Blood From Young People May Be a Secret to Fighting Aging
Human Umbilical Cord Blood Helps Aging Mice Remember, Study Finds
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People Want Your Young Blood? (Video)","publishDate":1502735444,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"term":1097,"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N88pPUWrc5k\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The newest anti-aging trend sounds straight out of a vampire movie: injecting young blood into old people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As alarming as that may sound, human trials have started to test whether blood from young people improves the health of older folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554?term=ambrosia+LLC&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ongoing trial\u003c/a>, based in California, is infusing \"older\" people (ages 35 and above) with the blood of younger people (ages 16-25). The older group is then tested a month later for improvements in blood-borne indicators associated with aging and disease, such as insulin and hemoglobin levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the science is still out on young blood's benefit to humans, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/ageing-research-blood-to-blood-1.16762\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">body of research\u003c/a> does indicate, in animal studies at least, that young blood can improve organ and tissue function and prolong the life of older animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the hope and hype surrounding young blood, watch the video above, from \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise\u003c/a>,\" KQED's YouTube series for teens.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Human trials have started to test whether blood from young people improves the health of older folks.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1502821445,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":7,"wordCount":164},"headData":{"title":"Why Do Old People Want Your Young Blood? (Video) | KQED","description":"Human trials have started to test whether blood from young people improves the health of older folks.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Do Old People Want Your Young Blood? (Video)","datePublished":"2017-08-14T18:30:44.000Z","dateModified":"2017-08-15T18:24:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"434812 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=434812","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/08/14/why-do-old-people-want-your-young-blood-video/","disqusTitle":"Why Do Old People Want Your Young Blood? (Video)","nprByline":"Above the Noise","path":"/futureofyou/434812/why-do-old-people-want-your-young-blood-video","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/N88pPUWrc5k'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/N88pPUWrc5k'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The newest anti-aging trend sounds straight out of a vampire movie: injecting young blood into old people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As alarming as that may sound, human trials have started to test whether blood from young people improves the health of older folks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554?term=ambrosia+LLC&rank=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ongoing trial\u003c/a>, based in California, is infusing \"older\" people (ages 35 and above) with the blood of younger people (ages 16-25). The older group is then tested a month later for improvements in blood-borne indicators associated with aging and disease, such as insulin and hemoglobin levels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the science is still out on young blood's benefit to humans, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/ageing-research-blood-to-blood-1.16762\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">body of research\u003c/a> does indicate, in animal studies at least, that young blood can improve organ and tissue function and prolong the life of older animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about the hope and hype surrounding young blood, watch the video above, from \"\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC4K10PNjqgGLKA3lo5V8KdQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Above the Noise\u003c/a>,\" KQED's YouTube series for teens.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/434812/why-do-old-people-want-your-young-blood-video","authors":["byline_futureofyou_434812"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_532","futureofyou_1241","futureofyou_717","futureofyou_1337"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_434828","label":"futureofyou_1097"},"futureofyou_366983":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_366983","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"366983","score":null,"sort":[1498838441000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"blood-from-young-people-may-be-a-secret-to-fighting-aging","title":"Blood From Young People May Be a Secret to Fighting Aging","publishDate":1498838441,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published April 10, 2017\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent trend in anti-aging research sounds straight out of an episode of \"The Twilight Zone\"—or, if you’re younger than 40, the \"Twilight\" series. Scientists are infusing blood from young people into elderly individuals to improve health and delay the afflictions of aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound creepy, but the potential health benefits of the practice are grounded in more than a decade of research. According to numerous animal studies from Stanford, UC Berkeley and Harvard, young blood can \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6184/649\">rejuvenate aging muscles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS009286741300456X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\">improve organ function\u003c/a>, help \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7362/full/nature10357.html\">generate new brain cells\u003c/a>, and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/full/nm.3569.html\">improve cognition\u003c/a>. So far, these benefits have only been seen in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again.' \u003ccite>Joe McCracken, Alkahest\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now, two Northern California startups, \u003ca href=\"http://www.alkahest.com/\">Alkahest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ambrosiaplasma.com/\">Ambrosia LLC\u003c/a>, are conducting the first studies that attempt to recreate these anti-aging effects in humans. The two companies are running separate clinical trials to infuse plasma from people under the age of 25 into older adults, in an attempt to reverse some of the negative effects of aging and treat age-related diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think certain proteins in the blood either increase or decrease with aging and are behind age-related diseases such as dementia, diabetes and heart disease. Infusions of young blood may replenish helpful proteins that are lost over the years or block the production of damaging ones that typically increase with age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Alkahest and Ambrosia were inspired by the same studies, their goals and approaches to research are very different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Academic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford professor Tony Wyss-Coray co-founded San Carlos-based Alkahest in 2014, based on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/abs/nm.3569.html\">findings\u003c/a> that transfusions of young blood into old mice improve learning and memory and promote the growth of new connections between cells in the hippocampus. That’s a key memory center located in the middle of the brain. Alkahest is now working to translate these benefits to patients with Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368258\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-368258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"STANFORD. CA., MAY 2, 2014--Dr. Tony Wyss-Coray, Professor of Neurology at Stanford School of Medicine in lab on Friday, May 2, 2014. ( Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine )\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tony Wyss-Coray's clinical trial tested whether infusions of young blood are safe for patients with Alzheimer's disease; future trials may test whether the treatment would be beneficial. \u003ccite>(Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Alkahest sponsored an FDA-approved \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256306\">clinical trial\u003c/a> at Stanford to give Alzheimer’s patients between the ages of 50 and 90 four small, weekly transfusions of plasma. The plasma is obtained from the \u003ca href=\"https://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/research/\">Stanford Blood Center\u003c/a>, which has a dedicated research arm that accepts blood donations specifically for Stanford clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe McCracken, vice president of business development at Alkahest, says that for now, the study is focused on safety and feasibility rather than the efficacy of the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again,” he says. “The expectation we have is that we will demonstrate that administration of young plasma to elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease is safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients are also undergoing memory assessments, brain scans and blood tests to detect any potential changes in disease symptoms. The trial has completed testing on all 18 patients, and McCracken hopes to publish the results by the end of the year. If all goes well, Alkahest plans to conduct a second, larger study to test for efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s long-term goal is to identify the proteins in the blood that change with age, and then synthesize these factors into pharmaceutical drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Entrepreneur\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Karmazin, CEO of Ambrosia, is taking an unconventional—and more controversial—approach to anti-aging research. Ambrosia, which has clinics in Monterey, California and Tampa, Florida, acts as a “pay-to-play” \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, giving one large plasma transfusion to anyone over the age of 35 for a fee of $8,000. The plasma is purchased from local blood banks, which often have a surplus of the material because hospitals typically only require red blood cells for medical procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"Ge8xrkWvdt1iNqxT39StX0C8FxMNPAxq\"]Karmazin, who graduated from Stanford medical school, has gotten some heat for the price his participants are paying. He says his company has no investors, and without the fee the clinic and the study would be impossible. In contrast, Alkahest received a \u003ca href=\"http://www.grifols.com/en/web/international/view-news/-/new/grifols-to-make-a-major-equity-investment-in-alkahest\">$37.5 million investment in 2015 from Grifols\u003c/a>, a Spanish-based company that is the leading producer of blood- and plasma-based products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t think about it, but you—or your insurance company—ultimately pay for the clinical trial over 20 years after the drug has been approved,” Karmazin says. “Companies patent the drug, they pay up front tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars [for a clinical trial], and then they hope to make a billion dollars over the next 20 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karmazin also justifies the cost of his study by saying that what people choose to do with their money is their decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This amount of money for some people is nothing,” he says. “Not for me, I have $200,000 in loans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ambrosia is analyzing data from its first 60 participants to look for changes in biomarkers of aging in the blood taken one month after treatment. The company doesn’t have any conclusive results yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to say whether Ambrosia’s study, as designed, is capable of producing conclusive results. Karmazin is accepting people with a vast range of ages and with different diseases or reasons for wanting the injection. That means the amount of data he gathers on any one condition will likely be limited and may not be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Question of Ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither company would comment on the work of the other, although Wyss-Coray took some shots in an article in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/young-blood-antiaging-trial-raises-questions\">\u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last year, saying that Karmazin was “basically abusing people’s trust and the public excitement around” the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioethicist Karen Maschke from The Hastings Center, a research institute in New York, says the payment model of the Ambrosia trial “raises a lot of a red flags,” and that the design of the study sounds “very suspect.” She is particularly concerned that participants will think they are paying for a known therapy when in fact they are paying for an experimental and unproven procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Karmazin says that he is \"totally transparent that it is experimental.” Consent documents for the trial do describe the procedure as experimental and do not guarantee any improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been no serious adverse events from the transfusions reported by either company, and both researchers are optimistic the treatment will provide real benefits to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dana Smith is a freelance writer focusing on health and science, with a special interest in the brain. Her work has been featured in The Atlantic, The Guardian, Fast Company, Scientific American, Discover Magazine, and others. In a previous life, she received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Cambridge. Find her on Twitter @smithdanag\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Remember that study where scientists put blood from young mice into old mice and it reversed aging? Research has begun on humans.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1498842196,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1226},"headData":{"title":"Blood From Young People May Be a Secret to Fighting Aging | KQED","description":"Remember that study where scientists put blood from young mice into old mice and it reversed aging? Research has begun on humans.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Blood From Young People May Be a Secret to Fighting Aging","datePublished":"2017-06-30T16:00:41.000Z","dateModified":"2017-06-30T17:03:16.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"366983 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=366983","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/06/30/blood-from-young-people-may-be-a-secret-to-fighting-aging/","disqusTitle":"Blood From Young People May Be a Secret to Fighting Aging","source":"KQED Future of You","nprByline":"Dana Smith","path":"/futureofyou/366983/blood-from-young-people-may-be-a-secret-to-fighting-aging","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Originally published April 10, 2017\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A recent trend in anti-aging research sounds straight out of an episode of \"The Twilight Zone\"—or, if you’re younger than 40, the \"Twilight\" series. Scientists are infusing blood from young people into elderly individuals to improve health and delay the afflictions of aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may sound creepy, but the potential health benefits of the practice are grounded in more than a decade of research. According to numerous animal studies from Stanford, UC Berkeley and Harvard, young blood can \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/content/344/6184/649\">rejuvenate aging muscles\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS009286741300456X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue\">improve organ function\u003c/a>, help \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v477/n7362/full/nature10357.html\">generate new brain cells\u003c/a>, and even \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/full/nm.3569.html\">improve cognition\u003c/a>. So far, these benefits have only been seen in mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">'We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again.' \u003ccite>Joe McCracken, Alkahest\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Now, two Northern California startups, \u003ca href=\"http://www.alkahest.com/\">Alkahest\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ambrosiaplasma.com/\">Ambrosia LLC\u003c/a>, are conducting the first studies that attempt to recreate these anti-aging effects in humans. The two companies are running separate clinical trials to infuse plasma from people under the age of 25 into older adults, in an attempt to reverse some of the negative effects of aging and treat age-related diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists think certain proteins in the blood either increase or decrease with aging and are behind age-related diseases such as dementia, diabetes and heart disease. Infusions of young blood may replenish helpful proteins that are lost over the years or block the production of damaging ones that typically increase with age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although Alkahest and Ambrosia were inspired by the same studies, their goals and approaches to research are very different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Academic\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford professor Tony Wyss-Coray co-founded San Carlos-based Alkahest in 2014, based on his \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n6/abs/nm.3569.html\">findings\u003c/a> that transfusions of young blood into old mice improve learning and memory and promote the growth of new connections between cells in the hippocampus. That’s a key memory center located in the middle of the brain. Alkahest is now working to translate these benefits to patients with Alzheimer’s disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_368258\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-368258\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"STANFORD. CA., MAY 2, 2014--Dr. Tony Wyss-Coray, Professor of Neurology at Stanford School of Medicine in lab on Friday, May 2, 2014. ( Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine )\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2-520x390.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2017/04/Wyss-Coray-2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tony Wyss-Coray's clinical trial tested whether infusions of young blood are safe for patients with Alzheimer's disease; future trials may test whether the treatment would be beneficial. \u003ccite>(Norbert von der Groeben/Stanford School of Medicine)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2014, Alkahest sponsored an FDA-approved \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256306\">clinical trial\u003c/a> at Stanford to give Alzheimer’s patients between the ages of 50 and 90 four small, weekly transfusions of plasma. The plasma is obtained from the \u003ca href=\"https://bloodcenter.stanford.edu/research/\">Stanford Blood Center\u003c/a>, which has a dedicated research arm that accepts blood donations specifically for Stanford clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joe McCracken, vice president of business development at Alkahest, says that for now, the study is focused on safety and feasibility rather than the efficacy of the treatment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re trying to avoid creating expectations of a Eureka moment that we’ll have people who have severe Alzheimer’s disease acting as though they’re adolescents again,” he says. “The expectation we have is that we will demonstrate that administration of young plasma to elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease is safe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The patients are also undergoing memory assessments, brain scans and blood tests to detect any potential changes in disease symptoms. The trial has completed testing on all 18 patients, and McCracken hopes to publish the results by the end of the year. If all goes well, Alkahest plans to conduct a second, larger study to test for efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company’s long-term goal is to identify the proteins in the blood that change with age, and then synthesize these factors into pharmaceutical drugs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Entrepreneur\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jesse Karmazin, CEO of Ambrosia, is taking an unconventional—and more controversial—approach to anti-aging research. Ambrosia, which has clinics in Monterey, California and Tampa, Florida, acts as a “pay-to-play” \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02803554\">clinical trial\u003c/a>, giving one large plasma transfusion to anyone over the age of 35 for a fee of $8,000. The plasma is purchased from local blood banks, which often have a surplus of the material because hospitals typically only require red blood cells for medical procedures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Karmazin, who graduated from Stanford medical school, has gotten some heat for the price his participants are paying. He says his company has no investors, and without the fee the clinic and the study would be impossible. In contrast, Alkahest received a \u003ca href=\"http://www.grifols.com/en/web/international/view-news/-/new/grifols-to-make-a-major-equity-investment-in-alkahest\">$37.5 million investment in 2015 from Grifols\u003c/a>, a Spanish-based company that is the leading producer of blood- and plasma-based products.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t think about it, but you—or your insurance company—ultimately pay for the clinical trial over 20 years after the drug has been approved,” Karmazin says. “Companies patent the drug, they pay up front tens or even hundreds of millions of dollars [for a clinical trial], and then they hope to make a billion dollars over the next 20 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karmazin also justifies the cost of his study by saying that what people choose to do with their money is their decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This amount of money for some people is nothing,” he says. “Not for me, I have $200,000 in loans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ambrosia is analyzing data from its first 60 participants to look for changes in biomarkers of aging in the blood taken one month after treatment. The company doesn’t have any conclusive results yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s difficult to say whether Ambrosia’s study, as designed, is capable of producing conclusive results. Karmazin is accepting people with a vast range of ages and with different diseases or reasons for wanting the injection. That means the amount of data he gathers on any one condition will likely be limited and may not be useful.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Question of Ethics\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neither company would comment on the work of the other, although Wyss-Coray took some shots in an article in \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/young-blood-antiaging-trial-raises-questions\">\u003cem>Science\u003c/em>\u003c/a> last year, saying that Karmazin was “basically abusing people’s trust and the public excitement around” the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bioethicist Karen Maschke from The Hastings Center, a research institute in New York, says the payment model of the Ambrosia trial “raises a lot of a red flags,” and that the design of the study sounds “very suspect.” She is particularly concerned that participants will think they are paying for a known therapy when in fact they are paying for an experimental and unproven procedure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Karmazin says that he is \"totally transparent that it is experimental.” Consent documents for the trial do describe the procedure as experimental and do not guarantee any improvements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There have been no serious adverse events from the transfusions reported by either company, and both researchers are optimistic the treatment will provide real benefits to patients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dana Smith is a freelance writer focusing on health and science, with a special interest in the brain. Her work has been featured in The Atlantic, The Guardian, Fast Company, Scientific American, Discover Magazine, and others. In a previous life, she received a Ph.D. in experimental psychology from the University of Cambridge. Find her on Twitter @smithdanag\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/366983/blood-from-young-people-may-be-a-secret-to-fighting-aging","authors":["byline_futureofyou_366983"],"categories":["futureofyou_452","futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_73"],"tags":["futureofyou_532","futureofyou_999","futureofyou_1241","futureofyou_1275","futureofyou_80"],"collections":["futureofyou_1097"],"featImg":"futureofyou_367656","label":"source_futureofyou_366983"},"futureofyou_376160":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_376160","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"376160","score":null,"sort":[1492628128000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"human-umbilical-cord-blood-helps-aging-mice-remember-study-finds","title":"Human Umbilical Cord Blood Helps Aging Mice Remember, Study Finds","publishDate":1492628128,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Decades ago, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2164-0947.1972.tb02712.x/abstract\">surgically attached\u003c/a> pairs of rats to each other and noticed that old rats tended to live longer if they shared a bloodstream with young rats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the beginning of a peculiar and ambitious scientific endeavor to understand how certain materials from young bodies, when transplanted into older ones, can sometimes improve or rejuvenate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the beginning, the findings were exciting, complex and, sometimes, contradictory. For example, scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/full/nature03260.html\">have shown\u003c/a> that young blood can restore cell activity in the muscles and livers of aging mice. They've also \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X\">found that\u003c/a> linking old mice to young ones helped reverse heart muscle thickening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, researchers \u003ca href=\"http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/118/7/1143.long\">weren't able to replicate\u003c/a> those findings and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13363\">another study\u003c/a> concluded that, in mice that swapped blood without being connected surgically, the negative effects of being exposed to old blood outweighed the benefits of getting young blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was clear was that, like humans, as mice age their bodies and their behavior change on a fundamental level. For example, older mice stop building nests, and they tend to become forgetful, taking a long time to remember how to escape from a maze, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers wondered, would young human blood aid aging mice?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We see a pretty dramatic difference between young and aged mice in terms of their performance,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/joseph-castellano\">Joe Castellano\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at Stanford University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano and his colleagues wondered if young human blood might have beneficial effects for aging mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature22067\">report\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> that they've found a protein in human umbilical cord blood that improved learning and memory in aging mice. It's an exciting find in the field of regenerative medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, scientists caution, it does not mean people should start ordering umbilical cord blood online. There is no indication that it would work in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their study, Castellano and his colleagues collected plasma, which is the watery part of blood, from people of different ages. Some were in their sixties and seventies, others in their twenties. They also collected plasma from human umbilical cords.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they injected human plasma from those different age groups and from umbilical cord blood into mice several times over the course of a couple weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mice were 12 and 14 months old, which is approximately the mouse equivalent of being in your late 50s or 60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they dissected the mouse brains and inspected the hippocampi, they found that certain genes linked to making new memories had been turned on in some of the mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, we had a hint early on that one of these donor groups, specifically the [umbilical] cord plasma, might be having an effect on the brain itself,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, they injected more aging mice with human plasma and tested the animals' ability to remember things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, they watched how long it took the mice to escape from a maze the mice had done before, using visual cues to choose an exit that would lead to safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano says it's basically like observing a person try to navigate through a crowded garage to locate their parked car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before being injected with umbilical cord blood, Castellano says, \"their performance wasn't very impressive.\" It took them a long time to learn and remember the location of the escape hole, and some of them didn't manage at all. \"But after cord plasma treatment, both the time [it took to] find it, the rate at which they'd find it and the fact that they \u003cem>do\u003c/em> find it was improved and changing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, mice treated with human umbilical cord blood performed better on a second memory test. That test involved introducing mice to a chamber and then delivering a little shock to their feet. Mice that remembered the unpleasant experience would, when re-introduced to the chamber, freeze in anticipation of the shock. A forgetful mouse, on the other hand, would go about its usual business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano says the mice that had received umbilical cord plasma froze more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were, first of all, surprised and excited that there was something in human plasma, and more specifically there's something exciting about cord plasma,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a series of other experiments, Castellano and his colleagues concluded that one protein, called TIMP2, in human umbilical cord blood was likely responsible for the improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they removed TIMP2 from cord plasma and injected the plasma into mice, they didn't observe any improvement on the memory tests. And when they injected plasma containing TIMP2 into elderly mice, they again observed improvement in memory and learning tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The really exciting thing about this study, and previous studies that have come before it, is that we've sort of tapped into previously unappreciated potential of our blood — our plasma — and what it can do for reversing the harmful effects of aging on the brain,\" says Castellano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an intriguing hint at how potential therapies might someday work to prevent age-related illness, including Alzheimer's disease, from developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The desired outcome is overall whole body rejuvenation,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sens.org/about/leadership/executive-team\">Aubrey de Grey\u003c/a>, a biomedical gerontologist who founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sens.org/\">SENS Research Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study by Castellano and colleagues, he says, is an \"excellent\" starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only thing, of course, is that it's a mouse experiment and mouse experiments often don't actually translate faithfully into the human setting,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Castellano agrees that this finding does not mean that people should start sprinkling TIMP2 protein on their cereal or signing up for an umbilical cord transfusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, he says, there's no evidence that elderly humans would experience the same effects as the mice did in this study. It's also unclear what would happen to mice if they received the plasma for more than just a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also the nagging worry that, while proteins like TIMP2 may be beneficial for developing babies, they could be harmful in older humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe there's a reason that older brains aren't exposed to certain proteins any longer,\" says Castellano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/irina-conboy\">Irina Conboy\u003c/a>, who studies aging and degenerative diseases at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that the TIMP2 protein is actually present in \u003ca href=\"http://www.jns-journal.com/article/S0022-510X(02)00398-2/abstract\">higher levels\u003c/a> in people with Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That runs counter to the argument made by Castellano and colleagues that TIMP2 is associated with improved memory and learning, and that TIMP2 levels would drop as people age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"TIMP2 is a very well-known protein,\" she says. She also notes that one of Castellano's co-authors, Tony Wyss-Coray, is the board chair for a company called Alkahest, which has separately \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256306\">studied\u003c/a> plasma injections as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Conboy says, there is no indication that the TIMP2 Castellano and colleagues detected in mouse brains actually came from the injections of human plasma. It's unclear, she says, if a protein in plasma could actually make its way from a mouse's bloodstream into its brain, or that, once there, it could actually impact brain function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Conboy \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5121415/\">published a study\u003c/a> in which she and colleagues swapped half of the blood in old mice with that of young mice, and vice versa. They saw signs of regeneration in the muscles and liver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, says Conboy, \"There was zero positive effect on the brain. The mice were not smarter. They did not learn better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such conflicting results reflect two fundamentally different ways of thinking about aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the point of view of Castellano and colleagues, aging involves a loss of beneficial materials; for example, diminishing amounts of proteins that were once present in the plasma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Conboy, however, \"The problem is not that you run out of positive things, but that you accumulate negative things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and others hold that proteins likely accumulate with old age, sometimes inhibiting certain functions, including the growth of new cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have hundreds of proteins that change with age,\" she says, and finding a way to reduce the effects of aging will likely require tinkering with a huge bouquet of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you are looking for miracles, it will not come from [injecting] bodily fluids,\" she says. \"There will not be one silver bullet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Human+Umbilical+Cord+Blood+Helps+Aging+Mice+Remember%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Researchers found a protein in human umbilical cord plasma improved learning and memory in older mice, but there's no indication it would work in people.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1492628129,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":46,"wordCount":1392},"headData":{"title":"Human Umbilical Cord Blood Helps Aging Mice Remember, Study Finds | KQED","description":"Researchers found a protein in human umbilical cord plasma improved learning and memory in older mice, but there's no indication it would work in people.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Human Umbilical Cord Blood Helps Aging Mice Remember, Study Finds","datePublished":"2017-04-19T18:55:28.000Z","dateModified":"2017-04-19T18:55:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"376160 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=376160","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2017/04/19/human-umbilical-cord-blood-helps-aging-mice-remember-study-finds/","disqusTitle":"Human Umbilical Cord Blood Helps Aging Mice Remember, Study Finds","nprImageCredit":"Mike Kemp","nprByline":"Rae Ellen Bichell\u003c/br>NPR","nprImageAgency":"Rubberball/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"523975844","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=523975844&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/04/19/523975844/human-umbilical-cord-blood-helps-aging-mice-remember-study-finds?ft=nprml&f=523975844","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:03:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:03:42 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Wed, 19 Apr 2017 13:03:42 -0400","path":"/futureofyou/376160/human-umbilical-cord-blood-helps-aging-mice-remember-study-finds","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Decades ago, scientists \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2164-0947.1972.tb02712.x/abstract\">surgically attached\u003c/a> pairs of rats to each other and noticed that old rats tended to live longer if they shared a bloodstream with young rats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the beginning of a peculiar and ambitious scientific endeavor to understand how certain materials from young bodies, when transplanted into older ones, can sometimes improve or rejuvenate them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the beginning, the findings were exciting, complex and, sometimes, contradictory. For example, scientists \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v433/n7027/full/nature03260.html\">have shown\u003c/a> that young blood can restore cell activity in the muscles and livers of aging mice. They've also \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/abstract/S0092-8674(13)00456-X\">found that\u003c/a> linking old mice to young ones helped reverse heart muscle thickening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, researchers \u003ca href=\"http://circres.ahajournals.org/content/118/7/1143.long\">weren't able to replicate\u003c/a> those findings and \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13363\">another study\u003c/a> concluded that, in mice that swapped blood without being connected surgically, the negative effects of being exposed to old blood outweighed the benefits of getting young blood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What was clear was that, like humans, as mice age their bodies and their behavior change on a fundamental level. For example, older mice stop building nests, and they tend to become forgetful, taking a long time to remember how to escape from a maze, for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">Researchers wondered, would young human blood aid aging mice?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\"We see a pretty dramatic difference between young and aged mice in terms of their performance,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/joseph-castellano\">Joe Castellano\u003c/a>, a neuroscientist at Stanford University School of Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano and his colleagues wondered if young human blood might have beneficial effects for aging mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/nature22067\">report\u003c/a> in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em> that they've found a protein in human umbilical cord blood that improved learning and memory in aging mice. It's an exciting find in the field of regenerative medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, scientists caution, it does not mean people should start ordering umbilical cord blood online. There is no indication that it would work in humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For their study, Castellano and his colleagues collected plasma, which is the watery part of blood, from people of different ages. Some were in their sixties and seventies, others in their twenties. They also collected plasma from human umbilical cords.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, they injected human plasma from those different age groups and from umbilical cord blood into mice several times over the course of a couple weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mice were 12 and 14 months old, which is approximately the mouse equivalent of being in your late 50s or 60s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they dissected the mouse brains and inspected the hippocampi, they found that certain genes linked to making new memories had been turned on in some of the mice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, we had a hint early on that one of these donor groups, specifically the [umbilical] cord plasma, might be having an effect on the brain itself,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, they injected more aging mice with human plasma and tested the animals' ability to remember things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, they watched how long it took the mice to escape from a maze the mice had done before, using visual cues to choose an exit that would lead to safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano says it's basically like observing a person try to navigate through a crowded garage to locate their parked car.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before being injected with umbilical cord blood, Castellano says, \"their performance wasn't very impressive.\" It took them a long time to learn and remember the location of the escape hole, and some of them didn't manage at all. \"But after cord plasma treatment, both the time [it took to] find it, the rate at which they'd find it and the fact that they \u003cem>do\u003c/em> find it was improved and changing,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, mice treated with human umbilical cord blood performed better on a second memory test. That test involved introducing mice to a chamber and then delivering a little shock to their feet. Mice that remembered the unpleasant experience would, when re-introduced to the chamber, freeze in anticipation of the shock. A forgetful mouse, on the other hand, would go about its usual business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Castellano says the mice that had received umbilical cord plasma froze more often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were, first of all, surprised and excited that there was something in human plasma, and more specifically there's something exciting about cord plasma,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a series of other experiments, Castellano and his colleagues concluded that one protein, called TIMP2, in human umbilical cord blood was likely responsible for the improvement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they removed TIMP2 from cord plasma and injected the plasma into mice, they didn't observe any improvement on the memory tests. And when they injected plasma containing TIMP2 into elderly mice, they again observed improvement in memory and learning tasks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The really exciting thing about this study, and previous studies that have come before it, is that we've sort of tapped into previously unappreciated potential of our blood — our plasma — and what it can do for reversing the harmful effects of aging on the brain,\" says Castellano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's an intriguing hint at how potential therapies might someday work to prevent age-related illness, including Alzheimer's disease, from developing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The desired outcome is overall whole body rejuvenation,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.sens.org/about/leadership/executive-team\">Aubrey de Grey\u003c/a>, a biomedical gerontologist who founded the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sens.org/\">SENS Research Foundation\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study by Castellano and colleagues, he says, is an \"excellent\" starting point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only thing, of course, is that it's a mouse experiment and mouse experiments often don't actually translate faithfully into the human setting,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Castellano agrees that this finding does not mean that people should start sprinkling TIMP2 protein on their cereal or signing up for an umbilical cord transfusions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First off, he says, there's no evidence that elderly humans would experience the same effects as the mice did in this study. It's also unclear what would happen to mice if they received the plasma for more than just a few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's also the nagging worry that, while proteins like TIMP2 may be beneficial for developing babies, they could be harmful in older humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Maybe there's a reason that older brains aren't exposed to certain proteins any longer,\" says Castellano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And \u003ca href=\"http://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/faculty/irina-conboy\">Irina Conboy\u003c/a>, who studies aging and degenerative diseases at the University of California, Berkeley, points out that the TIMP2 protein is actually present in \u003ca href=\"http://www.jns-journal.com/article/S0022-510X(02)00398-2/abstract\">higher levels\u003c/a> in people with Alzheimer's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That runs counter to the argument made by Castellano and colleagues that TIMP2 is associated with improved memory and learning, and that TIMP2 levels would drop as people age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"TIMP2 is a very well-known protein,\" she says. She also notes that one of Castellano's co-authors, Tony Wyss-Coray, is the board chair for a company called Alkahest, which has separately \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256306\">studied\u003c/a> plasma injections as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, Conboy says, there is no indication that the TIMP2 Castellano and colleagues detected in mouse brains actually came from the injections of human plasma. It's unclear, she says, if a protein in plasma could actually make its way from a mouse's bloodstream into its brain, or that, once there, it could actually impact brain function.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, Conboy \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5121415/\">published a study\u003c/a> in which she and colleagues swapped half of the blood in old mice with that of young mice, and vice versa. They saw signs of regeneration in the muscles and liver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, says Conboy, \"There was zero positive effect on the brain. The mice were not smarter. They did not learn better.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such conflicting results reflect two fundamentally different ways of thinking about aging.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the point of view of Castellano and colleagues, aging involves a loss of beneficial materials; for example, diminishing amounts of proteins that were once present in the plasma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To Conboy, however, \"The problem is not that you run out of positive things, but that you accumulate negative things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and others hold that proteins likely accumulate with old age, sometimes inhibiting certain functions, including the growth of new cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have hundreds of proteins that change with age,\" she says, and finding a way to reduce the effects of aging will likely require tinkering with a huge bouquet of them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you are looking for miracles, it will not come from [injecting] bodily fluids,\" she says. \"There will not be one silver bullet.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Human+Umbilical+Cord+Blood+Helps+Aging+Mice+Remember%2C+Study+Finds&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/376160/human-umbilical-cord-blood-helps-aging-mice-remember-study-finds","authors":["byline_futureofyou_376160"],"categories":["futureofyou_1062","futureofyou_1"],"tags":["futureofyou_532","futureofyou_1241","futureofyou_978"],"featImg":"futureofyou_376161","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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