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"content": "\u003cp>[dropcap]K[/dropcap]avon Ward lived in Manhattan Beach, a surfside city about 15 miles southwest of Los Angeles, for more than two years before she learned about the city’s racist history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, not long after George Floyd was murdered by police, Ward, a poet and activist, began learning about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/bruces-beach\">Bruce’s Beach\u003c/a>, the beachfront real estate owned by a Black family before it was seized by the city of Manhattan Beach. The land was eventually turned into a park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember just looking out down the hill — I was at the top of the park — and seeing all of these white people and I’m thinking to myself, ‘How is it fair that all of these white people get to live here in front of what God created for everyone, after these Black people were run out?,’” Ward told me in a 2022 interview. “They take from us. They take our lives; they take our land; they take everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ward founded \u003ca href=\"https://justiceforbrucesbeach.com/\">Justice for Bruce’s Beach\u003c/a> to secure restitution for the descendants of the Bruces. She wanted reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was not so much about it being land, it was more about it being justice served,” said Ward, who also launched \u003ca href=\"https://whereismyland.org/\">Where Is My Land\u003c/a>, a national organization focused on using research, advocacy and technology to help families from across the country get remuneration for land loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re not familiar with Bruce’s Beach, here’s an unsanitized version: In 1912, Willa and Charles Bruce purchased a lot along the Strand, Manhattan Beach’s oceanfront neighborhood, for $1,225. The couple, part of the Great Migration of Black people who fled racial terror in the south, created a resort that served as a vacation destination for Black people living in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resort became known as Bruce’s Beach. In America, segregative policies restricted Black people from accessing public beaches and swimming pools, but at Bruce’s Beach Black people could relax in the sun without being harassed for, well, being Black. In 1920, the Bruces purchased another lot. Other Black families did the same, creating a thriving Black community in Manhattan Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1924, the community was swept away by eminent domain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Kavon Ward, poet, activist and founder of Justice for Bruce's Beach\"]‘In the beginning of the 20th century, Black people owned 15 million acres of land. By the beginning of the 21st century, 90% of the land was gone. It was taken.’[/pullquote]In America, Black prosperity — especially economic prosperity — has always been met with oppressive hostility. Sometimes it comes in the form of a lynch mob of rabid racists, like the one in 1921 that presided over a two-day massacre that destroyed the Black community in Tulsa, Oklahoma, known as “Black Wall Street.” Sometimes, like in the case of Bruce’s Beach, it comes in the form of eminent domain, a law that gives the government the right to expropriate private property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just a sanitized way of saying that Bruce’s Beach was stolen by the city of Manhattan Beach. This racially motivated process has been used in cities and states across the country. If you’ve driven on our nation’s highways, you should know much of the system \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11943263/americas-highway-system-is-a-monument-to-environmental-racism-and-a-history-of-inequity\">is a monument to racism because significant portions were built on land that was taken from Black people\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_11943263]The theft of land, displacement and erasure has tormented Black people since emancipation. After the disbursement of land to the formerly enslaved was revoked following President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination, the call for reparations has had a steady drumbeat. But since the California Reparations Task Force delivered its landmark \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/ab3121/report\">1,200-page report\u003c/a> in June, the drumbeat has never been louder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report has 115 recommendations for reparative measures, including restitution for racially motivated takings of homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uss6JN2Ep60\">fourth episode of our video series on reparations\u003c/a>, we explore the stories of thriving Black communities — Bruce’s Beach, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11925020/promised-land-a-historically-black-california-town-honors-its-proud-painful-past-and-fights-for-its-future\">the town of Allensworth\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11954111/longtime-fillmore-resident-hopes-to-restore-commerce-with-black-led-marketplace\">San Francisco’s Fillmore District\u003c/a> — that were ravaged by racist policymaking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uss6JN2Ep60\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the beginning of the 20th century, Black people owned 15 million acres of land,” Ward says at the beginning of the video. “By the beginning of the 21st century, 90% of the land was gone. It was taken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of acres of Black-owned land was just simply taken. Please remember that the next time a friend, neighbor, colleague or presidential candidate insinuates that Black people aren’t worthy of reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“African Americans in the history of the United States, and within the state of California, have been this kind of available category of persons who can be removed, who can be exploited when it suits the state,” Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis, a member of California’s Reparations Task Force, says in the video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The denial of Black prosperity is a deliberate feature of the American experiment. In 1862, the federal government passed the Homestead Act, which gave American citizens and soon-to-be citizens the right to claim 160 acres of land as America expanded west. More than 160 million acres were claimed by almost 2 million homesteaders. Enslaved and free Black people were, of course, excluded from the wealth-generating bonanza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 100 years later, the federal government enacted the G.I. Bill, a program to assist World War II veterans through low-interest mortgages and loans. Black people were once again excluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between 1935 and the late 1940s, the government issued about $120 billion in low-interest housing assistance loans. Ninety-eight percent of those loans went to white people,” Donald K. Tamaki, a member of California’s Reparations Task Force, told Manjula Varghese, my colleague, who is the lead producer of the video series. “This was the transfer of wealth to help build today’s middle class.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Reparations in California\" link1=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations,Explore why California launched the first-in-the-nation task force to study reparations for Black people\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/02/RiCLandingPageGraphic-1020x574.png\"]In this country, homeownership is the largest source of wealth for families. More than 1 million Black people were displaced, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation estimates, when America erected the highway system. Private property was seized by eminent domain, and hundreds of neighborhoods across the country were demolished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the redevelopment of the Fillmore, a neighborhood once known as the “Harlem of the West” because of the large number of Black businesses and entertainment venues in the area, was one of the largest projects of urban renewal on the West Coast. The decade-long project would end up displacing more than 13,000 residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to restitution for racially motivated takings of homes, the state task force recommended providing a right to return for displaced Black people and subsidizing the purchase of new homes through down payment and loan assistance programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bruces, who left Manhattan Beach in 1927, were paid about $15,000 at the time for their land, an insufficient sum for running people out of town. It took decades for the city, which, \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/manhattanbeachcitycalifornia/PST045222\">according to 2022 Census data is 71% white and less than 1% Black\u003c/a>, to turn Bruce’s Beach into a park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Zillow, the real estate tracking website, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.zillow.com/home-values/19177/manhattan-beach-ca/\">average home price in Manhattan Beach at the end of June was roughly $3 million\u003c/a>. Homes along the Strand where Bruce’s Beach was located \u003ca href=\"https://www.zillow.com/manhattan-beach-ca/manhattan-beach-strand_att/\">cost almost $5 million more\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June 2022, ownership of the park property was transferred back to the descendants of the Bruces by Los Angeles County. The descendants then sold the land back to the county for $20 million —atonement for almost a century of harm.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__dropcapShortcode__dropcap\">K\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>avon Ward lived in Manhattan Beach, a surfside city about 15 miles southwest of Los Angeles, for more than two years before she learned about the city’s racist history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2020, not long after George Floyd was murdered by police, Ward, a poet and activist, began learning about \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/bruces-beach\">Bruce’s Beach\u003c/a>, the beachfront real estate owned by a Black family before it was seized by the city of Manhattan Beach. The land was eventually turned into a park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I remember just looking out down the hill — I was at the top of the park — and seeing all of these white people and I’m thinking to myself, ‘How is it fair that all of these white people get to live here in front of what God created for everyone, after these Black people were run out?,’” Ward told me in a 2022 interview. “They take from us. They take our lives; they take our land; they take everything.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ward founded \u003ca href=\"https://justiceforbrucesbeach.com/\">Justice for Bruce’s Beach\u003c/a> to secure restitution for the descendants of the Bruces. She wanted reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was not so much about it being land, it was more about it being justice served,” said Ward, who also launched \u003ca href=\"https://whereismyland.org/\">Where Is My Land\u003c/a>, a national organization focused on using research, advocacy and technology to help families from across the country get remuneration for land loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re not familiar with Bruce’s Beach, here’s an unsanitized version: In 1912, Willa and Charles Bruce purchased a lot along the Strand, Manhattan Beach’s oceanfront neighborhood, for $1,225. The couple, part of the Great Migration of Black people who fled racial terror in the south, created a resort that served as a vacation destination for Black people living in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resort became known as Bruce’s Beach. In America, segregative policies restricted Black people from accessing public beaches and swimming pools, but at Bruce’s Beach Black people could relax in the sun without being harassed for, well, being Black. In 1920, the Bruces purchased another lot. Other Black families did the same, creating a thriving Black community in Manhattan Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1924, the community was swept away by eminent domain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In America, Black prosperity — especially economic prosperity — has always been met with oppressive hostility. Sometimes it comes in the form of a lynch mob of rabid racists, like the one in 1921 that presided over a two-day massacre that destroyed the Black community in Tulsa, Oklahoma, known as “Black Wall Street.” Sometimes, like in the case of Bruce’s Beach, it comes in the form of eminent domain, a law that gives the government the right to expropriate private property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s just a sanitized way of saying that Bruce’s Beach was stolen by the city of Manhattan Beach. This racially motivated process has been used in cities and states across the country. If you’ve driven on our nation’s highways, you should know much of the system \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11943263/americas-highway-system-is-a-monument-to-environmental-racism-and-a-history-of-inequity\">is a monument to racism because significant portions were built on land that was taken from Black people\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The theft of land, displacement and erasure has tormented Black people since emancipation. After the disbursement of land to the formerly enslaved was revoked following President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination, the call for reparations has had a steady drumbeat. But since the California Reparations Task Force delivered its landmark \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/ab3121/report\">1,200-page report\u003c/a> in June, the drumbeat has never been louder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The report has 115 recommendations for reparative measures, including restitution for racially motivated takings of homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uss6JN2Ep60\">fourth episode of our video series on reparations\u003c/a>, we explore the stories of thriving Black communities — Bruce’s Beach, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11925020/promised-land-a-historically-black-california-town-honors-its-proud-painful-past-and-fights-for-its-future\">the town of Allensworth\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11954111/longtime-fillmore-resident-hopes-to-restore-commerce-with-black-led-marketplace\">San Francisco’s Fillmore District\u003c/a> — that were ravaged by racist policymaking.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Uss6JN2Ep60'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Uss6JN2Ep60'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>“In the beginning of the 20th century, Black people owned 15 million acres of land,” Ward says at the beginning of the video. “By the beginning of the 21st century, 90% of the land was gone. It was taken.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of acres of Black-owned land was just simply taken. Please remember that the next time a friend, neighbor, colleague or presidential candidate insinuates that Black people aren’t worthy of reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“African Americans in the history of the United States, and within the state of California, have been this kind of available category of persons who can be removed, who can be exploited when it suits the state,” Dr. Jovan Scott Lewis, a member of California’s Reparations Task Force, says in the video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The denial of Black prosperity is a deliberate feature of the American experiment. In 1862, the federal government passed the Homestead Act, which gave American citizens and soon-to-be citizens the right to claim 160 acres of land as America expanded west. More than 160 million acres were claimed by almost 2 million homesteaders. Enslaved and free Black people were, of course, excluded from the wealth-generating bonanza.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 100 years later, the federal government enacted the G.I. Bill, a program to assist World War II veterans through low-interest mortgages and loans. Black people were once again excluded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Between 1935 and the late 1940s, the government issued about $120 billion in low-interest housing assistance loans. Ninety-eight percent of those loans went to white people,” Donald K. Tamaki, a member of California’s Reparations Task Force, told Manjula Varghese, my colleague, who is the lead producer of the video series. “This was the transfer of wealth to help build today’s middle class.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In this country, homeownership is the largest source of wealth for families. More than 1 million Black people were displaced, according to the U.S. Department of Transportation estimates, when America erected the highway system. Private property was seized by eminent domain, and hundreds of neighborhoods across the country were demolished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Francisco, the redevelopment of the Fillmore, a neighborhood once known as the “Harlem of the West” because of the large number of Black businesses and entertainment venues in the area, was one of the largest projects of urban renewal on the West Coast. The decade-long project would end up displacing more than 13,000 residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to restitution for racially motivated takings of homes, the state task force recommended providing a right to return for displaced Black people and subsidizing the purchase of new homes through down payment and loan assistance programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bruces, who left Manhattan Beach in 1927, were paid about $15,000 at the time for their land, an insufficient sum for running people out of town. It took decades for the city, which, \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/manhattanbeachcitycalifornia/PST045222\">according to 2022 Census data is 71% white and less than 1% Black\u003c/a>, to turn Bruce’s Beach into a park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Zillow, the real estate tracking website, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.zillow.com/home-values/19177/manhattan-beach-ca/\">average home price in Manhattan Beach at the end of June was roughly $3 million\u003c/a>. Homes along the Strand where Bruce’s Beach was located \u003ca href=\"https://www.zillow.com/manhattan-beach-ca/manhattan-beach-strand_att/\">cost almost $5 million more\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June 2022, ownership of the park property was transferred back to the descendants of the Bruces by Los Angeles County. The descendants then sold the land back to the county for $20 million —atonement for almost a century of harm.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Nearly 100 years ago, a local government in Southern California took Bruce’s Beach away from its Black owners because of the color of their skin. The owners’ descendants won a long effort to regain the land — and now they intend to sell it to Los Angeles County for nearly $20 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The return of Bruce’s Beach to the descendants of Willa and Charles Bruce \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/09/30/1041837156/bruces-beach-manhattan-newsom-los-angeles\">last summer\u003c/a> was hailed as a step toward righting the wrongs inflicted by systemic racism. County officials say the pending sale will go some way toward restoring the wealth that was stripped from the Bruce family in 1924.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bruce’s Beach will open a new chapter\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“This fight has always been about what is best for the family, and they feel what is best for them is selling this property back to the County for nearly $20 million,” said Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors Chair Janice Hahn, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/supjanicehahn/posts/pfbid02mF5UDR9SWU92QQYYoHRSmYg96ZG6Cu4QHanNPQ4TW94F2wNkFCLgAscvdXNmKZcHl\">the plan was revealed on Tuesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sale, Hahn said, will help the Bruce family in “finally rebuilding the generational wealth they were denied for nearly a century.”[aside postID=news_11891836]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Manhattan Beach moved to condemn Bruce’s Beach in 1924, shutting down what had quickly become a thriving resort for Black families — and one of the few spots where they were assured access to a beach, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/09/10/1035877068/a-beachfront-property-taken-from-a-black-family-a-century-ago-may-soon-be-return\">NPR’s Joe Hernandez reported last year\u003c/a>. Years later, the land was transferred to the state, and then to LA County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, California Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/09/30/moving-to-right-historical-wrong-governor-newsom-signs-legislation-to-return-bruces-beach-to-black-descendants/\">signed\u003c/a> a bill clearing the way for the beach to be transferred back to the descendants of Willa and Charles Bruce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to apologize to the Bruce family for the injustice that was done to them,” Newsom said at the time, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/governor-gavin-newsom-bruces-beach-bill-manhattan-beach-willa-charles-bruce-black-descendants-resort/2703972/\">NBC Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “We haven’t always had a proud past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process that returned the beach to the Bruces included a plan for LA County to lease the land for $413,000 annually. It also included an option to buy the land for as much as $20 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear what happens next to the beach property. Under a previous California law, the county had been barred from transferring the land and was able to use the beach area for recreation purposes only. But the law that cleared the path for the Bruce family to regain control of the property does not have the same provisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Black resort’s success riled white neighbors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As calls for the return of Bruce’s Beach grew in recent years, examinations of Jim Crow-era records showed that the use of eminent domain to seize the beachfront property and shut down the resort was motivated by the color of Willa and Charles Bruce’s skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called the Bruce Beach Front when it opened in the summer of 1912, the resort’s success was driven by Willa Bruce, whose husband worked as a chef on a train line running between California and Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wherever we have tried to buy land for a beach resort we have been refused, but I own this land and I am going to keep it,” Willa Bruce was quoted saying at the time, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.manhattanbeach.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/46327/637539367135870000\">2021 report from a task force\u003c/a> assembled by the city of Manhattan Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nearby white landowners feared an “invasion” by Black people because of the Bruce’s business, according to records cited by the task force, which says the neighbors also “resented the resort’s growing popularity and prosperity.”[aside label=\"Reparations in California\" link1=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations,Explore why California launched the first-in-the-nation task force to study reparations for Black people\" hero=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/2022/02/RiCLandingPageGraphic-1020x574.png\"]Their efforts to undermine the resort eventually succeeded: As the city later stated on a historic plaque at the site, “This two-block neighborhood was home to several minority families and was condemned through eminent domain proceedings commenced in 1924.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the resort was seized, the city demolished its buildings, but it never followed through on the purported plan to build a park on the site. To prevent the Bruces from relocating their operation, the city council also voted to block any new resorts from opening, as the text of the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB796\">state’s 2021 law\u003c/a> notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commenting on the pending sale, Los Angeles County Board Supervisor Holly J. Mitchell \u003ca href=\"https://mitchell.lacounty.gov/statement-on-sale-bruces-beach/\">issued a statement\u003c/a> saying that the land’s return “will continue to serve as an example of what is possible across the globe when you have the political will and leadership to correct the injustices of the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Black+family+who+won+the+return+of+Bruce%27s+Beach+will+sell+it+back+to+LA+County&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "The return of the property was hailed as a step toward righting the wrongs inflicted by systemic racism. Now, the parties say, the $20 million sale will help restore some of the wealth stripped away.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Nearly 100 years ago, a local government in Southern California took Bruce’s Beach away from its Black owners because of the color of their skin. The owners’ descendants won a long effort to regain the land — and now they intend to sell it to Los Angeles County for nearly $20 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The return of Bruce’s Beach to the descendants of Willa and Charles Bruce \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/09/30/1041837156/bruces-beach-manhattan-newsom-los-angeles\">last summer\u003c/a> was hailed as a step toward righting the wrongs inflicted by systemic racism. County officials say the pending sale will go some way toward restoring the wealth that was stripped from the Bruce family in 1924.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Bruce’s Beach will open a new chapter\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“This fight has always been about what is best for the family, and they feel what is best for them is selling this property back to the County for nearly $20 million,” said Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors Chair Janice Hahn, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/supjanicehahn/posts/pfbid02mF5UDR9SWU92QQYYoHRSmYg96ZG6Cu4QHanNPQ4TW94F2wNkFCLgAscvdXNmKZcHl\">the plan was revealed on Tuesday\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sale, Hahn said, will help the Bruce family in “finally rebuilding the generational wealth they were denied for nearly a century.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city of Manhattan Beach moved to condemn Bruce’s Beach in 1924, shutting down what had quickly become a thriving resort for Black families — and one of the few spots where they were assured access to a beach, as \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/09/10/1035877068/a-beachfront-property-taken-from-a-black-family-a-century-ago-may-soon-be-return\">NPR’s Joe Hernandez reported last year\u003c/a>. Years later, the land was transferred to the state, and then to LA County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, California Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2021/09/30/moving-to-right-historical-wrong-governor-newsom-signs-legislation-to-return-bruces-beach-to-black-descendants/\">signed\u003c/a> a bill clearing the way for the beach to be transferred back to the descendants of Willa and Charles Bruce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I want to apologize to the Bruce family for the injustice that was done to them,” Newsom said at the time, according to \u003ca href=\"https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/governor-gavin-newsom-bruces-beach-bill-manhattan-beach-willa-charles-bruce-black-descendants-resort/2703972/\">NBC Los Angeles\u003c/a>. “We haven’t always had a proud past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process that returned the beach to the Bruces included a plan for LA County to lease the land for $413,000 annually. It also included an option to buy the land for as much as $20 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not clear what happens next to the beach property. Under a previous California law, the county had been barred from transferring the land and was able to use the beach area for recreation purposes only. But the law that cleared the path for the Bruce family to regain control of the property does not have the same provisions.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Black resort’s success riled white neighbors\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As calls for the return of Bruce’s Beach grew in recent years, examinations of Jim Crow-era records showed that the use of eminent domain to seize the beachfront property and shut down the resort was motivated by the color of Willa and Charles Bruce’s skin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called the Bruce Beach Front when it opened in the summer of 1912, the resort’s success was driven by Willa Bruce, whose husband worked as a chef on a train line running between California and Utah.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wherever we have tried to buy land for a beach resort we have been refused, but I own this land and I am going to keep it,” Willa Bruce was quoted saying at the time, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://www.manhattanbeach.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/46327/637539367135870000\">2021 report from a task force\u003c/a> assembled by the city of Manhattan Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But nearby white landowners feared an “invasion” by Black people because of the Bruce’s business, according to records cited by the task force, which says the neighbors also “resented the resort’s growing popularity and prosperity.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Their efforts to undermine the resort eventually succeeded: As the city later stated on a historic plaque at the site, “This two-block neighborhood was home to several minority families and was condemned through eminent domain proceedings commenced in 1924.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the resort was seized, the city demolished its buildings, but it never followed through on the purported plan to build a park on the site. To prevent the Bruces from relocating their operation, the city council also voted to block any new resorts from opening, as the text of the \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB796\">state’s 2021 law\u003c/a> notes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commenting on the pending sale, Los Angeles County Board Supervisor Holly J. Mitchell \u003ca href=\"https://mitchell.lacounty.gov/statement-on-sale-bruces-beach/\">issued a statement\u003c/a> saying that the land’s return “will continue to serve as an example of what is possible across the globe when you have the political will and leadership to correct the injustices of the past.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=The+Black+family+who+won+the+return+of+Bruce%27s+Beach+will+sell+it+back+to+LA+County&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "a-black-family-got-their-beach-back-and-inspired-others-to-fight-against-land-theft",
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"content": "\u003cp>Duane “Yellow Feather” Shepard stands at the top of a narrow park that slopes downward toward a lifeguard training center and panoramic views of the Pacific coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking over the horizon at a beautiful, beautiful ocean,” Shepard says. “It’s blue, serene — it’s quiet. It’s just a gorgeous, gorgeous view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891875\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891875 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Sepia-tone portrait of an elaborately dressed couple, one in a three-piece suit and the other in a white dress with a bustle, holding a fan.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"2109\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85-800x1055.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85-1020x1344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85-160x211.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85-1165x1536.jpg 1165w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85-1554x2048.jpg 1554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wedding portrait of Charles Aaron and Willa A. Bruce. \u003ccite>(California African American Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Shepard, this oceanfront park known as Bruce’s Beach — located in Manhattan Beach, just south of Los Angeles — holds a painful history. “This is the land that our family used to own,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepard’s ancestors, an African American couple named Charles and Willa Bruce, owned this land a century ago. The couple built a beachfront resort called Bruce’s Beach Lodge in 1912 and welcomed Black beachgoers with a restaurant, a dance hall and changing tents with bathing suits for rent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Bruces were run out of Manhattan Beach and forced to shut down their successful resort. Their property was seized by the city, and they lost their fortune. For years, the land was owned by the county of Los Angeles — until last month, when California passed a law that allowed the property to be transferred back to the couple’s descendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The historic Bruce’s Beach case is inspiring social justice leaders and reparations activists to fight for other Black families whose ancestors also were victims of land theft in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Black resort faced harassment from white neighbors\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Shepard, a cousin of the direct descendant of Charles and Willa Bruce, says Bruce’s Beach offered a refuge for Black patrons during the Jim Crowe era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There weren’t many areas where Black people could get into the water along the entire coast of California at that time,” Shepard, 70, tells NPR. He’s a clan chief of the Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe of the Pokanoket Nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Bruce’s Beach] was a place where people could have social functions,” he says. “You had Black entertainers, actors and actresses, jazz artists, Black politicians as well as business owners and socialites.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891848\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2672px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891848 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM.png\" alt=\"On the left, a black-and-white photo of a dune with only a couple buildings on it and many telephone poles. On the right, cyclists along an asphalt beachfront beyond rows of buildings.\" width=\"2672\" height=\"884\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM.png 2672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-800x265.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-1020x337.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-160x53.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-1536x508.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-2048x678.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-1920x635.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2672px) 100vw, 2672px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bruce’s Beach in 1915 and in 2021. \u003ccite>(Manhattan Beach Historical Society; Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, some white residents of Manhattan Beach feared an “invasion” by the African American community, according to local historian Robert L. Brigham’s 1956 Fresno State master’s thesis “Land Ownership and Occupancy by Negroes in Manhattan Beach, California.” White residents set up barricades to keep Black beachgoers from getting to the ocean, and the Ku Klux Klan, active along the California coast, reportedly planned attacks against the Bruces’ resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They slashed tires, they burned mattresses under the porch of the resort, they tried to blow up a gas meter of one of the residents here,” Shepard says. “They had 24/7 phone campaigns and made threats against Willa and her family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The city of Manhattan Beach seized the resort\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In November 1923, a white realtor named George H. Lindsey approached Manhattan Beach’s Board of Trustees with an option to condemn Bruce’s Beach through the Park and Playground Act of 1909, \u003ca href=\"https://www.manhattanbeach.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/46327/637539367135870000\">according to an April 13, 2021, report by the Bruce’s Beach Task Force\u003c/a>, a resident-led task force appointed by the Manhattan Beach City Council last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1924, Manhattan Beach city officials invoked eminent domain, claiming the city would build a public park over 30 lots, including the Bruces’ land and four other lots owned by African American families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891849\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891849 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man dribbles a basketball on a sidewalk between two green lawns with his son, who looks about 5.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A park visitor, Dorian Hill, plays basketball with his son at Bruce’s Beach. He says he felt drawn to the park before he knew the history. “And then I read the plaque. And then last summer happened,” Hill adds. “I was drawn here for a reason.” \u003ccite>(Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bruce’s Beach resort was shuttered and demolished, and the property sat vacant for decades. Willa and Charles Bruce requested $120,000 for both damages and the value of their property, but the city granted them $14,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the two parcels of land are worth an estimated $75 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 30, Gov. Gavin Newsom signed\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB796\"> SB 796\u003c/a>, authorizing the county to transfer the land back to the Bruce family after nearly 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2021/10/05/la-county-prepares-for-bruces-beach-land-transfer/\">Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors voted unanimously\u003c/a> to begin the process of transferring the land. That process also will include confirming the Bruces’ rightful heirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, we’re making history,” Newsom said at the ceremony held on Bruce’s Beach. “I’m proud to be here, not just for the descendants of the Bruce family, but for all of those families torn asunder because of racism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891841\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891841 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-scaled.jpe\" alt=\"Four African American people dressed finely and smiling in the sun on a beachside boardwalk.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1833\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-scaled.jpe 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-800x573.jpe 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-1020x730.jpe 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-160x115.jpe 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-1536x1100.jpe 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-2048x1466.jpe 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-1920x1374.jpe 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two couples standing on a walkway at Bruce’s Beach, Manhattan Beach, circa 1920. \u003ccite>(Miriam Matthews Photograph Collections, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Black landowners have faced eminent domain abuse for generations\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Bruce’s Beach stands as just one example of land theft that’s taken place across the United States through violence, intimidation and legal maneuvers. For generations, Black landowners like Willa and Charles Bruce have been victimized by eminent domain abuse and unjust property laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the reasons why the Bruce’s case has been generating so much attention is because it represents the first instance in the history of the United States where an African American family or community that had their property taken unjustly, ended up having it returned,” says Thomas W. Mitchell, a property law scholar at Texas A&M University. He’s worked to reform discriminatory policies that have stripped African American people of their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell is part of a research team called the Land Loss and Reparations Research Project, which is trying to put an economic value on agricultural land unjustly taken from Black farmers over the last hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research team has come up with a preliminary estimate of $300 billion,” Mitchell says, noting that it only accounts for the farmland itself. “We’re also going further and saying that as a result of losing this land, we lost the ability to benefit from the land ownership in terms of families getting loans to send their children to college, which then has a negative impact on economic mobility — and that’s just Black farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell estimates the total loss of generational wealth for Black Americans across the U.S. falls into the trillions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891850\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2674px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891850 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM.png\" alt=\"On the left, a sepia-toned photo of a couple, dressed in conservative beachwear, smiling, the man's hand on the woman's shoulder. On the right, a woman in a neon pink workout outfit poses as someone takes a photo with a mobile phone.\" width=\"2674\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM.png 2674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-800x263.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-1020x335.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-160x53.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-1536x504.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-2048x672.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-1920x630.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2674px) 100vw, 2674px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louise and Byron Kenner at Bruce’s Beach, Manhattan Beach, circa 1920. Fitness coach Jasmine Dobbs poses for a photo on the walkway of Manhattan Beach in 2021. \u003ccite>(Credit: Miriam Matthews Photograph Collections, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.; Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But families such as the Bruces whose property was taken generations ago don’t have legal recourse to get their land back, Mitchell says. Statute-of-limitation restrictions prevent families from successfully filing lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell points to the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, when white mobs tried to destroy what was known as Black Wall Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, there was a state commission. Yes, it did do a detailed report. Yes, that detailed report documented tremendous and horrible abuses and killings and burning of businesses and taking of property,” he says. “But it didn’t lead to one penny — it didn’t lead to a single property being returned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891853 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A couple cuddles on a fuzzy blanket on the grass.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Angeles locals Tiffany Harris and Avery Pike picnic at Bruce’s Beach. “It’s soothing to come to,” said Harris. \u003ccite>(Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bruce’s Beach had a different outcome because the government actually stepped in to make amends for a historical wrong. The California Legislature passed a law allowing for the land to be given back to the Bruce family, making it a unique case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is the Bruce’s Beach case a recognition that the time has come for real racial justice in this country?” Mitchell asks. “Can this serve as a template for providing effective redress to other African American families who have had their property taken unjustly? We’ll see.” [ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Activists are trying to help other Black families reclaim their land\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>During the signing ceremony in Manhattan Beach, Newsom recognized activist Kavon Ward as the driving force behind the Bruce’s Beach movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891855\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891855 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A monument saying "Bruce's" with a plaque engraved on it, with a laminated photograph propped on the plaque.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A printed-out wedding portrait of Charles Aaron and Willa A. Bruce was placed on top of the plaque. \u003ccite>(Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I informed the [Bruce] family that I would do anything in my power to help them,” Ward, 39, tells NPR. “Not only to get restitution for their loss of civil rights, their loss of business enterprise, but for me, I felt like justice was getting their land back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At about the same time on the opposite coast, in Philadelphia, 43-year-old Ashanti Martin was on a similar mission. The two were introduced through a mutual friend, and together, Ward and Martin co-founded \u003ca href=\"https://whereismyland.org/\">Where Is My Land\u003c/a>, dedicated to helping Black Americans reclaim stolen land and secure restitution. Both say they were compelled to take action after the murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I read about \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/george-floyd-america/systemic-racism/\">George Floyd’s ancestor Hillery Thomas Stewart\u003c/a> who, back in the late 1800s, had owned 500 acres of land in North Carolina, and that land was stolen by white farmers,” Martin says. “I think there’s no question, had George Floyd’s ancestors kept that land in their family, his life outcomes would have transformed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2670px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891858 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM.png\" alt=\"On the left, a black-and-white photo of three people sitting in a sand dune and leaning together. On the right, a view of the ocean, sun on the water and a flat beach with a handful of people on it.\" width=\"2670\" height=\"882\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM.png 2670w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-800x264.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-1020x337.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-160x53.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-1536x507.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-2048x677.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-1920x634.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2670px) 100vw, 2670px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three people at Bruce’s Beach, Manhattan Beach, 1920s. A view of Manhattan Beach in 2021. \u003ccite>(Miriam Matthews Photograph Collections, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.; Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Through their organization, Martin and Ward are fielding dozens more requests from African American families across the U.S., hoping to reclaim their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that we can handle all of this within my lifetime,” Ward says. “It took a long time for the land to be stolen — it didn’t happen overnight. And so getting it back is going to take even longer because there’s so many obstacles and roadblocks in the way. And so the only thing we can do is to make sure we’re dealing with this, one family at a time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Bruce family, they say they won’t move to Manhattan Beach or build on the land that’s now being returned to them. Instead, they’ll rent the lifeguard training center back to the County of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepard, their descendent, says reclaiming Bruce’s Beach was just the first step. Now, he says his family will continue their fight for restitution for the loss of revenue over the past 97 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891859 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man in a polo shirt and a ball cap sits on a bench alongside a beach and rests both hands on the head of a cane.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chief Duane “Yellow Feather” Shepard at Bruce’s Beach. \u003ccite>(Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Black+family+got+their+beach+back+%E2%80%94+and+inspired+others+to+fight+against+land+theft&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The beachfront land — known as Bruce's Beach in Manhattan Beach — is being returned to the descendants of Charles and Willa Bruce 97 years after it was taken from them.",
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"title": "A Black Family Got Their Beach Back — And Inspired Others to Fight Against Land Theft | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Duane “Yellow Feather” Shepard stands at the top of a narrow park that slopes downward toward a lifeguard training center and panoramic views of the Pacific coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re looking over the horizon at a beautiful, beautiful ocean,” Shepard says. “It’s blue, serene — it’s quiet. It’s just a gorgeous, gorgeous view.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891875\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891875 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85.jpg\" alt=\"Sepia-tone portrait of an elaborately dressed couple, one in a three-piece suit and the other in a white dress with a bustle, holding a fan.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"2109\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85-800x1055.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85-1020x1344.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85-160x211.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85-1165x1536.jpg 1165w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/bruce_wedding_custom-0595b4f6476a37c1595617dfdfbf29344315b2b3-s1600-c85-1554x2048.jpg 1554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wedding portrait of Charles Aaron and Willa A. Bruce. \u003ccite>(California African American Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For Shepard, this oceanfront park known as Bruce’s Beach — located in Manhattan Beach, just south of Los Angeles — holds a painful history. “This is the land that our family used to own,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepard’s ancestors, an African American couple named Charles and Willa Bruce, owned this land a century ago. The couple built a beachfront resort called Bruce’s Beach Lodge in 1912 and welcomed Black beachgoers with a restaurant, a dance hall and changing tents with bathing suits for rent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the Bruces were run out of Manhattan Beach and forced to shut down their successful resort. Their property was seized by the city, and they lost their fortune. For years, the land was owned by the county of Los Angeles — until last month, when California passed a law that allowed the property to be transferred back to the couple’s descendants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The historic Bruce’s Beach case is inspiring social justice leaders and reparations activists to fight for other Black families whose ancestors also were victims of land theft in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Black resort faced harassment from white neighbors\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Shepard, a cousin of the direct descendant of Charles and Willa Bruce, says Bruce’s Beach offered a refuge for Black patrons during the Jim Crowe era.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There weren’t many areas where Black people could get into the water along the entire coast of California at that time,” Shepard, 70, tells NPR. He’s a clan chief of the Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe of the Pokanoket Nation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[Bruce’s Beach] was a place where people could have social functions,” he says. “You had Black entertainers, actors and actresses, jazz artists, Black politicians as well as business owners and socialites.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891848\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2672px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891848 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM.png\" alt=\"On the left, a black-and-white photo of a dune with only a couple buildings on it and many telephone poles. On the right, cyclists along an asphalt beachfront beyond rows of buildings.\" width=\"2672\" height=\"884\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM.png 2672w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-800x265.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-1020x337.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-160x53.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-1536x508.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-2048x678.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.02.13-PM-1920x635.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2672px) 100vw, 2672px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bruce’s Beach in 1915 and in 2021. \u003ccite>(Manhattan Beach Historical Society; Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>However, some white residents of Manhattan Beach feared an “invasion” by the African American community, according to local historian Robert L. Brigham’s 1956 Fresno State master’s thesis “Land Ownership and Occupancy by Negroes in Manhattan Beach, California.” White residents set up barricades to keep Black beachgoers from getting to the ocean, and the Ku Klux Klan, active along the California coast, reportedly planned attacks against the Bruces’ resort.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They slashed tires, they burned mattresses under the porch of the resort, they tried to blow up a gas meter of one of the residents here,” Shepard says. “They had 24/7 phone campaigns and made threats against Willa and her family.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>The city of Manhattan Beach seized the resort\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>In November 1923, a white realtor named George H. Lindsey approached Manhattan Beach’s Board of Trustees with an option to condemn Bruce’s Beach through the Park and Playground Act of 1909, \u003ca href=\"https://www.manhattanbeach.gov/home/showpublisheddocument/46327/637539367135870000\">according to an April 13, 2021, report by the Bruce’s Beach Task Force\u003c/a>, a resident-led task force appointed by the Manhattan Beach City Council last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1924, Manhattan Beach city officials invoked eminent domain, claiming the city would build a public park over 30 lots, including the Bruces’ land and four other lots owned by African American families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891849\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891849 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man dribbles a basketball on a sidewalk between two green lawns with his son, who looks about 5.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr378_custom-ac4cf19d93abdac5d79627a1c8ea7a66f6e9dfdb-s2600-c85-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A park visitor, Dorian Hill, plays basketball with his son at Bruce’s Beach. He says he felt drawn to the park before he knew the history. “And then I read the plaque. And then last summer happened,” Hill adds. “I was drawn here for a reason.” \u003ccite>(Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bruce’s Beach resort was shuttered and demolished, and the property sat vacant for decades. Willa and Charles Bruce requested $120,000 for both damages and the value of their property, but the city granted them $14,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the two parcels of land are worth an estimated $75 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Sept. 30, Gov. Gavin Newsom signed\u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220SB796\"> SB 796\u003c/a>, authorizing the county to transfer the land back to the Bruce family after nearly 100 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Tuesday, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.dailynews.com/2021/10/05/la-county-prepares-for-bruces-beach-land-transfer/\">Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors voted unanimously\u003c/a> to begin the process of transferring the land. That process also will include confirming the Bruces’ rightful heirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Today, we’re making history,” Newsom said at the ceremony held on Bruce’s Beach. “I’m proud to be here, not just for the descendants of the Bruce family, but for all of those families torn asunder because of racism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891841\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891841 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-scaled.jpe\" alt=\"Four African American people dressed finely and smiling in the sun on a beachside boardwalk.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1833\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-scaled.jpe 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-800x573.jpe 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-1020x730.jpe 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-160x115.jpe 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-1536x1100.jpe 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-2048x1466.jpe 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ark__21198_z1hd9ctd_custom-a2650f2fc838ef8b9c1cbc980def263c6eec0bcd-1920x1374.jpe 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two couples standing on a walkway at Bruce’s Beach, Manhattan Beach, circa 1920. \u003ccite>(Miriam Matthews Photograph Collections, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch3>Black landowners have faced eminent domain abuse for generations\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Bruce’s Beach stands as just one example of land theft that’s taken place across the United States through violence, intimidation and legal maneuvers. For generations, Black landowners like Willa and Charles Bruce have been victimized by eminent domain abuse and unjust property laws.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the reasons why the Bruce’s case has been generating so much attention is because it represents the first instance in the history of the United States where an African American family or community that had their property taken unjustly, ended up having it returned,” says Thomas W. Mitchell, a property law scholar at Texas A&M University. He’s worked to reform discriminatory policies that have stripped African American people of their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell is part of a research team called the Land Loss and Reparations Research Project, which is trying to put an economic value on agricultural land unjustly taken from Black farmers over the last hundred years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our research team has come up with a preliminary estimate of $300 billion,” Mitchell says, noting that it only accounts for the farmland itself. “We’re also going further and saying that as a result of losing this land, we lost the ability to benefit from the land ownership in terms of families getting loans to send their children to college, which then has a negative impact on economic mobility — and that’s just Black farmers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell estimates the total loss of generational wealth for Black Americans across the U.S. falls into the trillions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891850\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2674px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891850 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM.png\" alt=\"On the left, a sepia-toned photo of a couple, dressed in conservative beachwear, smiling, the man's hand on the woman's shoulder. On the right, a woman in a neon pink workout outfit poses as someone takes a photo with a mobile phone.\" width=\"2674\" height=\"878\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM.png 2674w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-800x263.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-1020x335.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-160x53.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-1536x504.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-2048x672.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.08.27-PM-1920x630.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2674px) 100vw, 2674px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louise and Byron Kenner at Bruce’s Beach, Manhattan Beach, circa 1920. Fitness coach Jasmine Dobbs poses for a photo on the walkway of Manhattan Beach in 2021. \u003ccite>(Credit: Miriam Matthews Photograph Collections, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.; Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But families such as the Bruces whose property was taken generations ago don’t have legal recourse to get their land back, Mitchell says. Statute-of-limitation restrictions prevent families from successfully filing lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mitchell points to the Tulsa Race Massacre of 1921 in Tulsa, Oklahoma, when white mobs tried to destroy what was known as Black Wall Street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Yes, there was a state commission. Yes, it did do a detailed report. Yes, that detailed report documented tremendous and horrible abuses and killings and burning of businesses and taking of property,” he says. “But it didn’t lead to one penny — it didn’t lead to a single property being returned.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891853\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891853 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A couple cuddles on a fuzzy blanket on the grass.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr307_custom-75d19bb2045973f073db222c8e8e0db22f011a0a-s2600-c85-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Los Angeles locals Tiffany Harris and Avery Pike picnic at Bruce’s Beach. “It’s soothing to come to,” said Harris. \u003ccite>(Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bruce’s Beach had a different outcome because the government actually stepped in to make amends for a historical wrong. The California Legislature passed a law allowing for the land to be given back to the Bruce family, making it a unique case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Is the Bruce’s Beach case a recognition that the time has come for real racial justice in this country?” Mitchell asks. “Can this serve as a template for providing effective redress to other African American families who have had their property taken unjustly? We’ll see.” \u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Activists are trying to help other Black families reclaim their land\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>During the signing ceremony in Manhattan Beach, Newsom recognized activist Kavon Ward as the driving force behind the Bruce’s Beach movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891855\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891855 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A monument saying "Bruce's" with a plaque engraved on it, with a laminated photograph propped on the plaque.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr241_custom-d11a96ba071ef274e484f9b3e32bd8ef78610884-s2600-c85-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A printed-out wedding portrait of Charles Aaron and Willa A. Bruce was placed on top of the plaque. \u003ccite>(Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I informed the [Bruce] family that I would do anything in my power to help them,” Ward, 39, tells NPR. “Not only to get restitution for their loss of civil rights, their loss of business enterprise, but for me, I felt like justice was getting their land back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At about the same time on the opposite coast, in Philadelphia, 43-year-old Ashanti Martin was on a similar mission. The two were introduced through a mutual friend, and together, Ward and Martin co-founded \u003ca href=\"https://whereismyland.org/\">Where Is My Land\u003c/a>, dedicated to helping Black Americans reclaim stolen land and secure restitution. Both say they were compelled to take action after the murder of George Floyd on May 25, 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I read about \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/george-floyd-america/systemic-racism/\">George Floyd’s ancestor Hillery Thomas Stewart\u003c/a> who, back in the late 1800s, had owned 500 acres of land in North Carolina, and that land was stolen by white farmers,” Martin says. “I think there’s no question, had George Floyd’s ancestors kept that land in their family, his life outcomes would have transformed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891858\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2670px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891858 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM.png\" alt=\"On the left, a black-and-white photo of three people sitting in a sand dune and leaning together. On the right, a view of the ocean, sun on the water and a flat beach with a handful of people on it.\" width=\"2670\" height=\"882\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM.png 2670w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-800x264.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-1020x337.png 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-160x53.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-1536x507.png 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-2048x677.png 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Screen-Shot-2021-10-11-at-12.17.02-PM-1920x634.png 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2670px) 100vw, 2670px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three people at Bruce’s Beach, Manhattan Beach, 1920s. A view of Manhattan Beach in 2021. \u003ccite>(Miriam Matthews Photograph Collections, Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, UCLA.; Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Through their organization, Martin and Ward are fielding dozens more requests from African American families across the U.S., hoping to reclaim their land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that we can handle all of this within my lifetime,” Ward says. “It took a long time for the land to be stolen — it didn’t happen overnight. And so getting it back is going to take even longer because there’s so many obstacles and roadblocks in the way. And so the only thing we can do is to make sure we’re dealing with this, one family at a time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the Bruce family, they say they won’t move to Manhattan Beach or build on the land that’s now being returned to them. Instead, they’ll rent the lifeguard training center back to the County of Los Angeles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shepard, their descendent, says reclaiming Bruce’s Beach was just the first step. Now, he says his family will continue their fight for restitution for the loss of revenue over the past 97 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11891859\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11891859 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"A man in a polo shirt and a ball cap sits on a bench alongside a beach and rests both hands on the head of a cane.\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1706\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/brucebeach_npr094_custom-bd18eda5053cbd03ca88d74d68d7837eb0715df1-s2600-c85-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chief Duane “Yellow Feather” Shepard at Bruce’s Beach. \u003ccite>(Bethany Mollenkof for NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Black+family+got+their+beach+back+%E2%80%94+and+inspired+others+to+fight+against+land+theft&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "california-moves-to-return-stolen-land-to-heirs-of-couple-who-built-socal-black-beach-resort-in-early-1900s",
"title": "California Moves to Return Stolen Land to Heirs of Couple Who Built SoCal Black Beach Resort in Early 1900s",
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"content": "\u003cp>California Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a law Thursday allowing ownership of a prime Southern California beachfront property to be transferred to heirs of a couple who built a resort for Black people in the early 1900s, but were stripped of the land shortly thereafter by local officials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Janice Hahn, Los Angeles County supervisor\"]‘The law was used to steal this property 100 years ago, and the law today will give it back.’[/pullquote]The legislation, unanimously approved by state lawmakers this month, was necessary to allow the start of the complex legal process of transferring ownership of what was once known as Bruce’s Beach in the city of Manhattan Beach, and that has been under the ownership of Los Angeles County for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The journey here was far from easy,” said Kavon Ward, a Black resident who learned of the property’s history and founded Justice for Bruce’s Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ward also cofounded Where Is My Land, an organization that aims to return land taken from Black Americans and get restitution. The organization is looking at several other unspecified projects, including one in California, to see if its goals are possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a half dozen descendants of the couple present during a ceremony at the property, Newsom apologized for how the land was taken before signing the bill. He suggested the move could be the start of broader reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This can be catalytic,” he said. “What we’re doing here today can be done and replicated anywhere else.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/ChristinaKTLA/status/1443665925257891844\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said the Bruces could have become like other leading Southern California entrepreneurs, like the Getty family that garnered fame for its oil wealth and art collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County Supervisor Janice Hahn, who led a government push to transfer the land, said the heirs would almost certainly be millionaires now if the property had not been taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law was used to steal this property 100 years ago, and the law today will give it back,” Hahn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The property along the south shore of Santa Monica Bay encompasses two parcels purchased in 1912 by Willa and Charles Bruce, who built the first West Coast resort for Black people at a time when segregation barred them from many beaches. The facility included a lodge, a café, a dance hall and dressing tents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"related coverage\" tag=\"reparations\"]White neighbors harassed the Bruces, and there was an attempt to burn down the resort. The Manhattan Beach City Council used eminent domain to take the land from the Bruces in the 1920s, purportedly for use as a park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land lay unused for years, however, and was transferred to the state in 1948. In 1995, it was transferred to Los Angeles County for beach operations. It came with restrictions limiting the ability to sell or transfer the property, which could only be lifted through a new state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county’s lifeguard training headquarters building sits there now, along a scenic beach walkway called The Strand that is lined with luxury homes overlooking the beach. In Manhattan Beach, an upscale Los Angeles seaside suburb, the population of 35,000 is more than 84% white and 0.8% Black, the city website says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the city council formally condemned the efforts of their early 20th-century predecessors to displace the Bruces and several other Black families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county, meanwhile, has outlined steps needed to move forward with the transfer, including assessing the value of the parcels and trying to find a means to lessen the tax burden on the heirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county also needs to vet the legal heirs of the Bruces and possibly find a new site for the lifeguard training headquarters. One option would be for the heirs to lease the land back to the county for continued use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patricia Bruce, 65, from nearby Hawthorne, said the family has not yet decided what it will do with the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The legislation, unanimously approved by state lawmakers this month, was necessary to allow the start of the complex legal process of transferring ownership of what was once known as Bruce’s Beach in the city of Manhattan Beach, and that has been under the ownership of Los Angeles County for decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The journey here was far from easy,” said Kavon Ward, a Black resident who learned of the property’s history and founded Justice for Bruce’s Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ward also cofounded Where Is My Land, an organization that aims to return land taken from Black Americans and get restitution. The organization is looking at several other unspecified projects, including one in California, to see if its goals are possible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With a half dozen descendants of the couple present during a ceremony at the property, Newsom apologized for how the land was taken before signing the bill. He suggested the move could be the start of broader reparations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This can be catalytic,” he said. “What we’re doing here today can be done and replicated anywhere else.”\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>Newsom said the Bruces could have become like other leading Southern California entrepreneurs, like the Getty family that garnered fame for its oil wealth and art collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>County Supervisor Janice Hahn, who led a government push to transfer the land, said the heirs would almost certainly be millionaires now if the property had not been taken.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The law was used to steal this property 100 years ago, and the law today will give it back,” Hahn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The property along the south shore of Santa Monica Bay encompasses two parcels purchased in 1912 by Willa and Charles Bruce, who built the first West Coast resort for Black people at a time when segregation barred them from many beaches. The facility included a lodge, a café, a dance hall and dressing tents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>White neighbors harassed the Bruces, and there was an attempt to burn down the resort. The Manhattan Beach City Council used eminent domain to take the land from the Bruces in the 1920s, purportedly for use as a park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The land lay unused for years, however, and was transferred to the state in 1948. In 1995, it was transferred to Los Angeles County for beach operations. It came with restrictions limiting the ability to sell or transfer the property, which could only be lifted through a new state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county’s lifeguard training headquarters building sits there now, along a scenic beach walkway called The Strand that is lined with luxury homes overlooking the beach. In Manhattan Beach, an upscale Los Angeles seaside suburb, the population of 35,000 is more than 84% white and 0.8% Black, the city website says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, the city council formally condemned the efforts of their early 20th-century predecessors to displace the Bruces and several other Black families.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county, meanwhile, has outlined steps needed to move forward with the transfer, including assessing the value of the parcels and trying to find a means to lessen the tax burden on the heirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county also needs to vet the legal heirs of the Bruces and possibly find a new site for the lifeguard training headquarters. One option would be for the heirs to lease the land back to the county for continued use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Patricia Bruce, 65, from nearby Hawthorne, said the family has not yet decided what it will do with the property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "A Black-Owned Beachfront Was Seized in the 1920s. Now LA County Says It'll Give It Back",
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"content": "\u003cp>Los Angeles County plans to return prime beachfront property to descendants of a Black couple who built a seaside resort for African Americans but suffered racist harassment and were stripped of it by local city leaders a century ago, a county official said Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is the county’s intention to return this property,” Janice Hahn, a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, told a news conference at what was known as Bruce’s Beach in the city of Manhattan Beach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/SupJaniceHahn/status/1380594538163568641?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After multiple property transfers over the decades, a county lifeguard training headquarters building now sits on the property along some of the most coveted coastline in Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The property encompasses two parcels purchased in 1912 by Willa and Charles Bruce, who built the first West Coast resort for Black people at a time when segregation barred them from many beaches. They built a lodge, cafe, dance hall and dressing tents with bathing suits for rent. Initially it was known as Bruce’s Lodge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Bruce’s Beach became a place where Black families traveled from far and wide to be able to enjoy the simple pleasure of a day at the beach,” Hahn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It did not last long. [pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Janice Hahn, a member of the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors']‘The Bruces had their California dream stolen from them … And this was an injustice inflicted not just upon Willa and Charles Bruce but generations of their descendants who almost certainly would have been millionaires if they had been able to keep this property and their successful business.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Bruces and their customers were harassed by white neighbors and the Ku Klux Klan attempted to burn it down. The Manhattan Beach City Council finally used eminent domain to take the land away from the Bruces in the 1920s, purportedly for use as a park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Bruces had their California dream stolen from them,” Hahn said. “And this was an injustice inflicted not just upon Willa and Charles Bruce but generations of their descendants who almost certainly would have been millionaires if they had been able to keep this property and their successful business.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After lying unused for years, the land was transferred to the state of California in 1948 and in 1995 it was transferred to Los Angeles County for beach operations and maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last transfer came with restrictions that limit the ability to sell or transfer the property and can only be lifted through a new state law, Hahn said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11868871\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11868871 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/04/1600px-Bruces_Beach_3.jpg\" alt=\"After lying unused for years, Bruce's Beach was transferred to the state of California in 1948 and in 1995 it was transferred to Los Angeles County for beach operations and maintenance.\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1200\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/04/1600px-Bruces_Beach_3.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/04/1600px-Bruces_Beach_3-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/04/1600px-Bruces_Beach_3-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/04/1600px-Bruces_Beach_3-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/04/1600px-Bruces_Beach_3-1536x1152.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After lying unused for years, Bruce’s Beach was transferred to the state of California in 1948 and in 1995 it was transferred to Los Angeles County for beach operations and maintenance. \u003ccite>(Wikimedia Commons)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>State Sen. Steven Bradford, D-Gardena, said that on Monday he will introduce legislation, Senate Bill 796, that would exempt the land from those restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After so many years we will right this injustice,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the law passes, the transfer to the descendants would have to be approved by the county’s five-member Board of Supervisors, said Liz Odendahl, Hahn’s director of communications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Manhattan Beach is now a city of about 35,000 people on the south shore of Santa Monica Bay. Its picturesque pier juts into swells prized by surfers, and luxury residences have replaced many of the beach houses along an oceanfront walk called The Strand. According to census data, its population is 78% white and 0.5% Black. [ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The current City Council this week formally acknowledged and condemned city leaders’ efforts in the early 20th century to displace the Bruces and several other Black families, but stopped short of formally apologizing, Southern California News Group reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We offer this Acknowledgement and Condemnation as a foundational act for Manhattan Beach’s next one hundred years,” a document approved by the council says, “and the actions we will take together, to the best of our abilities, in deeds and in words, to reject prejudice and hate and promote respect and inclusion.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A hill rising steeply behind the beachfront property has a beach parking lot and above that is an ocean-view city park that was renamed Bruce’s Beach in 2006.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lot and park were not part of the Bruces’ property and would not be part of a transfer to the family, Odendahl said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The value of the property has not been assessed, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A return of the land could include an option for the Bruce descendants to lease the land back to the county for continued use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"order": 10
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"info": "Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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},
"live-from-here-highlights": {
"id": "live-from-here-highlights",
"title": "Live from Here Highlights",
"info": "Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.",
"airtime": "SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Live-From-Here-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.livefromhere.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "american public media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"our-body-politic": {
"id": "our-body-politic",
"title": "Our Body Politic",
"info": "Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.",
"airtime": "SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/our-body-politic",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
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"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"order": 6
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5Nzk2MzI2MTEx",
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"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
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