18 the first time he balanced a rocket launcher on his right shoulder and aimed it at a practice target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Your adrenaline's going and you're trying to focus on getting that round to hit, and then you go to squeeze that trigger and, you know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Boom!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report is loud enough to burst the eardrums of anyone not wearing military-grade hearing protection. And the blast wave from the weapon is so powerful it feels like a whole-body punch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's exhilarating,\" says Chris's buddy Daniel, a former gunner in the Marine Corps who asked that we not use his last name. \"When you feel a concussive wave, it's an awesome thing. It fills you with awe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also may do bad things to your brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Studies show that troops who repeatedly fire powerful, shoulder-launched weapons can \u003ca href=\"https://academic.oup.com/acn/article/31/6/622/2236746\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">experience short-term problems with memory and thinking\u003c/a>. They may also feel nauseated, fatigued and dizzy. In short, they have symptoms like \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24901327\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">those of a concussion\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's still not clear whether firing these weapons can lead to long-term brain damage. But Chris and Daniel suspect that, for them, it may have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While in the Marines, Daniel and Chris spent two years in the late 1990s firing a rocket launcher called the shoulder-launched multipurpose assault weapon, or \u003ca href=\"https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/smaw.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SMAW\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were a team. Chris loaded the rockets. Daniel pulled the trigger. Then they would switch places.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And together, they fired hundreds of rounds in training exercises around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's me and Daniel at the base of Mount Fuji, posing for a picture with our SMAW,\" Chris says as he leafs through an album of photographs Daniel put together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SMAW is one of several modern weapons light enough for one person to carry but powerful enough to blow up a tank.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel and Chris say they felt like their brains had been rattled every time they fired the SMAW. And they fired it a lot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Chris and I were incredibly good shots,\" Daniel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We never missed,\" Chris adds. \"We were always selected by our sergeant and our leaders to do the firing because they wanted to see the explosion, you know, they wanted to see the target get hit.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the two men fired the SMAW again and again, some of the thrill began to fade.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every shot \"felt like the world was caving in on you,\" Chris says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. military limits the number of times troops can fire heavy weapons like the SMAW in a single day. But the limits are based on concern about hearing loss, not brain damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And 20 years ago, safety wasn't taken very seriously, Daniel says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I remember they were saying you're only allowed to shoot three of these things a day because it's, like, really bad for you,\" he says. \"And then I would shoot three and then you [Chris] would shoot three. And then the guys 10 feet from us would shoot six and then the other team would shoot six.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris had a lot of headaches, and sometimes couldn't think straight after a day on the range. \"You feel odd and you feel out of place and you feel exhausted and tired,\" he says. \"But, you know, you're a Marine and you learn to put it away.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until you can't.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Daniel, that happened during a joint training exercise in Malaysia. Their platoon was still setting up, Chris says, \"and all of sudden out of nowhere: Boom!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Malaysian troops just a few feet away had fired an antitank weapon called the \u003ca href=\"https://saab.com/land/weapon-systems/support-weapons/at4/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AT4\u003c/a>. The blast wave hit Daniel hard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was, like, absolutely dizzy,\" Daniel says. \"I was absolutely disjointed. I felt nauseous, like I really felt like I needed to throw up.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Daniel told his sergeant. \"And it was just: 'Shut your face. Are you complaining? Why is everyone else OK and you're not?' \"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Blast Injuries Overlooked\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, in the 1990s, the military pretty much assumed a fighter's brain was fine unless there was some external sign of injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was because, at the time, no one really understood how an invisible blast wave could damage the brain without leaving a mark, says Tracie Lattimore, who directs the Army's traumatic brain injury program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The science wasn't up to speed,\" she says. \"It just didn't exist.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But since 2007, Lattimore says, the Department of Defense has spent about a billion dollars studying traumatic brain injuries, including those caused by blast exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, the research focused on bomb blasts, especially those from the improvised explosive devices that had become common in Iraq and Afghanistan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But over time, Lattimore says, the military's research has expanded beyond IEDs to include the effects of blasts from weapons like the one Chris and Daniel shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you talk to us in a year from now, I think we're going to have exponential growth in our knowledge coming out of these current studies and our future studies,\" Lattimore says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, that could help the hundreds of thousands of veterans who have fired these weapons in the past couple of decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But right now, people like Daniel and Chris have no way to know whether firing heavy weapons could have affected their brains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris wonders whether all those blasts might be the reason he once landed in a military hospital for two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It happened after a weeklong training exercise in the California desert near Twentynine Palms. Thousands of troops took part and Daniel and Chris fired lots and lots of rockets. They also set off lots of explosives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several days after the exercise ended, Daniel noticed that Chris was awake in the middle of the night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"He just got up and started walking out of the room in his stinking underwear,\" Daniel says. \"And I was like, 'Hey Chris, what's going on?' And he was just kind of like looking through me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I don't remember it,\" Chris says. \"But I know that they put me in the hospital and thought I had spinal meningitis or something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He didn't. And the doctors never pinpointed another cause. They clearly thought something was wrong with his brain. But at the time, no one would have thought to ask whether the problem was caused by the weapons Chris had fired.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris's military career ended one morning when his platoon left on a bus and he didn't get on it. Ultimately, he got a bad conduct discharge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been nearly two decades since Chris and Daniel fired the SMAW.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They've both settled in Northern California, which is where they grew up. And they both have symptoms that could be from a brain injury — or something else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris has lots of questions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Why does this hurt on my body? Why do I feel lost? Why can't I concentrate on stuff as long [as I used to]?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris also has trouble controlling his emotions, something he says wasn't a problem before his military service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Daniel, it's his memory that's the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I used to be photographic. Now I'm forgetful,\" he says. \"I'm 40, that's ... I don't know, man. Maybe I'm getting old.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Chris and Daniel have problems with balance and orientation. For Daniel it can happen when he turns his head quickly or stumbles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I lose my spatial orientation,\" he says. \"I don't know where I am. Vision gets blurrier. Even sound is kind of muffled.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are common symptoms of damage to the brain's \u003ca href=\"https://vestibular.org/understanding-vestibular-disorder/human-balance-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vestibular system\u003c/a>, something that affects many people who have experienced a traumatic brain injury from a bomb blast or blow to the head.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Uncertain Coverage \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Daniel and Chris were never in combat and never were injured in any obvious way during training. That means it's not clear whether they are entitled to care from doctors and hospitals run by the Department of Veterans Affairs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chris has never tried to get care from the VA. But Daniel has. And he learned that the VA doesn't have an obvious category for people like him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel had never connected his symptoms with his time as a Marine until he heard a \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2016/12/20/506146595/pentagon-shelves-blast-gauges-meant-to-detect-battlefield-brain-injuries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">radio story\u003c/a> on NPR suggesting that certain military weapons might be powerful enough to give the shooter a traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I went back to the VA and I said I want to be tested for TBI,\" he says. \"And they said great.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They handed him a questionnaire. The first question asked where he had been in combat. But he hadn't been.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second question asked: \"Were you hit by an IED?\" Daniel says it went on: \"Was it a grenade explosion? Was a bomb dropped too close to you?\" So I couldn't actually answer the questionnaire.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All he'd done was fire a rocket launcher in training exercises, over and over and over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>VA doctors see quite a few veterans like Daniel, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtondc.va.gov/management/index.asp?cx=1&key=15\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dr. Joel Scholten\u003c/a>, who's in charge of physical medicine and rehabilitation for the VA. He says the conversation usually goes like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"While I was training we fired a certain type of weapon. I felt dizzy or had some ringing in my ears after that.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then Scholten asks if the veteran was ever near a bomb blast or took a blow to the head. Many say yes. And for them, VA guidelines call for a full examination for traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for veterans like Daniel, coverage is uncertain. That's because there still isn't clear evidence that training with heavy weapons can cause long-term problems with things like memory, thinking and balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These symptoms are what we call nonspecific,\" Scholten says. \"So they're not unique to traumatic brain injury, and in fact there is no symptom that happens only with traumatic brain injury or concussion.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From a medical perspective, the lack of a box to tick is not a big deal. Treatments usually focus on improving a patient's symptoms, regardless of the cause.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For instance, someone with cognitive or concentration impairments, we would focus our therapy on how to improve concentration,\" Scholten says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But paying for therapy is another matter. The VA gives priority to veterans whose medical problems can be linked to their service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And since military scientists still aren't sure whether firing a powerful weapon can have long-term effects, Daniel says the VA is sending him the bill. He's being asked to pay out of pocket for high-tech brain scans and other tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I love the VA,\" Daniel says. \"I have nothing bad to say about the VA. The individuals there get it. They really do. But their hands are typically tied by their process.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://blastinjuryresearch.amedd.army.mil/index.cfm/sos/neurological_effects_of_repeated_exposure\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Studies\u003c/a> now underway should help clear up whether people like Daniel could have been harmed by the weapons they fired, Scholten says. And the results of those studies will be used to update the VA's guidelines on who gets checked out for a traumatic brain injury.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the next iteration, will we or should we expand to include training exposures?\" Scholten says. \"Possibly so.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If they do, it could mean evaluating the brains of tens of thousands of veterans who trained with weapons like the one Daniel shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You can contact Jon Hamilton at \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"mailto:jhamilton@npr.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cem>jhamilton@npr.org\u003c/em>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Marines+Who+Fired+Rocket+Launchers+Now+Worry+About+Their+Brains+&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/443616/marines-who-fired-rocket-launchers-now-worry-about-their-brains","authors":["byline_futureofyou_443616"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_1413","futureofyou_1358","futureofyou_141","futureofyou_1408","futureofyou_61","futureofyou_1047"],"featImg":"futureofyou_443617","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_437411":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_437411","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"437411","score":null,"sort":[1512414337000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-drugs-could-prevent-migraine-headaches-for-some-people","title":"New Drugs Could Prevent Migraine Headaches For Some People","publishDate":1512414337,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>People who experience frequent migraines may soon have access to a new class of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a pair of large studies, two drugs that tweak brain circuits involved in migraine each showed they could reduce the frequency of attacks without causing side effects, researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1712559\">report\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They offer the first migraine treatment that's actually aimed at the disorder,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ion/synaptopathies/PI/goadsby\">Peter Goadsby\u003c/a>, an author of one of the studies and a professor of neurology at King's College in London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"6O2VXtRGuux5BtAqwkGgFiJitAbr9nte\"]Current migraine prevention treatments consist primarily of drugs designed to treat high blood pressure, epilepsy and depression. \"We give [patients] a choice between a beta blocker where they'll feel tired, or we tell them they can go on an antidepressant, which will make them sleepy and put on weight,\" Goadsby says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new drugs use special antibodies to dampen a system in the brain that modulates pain. The effect is a bit like soundproofing, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.jefferson.edu/university/jmc/departments/neurology/programs/headache.html\">Stephen Silberstein\u003c/a>, a study author and director of the Jefferson Headache Center in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have a kid next door making a lot of noise, you put in soundproofing and all of a sudden you're quiet,\" Silberstein says. \"That's what the antibodies do. They prevent the noise from aggravating the system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to prevent the full range of migraine symptoms including headache, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silberstein's study gave monthly or quarterly injections of an antibody called fremanezumab to more than 700 patients who have chronic migraines. \"These patients are having almost daily attacks and they're greatly impaired by it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half the people who got the drug experienced fewer migraine attacks. And in some people the attacks all but vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Goadsby's study, a different antibody called erenumab produced similar results in patients who had up to 14 migraines a month. Neither drug appeared to cause more side effects than a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest a brighter future for migraine patients, who have had quite limited options until now, Goadsby says. \"I hope it shows patients that this is not an impossible problem. It's a tractable problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the drugs did not work for everyone, and their effectiveness was aided by a powerful placebo effect, says Andrew Hershey, who directs the headache center at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. Even people who got the placebo saw migraine attacks drop by more than 20 percent, meaning the treatment group did better than the placebo group, but not hugely better. Hershey, who was not associated with either study, wrote an editorial accompanying the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In it, he describes the benefit of these drugs as \"modest but meaningful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, \"every indication is that they will be fairly expensive compounds,\" Hershey says, possibly costing thousands of dollars a month. That means they will probably be reserved for patients who are severely disabled by migraines and haven't been helped by other, less expensive treatments, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration is expected to review the new drugs in the next few months. One or both could reach the market in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Drugs+Could+Prevent+Migraine+Headaches+For+Some+People&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The first drugs designed specifically to prevent migraines have been found safe and effective in studies, but aren't yet FDA approved. Both drugs work by tweaking a brain system involved in pain.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1512414337,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":539},"headData":{"title":"New Drugs Could Prevent Migraine Headaches For Some People | KQED","description":"The first drugs designed specifically to prevent migraines have been found safe and effective in studies, but aren't yet FDA approved. Both drugs work by tweaking a brain system involved in pain.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Drugs Could Prevent Migraine Headaches For Some People","datePublished":"2017-12-04T19:05:37.000Z","dateModified":"2017-12-04T19:05:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"437411 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=437411","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/12/04/new-drugs-could-prevent-migraine-headaches-for-some-people/","disqusTitle":"New Drugs Could Prevent Migraine Headaches For Some People","nprImageCredit":"Simone Golob","nprByline":"Jon Hamilton\u003c/br>NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Getty Images","nprStoryId":"567804150","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=567804150&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/12/04/567804150/new-drugs-could-prevent-migraine-headaches-for-some-people?ft=nprml&f=567804150","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 04 Dec 2017 12:35:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 04 Dec 2017 03:50:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 04 Dec 2017 12:35:48 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2017/12/20171204_me_new_drugs_could_prevent_migraine_headaches_for_some_people.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=162&p=3&story=567804150&ft=nprml&f=567804150","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1568255254-9c9433.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=162&p=3&story=567804150&ft=nprml&f=567804150","path":"/futureofyou/437411/new-drugs-could-prevent-migraine-headaches-for-some-people","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2017/12/20171204_me_new_drugs_could_prevent_migraine_headaches_for_some_people.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1066&d=162&p=3&story=567804150&ft=nprml&f=567804150","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>People who experience frequent migraines may soon have access to a new class of drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a pair of large studies, two drugs that tweak brain circuits involved in migraine each showed they could reduce the frequency of attacks without causing side effects, researchers \u003ca href=\"http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1712559\">report\u003c/a> in the \u003cem>New England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They offer the first migraine treatment that's actually aimed at the disorder,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucl.ac.uk/ion/synaptopathies/PI/goadsby\">Peter Goadsby\u003c/a>, an author of one of the studies and a professor of neurology at King's College in London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Current migraine prevention treatments consist primarily of drugs designed to treat high blood pressure, epilepsy and depression. \"We give [patients] a choice between a beta blocker where they'll feel tired, or we tell them they can go on an antidepressant, which will make them sleepy and put on weight,\" Goadsby says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new drugs use special antibodies to dampen a system in the brain that modulates pain. The effect is a bit like soundproofing, says \u003ca href=\"http://www.jefferson.edu/university/jmc/departments/neurology/programs/headache.html\">Stephen Silberstein\u003c/a>, a study author and director of the Jefferson Headache Center in Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You have a kid next door making a lot of noise, you put in soundproofing and all of a sudden you're quiet,\" Silberstein says. \"That's what the antibodies do. They prevent the noise from aggravating the system.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is to prevent the full range of migraine symptoms including headache, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silberstein's study gave monthly or quarterly injections of an antibody called fremanezumab to more than 700 patients who have chronic migraines. \"These patients are having almost daily attacks and they're greatly impaired by it,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nearly half the people who got the drug experienced fewer migraine attacks. And in some people the attacks all but vanished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Goadsby's study, a different antibody called erenumab produced similar results in patients who had up to 14 migraines a month. Neither drug appeared to cause more side effects than a placebo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results suggest a brighter future for migraine patients, who have had quite limited options until now, Goadsby says. \"I hope it shows patients that this is not an impossible problem. It's a tractable problem.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the drugs did not work for everyone, and their effectiveness was aided by a powerful placebo effect, says Andrew Hershey, who directs the headache center at Cincinnati Children's Hospital. Even people who got the placebo saw migraine attacks drop by more than 20 percent, meaning the treatment group did better than the placebo group, but not hugely better. Hershey, who was not associated with either study, wrote an editorial accompanying the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In it, he describes the benefit of these drugs as \"modest but meaningful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, \"every indication is that they will be fairly expensive compounds,\" Hershey says, possibly costing thousands of dollars a month. That means they will probably be reserved for patients who are severely disabled by migraines and haven't been helped by other, less expensive treatments, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Food and Drug Administration is expected to review the new drugs in the next few months. One or both could reach the market in 2018.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=New+Drugs+Could+Prevent+Migraine+Headaches+For+Some+People&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/437411/new-drugs-could-prevent-migraine-headaches-for-some-people","authors":["byline_futureofyou_437411"],"categories":["futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_1408","futureofyou_1407"],"featImg":"futureofyou_437414","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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