Amy Standen (@amystanden) is co-host of #TheLeapPodcast (subscribe on iTunes or Stitcher!) and host of KQED and PBSDigital Studios' science video series, Deep Look. Her science radio stories appear on KQED and NPR.
Email her at [email protected]
By Amy Standen
Listener Stories - A Boat, a Baby and the Blue Skies of Montana
An Unorthodox Life
The Elementary Kool-Aid Acid Test
Mirror Mirror
The Big Pitch
Out of the Pond
How Science Can Help Prevent a (Bad) Hangover
CRISPR: What You Need to Know About the Medical Science 'Breakthrough of the Year'
How Science Can Help Prevent a (Bad) Hangover
My Name Is Shawn and I Prefer He
Caught in a Pipe
The Improbable Transformation of a Punk Pioneer
Player sponsored by
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"content": "\u003cp>We’ve been asking for your stories, and on the last episode of Season 2, we highlight three of our listeners’ leaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gavin McClurg embarked on a death-defying adventure on the Pacific that changed the direction of his life. Amy Gotliffe decided to adopt a baby as a single mother, an experience that brought her both joy and heartbreak. 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He has completed nearly two circumnavigations of the globe. \u003ccite>(Gavin McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448238\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11448238 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-800x560.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-1020x714.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-240x168.jpg 240w, 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https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amy Gotliffe lives in Oakland, California. \u003ccite>(Amy Gotliffe/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448636\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11448636\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amy and Leo River in his nursery. \u003ccite>(Amy Gotliffe/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448637\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11448637\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amy Gotliffe with baby Leo River. \u003ccite>(Amy Gotliffe/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448247\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11448247\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bette Giordano at her home in Connecticut. \u003ccite>(Bette Giordano/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448543\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11448543 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bette Giordano (grey hat) whitewater rafting in Montana. \u003ccite>(Bette Giordano/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448542\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11448542 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0127.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0127.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0127-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0127-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0127-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bette in Montana. \u003ccite>(Bette Giordano/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"title": "Listener Stories - A Boat, a Baby and the Blue Skies of Montana | KQED",
"description": "We've been asking for your stories, and on the last episode of Season 2, we highlight three of our listeners' leaps. Gavin McClurg embarked on a death-defying adventure on the Pacific that changed the direction of his life. Amy Gotliffe decided to adopt a baby as a single mother, an experience that brought her both joy and heartbreak. And, at 58 years of age, Bette Giordano left her husband, her ailing father and her way of life for a journey of self discovery in the West.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We’ve been asking for your stories, and on the last episode of Season 2, we highlight three of our listeners’ leaps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gavin McClurg embarked on a death-defying adventure on the Pacific that changed the direction of his life. Amy Gotliffe decided to adopt a baby as a single mother, an experience that brought her both joy and heartbreak. And, at 58 years of age, \u003cspan id=\"gmail-docs-internal-guid-503754aa-ee3a-63a2-e9a4-f323154d30b4\">Bette Giordano\u003c/span> left her husband, her ailing father and her way of life for a journey of self discovery in the West.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448743\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11448743\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW-800x535.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW-800x535.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW-1020x682.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW-1920x1284.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW-1180x789.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW-960x642.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW-520x348.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/FH040001BW.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gavin McClurg at work on his boat. He has completed nearly two circumnavigations of the globe. \u003ccite>(Gavin McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448238\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11448238 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-800x560.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"560\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-800x560.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-160x112.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-1020x714.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-960x672.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-240x168.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-375x263.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody-520x364.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/gavin_jody.jpg 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gavin and his first mate, Jody MacDonald, in 2006. \u003ccite>(Gavin McClurg/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448640\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11448640\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-1020x1020.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-1180x1180.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-960x960.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o-150x150.jpg 150w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/17545569_10210955267669056_7442682010910112320_o.jpg 1365w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amy Gotliffe lives in Oakland, California. \u003ccite>(Amy Gotliffe/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448636\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11448636\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13912725_10208890497531093_666723014332341175_n-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amy and Leo River in his nursery. \u003ccite>(Amy Gotliffe/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448637\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11448637\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-800x800.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-800x800.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-160x160.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-240x240.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-375x375.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-520x520.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/13925253_10208869678330626_4455317873417075792_n-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Amy Gotliffe with baby Leo River. \u003ccite>(Amy Gotliffe/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448247\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11448247\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-1920x1080.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236-520x293.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/20170504_140236.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bette Giordano at her home in Connecticut. \u003ccite>(Bette Giordano/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448543\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11448543 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098-240x161.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098-375x251.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0098-520x348.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bette Giordano (grey hat) whitewater rafting in Montana. \u003ccite>(Bette Giordano/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11448542\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 480px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11448542 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0127.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"480\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0127.jpg 480w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0127-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0127-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/05/IMG_0127-375x281.jpg 375w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 480px) 100vw, 480px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bette in Montana. \u003ccite>(Bette Giordano/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Henny Kupferstein grew up in the Belz sect of ultra-orthodox, Hasidic Jews in Borough Park, Brooklyn. From early childhood, she felt like a misfit. After getting married to a virtual stranger at age 18, Henny began secretly rebelling against the confines of her sect. When she was 34, a startling diagnosis would lead her on a dramatic path away from the Belz and everyone she knew, including her four children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>You can read about Henny’s work with autistic kids and her book, \u003c/i>Perfect Pitch in the Key of Autism\u003ci>, \u003ca href=\"https://hennyk.com/\">on her website\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Music for this episode was composed by Nicholas DePrey, Chris Colin, Seth Samuel, and Henny Kupferstein.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426260\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11426260 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-800x925.jpg\" alt=\"Henny Kupferstein, age 18, with her paternal grandparents on her engagement day.\" width=\"800\" height=\"925\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-800x925.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-160x185.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-240x278.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-375x434.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-520x601.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henny Kupferstein, age 18, with her paternal grandparents on the day of her engagement. \u003ccite>(Henny Kupferstein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426255\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426255\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-800x624.jpg\" alt=\"Henny Kupferstein concealed by her veil on her wedding day. \" width=\"800\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-800x624.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-160x125.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-1020x795.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-1920x1497.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-1180x920.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-960x748.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-240x187.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-375x292.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-520x405.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henny Kupferstein concealed by her veil on her wedding day. \u003ccite>(Henny Kupferstein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426253\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426253\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-800x1130.jpg\" alt=\"Henny and her husband on their wedding day.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1130\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-800x1130.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-160x226.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-1020x1440.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-1920x2712.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-1180x1666.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-960x1356.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-240x339.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-375x530.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-520x734.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henny and her husband on their wedding day. \u003ccite>(Henny Kupferstein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426257\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426257\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-800x1125.jpg\" alt=\"Henny Kupferstein and her four children in front of the New York Aquarium seven years ago, on the last day that she saw them. Her children were 12, 10, 5 and 15 months at the time.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1125\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-800x1125.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-160x225.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-960x1350.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-240x338.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-375x527.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-520x731.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium.jpg 996w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henny Kupferstein and her four children in front of the New York Aquarium seven years ago, on the last day that she saw them. Her children were 12, 10, 5 and 15 months at the time. \u003ccite>(Henny Kupferstein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426261\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11426261 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-800x533.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henny Kupferstein holding a picture of her and her four children in front of the New York Aquarium on the last day she saw them. \u003ccite>(Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Henny Kupferstein grew up in the Belz sect of ultra-orthodox, Hasidic Jews in Borough Park, Brooklyn. From early childhood, she felt like a misfit. After getting married to a virtual stranger at age 18, Henny began secretly rebelling against the confines of her sect. When she was 34, a startling diagnosis would lead her on a dramatic path away from the Belz and everyone she knew, including her four children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>You can read about Henny’s work with autistic kids and her book, \u003c/i>Perfect Pitch in the Key of Autism\u003ci>, \u003ca href=\"https://hennyk.com/\">on her website\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Music for this episode was composed by Nicholas DePrey, Chris Colin, Seth Samuel, and Henny Kupferstein.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426260\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11426260 \" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-800x925.jpg\" alt=\"Henny Kupferstein, age 18, with her paternal grandparents on her engagement day.\" width=\"800\" height=\"925\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-800x925.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-160x185.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-240x278.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-375x434.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement-520x601.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/engagement.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henny Kupferstein, age 18, with her paternal grandparents on the day of her engagement. \u003ccite>(Henny Kupferstein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426255\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426255\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-800x624.jpg\" alt=\"Henny Kupferstein concealed by her veil on her wedding day. \" width=\"800\" height=\"624\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-800x624.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-160x125.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-1020x795.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-1920x1497.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-1180x920.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-960x748.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-240x187.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-375x292.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-163-520x405.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henny Kupferstein concealed by her veil on her wedding day. \u003ccite>(Henny Kupferstein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426253\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426253\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-800x1130.jpg\" alt=\"Henny and her husband on their wedding day.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1130\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-800x1130.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-160x226.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-1020x1440.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-1920x2712.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-1180x1666.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-960x1356.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-240x339.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-375x530.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/wedding-191-520x734.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henny and her husband on their wedding day. \u003ccite>(Henny Kupferstein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426257\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11426257\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-800x1125.jpg\" alt=\"Henny Kupferstein and her four children in front of the New York Aquarium seven years ago, on the last day that she saw them. Her children were 12, 10, 5 and 15 months at the time.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1125\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-800x1125.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-160x225.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-960x1350.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-240x338.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-375x527.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium-520x731.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/2010_March_NY_Aquarium.jpg 996w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henny Kupferstein and her four children in front of the New York Aquarium seven years ago, on the last day that she saw them. Her children were 12, 10, 5 and 15 months at the time. \u003ccite>(Henny Kupferstein/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11426261\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11426261 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-800x533.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/RS25009__MG_0371-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Henny Kupferstein holding a picture of her and her four children in front of the New York Aquarium on the last day she saw them. \u003ccite>(Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "s2-episode-4-the-elementary-kool-aid-acid-test",
"title": "The Elementary Kool-Aid Acid Test",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the early 1960’s, a psychologist named Gary Fisher carried out a radical experiment on severely emotionally disturbed children at a residential hospital in Southern California. Fisher believed these children’s behavioral problems could be traced back to profound trauma they had suffered in their early childhoods, but had never adequately processed. He thought very large doses of LSD might cure them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Fisher’s experiment was reckless or whether it was heroic depends on how you think about science, and what risks we’re willing to take in pursuit of something groundbreaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402201\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402201 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-800x824.jpg\" alt=\"Nancy, a patient at Fairview Developmental Center in the 1960s, before she began LSD treatment with Gary Fisher.\" width=\"800\" height=\"824\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-800x824.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-160x165.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-1020x1050.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-1180x1215.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-960x989.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-240x247.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-375x386.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-520x536.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop.jpg 1878w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nancy, a patient at Fairview Developmental Center in the 1960s, before she began LSD treatment with Gary Fisher. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Purdue University Libraries, Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402512\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402512 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-800x1046.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"1046\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-800x1046.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-160x209.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-960x1255.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-240x314.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-375x490.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-520x680.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before treatment, Nancy spent much of her time in restraints, in order to keep her from injuring herself. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Erowid and Gary Fisher's family/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402204\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402204 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-800x858.jpg\" alt=\"Nancy, after beginning treatment with Gary Fisher, cutting cake at a birthday party.\" width=\"800\" height=\"858\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-800x858.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-160x172.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-1020x1093.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-1180x1265.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-960x1029.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-240x257.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-375x402.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-520x557.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop.jpg 1557w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nancy, after beginning treatment with Gary Fisher, cutting cake at a birthday party. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Purdue University Libraries, Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402203\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402203 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-800x811.jpg\" alt=\"After receiving large doses of LSD and psilocybin, Nancy (center) was no longer injuring herself, according to Fisher and Fairview records.\" width=\"800\" height=\"811\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-800x811.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-160x162.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-1020x1034.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-1180x1196.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-960x973.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-240x243.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-375x380.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-520x527.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop.jpg 1893w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After receiving large doses of LSD and psilocybin, Nancy (center) was no longer injuring herself, according to Fisher and Fairview records. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Purdue University Libraries, Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402206\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402206 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-800x1019.jpg\" alt=\"Psychologist Gary Fisher and Nancy.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1019\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-800x1019.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-160x204.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-1020x1299.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-1920x2445.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-1180x1502.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-960x1222.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-240x306.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-375x477.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-520x662.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop.jpg 2024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Psychologist Gary Fisher and Nancy. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Purdue University Libraries, Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402205\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11402205\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-800x808.jpg\" alt=\"Fairview psychologist Gary Fisher (far left) and Nancy (center) in the 1960s.\" width=\"800\" height=\"808\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-800x808.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-160x162.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-1020x1030.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-1180x1191.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-960x969.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-240x242.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-375x379.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-520x525.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop.jpg 1904w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fairview psychologist Gary Fisher (far left) and Nancy (center) in the 1960s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Purdue University Libraries, Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402193\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402193 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Canadian psychologist Gary Fisher tried LSD for the first time in 1959.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Psychologist Gary Fisher tried LSD for the first time in 1959. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Fisher family/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402192\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11402192\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Gary Fisher holding his daughter, Bess.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gary Fisher holding his daughter, Bess. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Fisher family/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402194\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11402194\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Fisher and Bess.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fisher and Bess. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Fisher family/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402200\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402200 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-800x475.png\" alt=\"Recent photo of Fairview Developmental Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-800x475.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-160x95.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-1020x606.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-1180x701.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-960x570.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-240x143.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-375x223.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-520x309.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM.png 1552w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recent photo of Fairview Developmental Center, a hospital for individuals with developmental disabilities. California plans to close this center by 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Fairview Developmental Center/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402199\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11402199\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Recent photo of a hallway in Fairview Developmental Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recent photo of a hallway in Fairview Developmental Center. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of The Center for Investigative Reporting/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "The Elementary Kool-Aid Acid Test | KQED",
"description": "In the early 1960’s, a psychologist named Gary Fisher carried out a radical experiment on severely emotionally disturbed children at a residential hospital in Southern California. Fisher believed these children’s behavioral problems could be traced back to profound trauma they had suffered in their early childhoods, but had never adequately processed. He thought very large doses of LSD might cure them. Whether Fisher’s experiment was reckless or whether it was heroic depends on how you think about science, and what risks we’re willing to take in pursuit of something groundbreaking. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the early 1960’s, a psychologist named Gary Fisher carried out a radical experiment on severely emotionally disturbed children at a residential hospital in Southern California. Fisher believed these children’s behavioral problems could be traced back to profound trauma they had suffered in their early childhoods, but had never adequately processed. He thought very large doses of LSD might cure them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether Fisher’s experiment was reckless or whether it was heroic depends on how you think about science, and what risks we’re willing to take in pursuit of something groundbreaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402201\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402201 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-800x824.jpg\" alt=\"Nancy, a patient at Fairview Developmental Center in the 1960s, before she began LSD treatment with Gary Fisher.\" width=\"800\" height=\"824\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-800x824.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-160x165.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-1020x1050.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-1180x1215.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-960x989.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-240x247.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-375x386.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-520x536.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2167-crop.jpg 1878w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nancy, a patient at Fairview Developmental Center in the 1960s, before she began LSD treatment with Gary Fisher. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Purdue University Libraries, Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402512\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402512 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-800x1046.jpg\" width=\"800\" height=\"1046\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-800x1046.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-160x209.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-960x1255.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-240x314.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-375x490.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1-520x680.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/erowid_fisher_gary2_nancy_for_kqed_med-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Before treatment, Nancy spent much of her time in restraints, in order to keep her from injuring herself. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Erowid and Gary Fisher's family/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402204\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402204 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-800x858.jpg\" alt=\"Nancy, after beginning treatment with Gary Fisher, cutting cake at a birthday party.\" width=\"800\" height=\"858\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-800x858.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-160x172.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-1020x1093.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-1180x1265.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-960x1029.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-240x257.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-375x402.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop-520x557.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2163-1-crop.jpg 1557w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nancy, after beginning treatment with Gary Fisher, cutting cake at a birthday party. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Purdue University Libraries, Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402203\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402203 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-800x811.jpg\" alt=\"After receiving large doses of LSD and psilocybin, Nancy (center) was no longer injuring herself, according to Fisher and Fairview records.\" width=\"800\" height=\"811\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-800x811.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-160x162.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-1020x1034.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-1180x1196.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-960x973.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-240x243.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-375x380.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-520x527.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2165-crop.jpg 1893w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After receiving large doses of LSD and psilocybin, Nancy (center) was no longer injuring herself, according to Fisher and Fairview records. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Purdue University Libraries, Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402206\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402206 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-800x1019.jpg\" alt=\"Psychologist Gary Fisher and Nancy.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1019\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-800x1019.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-160x204.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-1020x1299.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-1920x2445.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-1180x1502.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-960x1222.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-240x306.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-375x477.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop-520x662.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Copy-of-IMG_2158_crop.jpg 2024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Psychologist Gary Fisher and Nancy. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Purdue University Libraries, Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402205\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11402205\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-800x808.jpg\" alt=\"Fairview psychologist Gary Fisher (far left) and Nancy (center) in the 1960s.\" width=\"800\" height=\"808\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-800x808.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-160x162.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-1020x1030.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-1180x1191.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-960x969.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-240x242.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-375x379.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-520x525.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-64x64.jpg 64w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-96x96.jpg 96w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop-128x128.jpg 128w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2160-1-crop.jpg 1904w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fairview psychologist Gary Fisher (far left) and Nancy (center) in the 1960s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Purdue University Libraries, Virginia Kelly Karnes Archives and Special Collections/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402193\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402193 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Canadian psychologist Gary Fisher tried LSD for the first time in 1959.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2274-e1491866836707-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Psychologist Gary Fisher tried LSD for the first time in 1959. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Fisher family/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402192\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11402192\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Gary Fisher holding his daughter, Bess.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2278-e1491867002128-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gary Fisher holding his daughter, Bess. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Fisher family/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402194\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11402194\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-800x1067.jpg\" alt=\"Fisher and Bess.\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-800x1067.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-1020x1360.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-1920x2560.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-1180x1573.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-960x1280.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/IMG_2271-e1491867088797-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fisher and Bess. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Fisher family/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402200\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11402200 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-800x475.png\" alt=\"Recent photo of Fairview Developmental Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"475\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-800x475.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-160x95.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-1020x606.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-1180x701.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-960x570.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-240x143.png 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-375x223.png 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM-520x309.png 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Screen-Shot-2017-04-06-at-10.09.44-AM.png 1552w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recent photo of Fairview Developmental Center, a hospital for individuals with developmental disabilities. California plans to close this center by 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Fairview Developmental Center/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11402199\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11402199\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Recent photo of a hallway in Fairview Developmental Center.\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/04/Ing-room-06-12-07-013-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recent photo of a hallway in Fairview Developmental Center. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of The Center for Investigative Reporting/ KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Jill Sutherlin has been numbing her feelings of emptiness with food, drugs and alcohol since she was a child growing up in California’s Central Valley. Several years ago she did something she’s always wanted to do, something she didn’t know she was capable of. She embarked on an extreme weight loss plan and lost more than 200 pounds in just over a year. Everyone told her she looked amazing. But she knew something was wrong.\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-11380229\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/The-Leap-Portraits-12-of-23-800x1200.jpg\" alt=\"The Leap Portraits (12 of 23)\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/The-Leap-Portraits-12-of-23-800x1200.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/The-Leap-Portraits-12-of-23-160x240.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/The-Leap-Portraits-12-of-23-1020x1530.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/The-Leap-Portraits-12-of-23-1920x2880.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/The-Leap-Portraits-12-of-23-1180x1770.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/The-Leap-Portraits-12-of-23-960x1440.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/The-Leap-Portraits-12-of-23-240x360.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/The-Leap-Portraits-12-of-23-375x563.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/The-Leap-Portraits-12-of-23-520x780.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco International High School is the city’s only high school exclusively for recently arrived immigrants. But you can also think of it as a factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What comes in are immigrant teenagers speaking 18 different languages, including Arabic, Russian, Tagalog and Spanish. Many haven’t been to school in years. Some have never used a three-ring binder, navigated a city or shared a classroom with a member of the opposite sex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s intended to come out are Americans with the full range of American options: go to college, be a scholar, a scientist, an engineer. Every teacher here believes education is central to improving your life. But the students don’t always feel that way, at least at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Seth Samuel composed the music for this piece.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11359105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11359105\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco International High School, the only high school in the city exclusively for recent immigrants, prepares 380 immigrant youth for careers and college.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco International High School, the only high school in the city exclusively for recent immigrants, prepares 380 immigrant youth for careers and college. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11359104\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11359104\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Twelfth-grade English class at San Francisco International High School. While these students come from widely different backgrounds, nearly all have a story about escaping something: war, gang violence, economic hardship.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students at San Francisco International High School. While these students have widely different backgrounds, nearly all have a story about escaping something: war, gang violence, economic hardship. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11359097\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11359097\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Teachers at San Francisco International High School work with students speaking 18 different languages, from Russian to Tagalog. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teachers at San Francisco International High School work with students speaking 18 different languages, from Russian to Tagalog. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11359096\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11359096\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Students between classes at San Francisco International High School. Unlike at conventional high schools, students at SF International arrive and begin school all year long. Some students haven't attended school in years.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students between classes at San Francisco International High School. Unlike at conventional high schools, students at SF International arrive and begin school all year long. Some students haven’t attended school in years. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11359099\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11359099\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Murals cover the walls of San Francisco International High School, which is in the city’s Mission District.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Murals cover the walls of San Francisco International High School, which is in the city’s Mission District. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco International High School is the city’s only high school exclusively for recently arrived immigrants. But you can also think of it as a factory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What comes in are immigrant teenagers speaking 18 different languages, including Arabic, Russian, Tagalog and Spanish. Many haven’t been to school in years. Some have never used a three-ring binder, navigated a city or shared a classroom with a member of the opposite sex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s intended to come out are Americans with the full range of American options: go to college, be a scholar, a scientist, an engineer. Every teacher here believes education is central to improving your life. But the students don’t always feel that way, at least at first.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Seth Samuel composed the music for this piece.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11359105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11359105\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"San Francisco International High School, the only high school in the city exclusively for recent immigrants, prepares 380 immigrant youth for careers and college.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/San-Francisco-International-High-School-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco International High School, the only high school in the city exclusively for recent immigrants, prepares 380 immigrant youth for careers and college. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11359104\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11359104\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Twelfth-grade English class at San Francisco International High School. While these students come from widely different backgrounds, nearly all have a story about escaping something: war, gang violence, economic hardship.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Classroom-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students at San Francisco International High School. While these students have widely different backgrounds, nearly all have a story about escaping something: war, gang violence, economic hardship. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11359097\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11359097\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Teachers at San Francisco International High School work with students speaking 18 different languages, from Russian to Tagalog. \" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Computers-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Teachers at San Francisco International High School work with students speaking 18 different languages, from Russian to Tagalog. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11359096\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11359096\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Students between classes at San Francisco International High School. Unlike at conventional high schools, students at SF International arrive and begin school all year long. Some students haven't attended school in years.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Stairs-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students between classes at San Francisco International High School. Unlike at conventional high schools, students at SF International arrive and begin school all year long. Some students haven’t attended school in years. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11359099\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11359099\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Murals cover the walls of San Francisco International High School, which is in the city’s Mission District.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/03/Hoop-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Murals cover the walls of San Francisco International High School, which is in the city’s Mission District. (Deborah Svoboda/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Tesilya Hanauer grew up on a commune deep in a Northern California forest. When she was five, her mother joined a nomadic group of people whose philosophy involved breaking the bond between mother and child. They were called the Shivalila, and they believed that if parental bonds were severed, a communal consciousness might emerge that could eventually transform society. Over the next few years, Tesilya would follow them from California to the Philippines to rural India, hoping always for a glimpse of the mother she once had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Nicholas DePrey composed the music for this piece.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11338327\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11338327\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-800x1076.jpg\" alt=\"Tesilya's mother, Meredith, in India. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1076\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-800x1076.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-160x215.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-1020x1372.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-1920x2583.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-1180x1588.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-960x1292.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-240x323.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-375x505.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-520x700.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesilya’s mother, Meredith, in India.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11338326\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11338326\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-800x1060.jpg\" alt=\"Tesilya with a family in India. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1060\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-800x1060.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-1020x1351.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-1920x2543.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-1180x1563.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-960x1272.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-240x318.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-375x497.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-520x689.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesilya with a family in India.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11338325\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11338325\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"Meredith, Tesilya's mother, in the garden at Black Bear Ranch around 1976. \" width=\"800\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-800x543.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-1020x693.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-1920x1304.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-1180x801.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-960x652.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-375x255.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-520x353.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meredith, Tesilya’s mother, in the garden at Black Bear Ranch around 1976.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11338324\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11338324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-800x1145.jpg\" alt=\"Tesilya and her father, Creek, at Black Bear Ranch around 1975. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1145\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-800x1145.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-160x229.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-1020x1460.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-1920x2748.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-1180x1689.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-960x1374.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-240x344.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-375x537.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-520x744.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6.jpg 2040w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesilya and her father, Creek, at Black Bear Ranch around 1975.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11338323\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11338323\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-800x819.jpg\" alt=\"3-year-old Tesilya carrying an infant on her back at Black Bear Ranch. \" width=\"800\" height=\"819\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-800x819.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-160x164.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-1020x1044.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-1920x1966.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-1180x1208.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-960x983.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-240x246.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-375x384.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-520x532.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-32x32.jpg 32w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-50x50.jpg 50w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">3-year-old Tesilya carrying an infant on her back at Black Bear Ranch.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Tesilya Hanauer grew up on a commune deep in a Northern California forest. When she was five, her mother joined a nomadic group of people whose philosophy involved breaking the bond between mother and child. They were called the Shivalila, and they believed that if parental bonds were severed, a communal consciousness might emerge that could eventually transform society. Over the next few years, Tesilya would follow them from California to the Philippines to rural India, hoping always for a glimpse of the mother she once had.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Nicholas DePrey composed the music for this piece.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11338327\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11338327\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-800x1076.jpg\" alt=\"Tesilya's mother, Meredith, in India. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1076\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-800x1076.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-160x215.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-1020x1372.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-1920x2583.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-1180x1588.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-960x1292.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-240x323.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-375x505.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo1-520x700.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesilya’s mother, Meredith, in India.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11338326\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11338326\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-800x1060.jpg\" alt=\"Tesilya with a family in India. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1060\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-800x1060.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-160x212.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-1020x1351.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-1920x2543.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-1180x1563.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-960x1272.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-240x318.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-375x497.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo2-520x689.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesilya with a family in India.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11338325\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11338325\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-800x543.jpg\" alt=\"Meredith, Tesilya's mother, in the garden at Black Bear Ranch around 1976. \" width=\"800\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-800x543.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-1020x693.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-1920x1304.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-1180x801.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-960x652.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-240x163.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-375x255.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo3-520x353.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Meredith, Tesilya’s mother, in the garden at Black Bear Ranch around 1976.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11338324\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11338324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-800x1145.jpg\" alt=\"Tesilya and her father, Creek, at Black Bear Ranch around 1975. \" width=\"800\" height=\"1145\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-800x1145.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-160x229.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-1020x1460.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-1920x2748.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-1180x1689.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-960x1374.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-240x344.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-375x537.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6-520x744.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo6.jpg 2040w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tesilya and her father, Creek, at Black Bear Ranch around 1975.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11338323\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11338323\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Photo7-800x819.jpg\" alt=\"3-year-old Tesilya carrying an infant on her back 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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story ran originally on Dec. 29, 2014. Amy Standen is now a reporter at \u003ca href=\"https://gimletmedia.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gimlet Media\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hangovers are a neglected topic, at least in the annals of science. Search “alcoholism” on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=alcoholism\">PubMed \u003c/a>and you’ll find 76,131 studies published in peer-reviewed science journals. “Hangovers” yields a mere \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=hangover\">520\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of those were authored by Michael Shlipak, a physician at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Most of the time, Shlipak studies kidney function. But a couple of oft-cited studies on hangovers in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10836917\">2000 \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226168\">2004 \u003c/a>have earned him the distinction of being a “hangover expert,” a title he accepts somewhat reluctantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to meet Shlipak at his office in San Francisco’s Outer Richmond district. His spectacular view of the Pacific coast would probably be a balm after a rocky night out. What Shlipak told me about hangovers is surprising, as you’ll see in the video below (use the audio player above to hear the complete interview segment).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After you watch it, scroll down for some recipes that might (might!) help take the edge off of that New Year’s misery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://youtu.be/mY1A6LwqsRU\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So You Want to Try Prickly Pear at Home?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, two Big Caveats here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Caveat #1\u003c/em>: first is that in Shlipak’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226168\">study\u003c/a>, the prickly pear was consumed \u003cem>before\u003c/em> study subjects went out drinking. The science here is far from certain, but Shlipak was concerned that the prickly pear wouldn’t digest as well in a belly full of booze. By the time the hangover has set in, he says, it’s probably too late. So think of it as prevention, not antidote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Caveat #2:\u003c/em> No one knows exactly how much prickly pear you’d have to eat to tame that hangover. In Shlipak’s study, researchers used an extract. But dosages vary widely in nutritional supplements, which is why Shlipak told me he’d stick with the raw fruit itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How much ?” I asked. “Lots,” he answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those troublesome details out of the way, here are a couple of recipes I found online for prickly pear. (Of course, you could also just peel it and eat it raw. I bought a couple at a local market and found them to be quite tasty, kind of like a tart cucumber.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Prickly Pear Sorbet! Sounds like just the thing for your pre-New Years ramp-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://www.rickbayless.com/recipe/monte-cristos-prickly-pear-sorbet/\">Monte Cristo’s Prickly Pear Sorbet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from Dr. Oz (not known for his \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2014/12/22/the-best-medical-advice-it-may-be-to-stay-away-from-dr-ozs/\">sound medical advice\u003c/a>, but if nothing else, this sounds delicious), a non-alcoholic prickly pear cocktail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://www.doctoroz.com/recipe/hangover-cure-prickly-pear-cocktail\">Hangover Cure Prickly Pear Cocktail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because nothing says New Years Eve like salad and chia seeds, this attractive vinaigrette.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://michelepeterson.com/3243-healthy-prickly-pear-chia-salad-dressing-recipe/\">Healthy prickly pear + chia salad dressing | A Taste for Travel with Michele Peterson\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "In the annals of medical research, you won’t find many studies on the common hangover. But one intrepid Bay Area scientist has taken on the topic -- and even has an inexpensive remedy you probably haven't heard about.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s Note: This story ran originally on Dec. 29, 2014. Amy Standen is now a reporter at \u003ca href=\"https://gimletmedia.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gimlet Media\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hangovers are a neglected topic, at least in the annals of science. Search “alcoholism” on \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=alcoholism\">PubMed \u003c/a>and you’ll find 76,131 studies published in peer-reviewed science journals. “Hangovers” yields a mere \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=hangover\">520\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of those were authored by Michael Shlipak, a physician at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Most of the time, Shlipak studies kidney function. But a couple of oft-cited studies on hangovers in \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10836917\">2000 \u003c/a>and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226168\">2004 \u003c/a>have earned him the distinction of being a “hangover expert,” a title he accepts somewhat reluctantly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I went to meet Shlipak at his office in San Francisco’s Outer Richmond district. His spectacular view of the Pacific coast would probably be a balm after a rocky night out. What Shlipak told me about hangovers is surprising, as you’ll see in the video below (use the audio player above to hear the complete interview segment).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After you watch it, scroll down for some recipes that might (might!) help take the edge off of that New Year’s misery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/mY1A6LwqsRU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/mY1A6LwqsRU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So You Want to Try Prickly Pear at Home?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Okay, two Big Caveats here:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Caveat #1\u003c/em>: first is that in Shlipak’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15226168\">study\u003c/a>, the prickly pear was consumed \u003cem>before\u003c/em> study subjects went out drinking. The science here is far from certain, but Shlipak was concerned that the prickly pear wouldn’t digest as well in a belly full of booze. By the time the hangover has set in, he says, it’s probably too late. So think of it as prevention, not antidote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Caveat #2:\u003c/em> No one knows exactly how much prickly pear you’d have to eat to tame that hangover. In Shlipak’s study, researchers used an extract. But dosages vary widely in nutritional supplements, which is why Shlipak told me he’d stick with the raw fruit itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How much ?” I asked. “Lots,” he answered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With those troublesome details out of the way, here are a couple of recipes I found online for prickly pear. (Of course, you could also just peel it and eat it raw. I bought a couple at a local market and found them to be quite tasty, kind of like a tart cucumber.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Prickly Pear Sorbet! Sounds like just the thing for your pre-New Years ramp-up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://www.rickbayless.com/recipe/monte-cristos-prickly-pear-sorbet/\">Monte Cristo’s Prickly Pear Sorbet\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And from Dr. Oz (not known for his \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/alicegwalton/2014/12/22/the-best-medical-advice-it-may-be-to-stay-away-from-dr-ozs/\">sound medical advice\u003c/a>, but if nothing else, this sounds delicious), a non-alcoholic prickly pear cocktail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://www.doctoroz.com/recipe/hangover-cure-prickly-pear-cocktail\">Hangover Cure Prickly Pear Cocktail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, because nothing says New Years Eve like salad and chia seeds, this attractive vinaigrette.\u003cbr>\n\u003ca class=\"embedly-card\" href=\"http://michelepeterson.com/3243-healthy-prickly-pear-chia-salad-dressing-recipe/\">Healthy prickly pear + chia salad dressing | A Taste for Travel with Michele Peterson\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "CRISPR: What You Need to Know About the Medical Science 'Breakthrough of the Year'",
"title": "CRISPR: What You Need to Know About the Medical Science 'Breakthrough of the Year'",
"headTitle": "Future of You | KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2015/03/20150313ScienceCRISPR.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: One of our most fascinating stories of 2015 was this one, about a dramatic breakthrough that could help children suffering from the tragic illness known as \"Bubble-Boy Disease.\" This breakthrough in gene editing, using a tool called CRISPR, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\" target=\"_blank\">revolutionizing medical research\u003c/a>. Science magazine has \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/scientific-community/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year\" target=\"_blank\">named CRISPR\u003c/a> the 2015 Breakthrough of the Year. We present this story again here, in case you missed it in March.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They named him Phoenix because he was born five weeks early while his parents were on vacation, and spent his first few weeks in an incubator. Kristen and Patrick Wilkinson thought they knew exactly which ashes their son might soon rise from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they got him home to San Francisco things just got worse, Kristen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix wasn’t gaining weight. He had a persistent skin rash. Eventually he was admitted to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/\">UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital\u003c/a> with a diagnosis of “failure to thrive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had been born in Kentucky, a state where, unlike in California, infants are not routinely screened for a disease called SCID -- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. So at first, California doctors puzzled over what might be wrong with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 669px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"669\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg 669w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-400x359.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-768x689.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-320x287.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix was lucky: His doctors found a good match for a bone marrow transplant. But he still had to undergo chemotherapy. Researchers say CRISPR could lead to better treatments. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Jennifer Puck, a SCID specialist at UCSF who pioneered the screening test, says Phoenix’s rash was the hallmark of an almost completely deficient immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The Jeffrey Modell Foundation maintains a map of states that have implemented infant SCID screening (\u003ca href=\"http://downloads.info4pi.org/pdfs/JMF_International_Map_3-9-2015.pdf\">PDF\u003c/a>), as well as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.info4pi.org/town-hall/newborn-screening\">list of states\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The baby’s rogue [immune] cells were attacking his own skin,” says Puck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left unchecked, she says, SCID is fatal. “Babies who don’t have this immunity start out getting one infection after another and can’t get over any of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Bubbles to Transplants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A generation ago, SCID was commonly known as “bubble boy disease,” named after the kids (including one portrayed by John Travolta in a 1976 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_in_the_Plastic_Bubble\">made-for-TV movie\u003c/a>) who spent their lives in plastic bubbles to shield them from germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowadays SCID babies receive bone marrow transplants. Healthy donors contribute bone marrow capable of producing infection-fighting white blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transplanted into the blood stream of a SCID baby, the donated cells take up residence in the infant’s bone marrow and begin building a functional immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But transplants are tough on babies and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be difficult to find a good donor match. And even once one is found, most SCID babies must undergo chemotherapy to prepare their bodies for the transplanted cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_386\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 442px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"442\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-320x320.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-75x75.jpg 75w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix is back at home now and doing \"great,\" says his mom, Kristen Wilkinson. (Photo courtesy Kristen Wilkinson)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kristen Wilkinson says the chemo was the hardest part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had painful sores on the inside of his mouth. He stopped breastfeeding, had to be fed intravenously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was throwing up, really nauseous,” she says. “Anytime he was awake he was screaming. He never was awake and not screaming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope for Future Treatment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Phoenix is six months old, home with his parents and doing well. But Dr. Puck and others want better treatment for babies like him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best idea, says Puck, would be to fix the SCID mutation in Phoenix’s own cells: Take them out, reprogram them so that they can make a functional immune system, and then put them back into his body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix would be his own donor. There would be no search for a donor match, no fear of rejection, no chemo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Actually just correcting the spelling mistake of the gene in the person, and not putting in any new genetic material is very attractive,” Puck says. \"That should be safer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene therapy, as this is called, is not a new strategy. But it’s proved to be a challenging one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to explain why is to picture a string of Christmas tree lights containing one broken bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Promising Treatment Backfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That string is the DNA, wound up inside the nucleus of a cell. The broken bulb is the mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you want to replace the broken bulb, but the string is too small to see. How do you know you’re taking out the right bulb and putting a new one in the correct place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, doctors in Europe tried this kind of fix on a group of babies with SCID, with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In placing the correct copy of the gene into a chromosome, we couldn’t direct where it was going to land,” says Puck. “And sometimes it landed in a dangerous spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “dangerous spot” in this case, was next to a growth factor gene that was inadvertently turned on by the insertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growth factor genes incorrectly turned on are called oncogenes,” explains Puck. “Cancer genes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five children got Leukemia, induced by a treatment that had been intended to save their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of them recovered. One baby died. Puck says it was a devastating time for the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world mourned the loss of that baby,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter CRISPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Puck is excited about a new tool for making precise changes in a baby’s genome. It’s called CRISPR, an acronym for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As UC Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna puts it, think of CRISPR as “a molecular scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"427\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg 427w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-400x447.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-320x357.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doudna isn’t a medical doctor, or even a medical researcher. She studies bacteria -- more specifically, an enzyme, called Cas9, produced by bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous scientists had noticed that these bacteria possess an unusually effective way of fighting off viruses. The bacteria were able to recognize viral DNA and use Cas9 to precisely disable the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Doudna and collaborators, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research_topics/bacterial_and_viral_pathogens/regulation_in_infection_biology/e_charpentier/\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, took this a step further \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/816.abstract?sid=3750cfc2-3490-4c65-ab99-fb2a2b6099bc\">in a paper\u003c/a> in the journal Science that thrilled cell biologists around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper showed that biologists could program Cas9 -- arm it, in other words -- with a customized DNA payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They could direct the enzyme at virtually any cell, programmed to make whatever genetic change they wanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, says Doudna, “scientists can go into the DNA and make a precise change that corrects the mutations that give rise to disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “State of Wonder”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the DNA in a cell: that idea had been around for a while. But CRISPR works dramatically better than the old ways. It’s more accurate, faster. A process that could take years of trial and error now took an inexpensive few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many scientists are just -- they're sort of in a state of wonder about this,” Doudna says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“CRISPR works in almost every organism it's been tried in.”\u003ccite>George Church, Harvard geneticist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On the day we met, Doudna was showing visitors around a brand-new research center at UC Berkeley, the \u003ca href=\"http://innovativegenomics.org/\">Innovative Genomics Initiative\u003c/a>, which is devoted to CRISPR research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now several such centers around the world and hundreds of researchers working with CRISPR on the cells of mice, cows, monkeys, plants and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CRISPR works in almost every organism it’s been tried in,” says Harvard geneticist George Church. “Dozens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church is quick to point out that there are currently no CRISPR-based treatments in clinical trials. The technology is too new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes this could change in a few years, though for which disease, it’s hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church reels off a few of what he thinks might be early contenders: “Sickle cell anemia, clotting diseases, muscular dystrophies, blindness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Oodles and Oodles of Money”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CRISPR is a big deal for people who have these diseases, it’ll also be a big financial deal for the scientists who helped develop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by big, Jacob Sherkow, an associate professor at New York Law School and author of a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v33/n3/full/nbt.3160.html\">paper\u003c/a> on CRISPR in Nature Biotechnology, “big” means “oodles and oodles of money. Potentially in the $200 billion to $300 billion range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-392\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg\" alt=\"Crispr-Publications\" width=\"322\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg 322w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-400x745.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-320x596.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\">\u003c/a>This windfall, he says, could go to whoever holds key patents on CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/\">widely\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.genomeweb.com/rnai/crispr-cas9-technology-sets-take-uncertainty-swirls-around-ip-landscape\">reported\u003c/a>, even though the University of California filed Doudna and Charpentier's application first, a key CRISPR patent went to another researcher -- Feng Zhang at MIT’s Broad Institute, which filed afterwards, but paid an additional fee to have its application expedited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subject of CRISPR patents, Doudna says only that she is “very confident in the UC position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Zhang’s patent prevails, Doudna and her collaborators could find themselves in the position of having to license a technology they are widely credited with discovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very confident that we’re going to be able to do incredible science,\" she says, \"and we’ll let the dispute play out as it will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says there are a number of ways this dispute could play out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Patent Office could deny UC’s application and let Zhang's patent stand. Or it could reverse its earlier decision, revoking the Broad patent and awarding it to Doudna and her collaborators instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna and Zhang both point to a third possibility: that among what will likely be dozens of CRISPR patents it could be difficult, at this point, to know which one will be most lucrative or important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These early CRISPR patents, says Zhang “are just the first ones. There will be many more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a fourth possibility: that CRISPR could disappoint everyone, a “tempest in the teapot,” as George Church puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But I hope that’s not the case,” he says, laughing.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor's Note: One of our most fascinating stories of 2015 was this one, about a dramatic breakthrough that could help children suffering from the tragic illness known as \"Bubble-Boy Disease.\" This breakthrough in gene editing, using a tool called CRISPR, is \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/28/460705645/gene-editing-tool-hailed-as-a-breakthrough-and-it-really-is-one\" target=\"_blank\">revolutionizing medical research\u003c/a>. Science magazine has \u003ca href=\"http://news.sciencemag.org/scientific-community/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year\" target=\"_blank\">named CRISPR\u003c/a> the 2015 Breakthrough of the Year. We present this story again here, in case you missed it in March.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They named him Phoenix because he was born five weeks early while his parents were on vacation, and spent his first few weeks in an incubator. Kristen and Patrick Wilkinson thought they knew exactly which ashes their son might soon rise from.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when they got him home to San Francisco things just got worse, Kristen says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix wasn’t gaining weight. He had a persistent skin rash. Eventually he was admitted to \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsfbenioffchildrens.org/\">UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital\u003c/a> with a diagnosis of “failure to thrive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had been born in Kentucky, a state where, unlike in California, infants are not routinely screened for a disease called SCID -- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. So at first, California doctors puzzled over what might be wrong with him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_384\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 669px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-384\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"669\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-669x600.jpg 669w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-400x359.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-768x689.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8-320x287.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/ucsf-8.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 669px) 100vw, 669px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix was lucky: His doctors found a good match for a bone marrow transplant. But he still had to undergo chemotherapy. Researchers say CRISPR could lead to better treatments. (Mark Andrew Boyer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Dr. Jennifer Puck, a SCID specialist at UCSF who pioneered the screening test, says Phoenix’s rash was the hallmark of an almost completely deficient immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>(The Jeffrey Modell Foundation maintains a map of states that have implemented infant SCID screening (\u003ca href=\"http://downloads.info4pi.org/pdfs/JMF_International_Map_3-9-2015.pdf\">PDF\u003c/a>), as well as a \u003ca href=\"http://www.info4pi.org/town-hall/newborn-screening\">list of states\u003c/a>.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The baby’s rogue [immune] cells were attacking his own skin,” says Puck.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Left unchecked, she says, SCID is fatal. “Babies who don’t have this immunity start out getting one infection after another and can’t get over any of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>From Bubbles to Transplants\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A generation ago, SCID was commonly known as “bubble boy disease,” named after the kids (including one portrayed by John Travolta in a 1976 \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_in_the_Plastic_Bubble\">made-for-TV movie\u003c/a>) who spent their lives in plastic bubbles to shield them from germs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nowadays SCID babies receive bone marrow transplants. Healthy donors contribute bone marrow capable of producing infection-fighting white blood cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Transplanted into the blood stream of a SCID baby, the donated cells take up residence in the infant’s bone marrow and begin building a functional immune system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But transplants are tough on babies and their families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It can be difficult to find a good donor match. And even once one is found, most SCID babies must undergo chemotherapy to prepare their bodies for the transplanted cells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_386\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 442px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-386\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"442\" height=\"442\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-600x600.jpg 600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-400x400.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-768x768.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-320x320.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-32x32.jpg 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-64x64.jpg 64w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-96x96.jpg 96w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-128x128.jpg 128w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby-75x75.jpg 75w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Phoenix-baby.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 442px) 100vw, 442px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Phoenix is back at home now and doing \"great,\" says his mom, Kristen Wilkinson. (Photo courtesy Kristen Wilkinson)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Kristen Wilkinson says the chemo was the hardest part.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix had painful sores on the inside of his mouth. He stopped breastfeeding, had to be fed intravenously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was throwing up, really nauseous,” she says. “Anytime he was awake he was screaming. He never was awake and not screaming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Hope for Future Treatment\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today Phoenix is six months old, home with his parents and doing well. But Dr. Puck and others want better treatment for babies like him.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The best idea, says Puck, would be to fix the SCID mutation in Phoenix’s own cells: Take them out, reprogram them so that they can make a functional immune system, and then put them back into his body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phoenix would be his own donor. There would be no search for a donor match, no fear of rejection, no chemo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Actually just correcting the spelling mistake of the gene in the person, and not putting in any new genetic material is very attractive,” Puck says. \"That should be safer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene therapy, as this is called, is not a new strategy. But it’s proved to be a challenging one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One way to explain why is to picture a string of Christmas tree lights containing one broken bulb.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Promising Treatment Backfires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That string is the DNA, wound up inside the nucleus of a cell. The broken bulb is the mutation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Say you want to replace the broken bulb, but the string is too small to see. How do you know you’re taking out the right bulb and putting a new one in the correct place?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, doctors in Europe tried this kind of fix on a group of babies with SCID, with mixed results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In placing the correct copy of the gene into a chromosome, we couldn’t direct where it was going to land,” says Puck. “And sometimes it landed in a dangerous spot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The “dangerous spot” in this case, was next to a growth factor gene that was inadvertently turned on by the insertion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Growth factor genes incorrectly turned on are called oncogenes,” explains Puck. “Cancer genes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Five children got Leukemia, induced by a treatment that had been intended to save their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Four of them recovered. One baby died. Puck says it was a devastating time for the entire field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The whole world mourned the loss of that baby,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter CRISPR\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Puck is excited about a new tool for making precise changes in a baby’s genome. It’s called CRISPR, an acronym for “clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As UC Berkeley biologist Jennifer Doudna puts it, think of CRISPR as “a molecular scalpel.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_389\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-389\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg\" alt=\"The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\" width=\"427\" height=\"477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR.jpg 427w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-400x447.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Cas9_CRISPR-320x357.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The enzyme Cas9, shown in blue and gray, can cut DNA, shown in gold, at selected sites. The enzyme can be programmed to snip out mutated DNA and replace it with healthy DNA. This model was created from electron microscope images. (David Taylor and Jennifer Doudna/UC Berkeley)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Doudna isn’t a medical doctor, or even a medical researcher. She studies bacteria -- more specifically, an enzyme, called Cas9, produced by bacteria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Previous scientists had noticed that these bacteria possess an unusually effective way of fighting off viruses. The bacteria were able to recognize viral DNA and use Cas9 to precisely disable the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2012, Doudna and collaborators, including \u003ca href=\"http://www.helmholtz-hzi.de/en/research/research_topics/bacterial_and_viral_pathogens/regulation_in_infection_biology/e_charpentier/\">Emmanuelle Charpentier\u003c/a>, took this a step further \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/337/6096/816.abstract?sid=3750cfc2-3490-4c65-ab99-fb2a2b6099bc\">in a paper\u003c/a> in the journal Science that thrilled cell biologists around the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper showed that biologists could program Cas9 -- arm it, in other words -- with a customized DNA payload.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They could direct the enzyme at virtually any cell, programmed to make whatever genetic change they wanted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, says Doudna, “scientists can go into the DNA and make a precise change that corrects the mutations that give rise to disease.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “State of Wonder”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fixing the DNA in a cell: that idea had been around for a while. But CRISPR works dramatically better than the old ways. It’s more accurate, faster. A process that could take years of trial and error now took an inexpensive few weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many scientists are just -- they're sort of in a state of wonder about this,” Doudna says.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">“CRISPR works in almost every organism it's been tried in.”\u003ccite>George Church, Harvard geneticist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On the day we met, Doudna was showing visitors around a brand-new research center at UC Berkeley, the \u003ca href=\"http://innovativegenomics.org/\">Innovative Genomics Initiative\u003c/a>, which is devoted to CRISPR research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are now several such centers around the world and hundreds of researchers working with CRISPR on the cells of mice, cows, monkeys, plants and humans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“CRISPR works in almost every organism it’s been tried in,” says Harvard geneticist George Church. “Dozens.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church is quick to point out that there are currently no CRISPR-based treatments in clinical trials. The technology is too new.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He believes this could change in a few years, though for which disease, it’s hard to say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Church reels off a few of what he thinks might be early contenders: “Sickle cell anemia, clotting diseases, muscular dystrophies, blindness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“Oodles and Oodles of Money”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If CRISPR is a big deal for people who have these diseases, it’ll also be a big financial deal for the scientists who helped develop it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And by big, Jacob Sherkow, an associate professor at New York Law School and author of a recent \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v33/n3/full/nbt.3160.html\">paper\u003c/a> on CRISPR in Nature Biotechnology, “big” means “oodles and oodles of money. Potentially in the $200 billion to $300 billion range.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-392\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/futureofyou/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg\" alt=\"Crispr-Publications\" width=\"322\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-322x600.jpg 322w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-400x745.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications-320x596.jpg 320w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/13/2015/03/Crispr-Publications.jpg 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 322px) 100vw, 322px\">\u003c/a>This windfall, he says, could go to whoever holds key patents on CRISPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As has been \u003ca href=\"http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/532796/who-owns-the-biggest-biotech-discovery-of-the-century/\">widely\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.genomeweb.com/rnai/crispr-cas9-technology-sets-take-uncertainty-swirls-around-ip-landscape\">reported\u003c/a>, even though the University of California filed Doudna and Charpentier's application first, a key CRISPR patent went to another researcher -- Feng Zhang at MIT’s Broad Institute, which filed afterwards, but paid an additional fee to have its application expedited.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the subject of CRISPR patents, Doudna says only that she is “very confident in the UC position.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Zhang’s patent prevails, Doudna and her collaborators could find themselves in the position of having to license a technology they are widely credited with discovering.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re very confident that we’re going to be able to do incredible science,\" she says, \"and we’ll let the dispute play out as it will.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sherkow says there are a number of ways this dispute could play out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The US Patent Office could deny UC’s application and let Zhang's patent stand. Or it could reverse its earlier decision, revoking the Broad patent and awarding it to Doudna and her collaborators instead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doudna and Zhang both point to a third possibility: that among what will likely be dozens of CRISPR patents it could be difficult, at this point, to know which one will be most lucrative or important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These early CRISPR patents, says Zhang “are just the first ones. There will be many more.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also a fourth possibility: that CRISPR could disappoint everyone, a “tempest in the teapot,” as George Church puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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