Jean O’Malley is the producer of NewsDepth, an award-winning weekly news program viewed by thousands of Ohio students each year in grades three to eight. This series is now in its 42nd year of broadcast at WVIZ/PBS ideastream. Jean has a B.A. from Carnegie Mellon University.
By Jean O'Malley
Urban Neighborhood is Perfect Place to Grow Lettuce
From Screenwriter to Soil-Saver: The Double Legacy of Louis Bromfield
Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie
Ohio’s Bald Eagle Comeback
A Day with Zoo Veterinarian Mike Selig
Cool Critters: Lake Erie Water Snake
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"content": "\u003cp>As the urban garden phenomenon continues to sweep the country, an increasing number of vacant lots are being transformed into green oases that provide fresh, local produce to people living in communities once deemed “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">food deserts\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70116\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70116\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This gardening trend took a forward leap in northeast Ohio when \u003ca href=\"http://evergreencooperatives.com/business/green-city-growers/\" target=\"_blank\">Green City Growers \u003c/a>opened a gigantic greenhouse last year in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. Larger than three football fields, the facility -- which replaces a large swath of vacant lots -- is now producing millions of vegetables hydroponically; that is, without soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers is the third of three businesses run by Evergreen Cooperatives of Cleveland. They are employee-owned, for-profit companies. The site of the greenhouse was chosen to help revitalize the surrounding Central neighborhood and provide jobs for its residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof. \" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I toured the greenhouse with CEO John McMicken to explore the science behind their operation. Our first stop was a row of massive tanks. The greenhouse has three 70,000-gallon tanks that collect rainwater and melting snow from the building’s many roofs. This water is vital to hydroponic growing: each head of lettuce consumes one gallon of water during its growing cycle. Once the company begins operating at full capacity the greenhouse will harvest 10,000 heads of lettuce daily, requiring 10,000 gallons of water a day! At their current capacity nearly all of the water used to grow produce is derived from the collection of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that arrives in the tanks doesn’t go straight to work. It is first filtered, purified, oxygenated, and infused with a precise amount of nutrients. The water then moves on to one of 13 nearly 300-foot-long shallow ponds that are used for growing. That water is recycled once a day in order to keep it clean, nourished, and oxygenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-70111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of sprouting from the dirt, hydroponic plants grow in trays that float in nutrient-rich water. At Green City Growers, the seeds are started in soil at a special seeding station. Once the seedlings have a strong enough root system they’re placed in a growing tray, where they begin their journey from one end of the production pond to the other, growing in size as they progress down the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the greenhouse produces three million heads of lettuce and more than 300,000 pounds of herbs every year, with plans to expand in the future. Staples are butterhead lettuce, red and green leaf lettuce, and basil. Watercress was recently added to the growing roster, while greens such as spinach, kale, and arugula are still being tested for viability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to McMicken, one of the notable advantages of hydroponic farming is improved food safety. The plants are raised in a contained environment with no pollutants and no environmental contaminants like dirt or bird droppings. Hydroponic growing is also healthier for the plants, McMicken explained, because it allows for tighter control of the nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another safety benefit is the fact that no pesticides are used. If any insects make their way in during the warmer weather, the growers release a few lady bugs onto the plants and let them go to work. The ladybugs eat the invaders and then fly off through the vents in the ceiling. In the peak summer season the greenhouse will occasionally employ wasps to eat any aphids that might be threatening the lettuce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another benefit of hydroponic growing, said McMicken, is consistency. The quality and quantity of product is predictable and grown year-round, unaffected by the whims of weather and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers distributes 75 percent of its produce within a “local” 100-mile radius of the greenhouse. Sold in grocery stores, restaurants, and hospital systems, this tasty lettuce can go from harvest to a salad bar at the Cleveland Clinic in one or two days -- about as fresh as you can get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other companies are also experimenting with large-scale hydroponics and local distribution. \u003ca href=\"http://brightfarms.com/s/#%21/our_farms\">BrightFarms in Philadelphia\u003c/a>, for instance, uses hydroponic technology to grow vegetables right on the roofs of supermarkets. And some, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">Will Allen’s “Growing Power” organization\u003c/a>, have paired hydroponic vegetable production with fish farms in a process known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/aquaponics.htm\">aquaponics\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Christopher Bond, a horticulturist who supervises the hydroponics room at \u003ca href=\"https://students.case.edu/farm/food/\" target=\"_blank\">Case Western Reserve University’s Farm Food Program\u003c/a>, says he’s seeing more mainstream hydroponics operations come online these days. However, Bond cautions that hydroponics isn’t a panacea for feeding the world’s population; rather, it is just one important method of production. It works particularly well for greens and herbs, he says, but not root vegetables like carrots, perennials like asparagus, or beans, which require runners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this growing method has its limitations, in urban areas like this where fresh vegetables can be hard to come by but vacant lots are plentiful, hydroponic technology could prove to be a useful tool for cultivating food, business, and community.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>As the urban garden phenomenon continues to sweep the country, an increasing number of vacant lots are being transformed into green oases that provide fresh, local produce to people living in communities once deemed “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">food deserts\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70116\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70116\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/IMG_1590-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. \" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Green City Growers pioneers large-scale hydroponic technology and replaces vacant land in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This gardening trend took a forward leap in northeast Ohio when \u003ca href=\"http://evergreencooperatives.com/business/green-city-growers/\" target=\"_blank\">Green City Growers \u003c/a>opened a gigantic greenhouse last year in a troubled Cleveland neighborhood. Larger than three football fields, the facility -- which replaces a large swath of vacant lots -- is now producing millions of vegetables hydroponically; that is, without soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers is the third of three businesses run by Evergreen Cooperatives of Cleveland. They are employee-owned, for-profit companies. The site of the greenhouse was chosen to help revitalize the surrounding Central neighborhood and provide jobs for its residents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70115\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 189px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70115\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-1-Water-tank-portrait-189x253.jpg\" alt=\"Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof. \" width=\"189\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three 70,000 gallon tanks like this one collect snow melt and rain water from the greenhouse roof.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I toured the greenhouse with CEO John McMicken to explore the science behind their operation. Our first stop was a row of massive tanks. The greenhouse has three 70,000-gallon tanks that collect rainwater and melting snow from the building’s many roofs. This water is vital to hydroponic growing: each head of lettuce consumes one gallon of water during its growing cycle. Once the company begins operating at full capacity the greenhouse will harvest 10,000 heads of lettuce daily, requiring 10,000 gallons of water a day! At their current capacity nearly all of the water used to grow produce is derived from the collection of rain and snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The water that arrives in the tanks doesn’t go straight to work. It is first filtered, purified, oxygenated, and infused with a precise amount of nutrients. The water then moves on to one of 13 nearly 300-foot-long shallow ponds that are used for growing. That water is recycled once a day in order to keep it clean, nourished, and oxygenated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70111\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-70111\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-2-Seedlings-2-mediums-side-by-side-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Only the seeds are started in soil. Workers test a new planting medium (middle containers), a nutrified mulch that is lighter and easier to use than the standard peat moss. The new medium is made locally.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Instead of sprouting from the dirt, hydroponic plants grow in trays that float in nutrient-rich water. At Green City Growers, the seeds are started in soil at a special seeding station. Once the seedlings have a strong enough root system they’re placed in a growing tray, where they begin their journey from one end of the production pond to the other, growing in size as they progress down the line.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Right now, the greenhouse produces three million heads of lettuce and more than 300,000 pounds of herbs every year, with plans to expand in the future. Staples are butterhead lettuce, red and green leaf lettuce, and basil. Watercress was recently added to the growing roster, while greens such as spinach, kale, and arugula are still being tested for viability.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to McMicken, one of the notable advantages of hydroponic farming is improved food safety. The plants are raised in a contained environment with no pollutants and no environmental contaminants like dirt or bird droppings. Hydroponic growing is also healthier for the plants, McMicken explained, because it allows for tighter control of the nutrients.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70112\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70112\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-3-Placing-seedling-in-tray-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">These young butterhead lettuce plants are graduating to a tray with more widely spaced holes to allow for growth.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Another safety benefit is the fact that no pesticides are used. If any insects make their way in during the warmer weather, the growers release a few lady bugs onto the plants and let them go to work. The ladybugs eat the invaders and then fly off through the vents in the ceiling. In the peak summer season the greenhouse will occasionally employ wasps to eat any aphids that might be threatening the lettuce.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another benefit of hydroponic growing, said McMicken, is consistency. The quality and quantity of product is predictable and grown year-round, unaffected by the whims of weather and climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Green City Growers distributes 75 percent of its produce within a “local” 100-mile radius of the greenhouse. Sold in grocery stores, restaurants, and hospital systems, this tasty lettuce can go from harvest to a salad bar at the Cleveland Clinic in one or two days -- about as fresh as you can get.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other companies are also experimenting with large-scale hydroponics and local distribution. \u003ca href=\"http://brightfarms.com/s/#%21/our_farms\">BrightFarms in Philadelphia\u003c/a>, for instance, uses hydroponic technology to grow vegetables right on the roofs of supermarkets. And some, including \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/aquaponics-symbiotic-ag-at-genius-will-allens-urban-farm/\">Will Allen’s “Growing Power” organization\u003c/a>, have paired hydroponic vegetable production with fish farms in a process known as “\u003ca href=\"http://www.growingpower.org/aquaponics.htm\">aquaponics\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70113\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-70113\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/GCG-4-Butterhead-lettuce-wide-shot-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The plants are raised in a contained environment, with no pollutants, no pesticides, and no environmental contaminants.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Christopher Bond, a horticulturist who supervises the hydroponics room at \u003ca href=\"https://students.case.edu/farm/food/\" target=\"_blank\">Case Western Reserve University’s Farm Food Program\u003c/a>, says he’s seeing more mainstream hydroponics operations come online these days. However, Bond cautions that hydroponics isn’t a panacea for feeding the world’s population; rather, it is just one important method of production. It works particularly well for greens and herbs, he says, but not root vegetables like carrots, perennials like asparagus, or beans, which require runners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although this growing method has its limitations, in urban areas like this where fresh vegetables can be hard to come by but vacant lots are plentiful, hydroponic technology could prove to be a useful tool for cultivating food, business, and community.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "From Screenwriter to Soil-Saver: The Double Legacy of Louis Bromfield",
"title": "From Screenwriter to Soil-Saver: The Double Legacy of Louis Bromfield",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The problem of soil and water conservation is our gravest and most fundamental national problem.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Louis Bromfield (1896-1956)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the heart of Ohio lies a one-of-a-kind state park that is also a working farm. Malabar Farm is the living legacy of an early and unlikely pioneer in sustainable agriculture: Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Born in Mansfield, Ohio, in 1896, Bromfield was the son and grandson of farmers. In 1920, Bromfield began a career as a journalist and writer, which took him to New York City and then to the countryside of France, where he moved with his family. His career as a novelist and screenwriter brought him to California frequently, where he became friends with many Hollywood stars, such as Humphrey Bogart and Errol Flynn.*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With war looming in Europe, Bromfield moved his wife and three children back to Ohio. In 1939, longing to get back to the land and put down roots, he purchased several adjacent farms in Happy Valley and named it \u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm\u003c/a>. Now the owner of a thousand acres of Midwestern farmland, Bromfield wanted to do something untraditional with it, something other than just growing crops for profit. So he established Malabar Farm as a research and development site for scientific farming and became a pioneer in what he called “new agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66573 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield planted his fields in several kinds of grasses, and practiced contour farming. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"328\" height=\"245\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To enrich and protect crops, Bromfield planted nitrogen-fixating grasses like alfalfa and clover and used contour farming to avoid soil erosion. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The primary objective of Louis Bromfield’s new agriculture was the conservation of soil and water. He believed that resource conservation was America’s greatest challenge, especially after the devastating years of the Dust Bowl. He planted his fields in several different kinds of grasses, including alfalfa and clover. These grasses put nitrogen and organic material back into the soil and became forage for his livestock. He did not use chemical fertilizers -- experimenting with natural “barnyard” fertilizers on his fields -- and he never used pesticides. Rather than straight rows and square fields, Bromfield practiced contour farming, a technique that prevents water erosion, and replaced fences with hedges, which helped to slow down wind erosion. He also created ponds and grass waterways to conserve water and prevent runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-66573 \">Although Bromfield wasn’t the only farmer in America experimenting with sustainable methods in the 1940s, he was certainly the most famous at that time. And teaching others about saving our soil and farming without chemicals was as important to him as writing books. Conservationists and farmers visited his farm, as did some 20,000 tourists a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66599\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66599 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"387\" height=\"218\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A deep gully snakes its way through this Iowa field, carrying away topsoil and farm chemicals. A grass waterway would have minimized erosion and runoff. Credit: Environmental Working Group\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Are the lessons taught at Malabar Farm relevant and useful to us today? We fast-forward to the heart of America’s Corn Belt in May 2013, where a story emerges about lessons learned -- and not learned, with devastating results. After a year of extreme drought in the Midwest, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/us/after-drought-rains-plaguing-midwest-farms.html?_r=2&\">several days of heavy rain eroded fields\u003c/a>, washing tons of precious topsoil and farm chemicals into streams and rivers, clogging waterways, and creating pollution further downstream. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">report \u003c/a>by the Environmental Working Group using an analysis by the University of Iowa, Iowa farms with poor conservation practices lost far more soil than did other farms. Farms with good conservation practices, such as no-till fields, contour strips, terraces, and grassed waterways, saw little to no erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives-297x360.jpg\" alt=\"Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"297\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Ohio was not subject to the extreme rains that plagued Iowa in 2013, the spring was wetter than usual. But aside from a wet campground, Malabar Farm weathered it just fine, according to farm and park manager Korre Boyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bromfield was awarded the Audubon Medal for Conservationism in 1952, and in 1980 was posthumously inducted into the Ohio Agricultural Hall of Fame. Visitors can see his bust in the lobby of the Ohio Department of Agriculture’s headquarters in Reynoldsburg, Ohio. After Bromfield’s death in 1956, his children sold Malabar Farm to a conservation foundation, and it became a state park in 1976. It is still a working farm, open to the public, and hosting some 35,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many school groups make the trek to learn about the sustainable farming practices that were so important to its founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Many of Hollywood’s brightest stars visited Malabar Farm over the years, including Errol Flynn, Edward G. Robinson, and George and Gracie Allen. James Cagney could be spotted selling vegetables at the farm’s produce stand. Any visitors had to earn their keep by doing farm chores. And on May 21, 1945, Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of long-time friend Humphrey Bogart to Lauren Bacall, with Louis Bromfield serving as best man -- a star-studded event for Happy Valley!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm Website\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: normal\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0HsYOutHmI\">Our Ohio video on Malabar Farm\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: normal\" href=\"http://www.ohioana-authors.org/bromfield/highlights.php\">WOSU: Ohioana Authors – Louis Bromfield \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bookthink.com/0078/78lb1.htm\">Louis Bromfield: The Man Behind the Farm\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">EWG Report: \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">\u003cem> WASHOUT: Spring Storms Batter Poorly Protected Soil and Streams\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Best known as a Pulitzer Prize-winning author, screenwriter, and Hollywood hobnobber, Louis Bromfield was also celebrated as a pioneer of sustainable agriculture -- a lesser-known part of his legacy that lives on today at his Ohio farm.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>“The problem of soil and water conservation is our gravest and most fundamental national problem.”\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>-- Louis Bromfield (1896-1956)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the heart of Ohio lies a one-of-a-kind state park that is also a working farm. Malabar Farm is the living legacy of an early and unlikely pioneer in sustainable agriculture: Pulitzer Prize-winning author Louis Bromfield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66581\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 325px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-66581 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Geo-Petrovic-1994-01-01-8-Bromfield-with-dogs-Malabar-Farm-Archives-325x253.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"325\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Louis Bromfield was especially fond of his four beloved boxers, Prince, Baby, Gina and Folly. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Born in Mansfield, Ohio, in 1896, Bromfield was the son and grandson of farmers. In 1920, Bromfield began a career as a journalist and writer, which took him to New York City and then to the countryside of France, where he moved with his family. His career as a novelist and screenwriter brought him to California frequently, where he became friends with many Hollywood stars, such as Humphrey Bogart and Errol Flynn.*\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With war looming in Europe, Bromfield moved his wife and three children back to Ohio. In 1939, longing to get back to the land and put down roots, he purchased several adjacent farms in Happy Valley and named it \u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm\u003c/a>. Now the owner of a thousand acres of Midwestern farmland, Bromfield wanted to do something untraditional with it, something other than just growing crops for profit. So he established Malabar Farm as a research and development site for scientific farming and became a pioneer in what he called “new agriculture.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66573\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 328px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66573 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Ferguson-Div-4219-9-farm-when-Bromfield-was-there-Malabar-Farm-Archives-481x360.jpg\" alt=\"Louis Bromfield planted his fields in several kinds of grasses, and practiced contour farming. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"328\" height=\"245\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">To enrich and protect crops, Bromfield planted nitrogen-fixating grasses like alfalfa and clover and used contour farming to avoid soil erosion. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The primary objective of Louis Bromfield’s new agriculture was the conservation of soil and water. He believed that resource conservation was America’s greatest challenge, especially after the devastating years of the Dust Bowl. He planted his fields in several different kinds of grasses, including alfalfa and clover. These grasses put nitrogen and organic material back into the soil and became forage for his livestock. He did not use chemical fertilizers -- experimenting with natural “barnyard” fertilizers on his fields -- and he never used pesticides. Rather than straight rows and square fields, Bromfield practiced contour farming, a technique that prevents water erosion, and replaced fences with hedges, which helped to slow down wind erosion. He also created ponds and grass waterways to conserve water and prevent runoff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-image-66573 \">Although Bromfield wasn’t the only farmer in America experimenting with sustainable methods in the 1940s, he was certainly the most famous at that time. And teaching others about saving our soil and farming without chemicals was as important to him as writing books. Conservationists and farmers visited his farm, as did some 20,000 tourists a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66599\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 387px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-66599 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/2013-05-30_14-25-58-mud-runoff-from-EWG-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"387\" height=\"218\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A deep gully snakes its way through this Iowa field, carrying away topsoil and farm chemicals. A grass waterway would have minimized erosion and runoff. Credit: Environmental Working Group\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Are the lessons taught at Malabar Farm relevant and useful to us today? We fast-forward to the heart of America’s Corn Belt in May 2013, where a story emerges about lessons learned -- and not learned, with devastating results. After a year of extreme drought in the Midwest, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/10/us/after-drought-rains-plaguing-midwest-farms.html?_r=2&\">several days of heavy rain eroded fields\u003c/a>, washing tons of precious topsoil and farm chemicals into streams and rivers, clogging waterways, and creating pollution further downstream. According to a \u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">report \u003c/a>by the Environmental Working Group using an analysis by the University of Iowa, Iowa farms with poor conservation practices lost far more soil than did other farms. Farms with good conservation practices, such as no-till fields, contour strips, terraces, and grassed waterways, saw little to no erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_66579\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 297px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-66579\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Bogie-no-ID-Malabar-Farm-Archives-297x360.jpg\" alt=\"Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\" width=\"297\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of Hollywood stars Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. Credit: Malabar Farm Archives\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Although Ohio was not subject to the extreme rains that plagued Iowa in 2013, the spring was wetter than usual. But aside from a wet campground, Malabar Farm weathered it just fine, according to farm and park manager Korre Boyer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bromfield was awarded the Audubon Medal for Conservationism in 1952, and in 1980 was posthumously inducted into the Ohio Agricultural Hall of Fame. Visitors can see his bust in the lobby of the Ohio Department of Agriculture’s headquarters in Reynoldsburg, Ohio. After Bromfield’s death in 1956, his children sold Malabar Farm to a conservation foundation, and it became a state park in 1976. It is still a working farm, open to the public, and hosting some 35,000 visitors a year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many school groups make the trek to learn about the sustainable farming practices that were so important to its founder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>* Many of Hollywood’s brightest stars visited Malabar Farm over the years, including Errol Flynn, Edward G. Robinson, and George and Gracie Allen. James Cagney could be spotted selling vegetables at the farm’s produce stand. Any visitors had to earn their keep by doing farm chores. And on May 21, 1945, Malabar Farm hosted the wedding of long-time friend Humphrey Bogart to Lauren Bacall, with Louis Bromfield serving as best man -- a star-studded event for Happy Valley!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Additional Links:\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.malabarfarm.org/\">Malabar Farm Website\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: normal\" href=\"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0HsYOutHmI\">Our Ohio video on Malabar Farm\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca class=\"MsoNormal\" style=\"margin-bottom: .0001pt;line-height: normal\" href=\"http://www.ohioana-authors.org/bromfield/highlights.php\">WOSU: Ohioana Authors – Louis Bromfield \u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.bookthink.com/0078/78lb1.htm\">Louis Bromfield: The Man Behind the Farm\u003c/a> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">EWG Report: \u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://www.ewg.org/research/spring-storm-batter-midwest-soil-and-streams\">\u003cem> WASHOUT: Spring Storms Batter Poorly Protected Soil and Streams\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie",
"title": "Battling the Bloom: Lake Erie",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>“Battling the Bloom” was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of people depend on Lake Erie for drinking water. Many others rely on it for commerce and recreation. The lake also provides critical habitat for fish and wildlife. Toxic algae blooms are now putting all of this at risk. In this QUEST video we set out to investigate the problem and talk to researchers and others looking for the cause on Ohio’s farm fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In shooting “Battling the Bloom,” our team traveled to South Bass Island, a hidden gem just off the north shore of Ohio in the western basin of Lake Erie. There are dozens of islands like this in Erie, left behind by the last glacier that scraped out the Great Lakes. Some of Lake Erie’s islands are populated year round by a small number of residents, but the numbers swell in the summer as more than a million visitors head for fun in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60187\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We were on the island to visit Dr. Jeff Reutter, who runs Ohio State University’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonelab.osu.edu\">Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> research center there. Established in 1895, Stone Lab is the oldest freshwater biological lab in the country. Reutter has been working on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, are caused by too many nutrients getting into the lake. When those extra nutrients combine with warm water in the lake’s shallow end at the end of summer, the result is an algal bloom that is toxic to humans and animals and can cause fish-killing conditions -- dead zones -- at the bottom of the lake. In the 1970s and ’80s, HABs were caused by excess sewage going into the lake. Today, sewage overflow still can cause HABs, but the primary culprit is nutrient runoff in the form of fertilizer and animal waste from farms in the Lake Erie watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59276\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Boat-in-harbor-Perry-monument-in-background-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Miller Ferry docked at the south end of South Bass Island and we headed up the narrow island to its main attraction, the town of Put in Bay. Put in Bay is the harbor as well as the island’s social and entertainment center. You can’t miss \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pevi/index.htm\">Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial\u003c/a>, which soars more than 350 feet over Lake Erie. The giant Doric column celebrates Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory during the \u003ca href=\"http://battleoflakeerie-bicentennial.com/\">Battle of Lake Erie\u003c/a> in September 1813 and the resulting peace among the U.S., Britain, and Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59273\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59273\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-interview-harbor-boat-in-bkgd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our camera crew set up shop at Stone Lab and interviewed Reutter at the water’s edge as boats and kayaks floated by in the distance and stable flies bit our ankles. We then boarded a Stone Lab research boat for a lunchtime excursion to Gibraltar Island, a smaller island just offshore in the harbor. Ohio State University owns Gibraltar Island, where it has another lab facility. Students live, study, and conduct research here during the summer. The island provides great views of the lake and many of the neighboring islands, especially from the stone cliffs of Perry’s Lookout on Gibraltar’s northeast corner. The lookout is named for Commodore Perry, who is said to have watched for British ships from here before the historic battle. Perry is a legend in northern Ohio -- there is even a beer named for him at Cleveland’s Great Lakes Brewery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59801\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59801\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/marina-wide-shot-algae-and-ODNR-boat-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schedule constraints meant we had to film this story in the spring, so we were unable to capture any footage of the harmful algal blooms that typically peak in late summer. Fortunately, we were able to include footage from Erie’s 2011 algal bloom, one of the worst in recent history. NOAA forecasters \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/news/?article=619\">predicted\u003c/a> that the 2013 bloom would be twice as bad as that in 2012 but not nearly as bad as 2011. Data are still coming in for the actual algal counts in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we returned to the dock at Put in Bay, a bald eagle swooped over the harbor. The majestic bird served as a reminder that the lake is so much more than a lovely summer tourist destination. Lake Erie and its shores are home to an amazing diversity of wildlife all year, including some species that are struggling -- or have had to struggle -- to survive. Today, a cleaner lake teeming with fish and an actively protected habitat have turned Lake Erie’s islands into a prime area for spotting \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/13/ohios-bald-eagle-comeback/\">bald eagles\u003c/a>, a species that nearly disappeared several decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake/\">Lake Erie watersnake\u003c/a>, found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, was removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife, thanks in part to active education efforts and protection of the islands’ shores where it makes its home. As an added bonus, the snakes have developed an appetite for an invasive fish called the round goby, helping to minimize the impacts of this non-native species on the lake’s ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake’s islands provide critical habitat for shorebirds, a major rest stop for migrating birds, a heavenly launch for fisherman, and a reminder that we need to continuously work to protect these important natural areas from the damage wrought by human activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/_documents/publications/GS/GS-025ExploretheLakeErieIslandsAGuidetoNatureandHistoryAlongtheLakeErieCoastalTrail.pdf\">Explore the Lake Erie Islands: A Guide to Nature and History along the Lake Erie Coastal Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.shoresandislands.com/\">Lake Erie Shores and Islands\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/\">Ohio Sea Grant\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/lake_erie_hab/lake_erie_hab.html\">NOAA’s Harmful Algal Blooms in Lake Erie Weekly Bulletin \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/09/10/220721622/remembering-a-brave-lucky-hero-in-the-war-of-1812\">NPR: Remembering a “Brave,” “Lucky” Hero in the War of 1812 (Re-enactment on Lake Erie)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>“Battling the Bloom” was produced by QUEST Ohio’s \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/maryfecteau/\">Mary Fecteau\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003cem>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Millions of people depend on Lake Erie for drinking water. Many others rely on it for commerce and recreation. The lake also provides critical habitat for fish and wildlife. Toxic algae blooms are now putting all of this at risk. In this QUEST video we set out to investigate the problem and talk to researchers and others looking for the cause on Ohio’s farm fields.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59274\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59274\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Milan-shooting-lake-from-Gibralter-wider-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Videographer Milan Jovanovic takes in the expanse of lake and islands visible from Perry’s Lookout.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In shooting “Battling the Bloom,” our team traveled to South Bass Island, a hidden gem just off the north shore of Ohio in the western basin of Lake Erie. There are dozens of islands like this in Erie, left behind by the last glacier that scraped out the Great Lakes. Some of Lake Erie’s islands are populated year round by a small number of residents, but the numbers swell in the summer as more than a million visitors head for fun in the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_60187\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 225px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-60187\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-pic-traveling-on-boat-225x169.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"225\" height=\"169\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter has been researching harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We were on the island to visit Dr. Jeff Reutter, who runs Ohio State University’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.stonelab.osu.edu\">Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> research center there. Established in 1895, Stone Lab is the oldest freshwater biological lab in the country. Reutter has been working on Lake Erie since 1971.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harmful algal blooms, or HABs, are caused by too many nutrients getting into the lake. When those extra nutrients combine with warm water in the lake’s shallow end at the end of summer, the result is an algal bloom that is toxic to humans and animals and can cause fish-killing conditions -- dead zones -- at the bottom of the lake. In the 1970s and ’80s, HABs were caused by excess sewage going into the lake. Today, sewage overflow still can cause HABs, but the primary culprit is nutrient runoff in the form of fertilizer and animal waste from farms in the Lake Erie watershed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59276\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59276\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Boat-in-harbor-Perry-monument-in-background-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You can see Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial from almost anywhere in the Lake Erie Islands. This view is from Stone Lab’s dock on South Bass.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Miller Ferry docked at the south end of South Bass Island and we headed up the narrow island to its main attraction, the town of Put in Bay. Put in Bay is the harbor as well as the island’s social and entertainment center. You can’t miss \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/pevi/index.htm\">Perry’s Victory and International Peace Memorial\u003c/a>, which soars more than 350 feet over Lake Erie. The giant Doric column celebrates Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory during the \u003ca href=\"http://battleoflakeerie-bicentennial.com/\">Battle of Lake Erie\u003c/a> in September 1813 and the resulting peace among the U.S., Britain, and Canada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59273\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59273\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/Jeff-interview-harbor-boat-in-bkgd-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jeff Reutter tells us all about harmful algal blooms on Lake Erie in front of Stone Lab on South Bass Island.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Our camera crew set up shop at Stone Lab and interviewed Reutter at the water’s edge as boats and kayaks floated by in the distance and stable flies bit our ankles. We then boarded a Stone Lab research boat for a lunchtime excursion to Gibraltar Island, a smaller island just offshore in the harbor. Ohio State University owns Gibraltar Island, where it has another lab facility. Students live, study, and conduct research here during the summer. The island provides great views of the lake and many of the neighboring islands, especially from the stone cliffs of Perry’s Lookout on Gibraltar’s northeast corner. The lookout is named for Commodore Perry, who is said to have watched for British ships from here before the historic battle. Perry is a legend in northern Ohio -- there is even a beer named for him at Cleveland’s Great Lakes Brewery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_59801\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 337px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-59801\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/08/marina-wide-shot-algae-and-ODNR-boat-337x253.jpg\" alt=\"By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park. Credit: Jean O’Malley\" width=\"337\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">By August 19, 2013, harmful algal blooms had begun growing in the western end of Lake Erie. This is the marina at Maumee Bay State Park.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Schedule constraints meant we had to film this story in the spring, so we were unable to capture any footage of the harmful algal blooms that typically peak in late summer. Fortunately, we were able to include footage from Erie’s 2011 algal bloom, one of the worst in recent history. NOAA forecasters \u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/news/?article=619\">predicted\u003c/a> that the 2013 bloom would be twice as bad as that in 2012 but not nearly as bad as 2011. Data are still coming in for the actual algal counts in 2013.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As we returned to the dock at Put in Bay, a bald eagle swooped over the harbor. The majestic bird served as a reminder that the lake is so much more than a lovely summer tourist destination. Lake Erie and its shores are home to an amazing diversity of wildlife all year, including some species that are struggling -- or have had to struggle -- to survive. Today, a cleaner lake teeming with fish and an actively protected habitat have turned Lake Erie’s islands into a prime area for spotting \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2013/08/13/ohios-bald-eagle-comeback/\">bald eagles\u003c/a>, a species that nearly disappeared several decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2011, the \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/cool-critters-lake-erie-water-snake/\">Lake Erie watersnake\u003c/a>, found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, was removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife, thanks in part to active education efforts and protection of the islands’ shores where it makes its home. As an added bonus, the snakes have developed an appetite for an invasive fish called the round goby, helping to minimize the impacts of this non-native species on the lake’s ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Lake’s islands provide critical habitat for shorebirds, a major rest stop for migrating birds, a heavenly launch for fisherman, and a reminder that we need to continuously work to protect these important natural areas from the damage wrought by human activities.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/_documents/publications/GS/GS-025ExploretheLakeErieIslandsAGuidetoNatureandHistoryAlongtheLakeErieCoastalTrail.pdf\">Explore the Lake Erie Islands: A Guide to Nature and History along the Lake Erie Coastal Trail\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.shoresandislands.com/\">Lake Erie Shores and Islands\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ohioseagrant.osu.edu/\">Ohio Sea Grant\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/res/Centers/HABS/lake_erie_hab/lake_erie_hab.html\">NOAA’s Harmful Algal Blooms in Lake Erie Weekly Bulletin \u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2013/09/10/220721622/remembering-a-brave-lucky-hero-in-the-war-of-1812\">NPR: Remembering a “Brave,” “Lucky” Hero in the War of 1812 (Re-enactment on Lake Erie)\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Ohio’s Bald Eagle Comeback",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photographer Al Freeman caught this bald eagle family at home in a tree behind Old Dutch Tavern in Sandusky, Ohio, near Lake Erie, in 2009. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.acfreeman.com/Wildlife/BALD-EAGLE/i-3qrs8f7\">Al Freeman\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The appearance of three new bald eagle nests made headlines in Ohio this summer. Why is this newsworthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of bald eagles, you might imagine these national birds diving into rivers in America’s Pacific Northwest or perched atop a tall pine tree in Florida. In Alaska, the giant raptors seem to be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Ohio and other parts of the Midwest that were once home to many of these majestic creatures, populations are a far cry from what they once were -- a remnant of the bald eagle’s brush with extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58766\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58766 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Quest-bald-eagle-on-cedar-point-causeway-erie-2013-al-freeman-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before settlers arrived, bald eagles were plentiful all along Ohio’s Lake Erie coast, but population growth on the shoreline took away habitat and reduced their numbers. In the 1970s bald eagles nearly disappeared from Ohio and the rest of the lower 48 states, mainly because of the insecticide DDT. As a result of years of heavy spraying, DDT built up in the environment and in small animals like rodents and fish. When the eagles ate these small animals, DDT accumulated in their bodies, too. As a result, female eagles laid eggs with very thin shells. The weight of the nesting bird would crack the eggs, killing the chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although DDT was banned in 1972, it took some time for eagle populations to rebound. Only four nesting pairs of bald eagles could be found in the Buckeye State in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1995 the birds had recovered so well that they were removed from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/recovery/qandas.html\">Endangered Species List\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/midwestbird/eaglepermits/bagepa.html\">The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act\u003c/a>, first written in 1940 and amended many times since, continues to help ensure their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58764\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58764 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-abundance-1999-2013-ODNR-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio’s bald eagle population continues to grow steadily today, thanks to the careful management of habitat and protection of nests, but local wildlife experts remain vigilant. Each new nest is a cause for celebration among bird and nature lovers. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/wild_resourcessubhomepage/ResearchandSurveys/resourceseagleeagleviewmap/BaldEagleResources/tabid/15488/Default.aspx\">Bald Eagle Nesting Survey\u003c/a> by the Ohio Division of Wildlife estimates that there are 190 nests in the state in 2013. Eagle watchers have always found the greatest number of these birds along the shore of Lake Erie and the adjacent marshes of northwest Ohio, but now the number of nests is increasing farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.com/news/new-bald-eagle-nests-confirmed-in-gorge-metro-park-clinton-conservation-area-bath-township-1.403382\">nests that made headlines\u003c/a> this summer are in Summit County, about 20 miles south of Lake Erie. It’s the home of Akron, Ohio’s fifth largest city with nearly 200,000 people. But the county also contains a large portion of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Bald-Eagles-2011_for-web.pdf\">Cuyahoga Valley National Park\u003c/a> plus 9,000 acres of metropolitan parks. Park officials there say they knew about the new nests for months, but waited to announce the discoveries until nature disguised the locations with leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the waiting period?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mike Johnson, Chief of Natural Resources Management for \u003ca href=\"http://www.summitmetroparks.org/\">Metro Parks, Serving Summit County\u003c/a>, humans pose the greatest threat to the success of nesting eagles. The reason is simple. Eggs and hatchlings need to be kept warm, and babies need to be fed constantly. Curious humans who venture too close to a nest can keep the parents away from their duties, jeopardizing the health of the baby eagles. Too many humans nearby can even cause bald eagles to abandon a nest completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58767\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58767 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-near-Columbus-Tim-Daniel-ODNR-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\" width=\"310\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge is a human challenge,” says Johnson, “trying to educate people about why we need to leave [the eagles] alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While delivering a recent update, Johnson said that they saw bald eagles sitting on the nest in Gorge Metro Park, but they never saw chicks, and now that nest has been abandoned. But two chicks did make a recent appearance in a nest near a towpath in the town of Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did one nest do well while the other nest failed? Just as in real estate, the answer might be location, location, location. Gorge Metro Park is on the edge of Akron. It is a small park with many visitors and close to a noisy highway. Mike thought it was a bad site for bald eagles, although the birds did manage to pick the one spot that you couldn’t see from the trail. The Clinton nest is more rural and close to a water source and an abundant food supply. It is less frequented by people and a better fit for the eagles’ habitat needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although only one of the nests yielded chicks, park officials are thrilled. “Every new nest is a victory for conservation and recovery,” says Johnson. “It shows what can be achieved through recovery efforts -- the ultimate success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=6AK1YgSAlzs%3D&tabid=6542\">Ohio Division of Wildlife Life History Notes: Bald Eagle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/population/chtofprs.html\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Chart and Table of Bald Eagle Breeding Pairs in Lower 48 States\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/\">American Bald Eagle Information\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58765\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-58765 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg\" alt=\"Photographer Al Freeman caught this bald eagle family at home in a tree behind Old Dutch Tavern in Sandusky, Ohio, near Lake Erie, in 2009. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-Bald-Eagle-family-640x360-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo Credit: \u003ca href=\"http://www.acfreeman.com/Wildlife/BALD-EAGLE/i-3qrs8f7\">Al Freeman\u003c/a>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The appearance of three new bald eagle nests made headlines in Ohio this summer. Why is this newsworthy?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you think of bald eagles, you might imagine these national birds diving into rivers in America’s Pacific Northwest or perched atop a tall pine tree in Florida. In Alaska, the giant raptors seem to be everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in Ohio and other parts of the Midwest that were once home to many of these majestic creatures, populations are a far cry from what they once were -- a remnant of the bald eagle’s brush with extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58766\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 379px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58766 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/Quest-bald-eagle-on-cedar-point-causeway-erie-2013-al-freeman-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\" width=\"379\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An adult bald eagle takes a break in a tree on Cedar Point Causeway in Erie County, Ohio earlier this spring. Credit: Al Freeman\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Before settlers arrived, bald eagles were plentiful all along Ohio’s Lake Erie coast, but population growth on the shoreline took away habitat and reduced their numbers. In the 1970s bald eagles nearly disappeared from Ohio and the rest of the lower 48 states, mainly because of the insecticide DDT. As a result of years of heavy spraying, DDT built up in the environment and in small animals like rodents and fish. When the eagles ate these small animals, DDT accumulated in their bodies, too. As a result, female eagles laid eggs with very thin shells. The weight of the nesting bird would crack the eggs, killing the chicks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although DDT was banned in 1972, it took some time for eagle populations to rebound. Only four nesting pairs of bald eagles could be found in the Buckeye State in 1979.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1995 the birds had recovered so well that they were removed from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/recovery/qandas.html\">Endangered Species List\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/midwestbird/eaglepermits/bagepa.html\">The Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle Protection Act\u003c/a>, first written in 1940 and amended many times since, continues to help ensure their survival.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58764\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 370px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58764 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-abundance-1999-2013-ODNR-370x253.jpg\" alt=\"This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\" width=\"370\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This graph illustrates the growth in the estimated number of bald eagle nesting pairs in Ohio in the past fourteen years. Credit: ODNR\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohio’s bald eagle population continues to grow steadily today, thanks to the careful management of habitat and protection of nests, but local wildlife experts remain vigilant. Each new nest is a cause for celebration among bird and nature lovers. A \u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/Home/wild_resourcessubhomepage/ResearchandSurveys/resourceseagleeagleviewmap/BaldEagleResources/tabid/15488/Default.aspx\">Bald Eagle Nesting Survey\u003c/a> by the Ohio Division of Wildlife estimates that there are 190 nests in the state in 2013. Eagle watchers have always found the greatest number of these birds along the shore of Lake Erie and the adjacent marshes of northwest Ohio, but now the number of nests is increasing farther inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of the new \u003ca href=\"http://www.ohio.com/news/new-bald-eagle-nests-confirmed-in-gorge-metro-park-clinton-conservation-area-bath-township-1.403382\">nests that made headlines\u003c/a> this summer are in Summit County, about 20 miles south of Lake Erie. It’s the home of Akron, Ohio’s fifth largest city with nearly 200,000 people. But the county also contains a large portion of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/cuva/planyourvisit/upload/Bald-Eagles-2011_for-web.pdf\">Cuyahoga Valley National Park\u003c/a> plus 9,000 acres of metropolitan parks. Park officials there say they knew about the new nests for months, but waited to announce the discoveries until nature disguised the locations with leaves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why the waiting period?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Mike Johnson, Chief of Natural Resources Management for \u003ca href=\"http://www.summitmetroparks.org/\">Metro Parks, Serving Summit County\u003c/a>, humans pose the greatest threat to the success of nesting eagles. The reason is simple. Eggs and hatchlings need to be kept warm, and babies need to be fed constantly. Curious humans who venture too close to a nest can keep the parents away from their duties, jeopardizing the health of the baby eagles. Too many humans nearby can even cause bald eagles to abandon a nest completely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_58767\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 310px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-58767 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2013/06/QUEST-bald-eagle-near-Columbus-Tim-Daniel-ODNR-310x253.jpg\" alt=\"This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\" width=\"310\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This bald eagle family took up residence on a public golf course in Ohio's Pickaway County, not far from the state capital of Columbus, in 2008. Credit: Tim Daniel ODNR/Wildlife.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The biggest challenge is a human challenge,” says Johnson, “trying to educate people about why we need to leave [the eagles] alone.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While delivering a recent update, Johnson said that they saw bald eagles sitting on the nest in Gorge Metro Park, but they never saw chicks, and now that nest has been abandoned. But two chicks did make a recent appearance in a nest near a towpath in the town of Clinton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why did one nest do well while the other nest failed? Just as in real estate, the answer might be location, location, location. Gorge Metro Park is on the edge of Akron. It is a small park with many visitors and close to a noisy highway. Mike thought it was a bad site for bald eagles, although the birds did manage to pick the one spot that you couldn’t see from the trail. The Clinton nest is more rural and close to a water source and an abundant food supply. It is less frequented by people and a better fit for the eagles’ habitat needs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although only one of the nests yielded chicks, park officials are thrilled. “Every new nest is a victory for conservation and recovery,” says Johnson. “It shows what can be achieved through recovery efforts -- the ultimate success story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Additional Links\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=6AK1YgSAlzs%3D&tabid=6542\">Ohio Division of Wildlife Life History Notes: Bald Eagle\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/eagle/population/chtofprs.html\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service: Chart and Table of Bald Eagle Breeding Pairs in Lower 48 States\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/\">American Bald Eagle Information\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "A Day with Zoo Veterinarian Mike Selig",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" title=\"Jean O'Malley\" target=\"_blank\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carmen is a male two-toed sloth from South America and Jo is a four ton female elephant from Africa. They each have their own keepers who take care of them on a daily basis, but who do you call when they get sick? That’s Dr. Mike Selig’s job. As a staff veterinarian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.clemetzoo.com/\" title=\"Cleveland Metroparks Zoo\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Metroparks Zoo\u003c/a>, he oversees the health and well-being of more than 2,500 animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=greatjob&episode=zoo_vet\" style=\"width:512px;height:318px;border:0;overflow:hidden\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We visited the zoo on a cold, raw day in late February, the day after a swollen creek had flooded the lower lying areas. The zoo was closed to the public because of the mess left behind and while crews rushed around cleaning up, we were given the royal treatment, taken into the inner resources of some of the zoo’s buildings. We watched Dr. Selig perform Carmen’s examination from only a few feet away. I was able to touch Carmen’s fur (it feels quite coarse) while he was still asleep. We found that you have to step in pans of disinfectant as you move through every doorway in the zoo’s medical building so as to not spread any germs. We walked through the business side of a primate exhibit in the zoo’s Rain Forest so Dr. Selig could check on a patient – and it smelled pretty exotic on that side of the glass. Most fascinating of all, we got a close-up view of the elephant keeper and Dr. Selig as they worked through Jo’s exam – much closer than zoo visitors get as they walk through this brand new building in the zoo’s new African Elephant Crossing exhibit. We had to stay behind the red line, just out of trunk’s reach!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27872\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 358px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/29/a-day-with-zoo-veterinarian-mike-selig/gj-mike_selig/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27872\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gj-mike_selig-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"Great Job! Dr. Mike Selig\" title=\"gj-mike_selig\" width=\"358\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27872\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Mike Selig, Zoo Veterinarian, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\nWVIZ/PBS ideastream® developed “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/imagine\" title=\"Great Job\" target=\"_blank\">Great Job!\u003c/a>”, a video series for the 6th through 8th grade STEM curriculum (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), designed to raise student and community awareness of STEM careers and the education available through Ohio’s K-12 and University system. In his “Great Job!” profile, Dr. Selig talks about his job as a zoo veterinarian, his responsibilities and duties, as well as the training and formal education he received at the Ohio State University. He also tells us about all the different fields of science that come into play in his job. We follow the doctor through a “typical” day as he works with both keepers and veterinary assistants. Two of the highlights are a routine checkup of a sloth and a physical examination of an elephant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" title=\"Jean O'Malley\" target=\"_blank\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" title=\"QUEST Ohio\" target=\"_blank\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carmen is a male two-toed sloth from South America and Jo is a four ton female elephant from Africa. They each have their own keepers who take care of them on a daily basis, but who do you call when they get sick? That’s Dr. Mike Selig’s job. As a staff veterinarian at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.clemetzoo.com/\" title=\"Cleveland Metroparks Zoo\" target=\"_blank\">Cleveland Metroparks Zoo\u003c/a>, he oversees the health and well-being of more than 2,500 animals. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.ideastream.org/common/embed/single.php?program=greatjob&episode=zoo_vet\" style=\"width:512px;height:318px;border:0;overflow:hidden\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We visited the zoo on a cold, raw day in late February, the day after a swollen creek had flooded the lower lying areas. The zoo was closed to the public because of the mess left behind and while crews rushed around cleaning up, we were given the royal treatment, taken into the inner resources of some of the zoo’s buildings. We watched Dr. Selig perform Carmen’s examination from only a few feet away. I was able to touch Carmen’s fur (it feels quite coarse) while he was still asleep. We found that you have to step in pans of disinfectant as you move through every doorway in the zoo’s medical building so as to not spread any germs. We walked through the business side of a primate exhibit in the zoo’s Rain Forest so Dr. Selig could check on a patient – and it smelled pretty exotic on that side of the glass. Most fascinating of all, we got a close-up view of the elephant keeper and Dr. Selig as they worked through Jo’s exam – much closer than zoo visitors get as they walk through this brand new building in the zoo’s new African Elephant Crossing exhibit. We had to stay behind the red line, just out of trunk’s reach!\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27872\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 358px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2011/11/29/a-day-with-zoo-veterinarian-mike-selig/gj-mike_selig/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-27872\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/11/gj-mike_selig-358x253.jpg\" alt=\"Great Job! Dr. Mike Selig\" title=\"gj-mike_selig\" width=\"358\" height=\"253\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27872\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Mike Selig, Zoo Veterinarian, Cleveland Metroparks Zoo.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\nWVIZ/PBS ideastream® developed “\u003ca href=\"http://www.ideastream.org/imagine\" title=\"Great Job\" target=\"_blank\">Great Job!\u003c/a>”, a video series for the 6th through 8th grade STEM curriculum (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics), designed to raise student and community awareness of STEM careers and the education available through Ohio’s K-12 and University system. In his “Great Job!” profile, Dr. Selig talks about his job as a zoo veterinarian, his responsibilities and duties, as well as the training and formal education he received at the Ohio State University. He also tells us about all the different fields of science that come into play in his job. We follow the doctor through a “typical” day as he works with both keepers and veterinary assistants. Two of the highlights are a routine checkup of a sloth and a physical examination of an elephant. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Article by \u003ca title=\"Jean O'Malley\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/jeanomalley/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jean O'Malley\u003c/a> of \u003ca title=\"QUEST Ohio\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/stations/ohio/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QUEST Ohio\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within and along the waters of Lake Erie (one of the five Great Lakes), there is a daily struggle for survival between natives and unwelcome invasive species. Most times, these unwanted invaders have negative consequences for the lake’s long-standing residents. However, there are rare occasions when the \u003cem>native\u003c/em> actually benefits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin Stanford, herpetologist, researcher, and snake lover from Northern Illinois University, has been observing this struggle for over ten years as the Recovery Plan Coordinator for the Lake Erie water snake. She works out of \u003ca href=\"http://stonelab.osu.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ohio State University’s Stone Laboratory\u003c/a> on South Bass Island in western Lake Erie. An expert on these snakes, Kristin, aka “The Island Snake Lady,” works hard to educate students and the public about them, and encourages the islanders to co-exist peacefully with their slithery neighbors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23858\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 395px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-23858 \" title=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS4-395x253.jpg\" alt=\"Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\" width=\"395\" height=\"253\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lake Erie Water Snake (LEWS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of six species of snake found on South Bass Island, \u003ca href=\"http://respectthesnake.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lake Erie water snakes\u003c/a> (or LEWS for short) are a species found only in the western basin of Lake Erie, in Ohio and southern Ontario, Canada. The reason the water snakes were listed as a state endangered, federally threatened species in 1999 was due to three primary threats to their population – low population size, habitat destruction, and human persecution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.visitputinbay.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">South Bass Island\u003c/a> is a very popular spot for vacationers, with homes built along the shore, boats in the harbor, and hundreds of visitors rattling around the island on golf carts every day. It’s not too far across the water from nearby Cedar Point Amusement Park. Kristin invited us out to the island, one of a series of three small islands – South, Middle and North Bass Islands – to search for snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does one count snakes? Kristin takes a group of five to ten hardy volunteers to fourteen different study sites on the island, to – as she says – “scour the shore line” for all of the adult snakes that they are able to catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin’s prime hunting ground is the Scheeff East Point Nature Preserve on the northern point of the island. Our production crew arrived on a hot and humid June morning to find that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayflynews.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mayflies \u003c/a>had invaded the island, adding to the gross factor of our visit. These insects flew up out of the grass and covered our heads, clothes, and equipment. Luckily, they don’t bite as they don’t even have mouths! Their only career goal is to mate, lay eggs in the lake and die within three days. Once we got used to the mayflies, we turned our attention to snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23855\" title=\"Hunting for LEWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS3-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Hunting for LEWS\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hunting for LEWS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some of their study sites, the researchers place heavy black mats on the ground. The snakes love to snuggle under the mats to keep warm. Kristin warned us that one mat in particular has been doing really well. “When I lift it up, there’s probably going to be about forty snakes underneath.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YIKES! She wasn’t kidding. There were a bunch, and she gamely grabbed two handfuls of the writhing reptiles. Normally she has several people to help her. Today, she struggled by herself, and managed to get a few into a pillowcase she had brought along as a snake catching bag. And yes, they bite, but they’re not poisonous. She does get bitten in the course of gathering snakes, but they’re usually gone by the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin and her colleagues estimate the number of water snakes by utilizing “mark and recapture techniques.” They insert a small microchip called a pit tag under the skin of the adult snakes they capture, and use the ratio of marked animals to unmarked animals to generate population and density estimates for the Lake Erie water snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin plucks a snake out of the grass near the lake shore, and points out the green mark on its back that means it’s been captured and given a pit tag recently. “So what we can do then is scan it and get the pit tag number and re-release it relatively quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After we catch the animals, we take some appropriate and annual regular data on them including snout to vent length, mass, we score them for sex and color pattern, and then we also look for the presence of recently consumed prey items. And all that involves is looking for a little bulge inside the snake’s belly. When we see that, we slowly and gently regurgitate that and then we will bring those samples back to the laboratory for further analysis and we identify them to species and that’s how we’re able to determine that the water snakes are eating about 90% round gobies now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are\u003ca href=\"http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_invasive_goby&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> round gobies\u003c/a>? No, they’re not fancy marbles. They are a small invasive fish species to Lake Erie, from the Black and Caspian Seas, arriving in the ballast of cargo ships about the mid-1990s. They are considered a very harmful species because they are voracious nest predators for many of Lake Erie’s bottom-dwelling fish and game fish. They gobble up all of the eggs and fry in a very short period of time. And there are BILLIONS of them in Lake Erie now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"alignright size-large wp-image-23854\" title=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS2-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"LEWS sign on South Bass Island\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, normally there is not much good to say about an invasive species. But Kristin explained, “It was about the mid to late 1990s when we started seeing gobies pop up in Lake Erie water snake diet samples.” As they continued to study the snakes, they started seeing more and more gobies popping up in their diet samples, and now, Kristin tells us, round gobies are about 90% of the water snake’s diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And what effect is this new menu item having on the Lake Erie water snake? Kristin and her colleagues have been able to show that, since the water snakes have been eating round gobies, “they have increased their growth rate, they’ve increased their maximum body size, so they can grow bigger than they ever could before, they’ve increased their reproductive rate, as well as their survival rate, and population growth rate.” The result – a population explosion of water snakes on the Lake Erie Islands, and also the nearby mainland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Due in part to the impact of the round gobies, the \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/reptiles/lews/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service\u003c/a> announced on August 15 that the Lake Erie water snake has been removed from the federal list of threatened and endangered wildlife. And that is – at least from the point of view of the snakes AND the Island Snake Lady – “a really great ending to our story.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, how does one count snakes? Kristin takes a group of five to ten hardy volunteers to fourteen different study sites on the island, to – as she says – “scour the shore line” for all of the adult snakes that they are able to catch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin’s prime hunting ground is the Scheeff East Point Nature Preserve on the northern point of the island. Our production crew arrived on a hot and humid June morning to find that \u003ca href=\"http://www.mayflynews.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mayflies \u003c/a>had invaded the island, adding to the gross factor of our visit. These insects flew up out of the grass and covered our heads, clothes, and equipment. Luckily, they don’t bite as they don’t even have mouths! Their only career goal is to mate, lay eggs in the lake and die within three days. Once we got used to the mayflies, we turned our attention to snakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23855\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-23855\" title=\"Hunting for LEWS\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2011/09/LEWS3-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Hunting for LEWS\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hunting for LEWS\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some of their study sites, the researchers place heavy black mats on the ground. The snakes love to snuggle under the mats to keep warm. Kristin warned us that one mat in particular has been doing really well. “When I lift it up, there’s probably going to be about forty snakes underneath.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>YIKES! She wasn’t kidding. There were a bunch, and she gamely grabbed two handfuls of the writhing reptiles. Normally she has several people to help her. Today, she struggled by herself, and managed to get a few into a pillowcase she had brought along as a snake catching bag. And yes, they bite, but they’re not poisonous. She does get bitten in the course of gathering snakes, but they’re usually gone by the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin and her colleagues estimate the number of water snakes by utilizing “mark and recapture techniques.” They insert a small microchip called a pit tag under the skin of the adult snakes they capture, and use the ratio of marked animals to unmarked animals to generate population and density estimates for the Lake Erie water snake.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kristin plucks a snake out of the grass near the lake shore, and points out the green mark on its back that means it’s been captured and given a pit tag recently. “So what we can do then is scan it and get the pit tag number and re-release it relatively quickly.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After we catch the animals, we take some appropriate and annual regular data on them including snout to vent length, mass, we score them for sex and color pattern, and then we also look for the presence of recently consumed prey items. And all that involves is looking for a little bulge inside the snake’s belly. When we see that, we slowly and gently regurgitate that and then we will bring those samples back to the laboratory for further analysis and we identify them to species and that’s how we’re able to determine that the water snakes are eating about 90% round gobies now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are\u003ca href=\"http://www.glsc.usgs.gov/main.php?content=research_invasive_goby&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> round gobies\u003c/a>? No, they’re not fancy marbles. They are a small invasive fish species to Lake Erie, from the Black and Caspian Seas, arriving in the ballast of cargo ships about the mid-1990s. They are considered a very harmful species because they are voracious nest predators for many of Lake Erie’s bottom-dwelling fish and game fish. They gobble up all of the eggs and fry in a very short period of time. 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"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"order": 8
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},
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"order": 1
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 9
},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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