Watch Ferns Get Freaky
Cape Sundews Trap Bugs In A Sticky Situation
Meet the Plants! SF Botanical Garden Looks Like Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory for Flora
New Tool To Save Water By Measuring Plant Health From Space
Why Do Tumbleweeds Tumble?
Vegetables Harvested in Antarctica Without Sun, Soil, or Pesticides
Berkeley 'Corpse Flower' Blooming Soon in All Its Disgusting Glory
Pretty but Prickly: the Defenses of California Plants
Predatory Plant: Lure of the Cobra Lily
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Those rows of orange clusters aren’t tiny insects; they’re spores waiting to be catapulted away. Once a spore lands, it grows into a tiny plant, from which fern sperm swim away, searching for an egg to fertilize. Think of \u003cem>that \u003c/em>next time you’re hiking in the forest.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The undersides of ferns have many looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all these intricate structures do the same thing. They hold – and then launch – the fern’s spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spores are the main way ferns make more ferns, but they’re not the eggs or sperm. 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Where their fern parent was asexual, the gametophytes make eggs and sperm in specialized organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep, fern sperm. It’s a thing. Look at these little curlicues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the rains come, sperm swim away from the gametophyte that made them – a tiny puddle will do. They follow a trail of pheromones to find eggs stored in nearby gametophytes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sperm meets egg, ta-da! A fern sprouts right out of its gametophyte mother, which it feeds on. Now, this is a baby fern. Finally. Awww.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferns don’t need to wait around for some insect to help them with pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can go it alone, as long as there’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, next time you go on a walk through a damp forest, think of the ferns getting busy all around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Earth Month, everybody! Ferns aren’t the only ones that go it alone. Jellyfish can go through a “stack-of-pancakes” phase to clone themselves. You gotta see it to believe it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this month PBS is dropping new videos celebrating our amazing planet, like this episode of “Reactions,” which takes a deep look at geoengineering one of the deepest places on Earth: the ocean. Links to that video and the full Earth Month playlist in the description.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Look at the underside of a fern leaf. Those rows of orange clusters aren’t tiny insects; they’re spores waiting to be catapulted away. Once a spore lands, it grows into a tiny plant, from which fern sperm swim away, searching for an egg to fertilize. Think of that next time you’re hiking in the forest.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1713278825,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":464},"headData":{"title":"Watch Ferns Get Freaky | KQED","description":"Look at the underside of a fern leaf. Those rows of orange clusters aren’t tiny insects; they’re spores waiting to be catapulted away. Once a spore lands, it grows into a tiny plant, from which fern sperm swim away, searching for an egg to fertilize. Think of that next time you’re hiking in the forest.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Watch Ferns Get Freaky","datePublished":"2024-04-16T14:47:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-04-16T14:47:05.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/waMtqP1U6-8?si=8yWsnVaJGVmm6hPy","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992380/watch-ferns-get-freaky","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Look at the underside of a fern leaf. Those rows of orange clusters aren’t tiny insects; they’re spores waiting to be catapulted away. Once a spore lands, it grows into a tiny plant, from which fern sperm swim away, searching for an egg to fertilize. Think of \u003cem>that \u003c/em>next time you’re hiking in the forest.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>The undersides of ferns have many looks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But all these intricate structures do the same thing. They hold – and then launch – the fern’s spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spores are the main way ferns make more ferns, but they’re not the eggs or sperm. Those come later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since before the dinosaurs roamed … and plants grew sex organs called flowers … ferns have been “doing it” through flying spores and swimming sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the spores mature, a fern leaf comes alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look how things are moving under there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each of these clusters is called a sorus. And every worm-like thingy is a sporangium full of spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sporangium has an outer ring filled with water. When it’s warm outside, that water starts to evaporate. The ring shrinks, making the sporangium crack open. The ring bends farther and farther back. The sporangium jerks forward … and catapults the spores out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A single fern launches millions of spores.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each one grows into a gametophyte. But these pea-sized plants aren’t baby ferns. Where their fern parent was asexual, the gametophytes make eggs and sperm in specialized organs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Yep, fern sperm. It’s a thing. Look at these little curlicues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the rains come, sperm swim away from the gametophyte that made them – a tiny puddle will do. They follow a trail of pheromones to find eggs stored in nearby gametophytes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When sperm meets egg, ta-da! A fern sprouts right out of its gametophyte mother, which it feeds on. Now, this is a baby fern. Finally. Awww.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferns don’t need to wait around for some insect to help them with pollination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can go it alone, as long as there’s water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, next time you go on a walk through a damp forest, think of the ferns getting busy all around you.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Happy Earth Month, everybody! Ferns aren’t the only ones that go it alone. Jellyfish can go through a “stack-of-pancakes” phase to clone themselves. You gotta see it to believe it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All this month PBS is dropping new videos celebrating our amazing planet, like this episode of “Reactions,” which takes a deep look at geoengineering one of the deepest places on Earth: the ocean. Links to that video and the full Earth Month playlist in the description.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992380/watch-ferns-get-freaky","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_4414","science_1097"],"featImg":"science_1992383","label":"science_1935"},"science_1966521":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1966521","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1966521","score":null,"sort":[1595941754000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"cape-sundews-trap-bugs-in-a-sticky-situation","title":"Cape Sundews Trap Bugs In A Sticky Situation","publishDate":1595941754,"format":"video","headTitle":"Cape Sundews Trap Bugs In A Sticky Situation | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]If you have houseplants, most of the time there’s not a lot of visible activity. They just quietly add some outdoor beauty to your indoor surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966546\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg\" alt=\"fly sundew\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1536x856.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-2048x1142.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1920x1070.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A trapped insect is slowly digested by a Cape sundew plant. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But then there are carnivorous plants, like \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/sundews/\">sundews\u003c/a>. They aren’t content to just sit still. Typically found in habitats where other plants usually can’t thrive — like bogs with nutrient-poor soil — they often need to supplement their diet with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Carnivorous plants have developed a way to obtain these key nutrients from another source: insects. Specifically, by consuming them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing carnivorous plants at home has become more popular over the years, and some species of sundews are easy to maintain for beginners, like the \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/drosera-capensis-narrow-leaf/?portfolioCats=86%2C180%2C91%2C162%2C179%2C173%2C83%2C10%2C324%2C729%2C34\">Cape sundew\u003c/a>. Several years ago, 33-year-old David Fefferman realized there wasn’t a comprehensive clearinghouse of information for other passionate hobbyists like himself, so he launched \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/\">Carnivorous Plants Resource\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966548\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"David Fefferman\" width=\"476\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped-160x145.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Fefferman of Carnivorous Plants Resource holds one of the “Dichotoma Giant” forked sundews from his enormous personal collection. \u003ccite>(David Fefferman / CPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The site is a thrill ride for lovers of carnivorous plants, with everything from growing tips for \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/venus-flytrap/\">Venus flytraps\u003c/a> to group events to a marketplace where people can sell the plants and other items, like carnivorous plant-related art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without doubt, it’s the most feature-rich carnivorous plant website around,” Fefferman said. “We’re definitely the most thorough and up-to-date site for the hobby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fefferman, an Orange County resident, has been enamored with these unique plants from a very young age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I picked up my first carnivorous plant in elementary school after a friend brought in a Venus flytrap as part of his science fair project,” he said. “I was already primed for plant-learning since my own project was focused on photosynthesis, and I just fell in love with his weird little insect-eating plant. I asked my mom to take me to a ‘plant store’ to find one for myself, and the passion grew from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents helped nurture his growing interest when they took him to the The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens in Los Angeles County to see the Amorphophallus titanum — one of the world’s largest flowers, commonly known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycUNj_Hv4_Y\">corpse flower\u003c/a> — in bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966549\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966549\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg\" alt=\"weevil\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-800x445.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-768x427.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1536x855.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-2048x1139.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1038x576.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1920x1068.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hairy starthistle weevil is stuck on the sticky tentacles of a Cape sundew. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The flower was incredible,” he said. “While at the gardens, I made a friend who had a huge collection of carnivores and really pushed me further into the hobby. Plants started showing up in the mail regularly, and my parents helped me pot them up and keep them happy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His appreciation for carnivorous plants hasn’t waned over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even today, I’m just completely fascinated with their forms and trapping mechanisms,” he said. “They’re just so cool. I’ve also grown to love them as beautiful objects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he’s not developing apps or building other websites for a living, Fefferman also maintains a huge personal collection of more than 10,000 plants, which he keeps indoors and outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, even with all of these mouths to feed, all of his outdoor plants and greenhouse plants catch their own food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966551 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-768x423.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1536x845.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-2048x1127.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1920x1057.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Venus flytrap waits for prey. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The novelty of flytraps snagging prey never wore off, so I love to watch them do their thing,” Fefferman said. “At this point, it’s more thrilling to watch them catch prey naturally rather than hand-feeding them. Indoor seedlings get “fed” carefully-applied fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it used to be difficult for people to buy carnivorous plants, they’re now readily available online and at local nurseries. And the plants pretty much take care of themselves once you understand a few basic tips for caretaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, there still seems to be this perception that the plants are difficult to care for, and that turns people away from getting started with the hobby,” he said. “Fear of killing a plant becomes the biggest challenge or hurdle for beginners, and it shouldn’t be. There are plenty of growing instructions and resources out there to help.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Cape sundews are carnivorous plants that grow in bogs, where they don't have access to many nutrients. So they exude sweet, shimmering droplets from their tentacles to lure in unsuspecting insects. Once their prey is hopelessly stuck, they wrap it up and dissolve it for a tasty meal. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847153,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":755},"headData":{"title":"Cape Sundews Trap Bugs In A Sticky Situation | KQED","description":"Cape sundews are carnivorous plants that grow in bogs, where they don't have access to many nutrients. So they exude sweet, shimmering droplets from their tentacles to lure in unsuspecting insects. Once their prey is hopelessly stuck, they wrap it up and dissolve it for a tasty meal.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","socialDescription":"Cape sundews are carnivorous plants that grow in bogs, where they don't have access to many nutrients. So they exude sweet, shimmering droplets from their tentacles to lure in unsuspecting insects. Once their prey is hopelessly stuck, they wrap it up and dissolve it for a tasty meal.","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Cape Sundews Trap Bugs In A Sticky Situation","datePublished":"2020-07-28T13:09:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:39:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/D4kBrsyWhS4","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1966521/cape-sundews-trap-bugs-in-a-sticky-situation","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>If you have houseplants, most of the time there’s not a lot of visible activity. They just quietly add some outdoor beauty to your indoor surroundings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966546\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966546\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg\" alt=\"fly sundew\" width=\"640\" height=\"357\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1020x569.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-800x446.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-768x428.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1536x856.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-2048x1142.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_fly_trapped-1920x1070.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A trapped insect is slowly digested by a Cape sundew plant. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But then there are carnivorous plants, like \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/sundews/\">sundews\u003c/a>. They aren’t content to just sit still. Typically found in habitats where other plants usually can’t thrive — like bogs with nutrient-poor soil — they often need to supplement their diet with nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. Carnivorous plants have developed a way to obtain these key nutrients from another source: insects. Specifically, by consuming them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing carnivorous plants at home has become more popular over the years, and some species of sundews are easy to maintain for beginners, like the \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/drosera-capensis-narrow-leaf/?portfolioCats=86%2C180%2C91%2C162%2C179%2C173%2C83%2C10%2C324%2C729%2C34\">Cape sundew\u003c/a>. Several years ago, 33-year-old David Fefferman realized there wasn’t a comprehensive clearinghouse of information for other passionate hobbyists like himself, so he launched \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/\">Carnivorous Plants Resource\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966548\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 476px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1966548\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg\" alt=\"David Fefferman\" width=\"476\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped.jpg 476w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/David_cropped-160x145.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 476px) 100vw, 476px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">David Fefferman of Carnivorous Plants Resource holds one of the “Dichotoma Giant” forked sundews from his enormous personal collection. \u003ccite>(David Fefferman / CPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The site is a thrill ride for lovers of carnivorous plants, with everything from growing tips for \u003ca href=\"https://carnivorousplantresource.com/the-plants/venus-flytrap/\">Venus flytraps\u003c/a> to group events to a marketplace where people can sell the plants and other items, like carnivorous plant-related art.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Without doubt, it’s the most feature-rich carnivorous plant website around,” Fefferman said. “We’re definitely the most thorough and up-to-date site for the hobby.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fefferman, an Orange County resident, has been enamored with these unique plants from a very young age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I picked up my first carnivorous plant in elementary school after a friend brought in a Venus flytrap as part of his science fair project,” he said. “I was already primed for plant-learning since my own project was focused on photosynthesis, and I just fell in love with his weird little insect-eating plant. I asked my mom to take me to a ‘plant store’ to find one for myself, and the passion grew from there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His parents helped nurture his growing interest when they took him to the The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens in Los Angeles County to see the Amorphophallus titanum — one of the world’s largest flowers, commonly known as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycUNj_Hv4_Y\">corpse flower\u003c/a> — in bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966549\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1966549\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg\" alt=\"weevil\" width=\"640\" height=\"356\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1020x567.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-800x445.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-160x89.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-768x427.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1536x855.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-2048x1139.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1038x576.jpg 1038w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/DL715_weevil-1920x1068.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hairy starthistle weevil is stuck on the sticky tentacles of a Cape sundew. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The flower was incredible,” he said. “While at the gardens, I made a friend who had a huge collection of carnivores and really pushed me further into the hobby. Plants started showing up in the mail regularly, and my parents helped me pot them up and keep them happy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His appreciation for carnivorous plants hasn’t waned over the years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even today, I’m just completely fascinated with their forms and trapping mechanisms,” he said. “They’re just so cool. I’ve also grown to love them as beautiful objects.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he’s not developing apps or building other websites for a living, Fefferman also maintains a huge personal collection of more than 10,000 plants, which he keeps indoors and outdoors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fortunately, even with all of these mouths to feed, all of his outdoor plants and greenhouse plants catch their own food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1966551\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1966551 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1020x561.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-800x440.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-160x88.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-768x423.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1536x845.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-2048x1127.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/06/venusflytrap-1920x1057.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Venus flytrap waits for prey. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The novelty of flytraps snagging prey never wore off, so I love to watch them do their thing,” Fefferman said. “At this point, it’s more thrilling to watch them catch prey naturally rather than hand-feeding them. Indoor seedlings get “fed” carefully-applied fertilizer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While it used to be difficult for people to buy carnivorous plants, they’re now readily available online and at local nurseries. And the plants pretty much take care of themselves once you understand a few basic tips for caretaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unfortunately, there still seems to be this perception that the plants are difficult to care for, and that turns people away from getting started with the hobby,” he said. “Fear of killing a plant becomes the biggest challenge or hurdle for beginners, and it shouldn’t be. There are plenty of growing instructions and resources out there to help.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1966521/cape-sundews-trap-bugs-in-a-sticky-situation","authors":["2100"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_311","science_1097"],"featImg":"science_1967308","label":"science_1935"},"science_1967293":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1967293","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1967293","score":null,"sort":[1595250017000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"meet-the-plants-sf-botanical-garden-is-a-refuge-for-rare-and-disappearing-flora","title":"Meet the Plants! SF Botanical Garden Looks Like Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory for Flora","publishDate":1595250017,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Meet the Plants! SF Botanical Garden Looks Like Willy Wonka’s Chocolate Factory for Flora | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Stepping onto the 55-acre grounds of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a> feels a bit like entering the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=willy+wonka+chocolate+room&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&sxsrf=ALeKk00S0TQAe5qnyjx1nlMRJMht0PP7Aw:1595006275195&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=neWbfqjFQpbtyM%252CXDtTsL3n2vNpnM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kSqV4eGiK9f39dAzPlcnNkeZeKEyA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU5smz5dTqAhUDgp4KHZE5C34Q_h0wAXoECAkQBA&biw=1583&bih=935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">chocolate room\u003c/a> at Willy Wonka’s factory, if that storybook setting were bursting with real plants instead of ones made of candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in the heart of Golden Gate Park, just blocks away from bustling city life (though not as bustling during these days of the pandemic), the garden is home to an astounding array of more than 9,000 types of flowers, plants and trees from across the globe. When not subject to various levels of quarantine, roughly 400,000 visitors a year tour the grounds, which are open seven days a week and are free to city residents. Horticulturist John McLaren, the Golden Gate Park superintendent for over 50 years, first devised plans for the garden in the late 1800s. But funding problems prevented an official opening until 1940.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967325\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967325\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Patricia Forrester painting magnolias in the garden in 1978. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here they can take in velvety pink and magenta flowering magnolias from the Himalayas; endangered South African proteas that grow on a single mountain; and something called a monkey puzzle tree, a rare evergreen from Chile with \u003ca href=\"https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/718%2BFoHyN6L._AC_SL1000_.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limbs of sharp, succulent-like leaves\u003c/a> unfolding from its trunk. As for native species, the garden hosts everything from California lilac to giant sequoias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this 150th year of Golden Gate Park and 80th of the Botanical Garden, the garden has unveiled plans for a brand new nursery to advance its mission of preserving endangered plants increasingly threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From Big Beach to Big Garden\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staring out at the sanctuary’s lush lawns and winding forested foot trails, it’s hard to imagine this was all once nothing but sand dunes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Golden Gate Park was established in 1870, the dunes stretched out over its thousand-acres, extending east from Ocean Beach, where San Francisco meets the Pacific at the edge of the continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967328\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967328\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes-160x64.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes-768x307.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Golden Gate Park, as pictured in the late 1800s, was once sand dunes stretching east from Ocean Beach. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This was just a big dune all the way out. If you dig down 2 feet anywhere here, it’s gonna be sand,” said garden docent Kyle Pierce, while leading a tour in late February, just weeks before the pandemic shut the garden down for several months. It reopened in June, with safety protocols requiring masks and a capacity limit of 2,500 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To transform the terrain from beach to garden, he says, the city plowed in horse manure and nutrient-rich soil, so plants could take root and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967327\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli-768x501.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Walther, the garden’s first director, pictured next to a blooming Magnolia campbellii, his favorite plant, in the 1940s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you amend it enough, you can grow anything,” he said. “By 1879 they’d already planted 150,000 trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the initial Monterey cypress, Monterey pine and blue gum eucalyptus trees remain in the park today, 150 years later. The species were chosen, Pierce says, to serve as a windbreak for other plants to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Preserving Flora From Across the Globe \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, the garden has become a refuge for threatened plants from all over the world. One of its main attractions is a collection of more than a hundred different types of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbg.org/magnolias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">magnolia trees\u003c/a>, which bloom for three months at the start of each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These trees have been dubbed the most significant collection of magnolias for the purposes of conservation outside of China by \u003ca href=\"https://www.bgci.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Botanic Garden Conservation International\u003c/a>, a global plant preservation society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967300\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A zen magnolia blossoming at the San Francisco Botanical Garden in February 2020. Less than 20 of these trees are left in the wild. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On our walk, Pierce points out the distinct cup-and-saucer arrangement of one magnolia’s pink-hued petals. This \u003ci>Magnolia campbellii\u003c/i>, a native to Himalayan valleys, became the first of its kind to blossom in the U.S. back when the garden opened in the winter of 1940.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rarest tree of the bunch is the \u003ci>Magnolia zenii\u003c/i>, or the zen magnolia. Its flowers, snowy white with purple stripes, are smaller and more delicate than the others we passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Only 18 individuals exist in the wild within one province in China, with no sign of regeneration,” Pierce said. “A lot of the garden’s magnolias are wild-collected. So they’re preserving a DNA of wild species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Botanical Garden and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926500/a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-northern-california-plantlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other created havens\u003c/a> for flora play a critical role in protecting plants that are at risk of extinction due to climate change and deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Botanical gardens, public gardens, are a key mechanism in making sure those plants don’t disappear from humanity,” said the San Francisco garden’s director, Matthew Stephens. “Because what the research suggests is that they probably won’t be wherever they’re growing now in 150 or 200 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the greenhouse, horticulturists raise plants from seeds or seedlings until they’re ready to move to the garden outside. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To protect threatened species, he says, the garden partners with greenhouses, nonprofits and governments from around the world. The hope is that preserving a population across a network of different gardens will act as insurance against the extinction of a species in decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The core function of the nursery is to be a pipeline for plants into the garden,” Stephens said. “Through our network of collaborators, new plants arrive at the garden all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically sourced seeds and seedlings are reared in the greenhouse until they’re hardy enough for planting in the garden outside. Earlier this year, garden officials announced a nearly $7 million project for a new climate-controlled greenhouse and outdoor nursery to replace the current facility, which is more than 50 years old and was originally envisioned as a temporary structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a new modern nursery,” Stephens said, “it enables us to bring a more sophisticated approach to that new wave, new pipeline of plants for today, but also for future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967326\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-1020x648.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-768x488.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai.jpg 1489w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The garden has plans to break ground on a new climate-controlled greenhouse and outdoor plant nursery in 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From High Altitude Cloud Forests to San Francisco Fog\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The successful conservation of rare flora in gardens like this often depends on how well the environment matches the plants’ wild conditions. A species that thrives in San Francisco, for instance, may not do well in \u003ca href=\"https://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley\u003c/a>, even though it’s just across the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are blessed with this very cool, foggy, mild climate here in San Francisco,” said garden curator Ryan Guillou. “So we can grow a lot of things that most other gardens can’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, he says, these year-round conditions make the botanical garden a refuge for plants from the cool, high-elevation cloud forests of Africa and South America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guillou says less than 1% of the world’s land surface has the right climate to support cloud forest flora, and with climate change, even that small number will decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their habitat is definitely shrinking because these plants can’t move fast enough up the mountain to stay cool and they’re disappearing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967298\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-800x608.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-800x608.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1020x775.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-768x583.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1536x1167.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-2048x1556.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1920x1459.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two towering specimens of Ceroxylon quindiuense, or Andean wax palm. Plants from the mountainous cloud forests of South America are under increasing threat from climate change. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A prominent feature of the garden’s Andean Cloud Forest collection are two side-by-side specimens of \u003ci>Ceroxylon quindiuense,\u003c/i> or the Andean wax palm. These towering trees grow at elevations higher than any palm species in the world. They’re also the tallest palm trees, growing up to 200 feet in the wild. The bark is chalky white with charcoal-colored rings extending up the trunk, impressions left by falling leaves as the tree grew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my visit, I helped Guillou plant another palm species that came to the nursery as a seedling six years ago from the highlands of Colombia. The baby \u003ci>Ceroxylon alpinum\u003c/i>, or alpine wax palm, may look like an ordinary house plant now, but Guillou says over the next hundred years it will sprout up 60 feet, and its leaves will develop a glowing silvery sheen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These guys are actually one of the more endangered species of the \u003ci>Ceroxylon\u003c/i> group,\u003ci>” \u003c/i>Guillou said while covering the palm’s roots with soil. “It’s one of the classic examples of species that has to grow here. And if they go extinct in the wild, where else are they going to grow?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967302\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Botanical Garden curator Ryan Guillou adds the ID tag to a newly planted endangered Alpine wax palm. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Coping With COVID-19\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-month coronavirus shutdown cost the Botanical Garden roughly a million dollars in revenue. The garden, which is managed jointly by the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department and the San Francisco Botanical Garden Society, laid off 25 staff (12 of whom were hired back upon reopening). Dozens of programs and special events had to be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967369\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Magnolia x veitchii flower blooms at the San Francisco Botanical Garden in February 2020. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But despite the closure, Executive Director Stephanie Linder says plantings and other critical projects have continued, including preparations for the new greenhouse and nursery. Garden officials say plans to break ground on the project in 2021 are still on track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the garden now reopened to the public, Linder hopes it can be not only a refuge for plants, but for people who can connect with nature again after being trapped at home for so long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve known for quite some time that there is scientific evidence that time spent outdoors in nature boosts immunity, lowers stress hormones, lowers blood pressure, just gives people a sense of well-being, reflection,” Linder said. “And all of those things are needed now more than ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If recent attendance is any indication, Linder is right. The garden welcomed roughly 50,000 visitors in June, a 40 percent jump from last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967329\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967329\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s-768x467.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hand-illustrated map of the garden from the 1970s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"From rare magnolias to towering palm trees, the San Francisco Botanical Garden is a haven for plants threatened by climate change and deforestation around the globe.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847172,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":40,"wordCount":1773},"headData":{"title":"Meet the Plants! SF Botanical Garden Looks Like Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory for Flora | KQED","description":"From rare magnolias to towering palm trees, the San Francisco Botanical Garden is a haven for plants threatened by climate change and deforestation around the globe.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Meet the Plants! SF Botanical Garden Looks Like Willy Wonka's Chocolate Factory for Flora","datePublished":"2020-07-20T13:00:17.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:39:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/2263d083-bb2f-48ac-820c-abff0128a255/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"templateType":"standard","featuredImageType":"standard","path":"/science/1967293/meet-the-plants-sf-botanical-garden-is-a-refuge-for-rare-and-disappearing-flora","audioDuration":282000,"audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Stepping onto the 55-acre grounds of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbg.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">San Francisco Botanical Garden\u003c/a> feels a bit like entering the \u003ca href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=willy+wonka+chocolate+room&rlz=1C5CHFA_enUS713US713&sxsrf=ALeKk00S0TQAe5qnyjx1nlMRJMht0PP7Aw:1595006275195&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=neWbfqjFQpbtyM%252CXDtTsL3n2vNpnM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kSqV4eGiK9f39dAzPlcnNkeZeKEyA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiU5smz5dTqAhUDgp4KHZE5C34Q_h0wAXoECAkQBA&biw=1583&bih=935\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">chocolate room\u003c/a> at Willy Wonka’s factory, if that storybook setting were bursting with real plants instead of ones made of candy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Located in the heart of Golden Gate Park, just blocks away from bustling city life (though not as bustling during these days of the pandemic), the garden is home to an astounding array of more than 9,000 types of flowers, plants and trees from across the globe. When not subject to various levels of quarantine, roughly 400,000 visitors a year tour the grounds, which are open seven days a week and are free to city residents. Horticulturist John McLaren, the Golden Gate Park superintendent for over 50 years, first devised plans for the garden in the late 1800s. But funding problems prevented an official opening until 1940.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967325\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967325\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"535\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-1978-768x514.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist Patricia Forrester painting magnolias in the garden in 1978. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here they can take in velvety pink and magenta flowering magnolias from the Himalayas; endangered South African proteas that grow on a single mountain; and something called a monkey puzzle tree, a rare evergreen from Chile with \u003ca href=\"https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/718%2BFoHyN6L._AC_SL1000_.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">limbs of sharp, succulent-like leaves\u003c/a> unfolding from its trunk. As for native species, the garden hosts everything from California lilac to giant sequoias.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this 150th year of Golden Gate Park and 80th of the Botanical Garden, the garden has unveiled plans for a brand new nursery to advance its mission of preserving endangered plants increasingly threatened by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From Big Beach to Big Garden\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Staring out at the sanctuary’s lush lawns and winding forested foot trails, it’s hard to imagine this was all once nothing but sand dunes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before Golden Gate Park was established in 1870, the dunes stretched out over its thousand-acres, extending east from Ocean Beach, where San Francisco meets the Pacific at the edge of the continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967328\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967328\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes-160x64.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Sand-dunes-768x307.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Golden Gate Park, as pictured in the late 1800s, was once sand dunes stretching east from Ocean Beach. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This was just a big dune all the way out. If you dig down 2 feet anywhere here, it’s gonna be sand,” said garden docent Kyle Pierce, while leading a tour in late February, just weeks before the pandemic shut the garden down for several months. It reopened in June, with safety protocols requiring masks and a capacity limit of 2,500 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To transform the terrain from beach to garden, he says, the city plowed in horse manure and nutrient-rich soil, so plants could take root and thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967327\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967327\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"522\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-Campbelli-768x501.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eric Walther, the garden’s first director, pictured next to a blooming Magnolia campbellii, his favorite plant, in the 1940s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“If you amend it enough, you can grow anything,” he said. “By 1879 they’d already planted 150,000 trees.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the initial Monterey cypress, Monterey pine and blue gum eucalyptus trees remain in the park today, 150 years later. The species were chosen, Pierce says, to serve as a windbreak for other plants to grow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Preserving Flora From Across the Globe \u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over time, the garden has become a refuge for threatened plants from all over the world. One of its main attractions is a collection of more than a hundred different types of \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfbg.org/magnolias\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">magnolia trees\u003c/a>, which bloom for three months at the start of each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These trees have been dubbed the most significant collection of magnolias for the purposes of conservation outside of China by \u003ca href=\"https://www.bgci.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Botanic Garden Conservation International\u003c/a>, a global plant preservation society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967300\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967300\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Zen-Magnolia-2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A zen magnolia blossoming at the San Francisco Botanical Garden in February 2020. Less than 20 of these trees are left in the wild. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On our walk, Pierce points out the distinct cup-and-saucer arrangement of one magnolia’s pink-hued petals. This \u003ci>Magnolia campbellii\u003c/i>, a native to Himalayan valleys, became the first of its kind to blossom in the U.S. back when the garden opened in the winter of 1940.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rarest tree of the bunch is the \u003ci>Magnolia zenii\u003c/i>, or the zen magnolia. Its flowers, snowy white with purple stripes, are smaller and more delicate than the others we passed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Only 18 individuals exist in the wild within one province in China, with no sign of regeneration,” Pierce said. “A lot of the garden’s magnolias are wild-collected. So they’re preserving a DNA of wild species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Botanical Garden and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1926500/a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-northern-california-plantlife\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">other created havens\u003c/a> for flora play a critical role in protecting plants that are at risk of extinction due to climate change and deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Botanical gardens, public gardens, are a key mechanism in making sure those plants don’t disappear from humanity,” said the San Francisco garden’s director, Matthew Stephens. “Because what the research suggests is that they probably won’t be wherever they’re growing now in 150 or 200 years.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967324\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967324\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Greenhouse-1-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the greenhouse, horticulturists raise plants from seeds or seedlings until they’re ready to move to the garden outside. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To protect threatened species, he says, the garden partners with greenhouses, nonprofits and governments from around the world. The hope is that preserving a population across a network of different gardens will act as insurance against the extinction of a species in decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The core function of the nursery is to be a pipeline for plants into the garden,” Stephens said. “Through our network of collaborators, new plants arrive at the garden all the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ethically sourced seeds and seedlings are reared in the greenhouse until they’re hardy enough for planting in the garden outside. Earlier this year, garden officials announced a nearly $7 million project for a new climate-controlled greenhouse and outdoor nursery to replace the current facility, which is more than 50 years old and was originally envisioned as a temporary structure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a new modern nursery,” Stephens said, “it enables us to bring a more sophisticated approach to that new wave, new pipeline of plants for today, but also for future generations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967326\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967326\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-800x508.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-1020x648.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai-768x488.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/New-Nursery-Rendering-Siegel-and-Strai.jpg 1489w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The garden has plans to break ground on a new climate-controlled greenhouse and outdoor plant nursery in 2021. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>From High Altitude Cloud Forests to San Francisco Fog\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The successful conservation of rare flora in gardens like this often depends on how well the environment matches the plants’ wild conditions. A species that thrives in San Francisco, for instance, may not do well in \u003ca href=\"https://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley\u003c/a>, even though it’s just across the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are blessed with this very cool, foggy, mild climate here in San Francisco,” said garden curator Ryan Guillou. “So we can grow a lot of things that most other gardens can’t.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In particular, he says, these year-round conditions make the botanical garden a refuge for plants from the cool, high-elevation cloud forests of Africa and South America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guillou says less than 1% of the world’s land surface has the right climate to support cloud forest flora, and with climate change, even that small number will decline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Their habitat is definitely shrinking because these plants can’t move fast enough up the mountain to stay cool and they’re disappearing,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967298\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967298\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-800x608.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-800x608.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1020x775.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-160x122.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-768x583.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1536x1167.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-2048x1556.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Andean-Wax-Palm-1-1920x1459.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two towering specimens of Ceroxylon quindiuense, or Andean wax palm. Plants from the mountainous cloud forests of South America are under increasing threat from climate change. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A prominent feature of the garden’s Andean Cloud Forest collection are two side-by-side specimens of \u003ci>Ceroxylon quindiuense,\u003c/i> or the Andean wax palm. These towering trees grow at elevations higher than any palm species in the world. They’re also the tallest palm trees, growing up to 200 feet in the wild. The bark is chalky white with charcoal-colored rings extending up the trunk, impressions left by falling leaves as the tree grew.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During my visit, I helped Guillou plant another palm species that came to the nursery as a seedling six years ago from the highlands of Colombia. The baby \u003ci>Ceroxylon alpinum\u003c/i>, or alpine wax palm, may look like an ordinary house plant now, but Guillou says over the next hundred years it will sprout up 60 feet, and its leaves will develop a glowing silvery sheen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These guys are actually one of the more endangered species of the \u003ci>Ceroxylon\u003c/i> group,\u003ci>” \u003c/i>Guillou said while covering the palm’s roots with soil. “It’s one of the classic examples of species that has to grow here. And if they go extinct in the wild, where else are they going to grow?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967302\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/alpine-palm-2-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">San Francisco Botanical Garden curator Ryan Guillou adds the ID tag to a newly planted endangered Alpine wax palm. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Coping With COVID-19\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The three-month coronavirus shutdown cost the Botanical Garden roughly a million dollars in revenue. The garden, which is managed jointly by the San Francisco Recreation and Park Department and the San Francisco Botanical Garden Society, laid off 25 staff (12 of whom were hired back upon reopening). Dozens of programs and special events had to be canceled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1967369\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Magnolia-x-color-corrected-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Magnolia x veitchii flower blooms at the San Francisco Botanical Garden in February 2020. \u003ccite>(Peter Arcuni/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But despite the closure, Executive Director Stephanie Linder says plantings and other critical projects have continued, including preparations for the new greenhouse and nursery. Garden officials say plans to break ground on the project in 2021 are still on track.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the garden now reopened to the public, Linder hopes it can be not only a refuge for plants, but for people who can connect with nature again after being trapped at home for so long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve known for quite some time that there is scientific evidence that time spent outdoors in nature boosts immunity, lowers stress hormones, lowers blood pressure, just gives people a sense of well-being, reflection,” Linder said. “And all of those things are needed now more than ever.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If recent attendance is any indication, Linder is right. The garden welcomed roughly 50,000 visitors in June, a 40 percent jump from last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1967329\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1967329\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s-160x97.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/07/Map-1970s-768x467.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A hand-illustrated map of the garden from the 1970s. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the SF Botanical Garden)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1967293/meet-the-plants-sf-botanical-garden-is-a-refuge-for-rare-and-disappearing-flora","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_4450","science_3423"],"tags":["science_194","science_4414","science_2377","science_1097","science_787"],"featImg":"science_1967410","label":"source_science_1967293"},"science_1926174":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1926174","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1926174","score":null,"sort":[1529614821000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-tool-will-help-save-water-by-measuring-plant-health-from-space","title":"New Tool To Save Water By Measuring Plant Health From Space","publishDate":1529614821,"format":"standard","headTitle":"New Tool To Save Water By Measuring Plant Health From Space | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Next week, a new instrument designed to measure plant stress will be plugged into the International Space Station. Once operating, the device will deliver unprecedented data about drought conditions and water conservation all over the planet.[contextly_sidebar id=”K8o6PU3tirF0q1wfrHLPADTFTO0RCpqS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device was designed and built by scientists at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. It’s scheduled for launch on June 29 aboard a SpaceX rocket as part of a resupply mission for the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the instrument will measure the temperature of plants on Earth from the space station platform orbiting 254 miles overhead. It will provide imagery sharper than any existing satellite offers – and more often, thanks to the space station’s unique orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s science lead for the project, refers to it as “space botany.” From the temperature data, scientists will be able to answer all kinds of questions that could help Earthlings use water more wisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, if plants are too hot, it means they are experiencing water stress. This could serve as an early warning of drought conditions. The data the device collects could also help farmers decide between different lettuce varieties, for example, to choose one that best handles water scarcity. The data could even gauge the success of urban water conservation measures, such as measuring effectiveness of landscaping choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Fisher to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> measure plant temperature from space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher: It measures reflectance in the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are related to heat. You know those handheld instruments that show you heat maps, like a thermometer? It’s like that except a lot more powerful and from the vantage point of space.[contextly_sidebar id=”D69q52GlVltVGKsUlj9ilhG8AyH29r71″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: And how do you get information about water use from that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’re measuring the temperature of plants on the surface of the Earth, then we convert to water use. So as plants cycle water through their leaves, the water cools them down just like sweating cools us. And if there’s not enough water, then they will heat up because they’re not cycling that water to cool them down. So we can measure that temperature and convert that to water stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the space station’s orbit help this project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Most satellites we’re used to are either polar orbiters or geostationary. But the space station has a different type of orbit called a precessing orbit. It doesn’t circle over the poles, but it can see from about 60 degrees north to 60 degrees south. Then it will come over the same spot on Earth every three to five days, depending on latitude. So, at higher latitudes, where its turning around in its orbit, it’s going to be seeing those spots quite a lot. But around the tropics, it will be passing at its normal cadence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space station will pass over us at different times every day. That’s really useful for our science because some plants will shut down in the afternoon if there’s water or heat stress, and other plants won’t. But we don’t know where that’s happening globally because we haven’t been able to get it from our polar orbiters. And our geostationary orbiters, which do measure the same area every time are quite coarse because of their orbit.[contextly_sidebar id=”KPRP4XhyJHaq18txHbqZJn1sngApBiaE”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS is able to sample that diurnal cycle with a very fine spatial resolution of about 70 meters. That’s basically the size of a large backyard – about 230 feet on a side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How can this information be used to improve water efficiency on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Farmers want to water as much as their plants will use. They don’t want to water less, unless they are doing some sort of stress irrigation. In general, you want to basically optimize your irrigation and not any more, because that’s a waste of money. So farmers really want to know how much water to irrigate. \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> will tell how much water plants are needing and how much is actually being irrigated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then for water managers, similarly, they want to know how much water different areas are using. So our U.S.Department of Agriculture partners are going to be investigating science questions related to drip irrigation versus sprinklers, timing of irrigation, timing of sowing a crop, different types of seed varieties and the like. There are a lot of interesting questions related to water use in just the agricultural arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2591px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132301 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180615002413/Ecostress1NASA1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2591\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ECOSTRESS instrument is inspected after its arrival by truck at Johnson Space Center in Florida in April. (Photo Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/KSC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How often will \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> be able to take measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: The overpass time is every three to five days for a single point on Earth. But we’re always basically measuring and we’re always sending data back to Earth and processing the data. We’ll make big deliveries to the public data archive center in regular increments, every six months or so. The mission itself is a scientific mission. The applications really want near real-time, and we’re producing that and there can be extensions to the mission to enable that. But the prime focus of the mission is for the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even if it’s not near real-time, it can still help farmers. The farmer might be planting a few different varieties of lettuce and won’t know how much water each variety is using. A retrospective analysis will tell a farmer how much water each variety uses for the next season.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How unique will this data be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’ve been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://yceo.yale.edu/what-modis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">MODIS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at 1 kilometer resolution. That’s really good at temporal resolution, but not that great for spatial resolution. We’ve also been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://landsat.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Landsat\u003c/span>\u003c/a> data at about the same spatial resolution as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS.\u003c/span> But then Landsat passes over us every 16 days, and if there’s a cloud in the way then it’s 32 days.[contextly_sidebar id=”Cz4O1dWXzhJmx7SoN1acF46U98Dg8VBu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are similar instruments on high towers in different forested areas across the globe, including one in Ione, California, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. They are part of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dataset_lister.pl?p=9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Fluxnet\u003c/span>\u003c/a> network. But the Fluxnet data are limited to plants within a radius of about a mile. It would takes millions of Fluxnets to see the whole picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS kind of hits that sweet spot in terms of really good spatial resolution and really good temporal resolution. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS \u003c/span>instrument is really accurate and our retrieval algorithms to process the data are very mature and good as well. We get the best of all worlds in ECOSTRESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/19/new-tool-will-help-save-water-by-measuring-plant-health-from-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new “space botany” instrument to be mounted on the International Space Station will offer the best data yet on plant stress, helping to track water demand on farms, cities and natural habitats.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927778,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":27,"wordCount":1241},"headData":{"title":"New Tool To Save Water By Measuring Plant Health From Space | KQED","description":"A new “space botany” instrument to be mounted on the International Space Station will offer the best data yet on plant stress, helping to track water demand on farms, cities and natural habitats.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Tool To Save Water By Measuring Plant Health From Space","datePublished":"2018-06-21T21:00:21.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:02:58.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Water","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Matt Weiser\u003cbr />Water Deeply","path":"/science/1926174/new-tool-will-help-save-water-by-measuring-plant-health-from-space","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Next week, a new instrument designed to measure plant stress will be plugged into the International Space Station. Once operating, the device will deliver unprecedented data about drought conditions and water conservation all over the planet.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The device was designed and built by scientists at \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. It’s scheduled for launch on June 29 aboard a SpaceX rocket as part of a resupply mission for the space station.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Known as \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://ecostress.jpl.nasa.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a>, the instrument will measure the temperature of plants on Earth from the space station platform orbiting 254 miles overhead. It will provide imagery sharper than any existing satellite offers – and more often, thanks to the space station’s unique orbit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher, \u003cspan class=\"caps\">NASA\u003c/span>’s science lead for the project, refers to it as “space botany.” From the temperature data, scientists will be able to answer all kinds of questions that could help Earthlings use water more wisely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, if plants are too hot, it means they are experiencing water stress. This could serve as an early warning of drought conditions. The data the device collects could also help farmers decide between different lettuce varieties, for example, to choose one that best handles water scarcity. The data could even gauge the success of urban water conservation measures, such as measuring effectiveness of landscaping choices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water Deeply spoke with Fisher to learn more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> measure plant temperature from space?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Joshua Fisher: It measures reflectance in the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are related to heat. You know those handheld instruments that show you heat maps, like a thermometer? It’s like that except a lot more powerful and from the vantage point of space.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: And how do you get information about water use from that?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’re measuring the temperature of plants on the surface of the Earth, then we convert to water use. So as plants cycle water through their leaves, the water cools them down just like sweating cools us. And if there’s not enough water, then they will heat up because they’re not cycling that water to cool them down. So we can measure that temperature and convert that to water stress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How does the space station’s orbit help this project?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Most satellites we’re used to are either polar orbiters or geostationary. But the space station has a different type of orbit called a precessing orbit. It doesn’t circle over the poles, but it can see from about 60 degrees north to 60 degrees south. Then it will come over the same spot on Earth every three to five days, depending on latitude. So, at higher latitudes, where its turning around in its orbit, it’s going to be seeing those spots quite a lot. But around the tropics, it will be passing at its normal cadence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The space station will pass over us at different times every day. That’s really useful for our science because some plants will shut down in the afternoon if there’s water or heat stress, and other plants won’t. But we don’t know where that’s happening globally because we haven’t been able to get it from our polar orbiters. And our geostationary orbiters, which do measure the same area every time are quite coarse because of their orbit.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS is able to sample that diurnal cycle with a very fine spatial resolution of about 70 meters. That’s basically the size of a large backyard – about 230 feet on a side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How can this information be used to improve water efficiency on Earth?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: Farmers want to water as much as their plants will use. They don’t want to water less, unless they are doing some sort of stress irrigation. In general, you want to basically optimize your irrigation and not any more, because that’s a waste of money. So farmers really want to know how much water to irrigate. \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> will tell how much water plants are needing and how much is actually being irrigated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then for water managers, similarly, they want to know how much water different areas are using. So our U.S.Department of Agriculture partners are going to be investigating science questions related to drip irrigation versus sprinklers, timing of irrigation, timing of sowing a crop, different types of seed varieties and the like. There are a lot of interesting questions related to water use in just the agricultural arena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2591px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132301 size-full\" src=\"https://newsdeeply.imgix.net/20180615002413/Ecostress1NASA1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2591\" height=\"1726\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The ECOSTRESS instrument is inspected after its arrival by truck at Johnson Space Center in Florida in April. (Photo Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech/KSC)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How often will \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS\u003c/span> be able to take measurements?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: The overpass time is every three to five days for a single point on Earth. But we’re always basically measuring and we’re always sending data back to Earth and processing the data. We’ll make big deliveries to the public data archive center in regular increments, every six months or so. The mission itself is a scientific mission. The applications really want near real-time, and we’re producing that and there can be extensions to the mission to enable that. But the prime focus of the mission is for the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Even if it’s not near real-time, it can still help farmers. The farmer might be planting a few different varieties of lettuce and won’t know how much water each variety is using. A retrospective analysis will tell a farmer how much water each variety uses for the next season.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water Deeply: How unique will this data be?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fisher: We’ve been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://yceo.yale.edu/what-modis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">\u003cspan class=\"caps\">MODIS\u003c/span>\u003c/span>\u003c/a> at 1 kilometer resolution. That’s really good at temporal resolution, but not that great for spatial resolution. We’ve also been able to do evapotranspiration using \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://landsat.usgs.gov/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s2\">Landsat\u003c/span>\u003c/a> data at about the same spatial resolution as \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS.\u003c/span> But then Landsat passes over us every 16 days, and if there’s a cloud in the way then it’s 32 days.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are similar instruments on high towers in different forested areas across the globe, including one in Ione, California, in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada. They are part of the \u003ca class=\"preview-link\" href=\"https://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dataset_lister.pl?p=9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan class=\"s4\">Fluxnet\u003c/span>\u003c/a> network. But the Fluxnet data are limited to plants within a radius of about a mile. It would takes millions of Fluxnets to see the whole picture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ECOSTRESS kind of hits that sweet spot in terms of really good spatial resolution and really good temporal resolution. The \u003cspan class=\"caps\">ECOSTRESS \u003c/span>instrument is really accurate and our retrieval algorithms to process the data are very mature and good as well. We get the best of all worlds in ECOSTRESS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This article originally appeared on \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Water Deeply\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, and you can find it \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newsdeeply.com/water/community/2018/06/19/new-tool-will-help-save-water-by-measuring-plant-health-from-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">here\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. For important news about the California drought, you can \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003ca href=\"http://waterdeeply.us5.list-manage.com/subscribe?u=8b78e9a34ff7443ec1e8c62c6&id=2947becb78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">sign up\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/a>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> to the Water Deeply email list.\u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1926174/new-tool-will-help-save-water-by-measuring-plant-health-from-space","authors":["byline_science_1926174"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_5175","science_1097","science_577","science_461","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1926176","label":"source_science_1926174"},"science_1922987":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922987","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922987","score":null,"sort":[1525179623000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-do-tumbleweeds-tumble","title":"Why Do Tumbleweeds Tumble?","publishDate":1525179623,"format":"video","headTitle":"Why Do Tumbleweeds Tumble? | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]Tumbleweeds might be the iconic props of classic Westerns. But in real life, they’re not only a noxious weed, but one that moves around. As they roll and bounce, pushed by gusts of wind, \u003ca href=\"http://www.vvdailypress.com/news/20180416/tumbleweed-takeover-high-winds-leave-neighborhood-overrun\">they can overwhelm entire neighborhoods, \u003c/a>as happened recently in Victorville, California, or become a threat for drivers and an expensive nuisance for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tumble across highways and can cause accidents,” said Mike Pitcairn, who tracks tumbleweeds at the California Department of Food and Agriculture in Sacramento. “They pile up against fences and homes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923099\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_ROLLS_NEXT_TO_FREEWAY.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923099\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_ROLLS_NEXT_TO_FREEWAY.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tumbleweed rolled in an abandoned agricultural field next to the freeway in Palmdale, California, in February. When they blow into the road, tumbleweeds pose a threat to drivers, who might swerve to avoid them and get into an accident. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And tumbleweeds aren’t even originally from California, or the West for that matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been around a long time. You think it must be native,” said Pitcairn. “But its common name is Russian thistle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic tests have shown that California’s most common tumbleweed, known as Russian thistle, likely came from Ukraine, said retired plant population biologist Debra Ayres, who studied tumbleweeds at the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.S. Department of Agriculture employee, L. H. Dewey, wrote in 1893 that Russian thistle had arrived in the U.S. through South Dakota in flaxseed imported from Europe in the 1870s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been known in Russia many years,” Dewey wrote, “and has quite as bad a reputation in the wheat regions there as it has in the Dakotas.” This is where the name Russian thistle originates, said Ayres, although tumbleweeds aren’t really thistles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923102\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923102\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tumbleweeds are known by the common name Russian thistle, although they’re not thistles. In the late fall and winter, Russian thistle plants dry out. The structure that looks like a dried-out flower is a seed. As tumbleweeds tumble, their seeds fall off at a distance from each other. This gives each one sunlight and space to grow. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the end of the 1800s, Russian thistle had arrived in Southern California’s Antelope Valley and Bakersfield. The weed spread quickly through the United States — on rail cars and through contamination of agricultural seeds. And by tumbling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tumble to disperse the seeds,” said Ayres, “and thereby reduce competition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By bouncing and rolling in the wind, a tumbleweed spreads out tens of thousands of seeds so that they all get plenty of sunlight and space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923103\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923103\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tumbleweeds cover an abandoned agricultural field in Palmdale, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds grow well in barren places like abandoned agricultural fields, vacant lots or the side of the road, where they can tumble unobstructed and there’s no grass, which their seedlings can’t compete with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grass has nutritive tissue — what bread is made from — to sustain the seedling until it gets its leaves up, while the tumbleweed does not,” said Ayres. “Also, many grasses germinate in the fall and are already up and thick by the time the tumbleweed germinates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds start out as any plant, attached to the soil. Seedlings, which look like blades of grass with a bright pink stem, sprout at the end of the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923107\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923107\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny Russian thistle seedlings grow in a vacant lot in Davis, California, in February. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By summer, Russian thistle plants take on their round shape and grow white, yellow or pink flowers between thorny leaves. Inside each flower, a fruit with a single seed develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other plants attract animals with sweet, tasty fruits, and get them to carry away their seeds in their stomachs and disperse them when they defecate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds developed a different evolutionary strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in late fall, they dry out and die, their seeds nestled between prickly dried leaves. Gusts of wind easily break dead tumbleweeds from their roots. A microscopic layer of cells at the base of the plant — called the abscission layer — makes a clean break possible and the plants roll away, spreading their seeds. When the rains come, an embryo coiled up inside each seed sprouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923104\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Each tumbleweed seed contains an embryo like this one. When it gets a little water, the embryo will uncoil and grow into the soil. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds cause a host of problems in California, where they’re found throughout the state. In places like the southern San Joaquin Valley they can grow to be more than 6 feet tall, said Pitcairn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unsuspecting motorists tend to swerve when a 6-foot plant comes tumbling across the road,” he said, “and many times end up in an accident.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent this from happening, California Department of Transportation crews use pitchforks to pluck tumbleweeds from the ground and toss them into large compactor trash trucks, said Cathryne Bruce-Johnson, Caltrans public information officer in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>“Unsuspecting motorists tend to swerve when a 6-foot plant comes tumbling across the road.”\u003c/strong> Mike Pitcairn, California Department of Food and Agriculture\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds can also pile up against buildings and become a fire hazard. That’s what happened the morning of April 16 in Victorville, northeast of Los Angeles, when 60 mph winds pushed hundreds of them into a neighborhood that borders undeveloped land in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It happened very quickly,” said Sue Jones, public information officer for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds piled up so high that they reached the second floors and blocked the entrances to about 100 homes, and also covered the baseball diamond at a nearby park, she said. It took 36 city workers well into the night to clear them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many western states, Russian thistle is an agricultural weed and farmers have to spray it when it grows among their crops. That’s a bigger concern in Oregon, Washington and Idaho than in California, said Pitcairn. In California, tumbleweeds clog sprinklers and irrigation canals. And they also harbor agricultural pests when they’re green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923106\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tumbleweeds caught on a sprinkler system in Palmdale, California, in February. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring and fall, the California Department of Food and Agriculture sprays insecticides on green Russian thistle in the Central Valley and surrounding foothills to get rid of the beet leafhopper. The insect can transmit the curly top virus, which damages crops such as sugar beets, tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, peppers, squash, spinach and beans, said Pitcairn. Spraying costs several million dollars each year, which comes from fees paid by vegetable growers, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beet leafhopper lives in Russian thistle because it’s one of the few plants that stays green in the fall in the foothills of California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923110\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it’s green, a Russian thistle plant, like this one in Woodland, California, can harbor the beet leafhopper, which carries a virus that damages sugar beets, tomatoes, peppers and other crops. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They lay eggs inside the plant tissue,” said Jennifer Willems, an environmental scientist at the Department of Food and Agriculture in Fresno. “They pierce the soft parts of the plant — the leaves — and suck the juice out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cities of Palmdale and Lancaster, tumbleweeds are such a big problem that Los Angeles County spends $100,000 to $150,000 yearly mowing and chipping dried-out Russian thistle in vacant lots and abandoned agricultural fields before they can tumble away, said Ariel Verayo, deputy agricultural commissioner at the county’s weed abatement division in Lancaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds blow into alfalfa fields and need to be cleared out before the alfalfa is harvested. Alfalfa is cattle feed, and cows won’t eat prickly tumbleweeds, Verayo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One alfalfa farmer earlier this year found a creative use for tumbleweeds after clearing them off his field. He packed them into rectangular bales and told Verayo he planned to use the bales for bow and arrow target practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one way of making sure tumbleweeds no longer tumble.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The iconic prop of classic Westerns is a plant on a mission. And it doesn't come from the West at all. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927953,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1377},"headData":{"title":"Why Do Tumbleweeds Tumble? | KQED","description":"The iconic prop of classic Westerns is a plant on a mission. And it doesn't come from the West at all. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why Do Tumbleweeds Tumble?","datePublished":"2018-05-01T13:00:23.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:05:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/dATZsuPdOnM","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1922987/why-do-tumbleweeds-tumble","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Tumbleweeds might be the iconic props of classic Westerns. But in real life, they’re not only a noxious weed, but one that moves around. As they roll and bounce, pushed by gusts of wind, \u003ca href=\"http://www.vvdailypress.com/news/20180416/tumbleweed-takeover-high-winds-leave-neighborhood-overrun\">they can overwhelm entire neighborhoods, \u003c/a>as happened recently in Victorville, California, or become a threat for drivers and an expensive nuisance for farmers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tumble across highways and can cause accidents,” said Mike Pitcairn, who tracks tumbleweeds at the California Department of Food and Agriculture in Sacramento. “They pile up against fences and homes.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923099\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_ROLLS_NEXT_TO_FREEWAY.gif\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923099\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_ROLLS_NEXT_TO_FREEWAY.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A tumbleweed rolled in an abandoned agricultural field next to the freeway in Palmdale, California, in February. When they blow into the road, tumbleweeds pose a threat to drivers, who might swerve to avoid them and get into an accident. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And tumbleweeds aren’t even originally from California, or the West for that matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s been around a long time. You think it must be native,” said Pitcairn. “But its common name is Russian thistle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genetic tests have shown that California’s most common tumbleweed, known as Russian thistle, likely came from Ukraine, said retired plant population biologist Debra Ayres, who studied tumbleweeds at the University of California, Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A U.S. Department of Agriculture employee, L. H. Dewey, wrote in 1893 that Russian thistle had arrived in the U.S. through South Dakota in flaxseed imported from Europe in the 1870s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has been known in Russia many years,” Dewey wrote, “and has quite as bad a reputation in the wheat regions there as it has in the Dakotas.” This is where the name Russian thistle originates, said Ayres, although tumbleweeds aren’t really thistles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923102\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923102\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_SEEDS_ON_DRIED_TUMBLEWEED-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tumbleweeds are known by the common name Russian thistle, although they’re not thistles. In the late fall and winter, Russian thistle plants dry out. The structure that looks like a dried-out flower is a seed. As tumbleweeds tumble, their seeds fall off at a distance from each other. This gives each one sunlight and space to grow. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By the end of the 1800s, Russian thistle had arrived in Southern California’s Antelope Valley and Bakersfield. The weed spread quickly through the United States — on rail cars and through contamination of agricultural seeds. And by tumbling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They tumble to disperse the seeds,” said Ayres, “and thereby reduce competition.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By bouncing and rolling in the wind, a tumbleweed spreads out tens of thousands of seeds so that they all get plenty of sunlight and space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923103\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923103\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_IN_ABANDONED_FIELD_PALMDALE-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tumbleweeds cover an abandoned agricultural field in Palmdale, California. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds grow well in barren places like abandoned agricultural fields, vacant lots or the side of the road, where they can tumble unobstructed and there’s no grass, which their seedlings can’t compete with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Grass has nutritive tissue — what bread is made from — to sustain the seedling until it gets its leaves up, while the tumbleweed does not,” said Ayres. “Also, many grasses germinate in the fall and are already up and thick by the time the tumbleweed germinates.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds start out as any plant, attached to the soil. Seedlings, which look like blades of grass with a bright pink stem, sprout at the end of the winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923107\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923107\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_RUSSIAN_THISTLE_SEEDLINGS_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tiny Russian thistle seedlings grow in a vacant lot in Davis, California, in February. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By summer, Russian thistle plants take on their round shape and grow white, yellow or pink flowers between thorny leaves. Inside each flower, a fruit with a single seed develops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other plants attract animals with sweet, tasty fruits, and get them to carry away their seeds in their stomachs and disperse them when they defecate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds developed a different evolutionary strategy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in late fall, they dry out and die, their seeds nestled between prickly dried leaves. Gusts of wind easily break dead tumbleweeds from their roots. A microscopic layer of cells at the base of the plant — called the abscission layer — makes a clean break possible and the plants roll away, spreading their seeds. When the rains come, an embryo coiled up inside each seed sprouts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923104\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923104\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEED_EMBRYO-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Each tumbleweed seed contains an embryo like this one. When it gets a little water, the embryo will uncoil and grow into the soil. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds cause a host of problems in California, where they’re found throughout the state. In places like the southern San Joaquin Valley they can grow to be more than 6 feet tall, said Pitcairn.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Unsuspecting motorists tend to swerve when a 6-foot plant comes tumbling across the road,” he said, “and many times end up in an accident.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prevent this from happening, California Department of Transportation crews use pitchforks to pluck tumbleweeds from the ground and toss them into large compactor trash trucks, said Cathryne Bruce-Johnson, Caltrans public information officer in San Diego.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">\u003cstrong>“Unsuspecting motorists tend to swerve when a 6-foot plant comes tumbling across the road.”\u003c/strong> Mike Pitcairn, California Department of Food and Agriculture\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds can also pile up against buildings and become a fire hazard. That’s what happened the morning of April 16 in Victorville, northeast of Los Angeles, when 60 mph winds pushed hundreds of them into a neighborhood that borders undeveloped land in the Mojave Desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It happened very quickly,” said Sue Jones, public information officer for the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds piled up so high that they reached the second floors and blocked the entrances to about 100 homes, and also covered the baseball diamond at a nearby park, she said. It took 36 city workers well into the night to clear them out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many western states, Russian thistle is an agricultural weed and farmers have to spray it when it grows among their crops. That’s a bigger concern in Oregon, Washington and Idaho than in California, said Pitcairn. In California, tumbleweeds clog sprinklers and irrigation canals. And they also harbor agricultural pests when they’re green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923106\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923106\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweed_TUMBLEWEEDS_ON_IRRIGATION_SYSTEM_PALMDALE_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tumbleweeds caught on a sprinkler system in Palmdale, California, in February. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the spring and fall, the California Department of Food and Agriculture sprays insecticides on green Russian thistle in the Central Valley and surrounding foothills to get rid of the beet leafhopper. The insect can transmit the curly top virus, which damages crops such as sugar beets, tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, peppers, squash, spinach and beans, said Pitcairn. Spraying costs several million dollars each year, which comes from fees paid by vegetable growers, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beet leafhopper lives in Russian thistle because it’s one of the few plants that stays green in the fall in the foothills of California’s Central Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1923110\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1923110\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-960x540.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-240x135.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-375x211.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/05/DL_508Tumbleweeds_GREEN_TUMBLEWEED_WOODLAND_1920-520x293.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When it’s green, a Russian thistle plant, like this one in Woodland, California, can harbor the beet leafhopper, which carries a virus that damages sugar beets, tomatoes, peppers and other crops. \u003ccite>(Josh Cassidy/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“They lay eggs inside the plant tissue,” said Jennifer Willems, an environmental scientist at the Department of Food and Agriculture in Fresno. “They pierce the soft parts of the plant — the leaves — and suck the juice out.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the cities of Palmdale and Lancaster, tumbleweeds are such a big problem that Los Angeles County spends $100,000 to $150,000 yearly mowing and chipping dried-out Russian thistle in vacant lots and abandoned agricultural fields before they can tumble away, said Ariel Verayo, deputy agricultural commissioner at the county’s weed abatement division in Lancaster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tumbleweeds blow into alfalfa fields and need to be cleared out before the alfalfa is harvested. Alfalfa is cattle feed, and cows won’t eat prickly tumbleweeds, Verayo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One alfalfa farmer earlier this year found a creative use for tumbleweeds after clearing them off his field. He packed them into rectangular bales and told Verayo he planned to use the bales for bow and arrow target practice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s one way of making sure tumbleweeds no longer tumble.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922987/why-do-tumbleweeds-tumble","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_30","science_86"],"tags":["science_3370","science_1097"],"featImg":"science_1922993","label":"science_1935"},"science_1922099":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922099","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922099","score":null,"sort":[1522941049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-harvest-vegetables-in-antarctica-without-sun-soil-or-pesticides","title":"Vegetables Harvested in Antarctica Without Sun, Soil, or Pesticides","publishDate":1522941049,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Vegetables Harvested in Antarctica Without Sun, Soil, or Pesticides | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Scientists in Antarctica have harvested their first crop of vegetables grown without earth, daylight or pesticides as part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Germany’s Neumayer Station III say they’ve picked 8 pounds of salad greens, 18 cucumbers and 70 radishes grown inside a high-tech greenhouse as temperatures outside dropped below -4 Fahrenheit.[contextly_sidebar id=”2wg6PO03zcv7nxs4zNB3HrqWtg1KflMX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German Aerospace Center DLR, which coordinates the project, said Thursday that by May scientists hope to harvest 4-5 kilograms of fruit and vegetables a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While NASA has successfully grown greens on the International Space Station, DLR’s Daniel Schubert says the Antarctic project aims to produce a wider range of vegetables that might one day be grown on Mars or the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_66467 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The harvest is part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928037,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":140},"headData":{"title":"Vegetables Harvested in Antarctica Without Sun, Soil, or Pesticides | KQED","description":"The harvest is part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Vegetables Harvested in Antarctica Without Sun, Soil, or Pesticides","datePublished":"2018-04-05T15:10:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:07:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/science/1922099/scientists-harvest-vegetables-in-antarctica-without-sun-soil-or-pesticides","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Scientists in Antarctica have harvested their first crop of vegetables grown without earth, daylight or pesticides as part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Germany’s Neumayer Station III say they’ve picked 8 pounds of salad greens, 18 cucumbers and 70 radishes grown inside a high-tech greenhouse as temperatures outside dropped below -4 Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German Aerospace Center DLR, which coordinates the project, said Thursday that by May scientists hope to harvest 4-5 kilograms of fruit and vegetables a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While NASA has successfully grown greens on the International Space Station, DLR’s Daniel Schubert says the Antarctic project aims to produce a wider range of vegetables that might one day be grown on Mars or the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_66467 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922099/scientists-harvest-vegetables-in-antarctica-without-sun-soil-or-pesticides","authors":["byline_science_1922099"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_36","science_3151","science_39","science_3424","science_40"],"tags":["science_192","science_2824","science_1097","science_1201","science_934"],"featImg":"science_1922101","label":"source_science_1922099"},"science_132693":{"type":"posts","id":"science_132693","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"132693","score":null,"sort":[1437509102000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"berkeley-corpse-flower-blooming-soon-in-all-its-disgusting-glory","title":"Berkeley 'Corpse Flower' Blooming Soon in All Its Disgusting Glory","publishDate":1437509102,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Berkeley ‘Corpse Flower’ Blooming Soon in All Its Disgusting Glory | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update\u003c/strong>: 9:55 p.m., July 26, 2015\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After days of coyly tempting staff and visitors with the occasional pungent whiff of rotting flesh, Trudy the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/titan-arum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">corpse flower\u003c/a> finally blossomed on Saturday night at the UC Botanical Garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_145369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2387px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-145369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors react to Trudy with delight and disgust on Sunday afternoon.\" width=\"2387\" height=\"1907\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048.jpg 2387w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-400x320.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-800x639.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-1440x1150.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-1400x1118.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-1180x943.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-960x767.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2387px) 100vw, 2387px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors react to Trudy with delight and disgust on Sunday afternoon. \u003ccite>(Johanna Varner/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A record crowd of over 2,250 guests turned out to see and smell the 56-inch bloom today, almost ten times the typical number for a busy weekend day. Many visitors waited in line for over an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen anything like this before,” says Paul Licht, the garden’s director, gesturing towards the queue of people eager to feel queasy at the flower’s stench.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_145370\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-145370 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051.jpg\" alt=\"Docents explain the titan arum's life cycle as they waft the foul stench over eager visitors.\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1936\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051.jpg 2592w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-400x299.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-800x598.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-1440x1076.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-1400x1046.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-1180x881.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2592px) 100vw, 2592px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Docents explain the titan arum’s life cycle as they waft the foul stench over eager visitors. \u003ccite>(Johanna Varner/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trudy will remain on display for several days, but the odor has already started to fade. And in a few days, the whole flower will collapse so that it may restart its \u003ca href=\"https://bioscigreenhouse.osu.edu/titan-arum-faqs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update\u003c/strong>: 1:10 p.m., July 24, 2015\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good news for Bay Area working stiffs: you haven’t missed the chance to make yourself nauseous at the UC Botanical Garden. Despite high hopes for a putrid performance today, Trudy the corpse flower has not yet bloomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Licht, director of the garden, had expected the plant to bloom overnight. But this morning, he says there are signs that the plant is getting ready to bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically the skirt-like structure that wraps around the base of the flower, called the spathe, is starting to loosen. When the plant blooms, the spathe will fully open, exposing hundreds of tiny flowers and the wicked stench that so many visitors are dying to smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-139929\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Licht, the botanical garden director, explains the Titan Arum's life cycle to visitors anxious to smell the nauseating flower.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-1400x1050.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Licht, the botanical garden director, explains the Titan Arum’s life cycle to visitors anxious to smell the nauseating flower. \u003ccite>(Johanna Varner/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s impossible to predict for sure,” he says. “But it looks different this morning in an important way. It could be tonight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors can check Trudy’s progress on the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/titan-arum/#tab-1-1-trudys-progress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">botanical garden website\u003c/a> before planning a trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-139928 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732.jpg\" alt=\"Trudy the corpse flower is showing signs that a bloom (and its distinctive odor of rotten flesh) is imminent. The botanical garden is collaborating with private photographers to capture time-lapse images of the event.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-1400x1050.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trudy the corpse flower is showing signs that a bloom (and its distinctive odor of rotten flesh) is imminent. The garden is collaborating with private photographers to capture the first-ever time-lapse video of a titan arum bloom in IMAX. \u003ccite>(Johanna Varner/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Post, 1:05 p.m., July 21, 2015:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/titan-arum/\">UC Berkeley Botanical Garden\u003c/a> has a stinky spectacle on display this week: a plant that looks a bit like a five-foot tall banana and smells like a dead mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s clearly, to me, the odor of a dead mammal, as opposed to a fish,” says Paul Licht, the director of the botanical garden. “Or maybe a dead rat. A big dead rat. Or a dead cow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s actually a blooming titan arum plant, also known as the “corpse flower” or by its colorful scientific name \u003cem>Amorphophallus titanum, \u003c/em>which means “giant misshapen penis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to see one in full bloom is a rare sight, since titan arums typically only flower once every few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty fantastic thing to witness, even if you’ve seen it before,” says Licht. “I’m still completely drawn to it. It’s something you want to see over and over again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-full wp-image-132696\">But what’s with the stench? Like most flowers, the titan arum is using odor to call in its pollinators. But instead of luring bees or bats with the sweet smells of pollen and nectar, the “corpse flower” produces an odor like rotten flesh to attract carrion flies and beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also heats its flower to over 100-degrees, which helps the foul smell permeate its native Sumatran rainforests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UC Berkeley, the botanical garden staff has nicknamed this plant “Trudy.” This is the fourth time it has bloomed in the 20 years since it was planted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 822px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132696 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3657564789_811465d7bf_b.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of Trudy's last bloom, in 2009.\" width=\"822\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3657564789_811465d7bf_b.jpg 822w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3657564789_811465d7bf_b-400x498.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3657564789_811465d7bf_b-800x997.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 822px) 100vw, 822px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of Trudy’s last bloom, in 2009. \u003ccite>(James Gaither/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And its flowering stalk is growing quickly. As of Tuesday morning, Trudy stands at 53 inches tall, having grown two inches overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Licht says it’s impossible to predict when the flower will open in all its gory glory, but his best guess is that it will happen toward the end of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its famous “corpse” odor will only be produced for the last 24 hours of the bloom. Then the flower will collapse to restart the plant’s life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To accommodate visitors, the botanical garden will have \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/titan-arum/#tab-1-2-special-visiting-hours\">special visiting hours\u003c/a> this week, until the plant flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a fascinating flower, and it stinks,” says Licht. “But in a way that somehow appeals to people. People go to horror movies to be scared, right? Well, they go to see this flower to be made nauseous.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The giant titan arum plant produces a putrid stench to lure in its pollinators. Turns out it's a big draw for morbidly curious humans, too.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931535,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":864},"headData":{"title":"Berkeley 'Corpse Flower' Blooming Soon in All Its Disgusting Glory | KQED","description":"The giant titan arum plant produces a putrid stench to lure in its pollinators. Turns out it's a big draw for morbidly curious humans, too.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Berkeley 'Corpse Flower' Blooming Soon in All Its Disgusting Glory","datePublished":"2015-07-21T20:05:02.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:05:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"KQED Science","sourceUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/","sticky":false,"path":"/science/132693/berkeley-corpse-flower-blooming-soon-in-all-its-disgusting-glory","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update\u003c/strong>: 9:55 p.m., July 26, 2015\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After days of coyly tempting staff and visitors with the occasional pungent whiff of rotting flesh, Trudy the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/titan-arum/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">corpse flower\u003c/a> finally blossomed on Saturday night at the UC Botanical Garden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_145369\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 2387px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-145369\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048.jpg\" alt=\"Visitors react to Trudy with delight and disgust on Sunday afternoon.\" width=\"2387\" height=\"1907\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048.jpg 2387w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-400x320.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-800x639.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-1440x1150.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-1400x1118.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-1180x943.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2048-960x767.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2387px) 100vw, 2387px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Visitors react to Trudy with delight and disgust on Sunday afternoon. \u003ccite>(Johanna Varner/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A record crowd of over 2,250 guests turned out to see and smell the 56-inch bloom today, almost ten times the typical number for a busy weekend day. Many visitors waited in line for over an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve never seen anything like this before,” says Paul Licht, the garden’s director, gesturing towards the queue of people eager to feel queasy at the flower’s stench.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_145370\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2592px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-145370 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051.jpg\" alt=\"Docents explain the titan arum's life cycle as they waft the foul stench over eager visitors.\" width=\"2592\" height=\"1936\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051.jpg 2592w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-400x299.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-800x598.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-1440x1076.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-1400x1046.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-1180x881.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_2051-960x717.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2592px) 100vw, 2592px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Docents explain the titan arum’s life cycle as they waft the foul stench over eager visitors. \u003ccite>(Johanna Varner/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Trudy will remain on display for several days, but the odor has already started to fade. And in a few days, the whole flower will collapse so that it may restart its \u003ca href=\"https://bioscigreenhouse.osu.edu/titan-arum-faqs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">life cycle\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Update\u003c/strong>: 1:10 p.m., July 24, 2015\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Good news for Bay Area working stiffs: you haven’t missed the chance to make yourself nauseous at the UC Botanical Garden. Despite high hopes for a putrid performance today, Trudy the corpse flower has not yet bloomed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Licht, director of the garden, had expected the plant to bloom overnight. But this morning, he says there are signs that the plant is getting ready to bloom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically the skirt-like structure that wraps around the base of the flower, called the spathe, is starting to loosen. When the plant blooms, the spathe will fully open, exposing hundreds of tiny flowers and the wicked stench that so many visitors are dying to smell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139929\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-139929\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762.jpg\" alt=\"Paul Licht, the botanical garden director, explains the Titan Arum's life cycle to visitors anxious to smell the nauseating flower.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-1400x1050.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0762-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Paul Licht, the botanical garden director, explains the Titan Arum’s life cycle to visitors anxious to smell the nauseating flower. \u003ccite>(Johanna Varner/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It’s impossible to predict for sure,” he says. “But it looks different this morning in an important way. It could be tonight.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors can check Trudy’s progress on the \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/titan-arum/#tab-1-1-trudys-progress\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">botanical garden website\u003c/a> before planning a trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_139928\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-139928 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732.jpg\" alt=\"Trudy the corpse flower is showing signs that a bloom (and its distinctive odor of rotten flesh) is imminent. The botanical garden is collaborating with private photographers to capture time-lapse images of the event.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-400x300.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-1400x1050.jpg 1400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/IMG_0732-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Trudy the corpse flower is showing signs that a bloom (and its distinctive odor of rotten flesh) is imminent. The garden is collaborating with private photographers to capture the first-ever time-lapse video of a titan arum bloom in IMAX. \u003ccite>(Johanna Varner/KQED Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original Post, 1:05 p.m., July 21, 2015:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/titan-arum/\">UC Berkeley Botanical Garden\u003c/a> has a stinky spectacle on display this week: a plant that looks a bit like a five-foot tall banana and smells like a dead mouse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s clearly, to me, the odor of a dead mammal, as opposed to a fish,” says Paul Licht, the director of the botanical garden. “Or maybe a dead rat. A big dead rat. Or a dead cow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s actually a blooming titan arum plant, also known as the “corpse flower” or by its colorful scientific name \u003cem>Amorphophallus titanum, \u003c/em>which means “giant misshapen penis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And to see one in full bloom is a rare sight, since titan arums typically only flower once every few years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a pretty fantastic thing to witness, even if you’ve seen it before,” says Licht. “I’m still completely drawn to it. It’s something you want to see over and over again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"size-full wp-image-132696\">But what’s with the stench? Like most flowers, the titan arum is using odor to call in its pollinators. But instead of luring bees or bats with the sweet smells of pollen and nectar, the “corpse flower” produces an odor like rotten flesh to attract carrion flies and beetles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also heats its flower to over 100-degrees, which helps the foul smell permeate its native Sumatran rainforests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At UC Berkeley, the botanical garden staff has nicknamed this plant “Trudy.” This is the fourth time it has bloomed in the 20 years since it was planted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_132696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 822px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-132696 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3657564789_811465d7bf_b.jpg\" alt=\"A photo of Trudy's last bloom, in 2009.\" width=\"822\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3657564789_811465d7bf_b.jpg 822w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3657564789_811465d7bf_b-400x498.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/3657564789_811465d7bf_b-800x997.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 822px) 100vw, 822px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of Trudy’s last bloom, in 2009. \u003ccite>(James Gaither/flickr)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>And its flowering stalk is growing quickly. As of Tuesday morning, Trudy stands at 53 inches tall, having grown two inches overnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Licht says it’s impossible to predict when the flower will open in all its gory glory, but his best guess is that it will happen toward the end of this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its famous “corpse” odor will only be produced for the last 24 hours of the bloom. Then the flower will collapse to restart the plant’s life cycle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To accommodate visitors, the botanical garden will have \u003ca href=\"http://botanicalgarden.berkeley.edu/titan-arum/#tab-1-2-special-visiting-hours\">special visiting hours\u003c/a> this week, until the plant flowers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a fascinating flower, and it stinks,” says Licht. “But in a way that somehow appeals to people. People go to horror movies to be scared, right? Well, they go to see this flower to be made nauseous.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/132693/berkeley-corpse-flower-blooming-soon-in-all-its-disgusting-glory","authors":["8639"],"series":["science_2807"],"categories":["science_30","science_37"],"tags":["science_2377","science_1097","science_190"],"featImg":"science_145368","label":"source_science_132693"},"science_21214":{"type":"posts","id":"science_21214","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"21214","score":null,"sort":[1409752820000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"pretty-but-prickly-the-defenses-of-california-plants","title":"Pretty but Prickly: the Defenses of California Plants","publishDate":1409752820,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Pretty but Prickly: the Defenses of California Plants | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21215\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/PistoiaCitron_cover.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21215\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/PistoiaCitron_cover.jpg\" alt=\"thorn-bearing citrus branch\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A thorn-bearing citrus branch by Marilena Pistoia, showing at the Hunt Institute. © 1984 Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Botanical art usually makes people think of flowers, but in fact, scientific illustrators routinely document and find beauty in every part of the plant, stem and root, leaf and fruit. That includes what may seem to be the least attractive botanical anatomy: thorns, spines, and prickles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21223\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/466px-Opuntia22_filtered-e1409629503382.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21223 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/466px-Opuntia22_filtered-e1409629503382.jpg\" alt=\"Spine-bearing prickly pear cactus, from The Cactaceae (1919-1923) by Britton et Rose, Vol. I, Plate XXXIV. Art by Mary Emily Eaton, image filtered by Daniel Schweich.\" width=\"250\" height=\"321\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spine-bearing prickly pear cactus by Mary Emily Eaton, from The Cactaceae (1919-1923) by Britton et Rose. Image filtered by Daniel Schweich.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These defensive structures are rampant throughout California’s vegetation, both native (like prickly pear and agave) and invasive (like foxtails and teasel). Such fierce subjects have inspired many of the state’s widely-known botanical artists, including \u003ca title=\"Jeanne Russell Janish\" href=\"http://wrinunlv.org/research/our-history-profiles-of-nevada-women/jeanne-janish/\">Jeanne Russell Janish\u003c/a>, the first woman to get a geology MA from Stanford. Several inspired illustrations will be featured in a new exhibition called “\u003ca title=\"Hunt Institute - Dangerous Beauty\" href=\"http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Exhibitions/Exhibit-PDF/DangerousBeauty-PR\">Dangerous Beauty: Thorns, Spines and Prickles\u003c/a>,” opening September 18 at CMU’s Hunt Institute in Pittsburgh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may come as a surprise that thorns, spines, and prickles are each anatomically distinct achievements in sharpness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spines are simply modified leaves. Thorns, however, grow from stems, and like any plant stem they can branch and grow leaves. Both spines and thorns are as much a part of the plant’s body as your finger is of yours; they are hooked in to the plant’s internal transport system just like your finger is wired up with blood vessels and nerves. Prickles, meanwhile, are more like fingernails—mere extensions of the plant’s epidermis with no deeper connectivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21218\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/LiskaRosa-e1409629073970.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21218 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/LiskaRosa-e1409629073970.jpg\" alt=\"Prickles on a rose branch\" width=\"250\" height=\"382\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prickles on a rose branch by Petr Liska, showing at the Hunt Institute. © 1981 Petr Liska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These precise botanical definitions are often at odds with informal terminology, leading to contradictions such as the prickly pear cactus. It has no prickles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis - Prickly Pear\" href=\"http://sfp.ucdavis.edu/pubs/brochures/Pricklypear/\">Prickly pear cactus\u003c/a> belong to the genus Opuntia, which extends far beyond the deserts of the southwest United States and northwest Mexico, as far as northern Alberta! (The species there is named Opuntia fragilis, which is not as ironic as it sounds—the fragililty refers to the easily broken stem, not temperature tolerance).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, prickly pear season is just starting, which offers a rare opportunity to eat not only local, but native. As you carefully peel your cactus fruit, please note that it is covered with spines, not prickles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now you’re probably wondering: if prickly pears don’t have prickles, then who does? One of the most obvious examples of true prickles is the rose. If you want to really impress your friends with your botanical pedantry, take them to one of the Bay Area’s \u003ca title=\"San Jose Municipal Rose Garden\" href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/74\">Rose\u003c/a> \u003ca title=\"Berkeley Rose Garden\" href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/contentdisplay.aspx?id=12048\">Gardens\u003c/a> and, as soon as someone mentions thorns, casually explain: “Oh, those are prickles. Roses don’t have true thorns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21216\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/PistoiaCitron-e1409628950420.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21216 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/PistoiaCitron-e1409628950420.jpg\" alt=\"Thorn-bearing citron\" width=\"250\" height=\"350\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thorn-bearing Citrus medica (Citron) by Marilena Pistoia, showing at the Hunt Institute. © 1984 Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Your friends will no doubt demand to know where to find true thorns, and excellent local examples are California’s many iconic citrus trees. The difference between a lemon thorn and a rose prickle becomes obvious once you try to remove them. Prickles snap right off with a satisfyingly clean break. Just like ripping off . . . Never mind. Anyway, breaking off a thorn usually tears right into the branch, because thorn and branch are knit together by vascular tissue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three flavors of sharp will soon be on display at the Hunt Institute, if you happen to find yourself in Pittsburgh between September 18 and December 18. For a shorter excursion, you can head to the library to find books illustrated by the three California artists whose work will be part of “Dangerous Beauty”. Check out \u003ca title=\"Amazon - Flowers of the Southwest Mesas\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Flowers-Southwest-Mesas-Pauline-Patraw/dp/B000EM7Q2Y\">“Flowers of the Southwest Mesas”\u003c/a>, illustrated by Janish, \u003ca title=\"Amazon - A Natural History of Western Trees\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/A-Natural-History-Western-Trees/dp/0395581753\">“A Natural History of Western Trees”\u003c/a>, illustrated by wood engraver \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Paul Landacre\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Landacre\">Paul Landacre\u003c/a> and the \u003ca title=\"Amazon - Botanical Prints\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/dp/1582436371/ref=cm_sw_su_dp\">\u003ci>botanical prints\u003c/i>\u003c/a> of linocut artist \u003ca title=\"Henry Evans\" href=\"http://www.henryevans.com/about.html\">Henry Evans\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the next time you’re stabbed by a plant in a garden or in the woods, you can take your mind off the pain by attempting to determine whether the offending structure is a thorn, a spine or a prickle.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Discover the beauty of sharpness and learn how to tell the difference between thorns, spines, and prickles.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933031,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":733},"headData":{"title":"Pretty but Prickly: the Defenses of California Plants | KQED","description":"Discover the beauty of sharpness and learn how to tell the difference between thorns, spines, and prickles.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Pretty but Prickly: the Defenses of California Plants","datePublished":"2014-09-03T14:00:20.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:30:31.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/21214/pretty-but-prickly-the-defenses-of-california-plants","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21215\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/PistoiaCitron_cover.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21215\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/PistoiaCitron_cover.jpg\" alt=\"thorn-bearing citrus branch\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A thorn-bearing citrus branch by Marilena Pistoia, showing at the Hunt Institute. © 1984 Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Botanical art usually makes people think of flowers, but in fact, scientific illustrators routinely document and find beauty in every part of the plant, stem and root, leaf and fruit. That includes what may seem to be the least attractive botanical anatomy: thorns, spines, and prickles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21223\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/466px-Opuntia22_filtered-e1409629503382.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21223 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/466px-Opuntia22_filtered-e1409629503382.jpg\" alt=\"Spine-bearing prickly pear cactus, from The Cactaceae (1919-1923) by Britton et Rose, Vol. I, Plate XXXIV. Art by Mary Emily Eaton, image filtered by Daniel Schweich.\" width=\"250\" height=\"321\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spine-bearing prickly pear cactus by Mary Emily Eaton, from The Cactaceae (1919-1923) by Britton et Rose. Image filtered by Daniel Schweich.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These defensive structures are rampant throughout California’s vegetation, both native (like prickly pear and agave) and invasive (like foxtails and teasel). Such fierce subjects have inspired many of the state’s widely-known botanical artists, including \u003ca title=\"Jeanne Russell Janish\" href=\"http://wrinunlv.org/research/our-history-profiles-of-nevada-women/jeanne-janish/\">Jeanne Russell Janish\u003c/a>, the first woman to get a geology MA from Stanford. Several inspired illustrations will be featured in a new exhibition called “\u003ca title=\"Hunt Institute - Dangerous Beauty\" href=\"http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Exhibitions/Exhibit-PDF/DangerousBeauty-PR\">Dangerous Beauty: Thorns, Spines and Prickles\u003c/a>,” opening September 18 at CMU’s Hunt Institute in Pittsburgh.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It may come as a surprise that thorns, spines, and prickles are each anatomically distinct achievements in sharpness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Spines are simply modified leaves. Thorns, however, grow from stems, and like any plant stem they can branch and grow leaves. Both spines and thorns are as much a part of the plant’s body as your finger is of yours; they are hooked in to the plant’s internal transport system just like your finger is wired up with blood vessels and nerves. Prickles, meanwhile, are more like fingernails—mere extensions of the plant’s epidermis with no deeper connectivity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21218\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/LiskaRosa-e1409629073970.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21218 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/LiskaRosa-e1409629073970.jpg\" alt=\"Prickles on a rose branch\" width=\"250\" height=\"382\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prickles on a rose branch by Petr Liska, showing at the Hunt Institute. © 1981 Petr Liska.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These precise botanical definitions are often at odds with informal terminology, leading to contradictions such as the prickly pear cactus. It has no prickles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"UC Davis - Prickly Pear\" href=\"http://sfp.ucdavis.edu/pubs/brochures/Pricklypear/\">Prickly pear cactus\u003c/a> belong to the genus Opuntia, which extends far beyond the deserts of the southwest United States and northwest Mexico, as far as northern Alberta! (The species there is named Opuntia fragilis, which is not as ironic as it sounds—the fragililty refers to the easily broken stem, not temperature tolerance).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, prickly pear season is just starting, which offers a rare opportunity to eat not only local, but native. As you carefully peel your cactus fruit, please note that it is covered with spines, not prickles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now you’re probably wondering: if prickly pears don’t have prickles, then who does? One of the most obvious examples of true prickles is the rose. If you want to really impress your friends with your botanical pedantry, take them to one of the Bay Area’s \u003ca title=\"San Jose Municipal Rose Garden\" href=\"http://www.sanjoseca.gov/Facilities/Facility/Details/74\">Rose\u003c/a> \u003ca title=\"Berkeley Rose Garden\" href=\"http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/contentdisplay.aspx?id=12048\">Gardens\u003c/a> and, as soon as someone mentions thorns, casually explain: “Oh, those are prickles. Roses don’t have true thorns.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_21216\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 250px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/PistoiaCitron-e1409628950420.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21216 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/09/PistoiaCitron-e1409628950420.jpg\" alt=\"Thorn-bearing citron\" width=\"250\" height=\"350\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Thorn-bearing Citrus medica (Citron) by Marilena Pistoia, showing at the Hunt Institute. © 1984 Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, Milan.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Your friends will no doubt demand to know where to find true thorns, and excellent local examples are California’s many iconic citrus trees. The difference between a lemon thorn and a rose prickle becomes obvious once you try to remove them. Prickles snap right off with a satisfyingly clean break. Just like ripping off . . . Never mind. Anyway, breaking off a thorn usually tears right into the branch, because thorn and branch are knit together by vascular tissue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All three flavors of sharp will soon be on display at the Hunt Institute, if you happen to find yourself in Pittsburgh between September 18 and December 18. For a shorter excursion, you can head to the library to find books illustrated by the three California artists whose work will be part of “Dangerous Beauty”. Check out \u003ca title=\"Amazon - Flowers of the Southwest Mesas\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/Flowers-Southwest-Mesas-Pauline-Patraw/dp/B000EM7Q2Y\">“Flowers of the Southwest Mesas”\u003c/a>, illustrated by Janish, \u003ca title=\"Amazon - A Natural History of Western Trees\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/A-Natural-History-Western-Trees/dp/0395581753\">“A Natural History of Western Trees”\u003c/a>, illustrated by wood engraver \u003ca title=\"Wikipedia - Paul Landacre\" href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Landacre\">Paul Landacre\u003c/a> and the \u003ca title=\"Amazon - Botanical Prints\" href=\"http://www.amazon.com/dp/1582436371/ref=cm_sw_su_dp\">\u003ci>botanical prints\u003c/i>\u003c/a> of linocut artist \u003ca title=\"Henry Evans\" href=\"http://www.henryevans.com/about.html\">Henry Evans\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And the next time you’re stabbed by a plant in a garden or in the woods, you can take your mind off the pain by attempting to determine whether the offending structure is a thorn, a spine or a prickle.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/21214/pretty-but-prickly-the-defenses-of-california-plants","authors":["6324"],"categories":["science_30"],"tags":["science_635","science_1097"],"featImg":"science_21215","label":"science"},"science_12317":{"type":"posts","id":"science_12317","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"12317","score":null,"sort":[1393871399000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"predatory-plant-lure-of-the-cobra-lily","title":"Predatory Plant: Lure of the Cobra Lily","publishDate":1393871399,"format":"video","headTitle":"Predatory Plant: Lure of the Cobra Lily | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":66,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The cobra lily (Darlingtonia californica) is a patient and devious predatory plant native to Northern California and Southern Oregon. Also called the California pitcher plant, it has evolved an astonishing set of adaptations that allow it to trap, kill and digest its animal prey using highly modified pitcher-shaped leaves. But what would make a plant select a diet of insect meat?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems strange to us that a plant can be carnivorous,” said Barry Rice, a botanist at the University of California, Davis Center for Plant Diversity. “We’ve gotten used to what we think of as a natural order of things, where people and animals eat plants, not the other way around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12326\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Butterfly-Valley-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12326\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Butterfly-Valley-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Butterfly Valley, located Plumas Nationa Forest, is one of the only protected cobra lily habitats. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Butterfly Valley, located Plumas Nationa Forest, is one of the only protected cobra lily habitats. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Butterfly Valley Botanical Area is a place where the tables are turned. Located in Plumas National Forest, about 150 miles northeast of Sacramento, Butterfly Valley is home to the Darlingtonia bog. More accurately described as a fen, this wetland is home to some amazing carnivorous plants. The combination of cold, slow moving water, nutrient-poor soils and bright sun provide the perfect conditions for cobra lilies to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12636\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fly-under-hood-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12636\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fly-under-hood-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"The cobra lily uses nectar to lure insects into its pitcher traps. Photo by Phi Tran.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cobra lily uses nectar to lure insects into its pitcher traps. Photo by Phi Tran.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drudging through the soggy fen recently, Rice said: “In habitats like this, where there are very few nutrients, carnivorous plants act as the top predator of the ecosystem. And they’ll eat just about anything they can lure into them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plants entice insects into their pitcher-shaped traps with an offering of sugary nectar on their long leafy fangs. Insects that land on the plants gorge on the nectar, which leads them to the cobra lillies’ downward facing openings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Ant03-cropped-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12325\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Ant03-cropped-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"The entrance to the cobra lily's pitcher trap is curled inwards making it easy for insects to enter, but difficult for them to find the exit once inside. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The entrance to the cobra lily’s pitcher trap is curled inwards making it easy for insects to enter, but difficult for them to find the exit once inside. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once inside a cobra lily, insects become confused by the light shining down through the transparent windows — called fenestrations — at the top of the chamber. Insects are drawn to light, but the false exits only serve to confuse and tire the plant’s prey. The entrance to the pitcher curls into the chamber obscuring the only way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After buzzing around within the chamber and repeatedly slamming into the fenestrations, some unlucky insects fall or crawl down into the pitcher’s descending tube. The tube is lined with tiny downward facing hairs to discourage the insects from crawling back up to safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12329\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fenistrations-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12329\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fenistrations-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Transparent windows called fenestrations confuse trapped insects. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transparent windows called fenestrations confuse trapped insects. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Exhausted, the insects eventually drown in the puddle of fluid at the bottom of the pitcher. Symbiotic midge larvae and bacteria living in the fluid, assist the cobra lily in digesting the doomed bugs. The plant then absorbs the nutrients through cells that line the inside of the pitcher tube, much the same way that roots absorb nutrients and water from the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carnivorous plants like the cobra lily still collect energy from the sun. But plants also require nutrients, and not all habitats have ideal nutrients in the soil. Carnivorous plants have evolved an alternative method of absorbing the essential nutrients. Instead of depending entirely on their roots to draw nitrogen and phosphorus up from the soil, carnivorous plants can supplement their input by absorbing the nutrients from the carcasses of their insect prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12328\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 162px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Darlingtonia-range-map-1300-162x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Darlingtonia-range-map-1300-162x162.jpg\" alt=\"The cobra lily is endemic to northern California and southern Oregon. Based on map by Noah Elhardt.\" width=\"162\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cobra lily is endemic to Northern California and Southern Oregon. Based on map by Noah Elhardt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By adopting this alternative method of nutrition, the cobra lily is able to thrive in habitats that might otherwise be hostile to plant growth. The plant’s unusual affinity for frigid water and hot sun also make it a poor choice for carnivorous plant enthusiasts hoping to keep a cobra lily at home, since the plant’s preferred habitat is extremely difficult to recreate. Cobra lilies also receive federal protection in Butterfly Valley Botanical Area, so taking one home is not permitted. Those interested in growing carnivorous plants can check out Rice’s book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sarracenia.com/cp.html\">Growing Carnivorous Plants\u003c/a>, or make a visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacarnivores.com/\">California Carnivores\u003c/a>, a carnivorous plant shop in Sebastopol, CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While carnivorous plants seem exotic, North America is actually home to lots of predatory plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that carnivorous plants are only found in the tropics,” said Rice. “They don’t know that North America’s a hotspot for carnivorous plants. These Darlingtonia, for example, are only found in California and Oregon. The Venus flytrap is from North and South Carolina. So we have a lot of impressive carnivorous plant biodiversity in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14742\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Cobra-GIF-05-15fps.gif\" alt=\"Cobra-GIF-05-15fps\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"What lurks inside a hungry pitcher plant? The cobra lily, a carnivorous plant native to California, uses deception, patience and bacteria to catch and digest its prey. Watch it in action. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934087,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":15,"wordCount":811},"headData":{"title":"Predatory Plant: Lure of the Cobra Lily | KQED","description":"What lurks inside a hungry pitcher plant? The cobra lily, a carnivorous plant native to California, uses deception, patience and bacteria to catch and digest its prey. Watch it in action. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Predatory Plant: Lure of the Cobra Lily","datePublished":"2014-03-03T18:29:59.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:48:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJpC05V2EaE","sticky":false,"path":"/science/12317/predatory-plant-lure-of-the-cobra-lily","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The cobra lily (Darlingtonia californica) is a patient and devious predatory plant native to Northern California and Southern Oregon. Also called the California pitcher plant, it has evolved an astonishing set of adaptations that allow it to trap, kill and digest its animal prey using highly modified pitcher-shaped leaves. But what would make a plant select a diet of insect meat?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It seems strange to us that a plant can be carnivorous,” said Barry Rice, a botanist at the University of California, Davis Center for Plant Diversity. “We’ve gotten used to what we think of as a natural order of things, where people and animals eat plants, not the other way around.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12326\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Butterfly-Valley-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12326\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Butterfly-Valley-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Butterfly Valley, located Plumas Nationa Forest, is one of the only protected cobra lily habitats. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Butterfly Valley, located Plumas Nationa Forest, is one of the only protected cobra lily habitats. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Butterfly Valley Botanical Area is a place where the tables are turned. Located in Plumas National Forest, about 150 miles northeast of Sacramento, Butterfly Valley is home to the Darlingtonia bog. More accurately described as a fen, this wetland is home to some amazing carnivorous plants. The combination of cold, slow moving water, nutrient-poor soils and bright sun provide the perfect conditions for cobra lilies to thrive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12636\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fly-under-hood-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12636\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fly-under-hood-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"The cobra lily uses nectar to lure insects into its pitcher traps. Photo by Phi Tran.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cobra lily uses nectar to lure insects into its pitcher traps. Photo by Phi Tran.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drudging through the soggy fen recently, Rice said: “In habitats like this, where there are very few nutrients, carnivorous plants act as the top predator of the ecosystem. And they’ll eat just about anything they can lure into them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plants entice insects into their pitcher-shaped traps with an offering of sugary nectar on their long leafy fangs. Insects that land on the plants gorge on the nectar, which leads them to the cobra lillies’ downward facing openings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12325\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Ant03-cropped-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12325\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Ant03-cropped-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"The entrance to the cobra lily's pitcher trap is curled inwards making it easy for insects to enter, but difficult for them to find the exit once inside. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The entrance to the cobra lily’s pitcher trap is curled inwards making it easy for insects to enter, but difficult for them to find the exit once inside. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Once inside a cobra lily, insects become confused by the light shining down through the transparent windows — called fenestrations — at the top of the chamber. Insects are drawn to light, but the false exits only serve to confuse and tire the plant’s prey. The entrance to the pitcher curls into the chamber obscuring the only way out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After buzzing around within the chamber and repeatedly slamming into the fenestrations, some unlucky insects fall or crawl down into the pitcher’s descending tube. The tube is lined with tiny downward facing hairs to discourage the insects from crawling back up to safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12329\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 288px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fenistrations-288x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12329\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/fenistrations-288x162.jpg\" alt=\"Transparent windows called fenestrations confuse trapped insects. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\" width=\"288\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Transparent windows called fenestrations confuse trapped insects. Photo by Josh Cassidy/KQED\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Exhausted, the insects eventually drown in the puddle of fluid at the bottom of the pitcher. Symbiotic midge larvae and bacteria living in the fluid, assist the cobra lily in digesting the doomed bugs. The plant then absorbs the nutrients through cells that line the inside of the pitcher tube, much the same way that roots absorb nutrients and water from the soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carnivorous plants like the cobra lily still collect energy from the sun. But plants also require nutrients, and not all habitats have ideal nutrients in the soil. Carnivorous plants have evolved an alternative method of absorbing the essential nutrients. Instead of depending entirely on their roots to draw nitrogen and phosphorus up from the soil, carnivorous plants can supplement their input by absorbing the nutrients from the carcasses of their insect prey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12328\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 162px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Darlingtonia-range-map-1300-162x162.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12328\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/Darlingtonia-range-map-1300-162x162.jpg\" alt=\"The cobra lily is endemic to northern California and southern Oregon. Based on map by Noah Elhardt.\" width=\"162\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The cobra lily is endemic to Northern California and Southern Oregon. Based on map by Noah Elhardt.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By adopting this alternative method of nutrition, the cobra lily is able to thrive in habitats that might otherwise be hostile to plant growth. The plant’s unusual affinity for frigid water and hot sun also make it a poor choice for carnivorous plant enthusiasts hoping to keep a cobra lily at home, since the plant’s preferred habitat is extremely difficult to recreate. Cobra lilies also receive federal protection in Butterfly Valley Botanical Area, so taking one home is not permitted. Those interested in growing carnivorous plants can check out Rice’s book, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sarracenia.com/cp.html\">Growing Carnivorous Plants\u003c/a>, or make a visit to \u003ca href=\"http://www.californiacarnivores.com/\">California Carnivores\u003c/a>, a carnivorous plant shop in Sebastopol, CA.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While carnivorous plants seem exotic, North America is actually home to lots of predatory plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many people think that carnivorous plants are only found in the tropics,” said Rice. “They don’t know that North America’s a hotspot for carnivorous plants. These Darlingtonia, for example, are only found in California and Oregon. The Venus flytrap is from North and South Carolina. So we have a lot of impressive carnivorous plant biodiversity in the United States.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14742\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/02/Cobra-GIF-05-15fps.gif\" alt=\"Cobra-GIF-05-15fps\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\">\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/12317/predatory-plant-lure-of-the-cobra-lily","authors":["6219"],"series":["science_66"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_86"],"tags":["science_5196","science_5178","science_83","science_1097"],"featImg":"science_14742","label":"science_66"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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wp-image-417388\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/12/Chino-hills-storm-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"A storm approaching Chino Hills, California. \" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" /> A storm approaching Chino Hills, California.[/caption]\r\n\r\nA \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/07/21/berkeley-corpse-flower-blooming-soon-in-all-its-disgusting-glory/\">stinking corpse flower\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/11/27/ice-volcanoes-on-pluto-whats-next/\">ice volcanoes\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2015/10/13/watch-flesh-eating-beetles-strip-bodies-to-the-bone/\">flesh-eating beetles\u003c/a> are a few of the natural phenomena we profiled this year. 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