Will Shindel prepares for a gene-editing class using the CRISPR tool at a Brooklyn community lab called Genspace. (Alan Yu/WHYY)
On a Saturday afternoon, 10 students gather at Genspace, a community lab in Brooklyn, to learn how to edit genes.
There's a recent graduate with a master's in plant biology, a high school student who started a synthetic biology club, a medical student, an eighth grader, and someone who works in pharmaceutical advertising.
"This is so cool to learn about; I hadn't studied biology since like ninth grade," says Ruthie Nachmany, one of the class participants. She had studied anthropology, visual arts, and environmental studies in college, but is now a software engineer.
In the 1970s, personal computers emerged from labs and universities and became something each person could have. That made it possible for people like Nachmany to become a professional programmer despite not having studied it in school.
Some compare that democratization of personal computing in the '70s to the current changes in access to genetic engineering tools.
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In 2015, the journal Science declared the gene editing tool CRISPR Cas9 the breakthrough of the year. It let scientists make changes in DNA of living cells easier and cheaper than before. Today, the CRISPR tool is no longer something that only researchers do in labs. You can take classes in gene editing at a community lab. You can buy a $150 kit to do it at home. Some middle schoolers are doing it in their science classes.
Genspace lab manager Will Shindel, who teaches the genome-editing class, says his students are usually professionals who want to learn a new career skill or curious everyday people. "They just know that it's this word that everybody's throwing around," Shindel says. "It's either going to lead to the singularity or the apocalypse."
Shindel, a biologist by training, is one of many people now dreaming about and starting synthetic biology projects using the CRISPR tool. With some friends, he is working on genetically engineering a spicy tomato. Some people are trying to make bacteria produce insulin. At Acera, an elementary and middle school in Massachusetts, 13-year-old Abby Pierce recently completed a CRISPR experiment, genetically modifying bacteria so that it could grow in an antibiotic that would have killed it otherwise.
Pierce's science teacher, Michael Hirsch, made the argument to get genetic engineering kits for his science students to experiment with in class. "It's going to take molecular bio out of the 'Oh man, cool, they do it in labs' to 'Wait, we can do this in our homes,' " Hirsch says. "We could do things like create pigments, and create flavor extracts, and all of these really nifty things safely and carefully in our kitchens."
New skill set
In fact, the University of Pennsylvania's Orkan Telhan argues, genetic engineering will become an increasingly important skill, like coding has been. Telhan is an associate professor of fine arts and emerging design practices and he worked with a biologist and an engineer on a desktop machine that allows anyone to do genetic engineering experiments, without needing a background in biology.
"Biology is the newest technology that people need to learn," Telhan says. "It's a new skill set everyone should learn because it changes the way you manufacture things, it changes the way we learn, store information, think about the world." As an example of a recent application, Telhan points to an Adidas shoe made from bioengineered fiber, inspired by spider silk.
The comparison between genetic engineering and computing is not new. Two years ago at a conference, MIT Media Lab Director Joi Ito gave a talk called "Why bio is the new digital":
"You can now take all of the gene bricks, these little parts of genetic code, categorize them as if they were pieces of code, write software using a computer, stick them in a bacteria, reboot the bacteria and the bacteria just as with computers, usually does what you think it does."
'We need to dig deeper'
Gene editing tools have already started a debate about ethics and safety. Some scientists have warned about not just intentionally harmful uses, but also potential unintended consequences or dangerous mistakes in experimentation.
The German government in March sent out a warning about one kind of CRISPR kit, saying officials found potentially harmful bacteria on two kits they tested, though it's not clear how those bacteria got there. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control responded with a statement earlier this month that the risk to people using these kits was low — and asked EU member states to review their procedures around these kits.
Earlier, the German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety also issued a reminder that depending on the kit, genetic-engineering laws still applied, and doing this work outside of a licensed facility with an expert supervisor could lead to a fine of up to 50,000 euros ($56,000).
In the U.S., then-Director of National Intelligence James Clapper in early 2016 added genome editing to a list related to "weapons of mass destruction and proliferation." But bioengineering experts say overall, the U.S. government agencies have long been monitoring the gene-editing and the DIY bio movement — "very proactive in understanding" the field, as Johns Hopkins University biosecurity fellow Justin Pahara puts it.
"There is a lot of effort going into understanding the scope of DIY biology, who can do it, what can be done, what are some of the concerns, how do we mitigate risk," says Pahara, who is also a co-founder of bioengineering-kit company Amino Labs. He says DIY bio, or biohacking, poses little security concern for now, being at a very early stage.
"I would suggest that just all of these discussions, including looking into the past at computing and other technologies, [have] really helped us understand that we need to dig deeper," he says.
More variables
As much as the gene-engineering revolution is being compared to the PC revolution before it, bacteria are not as predictable as computers, says Kristala Prather, associate professor of chemical engineering at MIT. Her team studies how to engineer bacteria so they produce chemicals that can be used for fuel, medications and other things.
"I have a first-year graduate student ... who was lamenting the fact that even though she has cloned genes many times before, it's taking her a little while to get things to work well at my lab," Prather says. "And my response to her is that the same is true for about 80 percent of students who come into my group."
Prather explains that engineering bacteria isn't quite like coding because many more variables are at play.
"One of the common mistakes that people make it to assume all water is just water. The water that comes out of the tap in Cambridge is different than the water that comes out of the tap in New York," she says. "So there are very small things like that that can turn out to make a significant difference."
But Prather — who remembers writing programs on a Commodore 64 computer as a 13-year-old — is nonetheless excited about the prospect of more people learning about genetic engineering through kits and classes: She says even if all this access does right now is get more people excited about becoming scientists, it's still really valuable.
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Alan Yu reports for WHYY's health and science show, The Pulse. This story originally appeared on an episode of its podcast called Do It Yourself.
Copyright 2017 WHYY, Inc.. To see more, visit WHYY, Inc..
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Classroom","publishDate":1495898829,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>On a Saturday afternoon, 10 students gather at Genspace, a community lab in Brooklyn, to learn how to edit genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a recent graduate with a master's in plant biology, a high school student who started a synthetic biology club, a medical student, an eighth grader, and someone who works in pharmaceutical advertising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is so cool to learn about; I hadn't studied biology since like ninth grade,\" says Ruthie Nachmany, one of the class participants. She had studied anthropology, visual arts, and environmental studies in college, but is now a software engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, personal computers \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1979/\">emerged from labs\u003c/a> and universities and became something each person could have. That made it possible for people like Nachmany to become a professional programmer despite not having studied it in school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some compare that democratization of personal computing in the '70s to the current changes in access to genetic engineering tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year\">declared\u003c/a> the gene editing tool CRISPR Cas9 the breakthrough of the year. It let scientists make changes in DNA of living cells easier and cheaper than before. Today, the CRISPR tool is no longer something that only researchers do in labs. You can take classes in gene editing at a community lab. You can buy a \u003ca href=\"http://www.the-odin.com/diy-crispr-kit/\">$150 kit\u003c/a> to do it at home. Some middle schoolers are doing it in their science classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genspace lab manager Will Shindel, who teaches the genome-editing class, says his students are usually professionals who want to learn a new career skill or curious everyday people. \"They just know that it's this word that everybody's throwing around,\" Shindel says. \"It's either going to lead to the singularity or the apocalypse.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shindel, a biologist by training, is one of many people now dreaming about and starting synthetic biology projects using the CRISPR tool. With some friends, he is working on genetically engineering a spicy tomato. Some people \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/these-biohackers-are-making-open-source-insulin\">are trying\u003c/a> to make bacteria produce insulin. At Acera, an elementary and middle school in Massachusetts, 13-year-old Abby Pierce recently completed a CRISPR experiment, genetically modifying bacteria so that it could grow in an antibiotic that would have killed it otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pierce's science teacher, Michael Hirsch, made the argument to get genetic engineering kits for his science students to experiment with in class. \"It's going to take molecular bio out of the 'Oh man, cool, they do it in labs' to 'Wait, we can do this in our homes,' \" Hirsch says. \"We could do things like create pigments, and create flavor extracts, and all of these really nifty things safely and carefully in our kitchens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>skill set\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the University of Pennsylvania's \u003ca href=\"https://www.phf.upenn.edu/fellows/orkan-telhan\">Orkan Telhan\u003c/a> argues, genetic engineering will become an increasingly important skill, like coding has been. Telhan is an associate professor of fine arts and emerging design practices and he \u003ca href=\"http://www.biorealize.com/#microbial-design-studio\">worked with\u003c/a> a biologist and an engineer on a desktop machine that allows anyone to do genetic engineering experiments, without needing a background in biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Biology is the newest technology that people need to learn,\" Telhan says. \"It's a new skill set everyone should learn because it changes the way you manufacture things, it changes the way we learn, store information, think about the world.\" As an example of a recent application, Telhan points to an Adidas shoe made from \u003ca href=\"http://www.biosteel-fiber.com/home\">bioengineered fiber\u003c/a>, inspired by spider silk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison between genetic engineering and computing is not new. Two years ago at a conference, MIT Media Lab Director Joi Ito \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnHD8gvccpI\">gave a talk\u003c/a> called \"Why bio is the new digital\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"You can now take all of the gene bricks, these little parts of genetic code, categorize them as if they were pieces of code, write software using a computer, stick them in a bacteria, reboot the bacteria and the bacteria just as with computers, usually does what you think it does.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48321\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2017/05/img_4993-12b9b789dafcb9b8a754f1709c91f94bcf6b0c0d-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genspace Lab Manager Will Shindel mixes all the chemicals before class, so the students don't have to make calculations to dilute them during the class. \u003ccite>(Alan Yu/WHYY)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'We need to dig deeper'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing tools have already started a debate about ethics and safety. Some scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/03/458212497/scientists-debate-how-far-to-go-in-editing-human-genes\">have warned\u003c/a> about not just intentionally harmful uses, but also potential unintended consequences or dangerous mistakes in experimentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German government in March sent out a warning about one kind of CRISPR kit, saying officials found potentially harmful bacteria on two kits they tested, though it's not clear how those bacteria got there. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control responded with a statement earlier this month that \u003ca href=\"http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/_layouts/forms/News_DispForm.aspx?ID=1610&List=8db7286c-fe2d-476c-9133-18ff4cb1b568&Source=http%3A%2F%2Fecdc%2Eeuropa%2Eeu%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fnews%2FPages%2FNews%2Easpx\">the risk to people using these kits was low\u003c/a> — and asked EU member states to review their procedures around these kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier, the German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety also issued a reminder that depending on the kit, genetic-engineering laws still applied, and doing this work outside of a licensed facility with an expert supervisor could lead to a fine of up to 50,000 euros ($56,000).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., then-Director of National Intelligence James Clapper \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600774/top-us-intelligence-official-calls-gene-editing-a-wmd-threat/\">in early 2016 added\u003c/a> genome editing to a list related to \"weapons of mass destruction and proliferation.\" But bioengineering experts say overall, the U.S. government agencies \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602643/on-patrol-with-americas-top-bioterror-cop/\">have long been monitoring\u003c/a> the gene-editing and the DIY bio movement — \"very proactive in understanding\" the field, as Johns Hopkins University biosecurity fellow Justin Pahara puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a lot of effort going into understanding the scope of DIY biology, who can do it, what can be done, what are some of the concerns, how do we mitigate risk,\" says Pahara, who is also a co-founder of bioengineering-kit company Amino Labs. He says DIY bio, or biohacking, poses little security concern for now, being at a very early stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would suggest that just all of these discussions, including looking into the past at computing and other technologies, [have] really helped us understand that we need to dig deeper,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More variables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as the gene-engineering revolution is being compared to the PC revolution before it, bacteria are not as predictable as computers, says Kristala Prather, associate professor of chemical engineering at MIT. Her team studies \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/prathergroup/research.html\">how to engineer bacteria\u003c/a> so they produce chemicals that can be used for fuel, medications and other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have a first-year graduate student ... who was lamenting the fact that even though she has cloned genes many times before, it's taking her a little while to get things to work well at my lab,\" Prather says. \"And my response to her is that the same is true for about 80 percent of students who come into my group.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather explains that engineering bacteria isn't quite like coding because many more variables are at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the common mistakes that people make it to assume all water is just water. The water that comes out of the tap in Cambridge is different than the water that comes out of the tap in New York,\" she says. \"So there are very small things like that that can turn out to make a significant difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Prather — who remembers writing programs on a Commodore 64 computer as a 13-year-old — is nonetheless excited about the prospect of more people learning about genetic engineering through kits and classes: She says even if all this access does right now is get more people excited about becoming scientists, it's still really valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alan Yu reports for WHYY's health and science show, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://whyy.org/thepulse\">The Pulse\u003c/a>\u003cem>. This story originally appeared on an episode of its podcast called \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-pulse/id772127662?mt=2\">Do It Yourself\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 WHYY, Inc.. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.whyy.org\">WHYY, Inc.\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+A+Gene+Editing+Tool+Went+From+Labs+To+A+Middle-School+Classroom&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Some compare the democratization of personal computing in the 1970s to the current changes in access to genetic engineering tools, in part thanks to the CRISPR gene editing tool.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1496169327,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":30,"wordCount":1299},"headData":{"title":"How A Gene Editing Tool Went From Labs To A Middle-School Classroom | KQED","description":"Some compare the democratization of personal computing in the 1970s to the current changes in access to genetic engineering tools, in part thanks to the CRISPR gene editing tool.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How A Gene Editing Tool Went From Labs To A Middle-School Classroom","datePublished":"2017-05-27T15:27:09.000Z","dateModified":"2017-05-30T18:35:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"},"authorsData":[{"type":"authors","id":"byline_mindshift_48319","meta":{"override":true},"slug":"byline_mindshift_48319","name":"Alan Yu","isLoading":false}],"imageData":{"ogImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/05/img_4975-3fc1ee81320f77cfe08b2e85653f1045f4543553-1020x765.jpg","width":1020,"height":765,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twImageSize":{"file":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2017/05/img_4975-3fc1ee81320f77cfe08b2e85653f1045f4543553-1020x765.jpg","width":1020,"height":765,"mimeType":"image/jpeg"},"twitterCard":"summary_large_image"},"tagData":{"tags":["CRISPR","featured","foy","full-image","STEM"]}},"disqusIdentifier":"48319 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=48319","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2017/05/27/how-a-gene-editing-tool-went-from-labs-to-a-middle-school-classroom/","disqusTitle":"How A Gene Editing Tool Went From Labs To A Middle-School Classroom","nprByline":"Alan Yu","nprImageAgency":"Alan Yu/WHYY","nprStoryId":"530210657","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=530210657&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/05/27/530210657/how-a-gene-editing-tool-went-from-labs-to-a-middle-school-classroom?ft=nprml&f=530210657","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Sat, 27 May 2017 08:01:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Sat, 27 May 2017 08:01:03 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Sat, 27 May 2017 08:01:03 -0400","path":"/mindshift/48319/how-a-gene-editing-tool-went-from-labs-to-a-middle-school-classroom","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On a Saturday afternoon, 10 students gather at Genspace, a community lab in Brooklyn, to learn how to edit genes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a recent graduate with a master's in plant biology, a high school student who started a synthetic biology club, a medical student, an eighth grader, and someone who works in pharmaceutical advertising.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This is so cool to learn about; I hadn't studied biology since like ninth grade,\" says Ruthie Nachmany, one of the class participants. She had studied anthropology, visual arts, and environmental studies in college, but is now a software engineer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, personal computers \u003ca href=\"http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/1979/\">emerged from labs\u003c/a> and universities and became something each person could have. That made it possible for people like Nachmany to become a professional programmer despite not having studied it in school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some compare that democratization of personal computing in the '70s to the current changes in access to genetic engineering tools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2015, the journal \u003cem>Science \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2015/12/and-science-s-breakthrough-year\">declared\u003c/a> the gene editing tool CRISPR Cas9 the breakthrough of the year. It let scientists make changes in DNA of living cells easier and cheaper than before. Today, the CRISPR tool is no longer something that only researchers do in labs. You can take classes in gene editing at a community lab. You can buy a \u003ca href=\"http://www.the-odin.com/diy-crispr-kit/\">$150 kit\u003c/a> to do it at home. Some middle schoolers are doing it in their science classes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Genspace lab manager Will Shindel, who teaches the genome-editing class, says his students are usually professionals who want to learn a new career skill or curious everyday people. \"They just know that it's this word that everybody's throwing around,\" Shindel says. \"It's either going to lead to the singularity or the apocalypse.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shindel, a biologist by training, is one of many people now dreaming about and starting synthetic biology projects using the CRISPR tool. With some friends, he is working on genetically engineering a spicy tomato. Some people \u003ca href=\"http://www.popsci.com/these-biohackers-are-making-open-source-insulin\">are trying\u003c/a> to make bacteria produce insulin. At Acera, an elementary and middle school in Massachusetts, 13-year-old Abby Pierce recently completed a CRISPR experiment, genetically modifying bacteria so that it could grow in an antibiotic that would have killed it otherwise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pierce's science teacher, Michael Hirsch, made the argument to get genetic engineering kits for his science students to experiment with in class. \"It's going to take molecular bio out of the 'Oh man, cool, they do it in labs' to 'Wait, we can do this in our homes,' \" Hirsch says. \"We could do things like create pigments, and create flavor extracts, and all of these really nifty things safely and carefully in our kitchens.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>New \u003c/strong>\u003cstrong>skill set\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In fact, the University of Pennsylvania's \u003ca href=\"https://www.phf.upenn.edu/fellows/orkan-telhan\">Orkan Telhan\u003c/a> argues, genetic engineering will become an increasingly important skill, like coding has been. Telhan is an associate professor of fine arts and emerging design practices and he \u003ca href=\"http://www.biorealize.com/#microbial-design-studio\">worked with\u003c/a> a biologist and an engineer on a desktop machine that allows anyone to do genetic engineering experiments, without needing a background in biology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Biology is the newest technology that people need to learn,\" Telhan says. \"It's a new skill set everyone should learn because it changes the way you manufacture things, it changes the way we learn, store information, think about the world.\" As an example of a recent application, Telhan points to an Adidas shoe made from \u003ca href=\"http://www.biosteel-fiber.com/home\">bioengineered fiber\u003c/a>, inspired by spider silk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The comparison between genetic engineering and computing is not new. Two years ago at a conference, MIT Media Lab Director Joi Ito \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnHD8gvccpI\">gave a talk\u003c/a> called \"Why bio is the new digital\":\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"You can now take all of the gene bricks, these little parts of genetic code, categorize them as if they were pieces of code, write software using a computer, stick them in a bacteria, reboot the bacteria and the bacteria just as with computers, usually does what you think it does.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_48321\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-48321\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2017/05/img_4993-12b9b789dafcb9b8a754f1709c91f94bcf6b0c0d-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Genspace Lab Manager Will Shindel mixes all the chemicals before class, so the students don't have to make calculations to dilute them during the class. \u003ccite>(Alan Yu/WHYY)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>'We need to dig deeper'\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gene editing tools have already started a debate about ethics and safety. Some scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2015/12/03/458212497/scientists-debate-how-far-to-go-in-editing-human-genes\">have warned\u003c/a> about not just intentionally harmful uses, but also potential unintended consequences or dangerous mistakes in experimentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German government in March sent out a warning about one kind of CRISPR kit, saying officials found potentially harmful bacteria on two kits they tested, though it's not clear how those bacteria got there. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control responded with a statement earlier this month that \u003ca href=\"http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/press/news/_layouts/forms/News_DispForm.aspx?ID=1610&List=8db7286c-fe2d-476c-9133-18ff4cb1b568&Source=http%3A%2F%2Fecdc%2Eeuropa%2Eeu%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fnews%2FPages%2FNews%2Easpx\">the risk to people using these kits was low\u003c/a> — and asked EU member states to review their procedures around these kits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier, the German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety also issued a reminder that depending on the kit, genetic-engineering laws still applied, and doing this work outside of a licensed facility with an expert supervisor could lead to a fine of up to 50,000 euros ($56,000).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the U.S., then-Director of National Intelligence James Clapper \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600774/top-us-intelligence-official-calls-gene-editing-a-wmd-threat/\">in early 2016 added\u003c/a> genome editing to a list related to \"weapons of mass destruction and proliferation.\" But bioengineering experts say overall, the U.S. government agencies \u003ca href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602643/on-patrol-with-americas-top-bioterror-cop/\">have long been monitoring\u003c/a> the gene-editing and the DIY bio movement — \"very proactive in understanding\" the field, as Johns Hopkins University biosecurity fellow Justin Pahara puts it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a lot of effort going into understanding the scope of DIY biology, who can do it, what can be done, what are some of the concerns, how do we mitigate risk,\" says Pahara, who is also a co-founder of bioengineering-kit company Amino Labs. He says DIY bio, or biohacking, poses little security concern for now, being at a very early stage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I would suggest that just all of these discussions, including looking into the past at computing and other technologies, [have] really helped us understand that we need to dig deeper,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More variables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As much as the gene-engineering revolution is being compared to the PC revolution before it, bacteria are not as predictable as computers, says Kristala Prather, associate professor of chemical engineering at MIT. Her team studies \u003ca href=\"http://web.mit.edu/prathergroup/research.html\">how to engineer bacteria\u003c/a> so they produce chemicals that can be used for fuel, medications and other things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have a first-year graduate student ... who was lamenting the fact that even though she has cloned genes many times before, it's taking her a little while to get things to work well at my lab,\" Prather says. \"And my response to her is that the same is true for about 80 percent of students who come into my group.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prather explains that engineering bacteria isn't quite like coding because many more variables are at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"One of the common mistakes that people make it to assume all water is just water. The water that comes out of the tap in Cambridge is different than the water that comes out of the tap in New York,\" she says. \"So there are very small things like that that can turn out to make a significant difference.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Prather — who remembers writing programs on a Commodore 64 computer as a 13-year-old — is nonetheless excited about the prospect of more people learning about genetic engineering through kits and classes: She says even if all this access does right now is get more people excited about becoming scientists, it's still really valuable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Alan Yu reports for WHYY's health and science show, \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"http://whyy.org/thepulse\">The Pulse\u003c/a>\u003cem>. This story originally appeared on an episode of its podcast called \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/the-pulse/id772127662?mt=2\">Do It Yourself\u003c/a>\u003cem>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2017 WHYY, Inc.. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"http://www.whyy.org\">WHYY, Inc.\u003c/a>.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+A+Gene+Editing+Tool+Went+From+Labs+To+A+Middle-School+Classroom&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/48319/how-a-gene-editing-tool-went-from-labs-to-a-middle-school-classroom","authors":["byline_mindshift_48319"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_21103","mindshift_20784","mindshift_21104","mindshift_1040","mindshift_47"],"featImg":"mindshift_48320","label":"mindshift","isLoading":false,"hasAllInfo":true}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. 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Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3am-9am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/morning-edition"},"onourwatch":{"id":"onourwatch","title":"On Our Watch","tagline":"Police secrets, unsealed","info":"For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us","airtime":"SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm","meta":{"site":"news","source":"wnyc"},"link":"/radio/program/on-the-media","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/","rss":"http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"}},"our-body-politic":{"id":"our-body-politic","title":"Our Body Politic","info":"Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.","airtime":"SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kcrw"},"link":"/radio/program/our-body-politic","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/our-body-politic/id1533069868","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/4ApAiLT1kV153TttWAmqmc","rss":"https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/News--Politics-Podcasts/Our-Body-Politic-p1369211/"}},"pbs-newshour":{"id":"pbs-newshour","title":"PBS NewsHour","info":"Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.","airtime":"MON-FRI 3pm-4pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"pbs"},"link":"/radio/program/pbs-newshour","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/","rss":"https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"}},"perspectives":{"id":"perspectives","title":"Perspectives","tagline":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991","info":"KQED's series of of daily listener commentaries since 1991.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Perspectives-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/perspectives/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"kqed","order":"15"},"link":"/perspectives","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"}},"planet-money":{"id":"planet-money","title":"Planet Money","info":"The economy explained. 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