Epigenetics: The Woes of Your Ancestors May Remain for Generations to Come
Why Identical Twins Don't Always Look the Same
Popular Antidepressant May Reprogram Brain Genes
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The program is part of an ongoing collaboration between the \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.stanford.edu/\">Stanford Department of Genetics\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.thetech.org/\">The Tech Museum of Innovation\u003c/a>. 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Beyond testing what might happen to minds and bodies under strain, Crews had a more exotic goal: He wanted to discover how ancestral histories might cast a shadow on the lives of descendants, beyond just inherited genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews dosed half of his rats with a toxic chemical, and then bred all the rats down to the fourth generation. Half of the 4\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> generation rats were restrained so they were unable to move around for six hours a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'What's striking about recent research is the discovery that epigenetic tags can be transmitted across generations, potentially harming descendants long after the fact.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The most notable effect from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300943/\">experiment\u003c/a>: The rats put under restraint whose great-grandparents were exposed to toxic chemicals fared much worse than the rats who were restrained but whose legacy was toxic-free. Rats with toxicity in their ancestry and who got restrained suffered altered brain anatomy and performed poorly on anxiety tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment falls within the field of epigenetics; this is the study of molecular changes that don't alter DNA code but, rather, influence which genes get turned on or off—in other words, which genes get expressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene expression governs how the genetic code gets translated into proteins, which are the worker bees of the body. These proteins include enzymes vital for life functions, and hormones that act as messengers, traveling throughout the body to direct bodily function and even mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tipping these finely tuned systems out-of-balance can lead to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmental Stress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epigenetic researchers have discovered that environmental stress is a key factor behind harmful molecular changes. The stress can run the gamut from poor diet and noxious chemicals to psychological strain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://jap.physiology.org/content/109/1/230\">Animal studies\u003c/a> have established that harmful epigenetic changes can be caused by chemicals in cigarettes or pesticides, for example, and other \u003ca href=\"http://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm/portfolio/scienceCodePubs/sc/10/topic/10\">studies now abound\u003c/a> pointing to environmental stresses as a trigger for damaging cells and causing disease—PCBs, arsenic, air pollution from fossil fuels, and endocrine disruptors being some of the main culprits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's striking about recent research is the discovery that epigenetic tags can be transmitted across generations, potentially harming descendants long after the fact. This discovery \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-we-inherit-the-environmental-damage-done-to-our-ancestors-video/\">shook up\u003c/a> a century-old paradigm that said an individual's DNA code essentially determines how traits are passed on. Epigenetics is now saying there’s more than just the code that can be inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_194151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1183px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-194151\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture.png\" alt=\"The U.S. Department of Agriculture said in a 2014 bulletin that in 2008, corn, soybeans, cotton, wheat, and potatoes accounted for about 80 percent of the pesticide use. The USDA examined pesticides use on 21 major crops.\" width=\"1183\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture.png 1183w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture-400x211.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture-800x422.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture-768x405.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture-1180x622.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture-960x506.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1183px) 100vw, 1183px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Department of Agriculture said in a 2014 bulletin that corn, soybeans, cotton, wheat, and potatoes accounted for about 80 percent of the pesticide use in 2008. The USDA examined pesticides use on 21 major crops. \u003ccite>(USDA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Systems biologist Michael Skinner’s lab at Washington State University \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-toxins-that-affected-your-great-grandparents-could-be-in-your-genes-180947644/?no-ist\">discovered\u003c/a> these transgenerational effects almost by accident a decade ago. Skinner showed that the great-grandchildren of lab animals dosed with pesticides suffered sperm abnormalities that had nothing to do with mutations in the genes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another example, studies of World War II famine survivors who endured the Dutch Hunger Winter showed that starvation of the fetus at very early stages of development may have predisposed the children to obesity as adults, their bodies compensating for the early deprivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The implications for understanding our connection with the environment are profound, dramatic, and sweeping,” says Shea Robison, a research fellow at City University of Hong Kong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Passing Down the Harm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epigenetics has created controversy over the possibility that harmful chemicals could predispose our descendants to all sorts of illnesses, even if they are never exposed themselves. The legal and societal ramifications could be significant—Robison can imagine a time when the science has evolved enough that the great-grandchildren of people who lived next to a chemical plant might sue the company because cancer has appeared three generations down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"BIvhPYtjxtzwa9QtWmmcXw5gtSJ9QEBO\"]“With epigenetics, the floodgates open, and if the causes and effects can be established scientifically, then what?” Robison asks. “The system isn’t set up to handle things in the way epigenetics suggests they need to be handled.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical industry, including the German manufacturer of the agricultural fungicide vinclozolin, has funded studies that \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/scientists-say-they-can-t-replicate-pioneering-epigenetic-results-6204f91f80c5#.ll9hevyex\">could not replicate\u003c/a> the intergenerational effects in animals in Skinner’s original research. Industry studies, though, used a different breed of rats and exposed them to the chemical in a different manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skinner says the evidence is strong, and not just for vinclozolin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve repeated the studies with more than six or eight environmental toxicants, partly because this is very relevant to the human population being exposed to many different chemicals that impact many of the diseases we see today,” he says. “[Epigenetic changes occur] in all organs, all cell types in the body, including the brain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most prominently studied type of epigenetic change is DNA methylation, which generally silences expression of a particular gene. These molecular changes can get passed on to offspring if they are not erased as a normal part of early fetal development. Researchers have linked DNA methylation to diseases such as cancer, obesity, aging and cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can Psychological Trauma Affect Your Genes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a growing body of research that shows psychological stress can result in epigenetic changes that have negative effects on the body. Medical professionals have long understood there's a link between stress and disease, but haven't known how that link works. The evidence currently points to epigenetics as a mechanism for bringing on chronic disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If research can identify these epigenetic biomarkers, then it may be possible to intervene by changing habits and lifestyles when people are young, before they start developing disease.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4716233/\">2016 paper\u003c/a> based on data from the Department of Veterans Affairs found a molecular signature linking psychological states to coronary heart disease. The Boston-based researchers found that positive and negative mental states affect DNA methylation, switching on or off the genes that cause hardening of the arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research showed negative states like anxiety and depression affected genes involved in inflammatory processes—bad news for the arteries and heart. Meanwhile, those who reported being content showed epigenetic patterns that made them less prone to the same processes. The study’s findings were based on mostly older white male veterans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These changes may represent underlying common biological pathways for the effects of psychological factors on chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease,” says lead researcher Daniel Kim, a social epidemiologist from Northeastern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are studying whether a traumatic event can cause molecular changes that get passed through generations in the same way that toxic exposures might. But this is difficult to prove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/aug/21/study-of-holocaust-survivors-finds-trauma-passed-on-to-childrens-genes?CMP=share_btn_tw\">a study\u003c/a> published last year, Mt. Sinai Hospital researchers looked at the molecular profiles of the children of Holocaust survivors. Their claim that parental stress and trauma could be passed down generationally by way of epigenetic marks was \u003ca href=\"http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/you-cant-inherit-holocaust-trauma/17342#.V3MKyvkYhph\">criticized\u003c/a> for its small sample size and inconsistent findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews says there's \"very clear evidence\" the children of Holocaust survivors were affected \u003cem>psychologically\u003c/em> by their parents, but no evidence the effects of trauma went beyond that generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The psychological effect is distinct from a germline effect, he says, \"where exposure of the mother is incorporated into the germline, and even if the offspring never experience that event again, [future generations] will still express the effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ecology of Health \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of obesity, cancer and other chronic diseases have risen dramatically over the past decades. In the U.S., heart disease and cancer account for nearly half of all deaths. Skinner believes “the susceptibility to disease today is in large part due to ancestral exposures,” to chemicals. He says this epigenetic cycle will continue to impact future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If research can identify these epigenetic biomarkers, then it may be possible to intervene by changing habits and lifestyles when people are young, before they start developing disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epigenetics has cast the nature-versus-nurture debate in a new light, revealing a much more intricate relationship between an individual's genes and their environment than was previously understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can’t understand a higher-order thing like an organism by looking just at the genes. The organism is an emergent process that is much more than its elements,” Crews says.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The latest research finds evidence that exposure to toxic chemicals can alter genes in ways that can be passed down to succeeding generations. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1475120371,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1421},"headData":{"title":"Epigenetics: The Woes of Your Ancestors May Remain for Generations to Come | KQED","description":"The latest research finds evidence that exposure to toxic chemicals can alter genes in ways that can be passed down to succeeding generations. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Epigenetics: The Woes of Your Ancestors May Remain for Generations to Come","datePublished":"2016-06-30T18:10:12.000Z","dateModified":"2016-09-29T03:39:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"189972 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=189972","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/06/30/epigenetics-the-woes-of-your-ancestors-may-remain-for-generations-to-come/","disqusTitle":"Epigenetics: The Woes of Your Ancestors May Remain for Generations to Come","nprByline":"Li Miao Lovett","path":"/futureofyou/189972/epigenetics-the-woes-of-your-ancestors-may-remain-for-generations-to-come","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A few years ago, David Crews decided to put his laboratory rats at the University of Texas, Austin under an inordinate amount of stress. Beyond testing what might happen to minds and bodies under strain, Crews had a more exotic goal: He wanted to discover how ancestral histories might cast a shadow on the lives of descendants, beyond just inherited genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews dosed half of his rats with a toxic chemical, and then bred all the rats down to the fourth generation. Half of the 4\u003csup>th\u003c/sup> generation rats were restrained so they were unable to move around for six hours a day.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'What's striking about recent research is the discovery that epigenetic tags can be transmitted across generations, potentially harming descendants long after the fact.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The most notable effect from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300943/\">experiment\u003c/a>: The rats put under restraint whose great-grandparents were exposed to toxic chemicals fared much worse than the rats who were restrained but whose legacy was toxic-free. Rats with toxicity in their ancestry and who got restrained suffered altered brain anatomy and performed poorly on anxiety tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment falls within the field of epigenetics; this is the study of molecular changes that don't alter DNA code but, rather, influence which genes get turned on or off—in other words, which genes get expressed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene expression governs how the genetic code gets translated into proteins, which are the worker bees of the body. These proteins include enzymes vital for life functions, and hormones that act as messengers, traveling throughout the body to direct bodily function and even mood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tipping these finely tuned systems out-of-balance can lead to disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Environmental Stress\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epigenetic researchers have discovered that environmental stress is a key factor behind harmful molecular changes. The stress can run the gamut from poor diet and noxious chemicals to psychological strain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://jap.physiology.org/content/109/1/230\">Animal studies\u003c/a> have established that harmful epigenetic changes can be caused by chemicals in cigarettes or pesticides, for example, and other \u003ca href=\"http://tools.niehs.nih.gov/portfolio/index.cfm/portfolio/scienceCodePubs/sc/10/topic/10\">studies now abound\u003c/a> pointing to environmental stresses as a trigger for damaging cells and causing disease—PCBs, arsenic, air pollution from fossil fuels, and endocrine disruptors being some of the main culprits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's striking about recent research is the discovery that epigenetic tags can be transmitted across generations, potentially harming descendants long after the fact. This discovery \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/can-we-inherit-the-environmental-damage-done-to-our-ancestors-video/\">shook up\u003c/a> a century-old paradigm that said an individual's DNA code essentially determines how traits are passed on. Epigenetics is now saying there’s more than just the code that can be inherited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_194151\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1183px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture.png\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-194151\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture.png\" alt=\"The U.S. Department of Agriculture said in a 2014 bulletin that in 2008, corn, soybeans, cotton, wheat, and potatoes accounted for about 80 percent of the pesticide use. The USDA examined pesticides use on 21 major crops.\" width=\"1183\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture.png 1183w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture-400x211.png 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture-800x422.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture-768x405.png 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture-1180x622.png 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/06/agriculture-960x506.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1183px) 100vw, 1183px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The U.S. Department of Agriculture said in a 2014 bulletin that corn, soybeans, cotton, wheat, and potatoes accounted for about 80 percent of the pesticide use in 2008. The USDA examined pesticides use on 21 major crops. \u003ccite>(USDA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Systems biologist Michael Skinner’s lab at Washington State University \u003ca href=\"http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-toxins-that-affected-your-great-grandparents-could-be-in-your-genes-180947644/?no-ist\">discovered\u003c/a> these transgenerational effects almost by accident a decade ago. Skinner showed that the great-grandchildren of lab animals dosed with pesticides suffered sperm abnormalities that had nothing to do with mutations in the genes themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another example, studies of World War II famine survivors who endured the Dutch Hunger Winter showed that starvation of the fetus at very early stages of development may have predisposed the children to obesity as adults, their bodies compensating for the early deprivation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The implications for understanding our connection with the environment are profound, dramatic, and sweeping,” says Shea Robison, a research fellow at City University of Hong Kong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Passing Down the Harm\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epigenetics has created controversy over the possibility that harmful chemicals could predispose our descendants to all sorts of illnesses, even if they are never exposed themselves. The legal and societal ramifications could be significant—Robison can imagine a time when the science has evolved enough that the great-grandchildren of people who lived next to a chemical plant might sue the company because cancer has appeared three generations down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“With epigenetics, the floodgates open, and if the causes and effects can be established scientifically, then what?” Robison asks. “The system isn’t set up to handle things in the way epigenetics suggests they need to be handled.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The chemical industry, including the German manufacturer of the agricultural fungicide vinclozolin, has funded studies that \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/scientists-say-they-can-t-replicate-pioneering-epigenetic-results-6204f91f80c5#.ll9hevyex\">could not replicate\u003c/a> the intergenerational effects in animals in Skinner’s original research. Industry studies, though, used a different breed of rats and exposed them to the chemical in a different manner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Skinner says the evidence is strong, and not just for vinclozolin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We’ve repeated the studies with more than six or eight environmental toxicants, partly because this is very relevant to the human population being exposed to many different chemicals that impact many of the diseases we see today,” he says. “[Epigenetic changes occur] in all organs, all cell types in the body, including the brain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The most prominently studied type of epigenetic change is DNA methylation, which generally silences expression of a particular gene. These molecular changes can get passed on to offspring if they are not erased as a normal part of early fetal development. Researchers have linked DNA methylation to diseases such as cancer, obesity, aging and cardiovascular disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Can Psychological Trauma Affect Your Genes?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There is a growing body of research that shows psychological stress can result in epigenetic changes that have negative effects on the body. Medical professionals have long understood there's a link between stress and disease, but haven't known how that link works. The evidence currently points to epigenetics as a mechanism for bringing on chronic disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'If research can identify these epigenetic biomarkers, then it may be possible to intervene by changing habits and lifestyles when people are young, before they start developing disease.'\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4716233/\">2016 paper\u003c/a> based on data from the Department of Veterans Affairs found a molecular signature linking psychological states to coronary heart disease. The Boston-based researchers found that positive and negative mental states affect DNA methylation, switching on or off the genes that cause hardening of the arteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research showed negative states like anxiety and depression affected genes involved in inflammatory processes—bad news for the arteries and heart. Meanwhile, those who reported being content showed epigenetic patterns that made them less prone to the same processes. The study’s findings were based on mostly older white male veterans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"These changes may represent underlying common biological pathways for the effects of psychological factors on chronic diseases, including coronary heart disease,” says lead researcher Daniel Kim, a social epidemiologist from Northeastern University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists are studying whether a traumatic event can cause molecular changes that get passed through generations in the same way that toxic exposures might. But this is difficult to prove.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/aug/21/study-of-holocaust-survivors-finds-trauma-passed-on-to-childrens-genes?CMP=share_btn_tw\">a study\u003c/a> published last year, Mt. Sinai Hospital researchers looked at the molecular profiles of the children of Holocaust survivors. Their claim that parental stress and trauma could be passed down generationally by way of epigenetic marks was \u003ca href=\"http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/you-cant-inherit-holocaust-trauma/17342#.V3MKyvkYhph\">criticized\u003c/a> for its small sample size and inconsistent findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Crews says there's \"very clear evidence\" the children of Holocaust survivors were affected \u003cem>psychologically\u003c/em> by their parents, but no evidence the effects of trauma went beyond that generation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The psychological effect is distinct from a germline effect, he says, \"where exposure of the mother is incorporated into the germline, and even if the offspring never experience that event again, [future generations] will still express the effects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Ecology of Health \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rates of obesity, cancer and other chronic diseases have risen dramatically over the past decades. In the U.S., heart disease and cancer account for nearly half of all deaths. Skinner believes “the susceptibility to disease today is in large part due to ancestral exposures,” to chemicals. He says this epigenetic cycle will continue to impact future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If research can identify these epigenetic biomarkers, then it may be possible to intervene by changing habits and lifestyles when people are young, before they start developing disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Epigenetics has cast the nature-versus-nurture debate in a new light, revealing a much more intricate relationship between an individual's genes and their environment than was previously understood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You can’t understand a higher-order thing like an organism by looking just at the genes. The organism is an emergent process that is much more than its elements,” Crews says.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/189972/epigenetics-the-woes-of-your-ancestors-may-remain-for-generations-to-come","authors":["byline_futureofyou_189972"],"categories":["futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_17","futureofyou_675","futureofyou_120"],"featImg":"futureofyou_191603","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_134603":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_134603","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"134603","score":null,"sort":[1459295356000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-identical-twins-dont-always-look-the-same","title":"Why Identical Twins Don't Always Look the Same","publishDate":1459295356,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>We think of identical twins as having identical DNA. But a pair of twins \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3461832/First-identical-twins-different-skin-colour-born-UK.html\">\u003cu>born in England\u003c/u>\u003c/a> shows that's not exactly true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two girls started out like all identical twins, developing from the same fertilized egg and the exact same set of DNA. But when they were born last year they didn't look like identical twins. One girl has peach skin and blue eyes and the other has brown sugar skin and brown eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first blush it might seem impossible they could look so different. After all, while huge differences \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask304\">\u003cu>can and do happen\u003c/u>\u003c/a> with fraternal twins, identical twins are usually exactly that -- identical in skin, hair and eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, actually, twins who start out with identical DNA always have slightly different DNA by the time they're born. And they also each use their DNA a bit differently too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though this is true for all identical twins, we can’t usually tell because the changes happen in parts of the DNA that don’t affect how identical twins look. Which isn’t surprising. DNA is large and very little of it has to do with, for example, skin and eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By chance, the DNA differences for these girls happened to be in the smallish part of their genome that deals with looks. These two girls let us see what goes on in every identical twin. And in every one of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DNA Differences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identical twins do indeed start with identical DNA—they are the result of the same sperm from dad and the same egg from mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_136190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 655px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-136190\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/FerilizationBW.jpg\" alt=\"Even though identical twins come from the same fertilized egg, in the end each twin has slightly different DNA. (Zappys Technology Solutions)\" width=\"655\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/FerilizationBW.jpg 655w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/FerilizationBW-400x290.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even though identical twins come from the same fertilized egg, in the end each twin has slightly different DNA. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/102642344@N02/10017013846\">Zappys Technology Solutions\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original fertilized egg divides one or more times before the resulting clump of cells splits into two. Each clump of cells goes on to become one of the identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this process of becoming a brand new baby with trillions of cells, the cells in each clump divide over and over again. DNA differences or mutations can happen any time a cell divides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because a cell needs to copy its DNA before it can divide. And while the cellular machinery is astonishingly good at copying DNA, it isn’t perfect. Every now and then it makes a mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the new cells that come from the one with the mistake will have that same mistake. One consequence is that if it happens early, the baby will have more cells carrying that mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about it like one of those medieval monks patiently copying manuscripts in a monastery somewhere in medieval Europe. Imagine he makes a mistake during copying and the original manuscript is destroyed. Now every new manuscript contains his mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the English twins, one may have developed a mutation in a gene that affects skin and eye color. Most likely it would be in the lighter child as it is easier to break something than to fix it. And often traits like blue eyes are the result of a gene not working quite right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t the only way this could have happened. Another possibility has to do with how cells read their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using DNA Differently\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine Louis C.K., Meryl Streep and Kevin Hart are all going up for the same role. Even though they all have the exact same lines to read, odds are there will be real differences in how they say them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_136192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-136192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/LouisCKMerylStreepKevinHart.jpg\" alt=\"Just like different actors will read the same script differently, so too will different people's cells read the same genes differently.\" width=\"650\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/LouisCKMerylStreepKevinHart.jpg 650w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/LouisCKMerylStreepKevinHart-400x170.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just like different actors will read the same script differently, so too will different people's cells read the same genes differently. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is sort of what happens in different people’s cells. One person's cells will read a gene one way and another person’s cells will read the exact same gene a different way. If that gene controls skin and/or eye color, then it will affect a person’s skin or eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how it might work: Near the genes there little chemical markers that can, for example, tell the cell how often to read a gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the twins, it could be that a set of these “epigenetic” marks is telling the cells of one twin to read her skin and eye color genes just a little bit. That means she would make less pigment and so have fair skin and blue eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or her sister might have marks on her DNA telling her cells to read her skin and eye color genes much more often. This would explain her brown eyes and cafe au lait skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is fascinating about these epigenetic marks is that they're reversible. This means that, for example, the twin with blue eyes and fair skin may eventually end up with her sister’s eye and skin color. Which wouldn’t be surprising as it isn’t uncommon for babies to be born with lighter skin and eyes that darken over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the girls' differences are the result of a mutation in the DNA itself, they'll probably go through life as different-looking identical twins. But if the reason is in how their cells read their DNA, these girls might someday look more identical than they do now.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"They can actually look very different, not even sharing hair, eye, or skin color. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1476933783,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":912},"headData":{"title":"Why Identical Twins Don't Always Look the Same | KQED","description":"They can actually look very different, not even sharing hair, eye, or skin color. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Identical Twins Don't Always Look the Same","datePublished":"2016-03-29T23:49:16.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-20T03:23:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"134603 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=134603","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/03/29/why-identical-twins-dont-always-look-the-same/","disqusTitle":"Why Identical Twins Don't Always Look the Same","path":"/futureofyou/134603/why-identical-twins-dont-always-look-the-same","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We think of identical twins as having identical DNA. But a pair of twins \u003ca href=\"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-3461832/First-identical-twins-different-skin-colour-born-UK.html\">\u003cu>born in England\u003c/u>\u003c/a> shows that's not exactly true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The two girls started out like all identical twins, developing from the same fertilized egg and the exact same set of DNA. But when they were born last year they didn't look like identical twins. One girl has peach skin and blue eyes and the other has brown sugar skin and brown eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first blush it might seem impossible they could look so different. After all, while huge differences \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask/ask304\">\u003cu>can and do happen\u003c/u>\u003c/a> with fraternal twins, identical twins are usually exactly that -- identical in skin, hair and eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, actually, twins who start out with identical DNA always have slightly different DNA by the time they're born. And they also each use their DNA a bit differently too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though this is true for all identical twins, we can’t usually tell because the changes happen in parts of the DNA that don’t affect how identical twins look. Which isn’t surprising. DNA is large and very little of it has to do with, for example, skin and eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By chance, the DNA differences for these girls happened to be in the smallish part of their genome that deals with looks. These two girls let us see what goes on in every identical twin. And in every one of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>DNA Differences\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Identical twins do indeed start with identical DNA—they are the result of the same sperm from dad and the same egg from mom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_136190\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 655px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-136190\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/FerilizationBW.jpg\" alt=\"Even though identical twins come from the same fertilized egg, in the end each twin has slightly different DNA. (Zappys Technology Solutions)\" width=\"655\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/FerilizationBW.jpg 655w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/FerilizationBW-400x290.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 655px) 100vw, 655px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Even though identical twins come from the same fertilized egg, in the end each twin has slightly different DNA. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/102642344@N02/10017013846\">Zappys Technology Solutions\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The original fertilized egg divides one or more times before the resulting clump of cells splits into two. Each clump of cells goes on to become one of the identical twins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this process of becoming a brand new baby with trillions of cells, the cells in each clump divide over and over again. DNA differences or mutations can happen any time a cell divides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because a cell needs to copy its DNA before it can divide. And while the cellular machinery is astonishingly good at copying DNA, it isn’t perfect. Every now and then it makes a mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All of the new cells that come from the one with the mistake will have that same mistake. One consequence is that if it happens early, the baby will have more cells carrying that mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think about it like one of those medieval monks patiently copying manuscripts in a monastery somewhere in medieval Europe. Imagine he makes a mistake during copying and the original manuscript is destroyed. Now every new manuscript contains his mistake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the English twins, one may have developed a mutation in a gene that affects skin and eye color. Most likely it would be in the lighter child as it is easier to break something than to fix it. And often traits like blue eyes are the result of a gene not working quite right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this isn’t the only way this could have happened. Another possibility has to do with how cells read their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Using DNA Differently\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine Louis C.K., Meryl Streep and Kevin Hart are all going up for the same role. Even though they all have the exact same lines to read, odds are there will be real differences in how they say them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_136192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-136192\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/LouisCKMerylStreepKevinHart.jpg\" alt=\"Just like different actors will read the same script differently, so too will different people's cells read the same genes differently.\" width=\"650\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/LouisCKMerylStreepKevinHart.jpg 650w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2016/03/LouisCKMerylStreepKevinHart-400x170.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Just like different actors will read the same script differently, so too will different people's cells read the same genes differently. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is sort of what happens in different people’s cells. One person's cells will read a gene one way and another person’s cells will read the exact same gene a different way. If that gene controls skin and/or eye color, then it will affect a person’s skin or eye color.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's how it might work: Near the genes there little chemical markers that can, for example, tell the cell how often to read a gene.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the case of the twins, it could be that a set of these “epigenetic” marks is telling the cells of one twin to read her skin and eye color genes just a little bit. That means she would make less pigment and so have fair skin and blue eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or her sister might have marks on her DNA telling her cells to read her skin and eye color genes much more often. This would explain her brown eyes and cafe au lait skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is fascinating about these epigenetic marks is that they're reversible. This means that, for example, the twin with blue eyes and fair skin may eventually end up with her sister’s eye and skin color. Which wouldn’t be surprising as it isn’t uncommon for babies to be born with lighter skin and eyes that darken over time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the girls' differences are the result of a mutation in the DNA itself, they'll probably go through life as different-looking identical twins. But if the reason is in how their cells read their DNA, these girls might someday look more identical than they do now.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/134603/why-identical-twins-dont-always-look-the-same","authors":["6177"],"categories":["futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_675","futureofyou_120","futureofyou_832","futureofyou_833"],"featImg":"futureofyou_134614","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_79892":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_79892","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"79892","score":null,"sort":[1450287891000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"popular-antidepressant-may-reprogram-brain-genes","title":"Popular Antidepressant May Reprogram Brain Genes","publishDate":1450287891,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Reprogramming brain genes to treat depression may sound like something out of science fiction. But it turns out that we may have been doing it at least since 1992. That is the year the antidepressant \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine\" target=\"_blank\">Paxil\u003c/a> was first marketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26602018\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a> suggests that at least part of the way that Paxil does its job is by changing how genes in the brain of a person with depression work. A team led by researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Germany have found that the drug may help to erase some of the changes that have happened because of stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Possibilities for Treating Depression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that we think depression might be treated by erasing stress from DNA, scientists could try to design new drugs that might do the job better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_79915\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-79915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-79915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg\" alt=\"Some antidepressants might erase the effects of stress on brain genes. \" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some antidepressants might erase the effects of stress on brain genes. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/flamephoenix1991/8376271918\" target=\"_blank\">DJ/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These latest findings also open up the possibility of a more personalized approach for treating depression. In the course of their work, the German researchers found a couple of different, related markers in blood cells that might predict how well a patient will respond to Paxil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If other antidepressants work differently, then this \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker\" target=\"_blank\">biomarker\u003c/a> may help doctors prescribe the right medicine after a simple blood test. Patients may get the help they need more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if all antidepressants work similarly, these studies may still give doctors a quick and easy way to determine how well a patient will respond to antidepressants. This could be an important tool for patient treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Indirect Evidence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These studies didn’t look directly at what was happening in patients' brains. (Pulling out a patient’s brain tissue is way too invasive.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead the researchers looked at what happens to cells and live mice in the lab and what happens to patients' DNA in their blood cells. All of these studies pointed to Paxil erasing some of the effects that stress can have on DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_79917\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/MethylatedDNA.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-79917\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-79917\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/MethylatedDNA.jpg\" alt=\"Methyl groups are the bright circles in this DNA. One way Paxil may work is be getting rid of some of them.\" width=\"350\" height=\"432\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Methyl groups are the bright circles in this DNA. One way Paxil may work is be getting rid of some of them. \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_methylation.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Christoph Bock/Max Planck Institute for Informatics/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Erase Stress \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paxil doesn’t reprogram brain genes by changing the underlying code of those genes. Instead, it changes how they work through \u003ca href=\"http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/\" target=\"_blank\">epigenetics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that stress can add small chemicals called methyl groups to DNA around key behavior genes. This causes the genes to become less active, leading to depression in some cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thought is that Paxil makes some of the methyl groups disappear. Now these behavior genes are reactivated and the depression gets less severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this drug does not restore the original genetic programming in the brain. Instead, it is able to reduce the amount of methylation in general. The stress-related depression is relieved as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stressed DNA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason all those little methyl groups that decorate stressed DNA are there is because of something in the cell called DNMT1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a cell is stressed, DNMT1 goes into overdrive and starts adding extra methyl groups to the DNA at a faster rate than is normal. \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">Over time, the DNA ends up extra methylated which may lead to depression.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study showed that Paxil turns DNMT1 back down again. Over time the number of methyl groups on the DNA drops, eventually leading to less depression. Or at least that is the theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more work needs to be done to confirm this but if true, these results could have wide-ranging effects on treating depression.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study finds the antidepressant Paxil may reprogram the genes in the brain of a person with depression. These findings could lead to more personalized treatment for some types of depression. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477272985,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":603},"headData":{"title":"Popular Antidepressant May Reprogram Brain Genes | KQED","description":"A new study finds the antidepressant Paxil may reprogram the genes in the brain of a person with depression. These findings could lead to more personalized treatment for some types of depression. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Popular Antidepressant May Reprogram Brain Genes","datePublished":"2015-12-16T17:44:51.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-24T01:36:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"79892 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=79892","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/12/16/popular-antidepressant-may-reprogram-brain-genes/","disqusTitle":"Popular Antidepressant May Reprogram Brain Genes","path":"/futureofyou/79892/popular-antidepressant-may-reprogram-brain-genes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Reprogramming brain genes to treat depression may sound like something out of science fiction. But it turns out that we may have been doing it at least since 1992. That is the year the antidepressant \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paroxetine\" target=\"_blank\">Paxil\u003c/a> was first marketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26602018\" target=\"_blank\">new study\u003c/a> suggests that at least part of the way that Paxil does its job is by changing how genes in the brain of a person with depression work. A team led by researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Germany have found that the drug may help to erase some of the changes that have happened because of stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New Possibilities for Treating Depression\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now that we think depression might be treated by erasing stress from DNA, scientists could try to design new drugs that might do the job better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_79915\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-79915\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-79915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg\" alt=\"Some antidepressants might erase the effects of stress on brain genes. \" width=\"500\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/HumanBrain500-400x320.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Some antidepressants might erase the effects of stress on brain genes. \u003ccite>(\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/flamephoenix1991/8376271918\" target=\"_blank\">DJ/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These latest findings also open up the possibility of a more personalized approach for treating depression. In the course of their work, the German researchers found a couple of different, related markers in blood cells that might predict how well a patient will respond to Paxil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If other antidepressants work differently, then this \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarker\" target=\"_blank\">biomarker\u003c/a> may help doctors prescribe the right medicine after a simple blood test. Patients may get the help they need more quickly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even if all antidepressants work similarly, these studies may still give doctors a quick and easy way to determine how well a patient will respond to antidepressants. This could be an important tool for patient treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Indirect Evidence\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These studies didn’t look directly at what was happening in patients' brains. (Pulling out a patient’s brain tissue is way too invasive.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead the researchers looked at what happens to cells and live mice in the lab and what happens to patients' DNA in their blood cells. All of these studies pointed to Paxil erasing some of the effects that stress can have on DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_79917\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 350px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/MethylatedDNA.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-79917\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-79917\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/12/MethylatedDNA.jpg\" alt=\"Methyl groups are the bright circles in this DNA. One way Paxil may work is be getting rid of some of them.\" width=\"350\" height=\"432\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Methyl groups are the bright circles in this DNA. One way Paxil may work is be getting rid of some of them. \u003ccite>( \u003ca href=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_methylation.jpg\" target=\"_blank\">Christoph Bock/Max Planck Institute for Informatics/Wikimedia Commons\u003c/a>)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How to Erase Stress \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paxil doesn’t reprogram brain genes by changing the underlying code of those genes. Instead, it changes how they work through \u003ca href=\"http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/epigenetics/\" target=\"_blank\">epigenetics\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The idea is that stress can add small chemicals called methyl groups to DNA around key behavior genes. This causes the genes to become less active, leading to depression in some cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The thought is that Paxil makes some of the methyl groups disappear. Now these behavior genes are reactivated and the depression gets less severe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this drug does not restore the original genetic programming in the brain. Instead, it is able to reduce the amount of methylation in general. The stress-related depression is relieved as a result.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stressed DNA\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Part of the reason all those little methyl groups that decorate stressed DNA are there is because of something in the cell called DNMT1.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a cell is stressed, DNMT1 goes into overdrive and starts adding extra methyl groups to the DNA at a faster rate than is normal. \u003cspan style=\"line-height: 1.5\">Over time, the DNA ends up extra methylated which may lead to depression.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This study showed that Paxil turns DNMT1 back down again. Over time the number of methyl groups on the DNA drops, eventually leading to less depression. Or at least that is the theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much more work needs to be done to confirm this but if true, these results could have wide-ranging effects on treating depression.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/79892/popular-antidepressant-may-reprogram-brain-genes","authors":["6177"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_592","futureofyou_675","futureofyou_80","futureofyou_676"],"featImg":"futureofyou_79914","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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