Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns
Why Family Members Can Get Different Ancestry Results From DNA Tests
Do You Know How To Find Out If This Woman is Your Aunt?
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Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"futureofyou_445019":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_445019","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"445019","score":null,"sort":[1539363244000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"easy-dna-identifications-with-genealogy-databases-raise-privacy-concerns","title":"Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns","publishDate":1539363244,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Police in California \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made headlines\u003c/a> this spring when they charged a former police officer with being the Golden State Killer, a man who allegedly committed a series of notorious rapes and murders in the 1970s and '80s.[contextly_sidebar id=\"wnxqjWPunPnkNxirmoKmxB8OyxTBzMuy\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities revealed they used DNA from a publicly available genealogy website to crack the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, police around the country have started doing the same sort of thing to solve other cold cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/management/yaniv_erlich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yaniv Erlich, \u003c/a>the chief science officer at the Israeli company \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MyHeritage\u003c/a>, to investigate just how easy it is to use public genealogy databases to track down people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to quantify how powerful this technique is to identify individuals,\" Erlich says. So he and his colleagues analyzed the genomes of 1.28 million people in the company's database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aau4832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, the researchers projected that they could identify third cousins and more closely related relatives in more than 60 percent of people of European descent. (They chose this group because most people in their database have that ancestry.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of like each person in this database is a beacon that illuminates hundreds of distant relatives,\" Erlich says. \"So it's enough to have your third cousin or your second cousin once-removed in these databases to actually identify you.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"B44UUm4fmJ0qJhwetu8JjvUYBxbNVQtq\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers combined their strategy with other information, such a specific geographic area or the approximate age of a person, they could quickly reduce a list of possibilities to just a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, you need the genealogical records. You need to do the work. But you have enough power to to get very close,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's not all. Erlich estimates that as his and other databases grow, investigators will essentially be able to identify anyone in the United States within that ethnic background within a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems that very quickly we can get virtually to nearly everyone,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another part of the study, the researchers went even further to see if they could do the same thing with other DNA databases. They were able to use their techniques to identify a supposedly anonymous woman whose DNA was stored in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,000 Genomes Project\u003c/a>, a National Institutes of Health research database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This technique doesn't only get you criminals,\" Erlich says. \"You can also use this technique for other purposes — maybe purposes that could be illegitimate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, he says, raises serious questions about privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The police currently [are] using these techniques to find ... [murderers] and bad people,\" Erlich says. \"But are we OK with using this technique to identify people in a political demonstration who left their DNA behind? There are many scenarios that you can think about misuse.\"[contextly_sidebar id=\"EdtIiFNqDOAH81r6zsse3iX6ZCM6PiDN\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some people involved in genealogical forensics defend the use of the techniques to help solves serious crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was excited to see this demonstration that genetic genealogy is so powerful,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.parabon-nanolabs.com/nanolabs/news-events/2015/10/snapshot-ishi-presentation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ellen Greytak\u003c/a>, director of bioinformatics at \u003ca href=\"https://parabon-nanolabs.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parabon Nanolabs, Inc.\u003c/a>, which helps police solve crimes this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're working on these cases that haven't been able to be solved for decades. They are all either homicide or sexual assault. And some of these are horrific,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Greytak and her colleagues caution that this study suggests the process is easier than it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a number of problematic assumptions made in the study that do not reflect the reality of the work I am doing,\" writes \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/p/about-me.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CeCe Moore\u003c/a>, who works with Parabon, in an e-mail. \"The study demonstrates the power of genetic genealogy in a theoretical way, but does not fully capture the challenges of the work in practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others argue that the findings underscore the need to make sure people know what they're getting into when they provide their genetic information to genealogy services and other databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you make those decisions to put the genome out in the world it's really hard to dial it back,\" \u003ca href=\"https://its.law.nyu.edu/facultyprofiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=profile.overview&personid=31567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erin Murphy\u003c/a>, a professor at the New York University School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And more importantly,\" she says, \"you've made a decision not just for yourself but for your siblings, for your distant cousins, people you don't even know you're related to, for your children, for your children's children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31180-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em> found that it could be possible to link ancestry databases to older law enforcement DNA databases, giving police yet another potential tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were trying to pose the question of whether a newer, more modern system of genetic markers could be tested against the old system and still get matches and find relatives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/noah-rosenberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Rosenberg\u003c/a>, a biology professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking these studies together, some bioethicists and legal experts say they show that it's important to take steps to protect genetic information and make sure people providing DNA samples are aware of the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can tell people that we can de-identify their data,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bioethics.nih.gov/people/berkman-bio.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benjamin Berkman\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the National Institutes of Health, who was speaking for himself, not NIH. \"We can tell them about all the procedural and technical safeguards that we've put in place to protect the confidentiality of their data. But I don't think we can promise people anonymity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Berkman says, \"it's incumbent on anyone collecting and aggregating and sharing genomic data to be clear exactly how the data will be treated and whether there are any risks to genomic privacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Erlich proposes that all genetic information be encrypted to protect the information and enable people to explicitly provide consent for using their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It sounds geeky and complicated, but it's very simple in practice,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Easy+DNA+Identifications+With+Genealogy+Databases+Raise+Privacy+Concerns&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A majority of Americans of European descent could be linked to third cousins, or closer relatives, using genealogy databases, a study finds. Soon it may be possible to identify nearly everyone by DNA.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1539363353,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":32,"wordCount":989},"headData":{"title":"Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns | KQED","description":"A majority of Americans of European descent could be linked to third cousins, or closer relatives, using genealogy databases, a study finds. Soon it may be possible to identify nearly everyone by DNA.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns","datePublished":"2018-10-12T16:54:04.000Z","dateModified":"2018-10-12T16:55:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"445019 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=445019","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/10/12/easy-dna-identifications-with-genealogy-databases-raise-privacy-concerns/","disqusTitle":"Easy DNA Identifications With Genealogy Databases Raise Privacy Concerns","source":"DIY Health","nprByline":"Rob Stein, NPR","nprImageAgency":"Randy Pench/Sacramento Bee/TNS via Getty Images","nprStoryId":"656268742","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=656268742&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/10/11/656268742/easy-dna-identifications-with-genealogy-databases-raise-privacy-concerns?ft=nprml&f=656268742","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Thu, 11 Oct 2018 18:53:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Thu, 11 Oct 2018 15:58:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Thu, 11 Oct 2018 16:51:42 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/10/20181011_atc_easy_dna_identifications_with_genealogy_databases_raise_privacy_concerns.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=251&p=2&story=656268742&ft=nprml&f=656268742","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1656682250-420468.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=251&p=2&story=656268742&ft=nprml&f=656268742","audioTrackLength":251,"path":"/futureofyou/445019/easy-dna-identifications-with-genealogy-databases-raise-privacy-concerns","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/atc/2018/10/20181011_atc_easy_dna_identifications_with_genealogy_databases_raise_privacy_concerns.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=251&p=2&story=656268742&ft=nprml&f=656268742","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Police in California \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/04/27/606624218/in-hunt-for-golden-state-killer-investigators-uploaded-his-dna-to-genealogy-site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made headlines\u003c/a> this spring when they charged a former police officer with being the Golden State Killer, a man who allegedly committed a series of notorious rapes and murders in the 1970s and '80s.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authorities revealed they used DNA from a publicly available genealogy website to crack the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, police around the country have started doing the same sort of thing to solve other cold cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That prompted \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/management/yaniv_erlich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yaniv Erlich, \u003c/a>the chief science officer at the Israeli company \u003ca href=\"https://www.myheritage.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MyHeritage\u003c/a>, to investigate just how easy it is to use public genealogy databases to track down people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We wanted to quantify how powerful this technique is to identify individuals,\" Erlich says. So he and his colleagues analyzed the genomes of 1.28 million people in the company's database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aau4832\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper \u003c/a>published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>, the researchers projected that they could identify third cousins and more closely related relatives in more than 60 percent of people of European descent. (They chose this group because most people in their database have that ancestry.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's kind of like each person in this database is a beacon that illuminates hundreds of distant relatives,\" Erlich says. \"So it's enough to have your third cousin or your second cousin once-removed in these databases to actually identify you.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when the researchers combined their strategy with other information, such a specific geographic area or the approximate age of a person, they could quickly reduce a list of possibilities to just a few people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Of course, you need the genealogical records. You need to do the work. But you have enough power to to get very close,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that's not all. Erlich estimates that as his and other databases grow, investigators will essentially be able to identify anyone in the United States within that ethnic background within a few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It seems that very quickly we can get virtually to nearly everyone,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another part of the study, the researchers went even further to see if they could do the same thing with other DNA databases. They were able to use their techniques to identify a supposedly anonymous woman whose DNA was stored in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.genome.gov/27528684/1000-genomes-project/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">1,000 Genomes Project\u003c/a>, a National Institutes of Health research database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This technique doesn't only get you criminals,\" Erlich says. \"You can also use this technique for other purposes — maybe purposes that could be illegitimate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, he says, raises serious questions about privacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The police currently [are] using these techniques to find ... [murderers] and bad people,\" Erlich says. \"But are we OK with using this technique to identify people in a political demonstration who left their DNA behind? There are many scenarios that you can think about misuse.\"\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some people involved in genealogical forensics defend the use of the techniques to help solves serious crimes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was excited to see this demonstration that genetic genealogy is so powerful,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.parabon-nanolabs.com/nanolabs/news-events/2015/10/snapshot-ishi-presentation.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ellen Greytak\u003c/a>, director of bioinformatics at \u003ca href=\"https://parabon-nanolabs.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Parabon Nanolabs, Inc.\u003c/a>, which helps police solve crimes this way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're working on these cases that haven't been able to be solved for decades. They are all either homicide or sexual assault. And some of these are horrific,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Greytak and her colleagues caution that this study suggests the process is easier than it seems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There are a number of problematic assumptions made in the study that do not reflect the reality of the work I am doing,\" writes \u003ca href=\"http://www.yourgeneticgenealogist.com/p/about-me.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CeCe Moore\u003c/a>, who works with Parabon, in an e-mail. \"The study demonstrates the power of genetic genealogy in a theoretical way, but does not fully capture the challenges of the work in practice.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But others argue that the findings underscore the need to make sure people know what they're getting into when they provide their genetic information to genealogy services and other databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When you make those decisions to put the genome out in the world it's really hard to dial it back,\" \u003ca href=\"https://its.law.nyu.edu/facultyprofiles/index.cfm?fuseaction=profile.overview&personid=31567\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Erin Murphy\u003c/a>, a professor at the New York University School of Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And more importantly,\" she says, \"you've made a decision not just for yourself but for your siblings, for your distant cousins, people you don't even know you're related to, for your children, for your children's children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second \u003ca href=\"http://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)31180-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">paper\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Cell\u003c/em> found that it could be possible to link ancestry databases to older law enforcement DNA databases, giving police yet another potential tool.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We were trying to pose the question of whether a newer, more modern system of genetic markers could be tested against the old system and still get matches and find relatives,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/noah-rosenberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noah Rosenberg\u003c/a>, a biology professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Taking these studies together, some bioethicists and legal experts say they show that it's important to take steps to protect genetic information and make sure people providing DNA samples are aware of the risks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We can tell people that we can de-identify their data,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.bioethics.nih.gov/people/berkman-bio.shtml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benjamin Berkman\u003c/a>, a bioethicist at the National Institutes of Health, who was speaking for himself, not NIH. \"We can tell them about all the procedural and technical safeguards that we've put in place to protect the confidentiality of their data. But I don't think we can promise people anonymity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a result, Berkman says, \"it's incumbent on anyone collecting and aggregating and sharing genomic data to be clear exactly how the data will be treated and whether there are any risks to genomic privacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For his part, Erlich proposes that all genetic information be encrypted to protect the information and enable people to explicitly provide consent for using their data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It sounds geeky and complicated, but it's very simple in practice,\" Erlich says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Easy+DNA+Identifications+With+Genealogy+Databases+Raise+Privacy+Concerns&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/445019/easy-dna-identifications-with-genealogy-databases-raise-privacy-concerns","authors":["byline_futureofyou_445019"],"categories":["futureofyou_1060","futureofyou_1","futureofyou_73","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_464","futureofyou_17","futureofyou_197"],"collections":["futureofyou_1093","futureofyou_1094"],"featImg":"futureofyou_445020","label":"source_futureofyou_445019"},"futureofyou_439059":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_439059","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"439059","score":null,"sort":[1517508872000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-even-siblings-can-get-different-ancestry-results-from-dna-tests","title":"Why Family Members Can Get Different Ancestry Results From DNA Tests","publishDate":1517508872,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Maybe you got one of those find-your-ancestry kits over the holidays. You've sent off your awkwardly-collected saliva sample, and you're awaiting your results. If your experience is anything like that of me and my mom, you may find surprises — not the dramatic \"switched at birth\" kind, but results that are really different from what you expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">While we get half our genes from each parent, a process called recombination means that each egg and each sperm carries a different mix of the genes from each.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>My mom, Carmen Grayson, taught history for 45 years, high school and college, retiring from Hampton University in the late 1990s. But retired history professors never really retire, so she has been researching her family's migrations, through both paper records and now a DNA test. Her father was French Canadian, and her mother (my namesake, Gisella D'Appollonia) was born of Italian parents. They moved to Canada about a decade before my grandmother was born in 1909.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, we sent away to get our DNA tested by \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/\">Helix\u003c/a>, the company that works with National Geographic. Mom's results: 31 percent from Italy and Southern Europe. That made sense because of her Italian mother. But \u003cem>my\u003c/em> Helix results didn't even have an \"Italy and Southern European\" category. How could I have 50 percent of Mom's DNA and not have any Italian? We do look alike, and she says there is little chance we were switched at birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=\"BCKB7ylkmMa5eccVlIQnzjjA2KxxcRsY\"]We decided to get a second opinion and sent away to another company, \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe.\u003c/a> We opened our results together and were just as surprised. This time, I at least had a category for southern Europe. But Mom came back as 25 percent southern European, me only 6 percent. And the Italian? Mom had 11.3 percent to my 1.6. So maybe the first test wasn't wrong. But how could I have an Italian grandmother and almost no Italian genes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer this question, Mom and I drove up to Baltimore to visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/3205347/aravinda-chakravarti\">Dr. Aravinda Chakravarti\u003c/a> of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, who has spent his career studying genetics and human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's surprising,\" he told us when we showed him the results. \"But it may still be in the limits of error that these methods have.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science for analyzing one's genome is good, Chakravarti says. But the ways the companies analyze the genes leave lots of room for interpretation. So, he says, these tests \"would be most accurate at the level of continental origins, and as you go to higher and higher resolution, they would become less and less accurate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in my case — the results got me to Europe, just not Italy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My 23andMe test also showed less than 1 percent of South Asian, Sub-Saharan African, and East Asian & Native American. This, Chakravarti says, is likely true because the genetics of people on a continental level are so different, and it's not likely South Asian is going to look like European. \"Resolving a difference between, say, an African genome and an East Asian genome would be easy,\" he says. \"But resolving that same difference between one part of East Asia and another part of East Asia is much more difficult.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also learned that even though I got half my genes from Mom, they may not mirror hers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do have the genes we inherit — 50 percent from each parent. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/blog/author/elissa-levin/\">Elissa Levin\u003c/a>, a genetic counselor and the director of policy and clinical affairs of Helix, says a process called recombination means that each egg and each sperm carries a different mix of a parent's genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we talk about the 50 percent that gets inherited from Mom, there's a chance that you have a recombination that just gave you more of the northwest European part than the Italian part of your Mom's ancestry DNA,\" she says. That is also why siblings can have different ancestry results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies compare customers' DNA samples to samples they have from people around the world who have lived in a certain area for generations. The samples come from some databases to which all scientists have access, and the companies may also collect their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're able to look at, what are the specific markers, what are the specific segments of DNA that we're looking at that help us to identify, 'Those people are from this part of northern Europe or southern Europe or Southeast Asia,' \" Levin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the companies collect more samples, their understanding of markers of people of a particular heritage should become more precise. But for now, the smaller the percentage of a population within a continent that is in the database, the less certain they are. Levin says Helix chooses to not report some of those smaller percentages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 23andMe reports results with a 50 percent confidence interval — they're 50 percent sure their geographic placement is correct. Move the setting up to 90 percent confidence, meaning your placement in a region is 90 percent certain, and that small 1.6 percent of my ancestry that is Italian disappears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancestry tests also have to take into account the fact that humans have been migrating for millennia, mixing DNA along the way. To contend with that, the companies' analyses involve some \"random chance,\" as Levin puts it. A computer has to make a decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the ancestry companies have to make judgment calls. \u003ca href=\"https://blog.23andme.com/health-traits/a-conversation-health-content-scientist-robin-smith/\">Robin Smith\u003c/a>, a senior product manager with 23andMe, says their computers compare the DNA with 31 groups. \"Let's say a piece of your DNA looks most like British and Irish but it also looks a little bit like French-German,\" he says. \"Based on some statistical measures, we'd decide whether to call that as British-Irish or French-German, or maybe we go up one level and call it northwestern European.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does he think explains my case?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a bit surprising,\" he says. \"But in looking at the fact that you have some southern European and some French-German, the picture became a little clearer to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, for now, my Italian grandmother doesn't show up in these tests. No matter — Chakravarti, Levin and Smith all say let the results \u003cem>add\u003c/em> to your life story. The DNA is just a piece of what makes you you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gisele Grayson is a senior producer on NPR's Science Desk who runs the health reporting collaboration with member stations and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=My+Grandmother+Was+Italian.+Why+Aren%27t+My+Genes+Italian%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Popular DNA ancestry tests don't always find what people expect. That is because of how DNA rearranges itself when egg meets sperm — and the quirks of genetic databases.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1517516157,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1125},"headData":{"title":"Why Family Members Can Get Different Ancestry Results From DNA Tests | KQED","description":"Popular DNA ancestry tests don't always find what people expect. That is because of how DNA rearranges itself when egg meets sperm — and the quirks of genetic databases.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Family Members Can Get Different Ancestry Results From DNA Tests","datePublished":"2018-02-01T18:14:32.000Z","dateModified":"2018-02-01T20:15:57.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"439059 https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=439059","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2018/02/01/why-even-siblings-can-get-different-ancestry-results-from-dna-tests/","disqusTitle":"Why Family Members Can Get Different Ancestry Results From DNA Tests","nprByline":"Gisele Grayson\u003cbr />NPR Shots","nprImageAgency":"Meredith Rizzo/NPR","nprStoryId":"578293890","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=578293890&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/01/22/578293890/my-grandmother-was-italian-why-arent-my-genes-italian?ft=nprml&f=578293890","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Fri, 26 Jan 2018 13:02:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 22 Jan 2018 05:02:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Fri, 26 Jan 2018 13:02:36 -0500","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/01/20180122_me_my_grandmother_was_italian_why_arent_my_genes_italian.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=229&p=3&story=578293890&ft=nprml&f=578293890","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1579629388-6f741a.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=229&p=3&story=578293890&ft=nprml&f=578293890","path":"/futureofyou/439059/why-even-siblings-can-get-different-ancestry-results-from-dna-tests","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/01/20180122_me_my_grandmother_was_italian_why_arent_my_genes_italian.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&d=229&p=3&story=578293890&ft=nprml&f=578293890","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Maybe you got one of those find-your-ancestry kits over the holidays. You've sent off your awkwardly-collected saliva sample, and you're awaiting your results. If your experience is anything like that of me and my mom, you may find surprises — not the dramatic \"switched at birth\" kind, but results that are really different from what you expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">While we get half our genes from each parent, a process called recombination means that each egg and each sperm carries a different mix of the genes from each.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>My mom, Carmen Grayson, taught history for 45 years, high school and college, retiring from Hampton University in the late 1990s. But retired history professors never really retire, so she has been researching her family's migrations, through both paper records and now a DNA test. Her father was French Canadian, and her mother (my namesake, Gisella D'Appollonia) was born of Italian parents. They moved to Canada about a decade before my grandmother was born in 1909.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last fall, we sent away to get our DNA tested by \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/\">Helix\u003c/a>, the company that works with National Geographic. Mom's results: 31 percent from Italy and Southern Europe. That made sense because of her Italian mother. But \u003cem>my\u003c/em> Helix results didn't even have an \"Italy and Southern European\" category. How could I have 50 percent of Mom's DNA and not have any Italian? We do look alike, and she says there is little chance we were switched at birth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>We decided to get a second opinion and sent away to another company, \u003ca href=\"https://www.23andme.com/\">23andMe.\u003c/a> We opened our results together and were just as surprised. This time, I at least had a category for southern Europe. But Mom came back as 25 percent southern European, me only 6 percent. And the Italian? Mom had 11.3 percent to my 1.6. So maybe the first test wasn't wrong. But how could I have an Italian grandmother and almost no Italian genes?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer this question, Mom and I drove up to Baltimore to visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/3205347/aravinda-chakravarti\">Dr. Aravinda Chakravarti\u003c/a> of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Bloomberg School of Public Health, who has spent his career studying genetics and human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That's surprising,\" he told us when we showed him the results. \"But it may still be in the limits of error that these methods have.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The science for analyzing one's genome is good, Chakravarti says. But the ways the companies analyze the genes leave lots of room for interpretation. So, he says, these tests \"would be most accurate at the level of continental origins, and as you go to higher and higher resolution, they would become less and less accurate.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As in my case — the results got me to Europe, just not Italy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My 23andMe test also showed less than 1 percent of South Asian, Sub-Saharan African, and East Asian & Native American. This, Chakravarti says, is likely true because the genetics of people on a continental level are so different, and it's not likely South Asian is going to look like European. \"Resolving a difference between, say, an African genome and an East Asian genome would be easy,\" he says. \"But resolving that same difference between one part of East Asia and another part of East Asia is much more difficult.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I also learned that even though I got half my genes from Mom, they may not mirror hers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We do have the genes we inherit — 50 percent from each parent. But \u003ca href=\"https://www.helix.com/blog/author/elissa-levin/\">Elissa Levin\u003c/a>, a genetic counselor and the director of policy and clinical affairs of Helix, says a process called recombination means that each egg and each sperm carries a different mix of a parent's genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When we talk about the 50 percent that gets inherited from Mom, there's a chance that you have a recombination that just gave you more of the northwest European part than the Italian part of your Mom's ancestry DNA,\" she says. That is also why siblings can have different ancestry results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The companies compare customers' DNA samples to samples they have from people around the world who have lived in a certain area for generations. The samples come from some databases to which all scientists have access, and the companies may also collect their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're able to look at, what are the specific markers, what are the specific segments of DNA that we're looking at that help us to identify, 'Those people are from this part of northern Europe or southern Europe or Southeast Asia,' \" Levin says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the companies collect more samples, their understanding of markers of people of a particular heritage should become more precise. But for now, the smaller the percentage of a population within a continent that is in the database, the less certain they are. Levin says Helix chooses to not report some of those smaller percentages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 23andMe reports results with a 50 percent confidence interval — they're 50 percent sure their geographic placement is correct. Move the setting up to 90 percent confidence, meaning your placement in a region is 90 percent certain, and that small 1.6 percent of my ancestry that is Italian disappears.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancestry tests also have to take into account the fact that humans have been migrating for millennia, mixing DNA along the way. To contend with that, the companies' analyses involve some \"random chance,\" as Levin puts it. A computer has to make a decision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the ancestry companies have to make judgment calls. \u003ca href=\"https://blog.23andme.com/health-traits/a-conversation-health-content-scientist-robin-smith/\">Robin Smith\u003c/a>, a senior product manager with 23andMe, says their computers compare the DNA with 31 groups. \"Let's say a piece of your DNA looks most like British and Irish but it also looks a little bit like French-German,\" he says. \"Based on some statistical measures, we'd decide whether to call that as British-Irish or French-German, or maybe we go up one level and call it northwestern European.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What does he think explains my case?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It was a bit surprising,\" he says. \"But in looking at the fact that you have some southern European and some French-German, the picture became a little clearer to me.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, for now, my Italian grandmother doesn't show up in these tests. No matter — Chakravarti, Levin and Smith all say let the results \u003cem>add\u003c/em> to your life story. The DNA is just a piece of what makes you you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Gisele Grayson is a senior producer on NPR's Science Desk who runs the health reporting collaboration with member stations and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org\">Kaiser Health News\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=My+Grandmother+Was+Italian.+Why+Aren%27t+My+Genes+Italian%3F&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/439059/why-even-siblings-can-get-different-ancestry-results-from-dna-tests","authors":["byline_futureofyou_439059"],"categories":["futureofyou_1","futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_15","futureofyou_464","futureofyou_120","futureofyou_641"],"featImg":"futureofyou_439061","label":"futureofyou"},"futureofyou_4839":{"type":"posts","id":"futureofyou_4839","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"futureofyou","id":"4839","score":null,"sort":[1434994280000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"do-you-know-how-to-find-out-if-this-woman-is-your-aunt","title":"Do You Know How To Find Out If This Woman is Your Aunt?","publishDate":1434994280,"format":"standard","headTitle":"KQED Future of You | KQED Science","labelTerm":{"site":"futureofyou"},"content":"\u003cp>Let’s say someone contacted you out of the blue to say she is your long-lost aunt. You are interested but cautious and so want a bit more proof. You decide to get a genetic test done since aunts and nephews share a lot of DNA (25 percent on average).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you Google “aunt nephew genetic test” to see what’s out there. You quickly find there’s a lot. Unfortunately, none of the tests on the first page of results are your best bet. And the second page isn’t much better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This is because the best tests for confirming relationships more distant than parent/child are actually those marketed as tests that reveal ancestry or find long-lost relatives.\u003c/span> These are offered by companies like \u003ca href=\"23andme.com\">23andMe\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://dna.ancestry.com/\">AncestryDNA\u003c/a>. They aren't perfect, but they are heads and shoulders above the ones that you’ll find in your Google search.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Less Than 50 Percent Is Not Enough \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most relationship genetic tests look at tens of markers to determine if two people are related. They compare these few spots on both samples of DNA to see how many the two people share. In general, the more markers they share, the more likely the two of them are related. (It also helps if they happen to share some of the rarer markers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a test with tens of markers is fine for a paternity test, it is not nearly as useful for more distant relationships like half siblings or first cousins. Or for that matter, aunt and niece or nephew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a typical uncle/aunt genetic test, you get a number that shows how likely it is for someone to be your aunt or uncle (or niece or nephew). In other words, you rarely get a definitive result and instead are often stuck with a frustrating \"maybe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s even worse is that with so few markers, these tests can sometimes miss a relationship completely. In this case, your aunt may not look like your aunt simply because the markers the test happens to look at aren’t the ones that show your relatedness. You will come away thinking the two of you aren’t related, even though you really are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is just the nature of biology and how these tests work, it is not a particularly satisfying result. Most people would prefer a definitive answer when they submit to a genetic test. And for that they may want to turn to certain ancestry tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sometimes you Need Hundreds of Thousands of Markers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your best shot at a definitive result on a genetic test with distant relationships is to use an ancestry test. Instead of tens of markers, these tests look at hundreds of thousands of markers (or more). Except for rare circumstances \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/09/powerful-genetic-test-prevents-paternity-mix-up/\">like being a chimera\u003c/a>, what was hard to see with other genetic tests becomes obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a person is really your aunt, the test would come back that the two of you share around 25 percent of your DNA. 23andMe even offers results in a picture like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5835\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-5835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.21.23-AM.png\" alt=\"A typical result \" width=\"414\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.21.23-AM.png 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.21.23-AM-400x538.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A typical test result for related people\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The blue bits are the shared DNA. These two people share around 25 percent of their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is what the results would look like if the two of them weren’t related:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5836\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 409px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-5836\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.23.02-AM.png\" alt=\"A typical test related for non-related people\" width=\"409\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.23.02-AM.png 409w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.23.02-AM-400x535.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A typical test related for non-related people\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nothing wishy washy here. It is pretty obvious that the first two are related (lots of blue boxes) and the second two aren’t (no blue boxes). A picture is indeed worth a thousand words!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, of course, these tests aren’t perfect. The top result tells us the two people are closely related but it doesn’t distinguish between half siblings, aunt/uncle and nephew/niece, or grandparent/grandchild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may also not get a perfect 25 percent shared DNA. Because of \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/siblings-are-around-fifty-percent-related\">how biology works\u003c/a>, an aunt and a nephew could easily share less or more DNA. And if the numbers are too off, you may not be able to tell a first cousin from an aunt for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it will definitely tell you that the two of you share a pretty recent common relative. Which is why a paper trail establishing relationships is still so useful and will continue to be so no matter how powerful genetic tests become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who want to dig a bit deeper, the key to these ancestry tests has to do with the fact that they use so many markers that you can see the chunks of DNA you share with a relative. Instead of being isolated markers, you see a whole set of them strung together along the DNA like Christmas lights. \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/relationships-dtc-tests\">Click here\u003c/a> for why this is significant.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The best tests for confirming relationships more distant than parent to child are marketed as ancestry tests, not relationship tests. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1477281421,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":816},"headData":{"title":"Do You Know How To Find Out If This Woman is Your Aunt? | KQED","description":"The best tests for confirming relationships more distant than parent to child are marketed as ancestry tests, not relationship tests. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Do You Know How To Find Out If This Woman is Your Aunt?","datePublished":"2015-06-22T17:31:20.000Z","dateModified":"2016-10-24T03:57:01.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"4839 http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/?p=4839","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/2015/06/22/do-you-know-how-to-find-out-if-this-woman-is-your-aunt/","disqusTitle":"Do You Know How To Find Out If This Woman is Your Aunt?","path":"/futureofyou/4839/do-you-know-how-to-find-out-if-this-woman-is-your-aunt","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Let’s say someone contacted you out of the blue to say she is your long-lost aunt. You are interested but cautious and so want a bit more proof. You decide to get a genetic test done since aunts and nephews share a lot of DNA (25 percent on average).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So you Google “aunt nephew genetic test” to see what’s out there. You quickly find there’s a lot. Unfortunately, none of the tests on the first page of results are your best bet. And the second page isn’t much better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cspan class=\"s1\">This is because the best tests for confirming relationships more distant than parent/child are actually those marketed as tests that reveal ancestry or find long-lost relatives.\u003c/span> These are offered by companies like \u003ca href=\"23andme.com\">23andMe\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://dna.ancestry.com/\">AncestryDNA\u003c/a>. They aren't perfect, but they are heads and shoulders above the ones that you’ll find in your Google search.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Less Than 50 Percent Is Not Enough \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most relationship genetic tests look at tens of markers to determine if two people are related. They compare these few spots on both samples of DNA to see how many the two people share. In general, the more markers they share, the more likely the two of them are related. (It also helps if they happen to share some of the rarer markers.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While a test with tens of markers is fine for a paternity test, it is not nearly as useful for more distant relationships like half siblings or first cousins. Or for that matter, aunt and niece or nephew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a typical uncle/aunt genetic test, you get a number that shows how likely it is for someone to be your aunt or uncle (or niece or nephew). In other words, you rarely get a definitive result and instead are often stuck with a frustrating \"maybe.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s even worse is that with so few markers, these tests can sometimes miss a relationship completely. In this case, your aunt may not look like your aunt simply because the markers the test happens to look at aren’t the ones that show your relatedness. You will come away thinking the two of you aren’t related, even though you really are.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While this is just the nature of biology and how these tests work, it is not a particularly satisfying result. Most people would prefer a definitive answer when they submit to a genetic test. And for that they may want to turn to certain ancestry tests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sometimes you Need Hundreds of Thousands of Markers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your best shot at a definitive result on a genetic test with distant relationships is to use an ancestry test. Instead of tens of markers, these tests look at hundreds of thousands of markers (or more). Except for rare circumstances \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/03/09/powerful-genetic-test-prevents-paternity-mix-up/\">like being a chimera\u003c/a>, what was hard to see with other genetic tests becomes obvious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a person is really your aunt, the test would come back that the two of you share around 25 percent of your DNA. 23andMe even offers results in a picture like this:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5835\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 414px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-5835\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.21.23-AM.png\" alt=\"A typical result \" width=\"414\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.21.23-AM.png 414w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.21.23-AM-400x538.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A typical test result for related people\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The blue bits are the shared DNA. These two people share around 25 percent of their DNA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here is what the results would look like if the two of them weren’t related:\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_5836\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 409px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-5836\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.23.02-AM.png\" alt=\"A typical test related for non-related people\" width=\"409\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.23.02-AM.png 409w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/06/Screen-Shot-2015-06-22-at-10.23.02-AM-400x535.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A typical test related for non-related people\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Nothing wishy washy here. It is pretty obvious that the first two are related (lots of blue boxes) and the second two aren’t (no blue boxes). A picture is indeed worth a thousand words!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, of course, these tests aren’t perfect. The top result tells us the two people are closely related but it doesn’t distinguish between half siblings, aunt/uncle and nephew/niece, or grandparent/grandchild.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may also not get a perfect 25 percent shared DNA. Because of \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/siblings-are-around-fifty-percent-related\">how biology works\u003c/a>, an aunt and a nephew could easily share less or more DNA. And if the numbers are too off, you may not be able to tell a first cousin from an aunt for example.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, it will definitely tell you that the two of you share a pretty recent common relative. Which is why a paper trail establishing relationships is still so useful and will continue to be so no matter how powerful genetic tests become.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For people who want to dig a bit deeper, the key to these ancestry tests has to do with the fact that they use so many markers that you can see the chunks of DNA you share with a relative. Instead of being isolated markers, you see a whole set of them strung together along the DNA like Christmas lights. \u003ca href=\"http://genetics.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/relationships-dtc-tests\">Click here\u003c/a> for why this is significant.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/futureofyou/4839/do-you-know-how-to-find-out-if-this-woman-is-your-aunt","authors":["6177"],"categories":["futureofyou_1064"],"tags":["futureofyou_464","futureofyou_465","futureofyou_17","futureofyou_466","futureofyou_266"],"featImg":"futureofyou_4840","label":"futureofyou"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. 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