Eleanor Nelsen is a graduate student in chemistry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. When she's not studying rhodium chemistry, Eleanor enjoys reading and writing about science. She lives in Madison with her husband Luke and their growing collection of livestock.
By Eleanor Nelsen
Will Recycling Phosphorus Help Stop Algae Blooms?
Farmers' Markets Are Good for Communities ... Right?
What is an Heirloom Tomato, Anyway?
Microgrids: Electricity Goes Local
As Tropics Expand, Tropical Storms Follow
Sweet and Deadly: Bat-Borne Virus Brews in Bangladesh’s Date Palm Pots
Saving Our Seeds
A Hidden World Thrives Below the Snow
Building Better Forests
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"content": "\u003cp>We depend on big farms for our food. For crops, that means a lot of fertilizer; for animals, that means a lot of waste. For the lakes near these farms, that means a lot of phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phosphorus washes into lakes with manure and fertilizer and the erosion of phosphorus-rich, fertilized soil. Cyanobacteria feast on that glut of nutrients and their populations explode, with dramatic consequences for the aquatic life in the lake and the people who depend on it. The toxic bloom of cyanobacteria that made Toledo’s water undrinkable in the summer of 2014 is just one example of what can happen when the biochemistry of a lake drifts out of balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Carpenter, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the director of its \u003ca href=\"http://limnology.wisc.edu\">Center for Limnology\u003c/a>, describes phosphorus management as the “keystone” issue for healthy lakes. “If we can get phosphorus under control,” he said, “we have a much better shot at dealing with all of the other problems that the lakes have,” like invasive species, which can swoop in when a lake’s nutrient levels are unbalanced. There are ways to slow the gush of phosphorus into nearby lakes, such as contour plowing and winter cover crops, but Carpenter explains that the phosphorus load has \u003ca href=\"http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/writers/jessica_vanegeren/q-a-steve-carpenter-is-optimistic-about-solving-madison-s/article_dcfc6c15-953e-5ca2-b80e-80439dfe194d.html\">gotten so high\u003c/a> that those kinds of strategies “almost don’t matter anymore.” Instead, we have to remove phosphorus from the system entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer Madison, Wisconsin, \u003ca href=\"http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/environment/new-technology-extracts-valuable-fertilizer-from-waste/article_3223b32e-408c-5aea-8680-c06992216e59.html\">unveiled\u003c/a> its new phosphorus recycling facility, the state’s first. It’s part of a strategy by the city’s wastewater-treatment utility to reduce the amount of phosphorus that ends up in the lakes. The recycling program takes most of the phosphorus out of the agricultural fertilizer that the plant produces and puts it in a lake-friendly fertilizer designed to be used on urban lawns and gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72157\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72157\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg\" alt=\"A gravity-belt thickener separates a sludgy solid full of plant nutrients from phosphorus-rich water. Image courtesy of Michael Mucha.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gravity-belt thickener separates a sludgy solid full of plant nutrients from phosphorus-rich water. Image courtesy of Michael Mucha.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Steve Reusser, an operations engineer who helped develop the phosphorus harvesting process, explains that it relies on a careful combination of engineering and biology. Certain species of bacteria, which, like plants, also need phosphorus to survive, either absorb or release phosphorus depending on whether there is oxygen present or not. Wastewater is full of phosphorus from human waste. At the treatment facility, it’s stocked with what Reusser characterizes as “a zoo of different kinds of bacteria.” As it wends its way through the facility’s tanks and filters, the oxygen concentration and filtration systems are manipulated in concert to yield two separate products: a sludgy solid that contains a lot of bacteria and not much phosphorus, and water that is phosphorus rich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The liquid is combined with two other chemicals that pull that phosphorus out of the water to form tiny particles of a mineral called struvite. These tiny particles are built up layer by layer, like a pearl. The end product is more than a ton of smooth, cream-colored struvite pellets--a ton and a half of them every day. Struvite contains nitrogen and magnesium as well as phosphorus. All three are important nutrients for plants, so a company called Ostara (which helped develop the recycling process) buys back the pellets from the Madison Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) and turns them into a special \u003ca href=\"http://www.crystalgreen.com/about-crystal-green\">plant-activated fertilizer\u003c/a> that releases phosphorus only when it is near growing roots. In other words, it won’t feed algae blooms in lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72159\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72159\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg\" alt=\"The wastewater-derived fertilizer is applied to thousands of acres in Wisconsin. Photo courtesy of Michael Mucha. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wastewater-derived fertilizer is applied to thousands of acres in Wisconsin. Photo courtesy of Michael Mucha.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The gray, smelly, sludgy solid left behind at the treatment facility is trucked to farms where it’s used as fertilizer. Despite thoughtfully designed application methods that keep much of it below ground, sooner or later that fertilizer will reach Madison’s lakes. Since the implementation of the phosphorus recovery program, the amount of phosphorus in the fertilizer has been reduced by 85 percent. That means that the thousands of acres where this fertilizer is applied will be sending much less phosphorus into the watershed than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to cleaning up the water and providing a new income stream, deliberately recycling phosphorus into struvite pellets also keeps the struvite from building up in pipes and tanks, where it had been a perpetual nuisance. MMSD Director Michael Mucha explains that this is becoming a common theme: the environmentally responsible thing to do turns out to be cost-effective, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Mucha isn’t stopping there. He is also working with farmers to help develop methods that will keep phosphorus out of the lakes. Reducing phosphorus in fertilizer isn’t the only issue: manure is a major piece of the puzzle. Mucha is advocating that farmers use holding tanks and manure digesters. “Our industry is changing,” he said. “As engineers, the way we would always solve a problem is build a bigger treatment plant, [but] actually, the better solution many times is not building at all. It’s working with people to change behavior.” He admits, though, that it typically takes longer, and, he laughs, “There’s no spec book.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in the meantime, a ton and a half a day of phosphorus pellets is a good place to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on how water affects communities, and where we might be 50 years from now, check out the QUEST video “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/picturing-a-future-wrought-by-climate-change/\">Picturing a Future Wrought by Climate Change\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We depend on big farms for our food. For crops, that means a lot of fertilizer; for animals, that means a lot of waste. For the lakes near these farms, that means a lot of phosphorus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Phosphorus washes into lakes with manure and fertilizer and the erosion of phosphorus-rich, fertilized soil. Cyanobacteria feast on that glut of nutrients and their populations explode, with dramatic consequences for the aquatic life in the lake and the people who depend on it. The toxic bloom of cyanobacteria that made Toledo’s water undrinkable in the summer of 2014 is just one example of what can happen when the biochemistry of a lake drifts out of balance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Steve Carpenter, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the director of its \u003ca href=\"http://limnology.wisc.edu\">Center for Limnology\u003c/a>, describes phosphorus management as the “keystone” issue for healthy lakes. “If we can get phosphorus under control,” he said, “we have a much better shot at dealing with all of the other problems that the lakes have,” like invasive species, which can swoop in when a lake’s nutrient levels are unbalanced. There are ways to slow the gush of phosphorus into nearby lakes, such as contour plowing and winter cover crops, but Carpenter explains that the phosphorus load has \u003ca href=\"http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/writers/jessica_vanegeren/q-a-steve-carpenter-is-optimistic-about-solving-madison-s/article_dcfc6c15-953e-5ca2-b80e-80439dfe194d.html\">gotten so high\u003c/a> that those kinds of strategies “almost don’t matter anymore.” Instead, we have to remove phosphorus from the system entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This summer Madison, Wisconsin, \u003ca href=\"http://host.madison.com/wsj/news/local/environment/new-technology-extracts-valuable-fertilizer-from-waste/article_3223b32e-408c-5aea-8680-c06992216e59.html\">unveiled\u003c/a> its new phosphorus recycling facility, the state’s first. It’s part of a strategy by the city’s wastewater-treatment utility to reduce the amount of phosphorus that ends up in the lakes. The recycling program takes most of the phosphorus out of the agricultural fertilizer that the plant produces and puts it in a lake-friendly fertilizer designed to be used on urban lawns and gardens.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72157\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72157\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg\" alt=\"A gravity-belt thickener separates a sludgy solid full of plant nutrients from phosphorus-rich water. Image courtesy of Michael Mucha.\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/MM-0270-e1412205371231-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A gravity-belt thickener separates a sludgy solid full of plant nutrients from phosphorus-rich water. Image courtesy of Michael Mucha.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Steve Reusser, an operations engineer who helped develop the phosphorus harvesting process, explains that it relies on a careful combination of engineering and biology. Certain species of bacteria, which, like plants, also need phosphorus to survive, either absorb or release phosphorus depending on whether there is oxygen present or not. Wastewater is full of phosphorus from human waste. At the treatment facility, it’s stocked with what Reusser characterizes as “a zoo of different kinds of bacteria.” As it wends its way through the facility’s tanks and filters, the oxygen concentration and filtration systems are manipulated in concert to yield two separate products: a sludgy solid that contains a lot of bacteria and not much phosphorus, and water that is phosphorus rich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The liquid is combined with two other chemicals that pull that phosphorus out of the water to form tiny particles of a mineral called struvite. These tiny particles are built up layer by layer, like a pearl. The end product is more than a ton of smooth, cream-colored struvite pellets--a ton and a half of them every day. Struvite contains nitrogen and magnesium as well as phosphorus. All three are important nutrients for plants, so a company called Ostara (which helped develop the recycling process) buys back the pellets from the Madison Metropolitan Sewerage District (MMSD) and turns them into a special \u003ca href=\"http://www.crystalgreen.com/about-crystal-green\">plant-activated fertilizer\u003c/a> that releases phosphorus only when it is near growing roots. In other words, it won’t feed algae blooms in lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72159\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72159\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg\" alt=\"The wastewater-derived fertilizer is applied to thousands of acres in Wisconsin. Photo courtesy of Michael Mucha. \" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/Metrogro-application-vehicle-e1412205654736-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The wastewater-derived fertilizer is applied to thousands of acres in Wisconsin. Photo courtesy of Michael Mucha.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The gray, smelly, sludgy solid left behind at the treatment facility is trucked to farms where it’s used as fertilizer. Despite thoughtfully designed application methods that keep much of it below ground, sooner or later that fertilizer will reach Madison’s lakes. Since the implementation of the phosphorus recovery program, the amount of phosphorus in the fertilizer has been reduced by 85 percent. That means that the thousands of acres where this fertilizer is applied will be sending much less phosphorus into the watershed than before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to cleaning up the water and providing a new income stream, deliberately recycling phosphorus into struvite pellets also keeps the struvite from building up in pipes and tanks, where it had been a perpetual nuisance. MMSD Director Michael Mucha explains that this is becoming a common theme: the environmentally responsible thing to do turns out to be cost-effective, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Mucha isn’t stopping there. He is also working with farmers to help develop methods that will keep phosphorus out of the lakes. Reducing phosphorus in fertilizer isn’t the only issue: manure is a major piece of the puzzle. Mucha is advocating that farmers use holding tanks and manure digesters. “Our industry is changing,” he said. “As engineers, the way we would always solve a problem is build a bigger treatment plant, [but] actually, the better solution many times is not building at all. It’s working with people to change behavior.” He admits, though, that it typically takes longer, and, he laughs, “There’s no spec book.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, in the meantime, a ton and a half a day of phosphorus pellets is a good place to start.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>For more on how water affects communities, and where we might be 50 years from now, check out the QUEST video “\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/picturing-a-future-wrought-by-climate-change/\">Picturing a Future Wrought by Climate Change\u003c/a>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Farmers’ markets practically glow with wholesome virtue: Shop here, they promise, and you can help build a sustainable, healthy food system!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But without the data to buttress those claims, it’s hard to know whether farmers’ markets are actually meeting those goals or how they can adapt to better meet their communities’ needs. Alfonso Morales, a professor of urban planning at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, wants to help change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fueled by an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5105706\">increasing interest\u003c/a> in local food, the number of farmers’ markets in the United States has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/ams.fetchTemplateData.do?template=TemplateS&navID=WholesaleandFarmersMarkets&leftNav=WholesaleandFarmersMarkets&page=WFMFarmersMarketGrowth&description=Farmers%20Market%20Growth&acct=frmrdirmkt\">more than doubled\u003c/a> in the last decade. This rise in popularity has been accompanied by the implicit assumption that farmers’ markets are more sustainable than their fluorescent-lit, big-box counterparts. Their environmental advantages, advocates say, are clear. Food is transported shorter distances, which results in lower fossil fuel consumption. Farmers’ markets offer more diverse crops grown by more eco-friendly methods. Broaden the definition of sustainability to include social, health, and economic factors, and you’ll encounter claims that farmers’ markets promote healthy eating and a pedestrian culture, bring fresh produce to underserved neighborhoods, foster entrepreneurship and a diversified agricultural economy, and create a social space that builds a sense of community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72031\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N0212_a1-e1411160441534.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72031 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N0212_a1-e1411160441534.jpg\" alt=\"V3N0212_a1\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N0212_a1-e1411160441534.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N0212_a1-e1411160441534-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most people assume that farmers' markets help encourage sustainable agriculture. Morales' new project could help measure that effect. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Bill Lubing.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmers’ markets might very well be doing all these things, Morales says, but we don’t know, and he admits that right now there isn’t even a consensus on how to evaluate these “sustainable” activities. “But even so, we have to make a way forward. And the way we make a way forward is though measurement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those measurements are relatively easy for major supermarket chains, which have the staff and the budgets for exhaustive market research. Analyzing research data enables big retailers to respond to changing demographics and consumer preferences, ensuring that they stay relevant to the communities they serve. Farmers’ markets typically don’t have those resources. That’s where Morales’ project comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales and his partners at the \u003ca href=\"http://farmersmarketcoalition.org/programs/farmers-market-metrics/\">Farmers Market Coalition\u003c/a> are working with managers at nine farmers’ markets around the country to ask, “What is it that’s relevant to them and their community?” They’ll help market managers figure out what data they need and how to collect and present it. Some of the data will help address all those assumptions about the environmental benefits of farmers’ markets, such as the average number of miles the food actually travels, the number of organically farmed acres represented at the market, and how diversified the market’s farms are. Other data will speak to a market’s impact on its community by looking at the number of small businesses started through the farmers’ market, whether it attracts foot traffic to nearby shops, and the number of vendors who are minorities or women. All this data collection will help reveal how each farmers’ market is affecting its community -- and how it could be doing better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Lubing, the manager of the Dane County Farmers’ Market in Madison, agrees that good data is essential when making decisions about how to move a market forward. “There are a lot of people with a lot of ideas,” he said, but a shortage of ways to evaluate those ideas. “More data is always better.” For example, because he ran the market’s newsletter for years before becoming manager, Lubing knows that links to recipes are very popular. Surmising that customers are sometimes stumped by the produce at the market (how do you tackle an entire stalk of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7mu0r40oJE&list=UU2qtSbmfD1pnBNjtaQsh-8w\">Brussels sprouts\u003c/a>?), he’s published a series of basic instructional \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/lubingcreative/videos\">videos\u003c/a>, as well as more recipes. They’ve been a hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales argues that good data can do more than improve decision making. It can also help market managers advocate for the market with local business and government. For example, if a market wants permission to open a new branch in a public park in an underserved neighborhood, data showing the amount of produce purchased with SNAP benefits can help persuade the city that it’s a worthwhile use of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales, who worked as a market vendor in Chicago while doing research for his dissertation, believes that professors like him have an opportunity “to really engage with the community directly, and to try to empower people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72032\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N1547_7-5-08_a1-e1411160701534.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N1547_7-5-08_a1-e1411160701534.jpg\" alt=\"Shopping at a farmers' market gives consumers a closer connection to their food--which is becoming increasingly popular. Photo courtesy of Bill Lubing. \" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N1547_7-5-08_a1-e1411160701534.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N1547_7-5-08_a1-e1411160701534-400x213.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shopping at a farmers' market gives consumers a closer connection to their food--which is becoming increasingly popular. Photo courtesy of Bill Lubing.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project’s immediate focus is local: to help individual managers make decisions that work in their particular communities. But if the project takes off (and it looks like it’s going to -- dozens of markets beyond the original nine have asked to participate) it could generate enough data to start to draw conclusions about the roles of farmers’ markets in the United States as a whole. That’s exactly the kind of large-scale data needed to evaluate whether farmers’ markets are really helping create a more sustainable food system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of how they stack up environmentally, Morales believes that farmers’ markets offer something that chain supermarkets can’t: a personal connection to a farmer and to food. “A relationship matters to people,” he said. Lubing agrees. Shopping at a farmers’ market “really has an emotional buy-in factor,” where you feel like you’re cheating on your local cheese maker if you grab a block of Cheddar from the grocery store in a pinch. “And people love that, people crave that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Farmers’ markets practically glow with wholesome virtue: Shop here, they promise, and you can help build a sustainable, healthy food system!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But without the data to buttress those claims, it’s hard to know whether farmers’ markets are actually meeting those goals or how they can adapt to better meet their communities’ needs. Alfonso Morales, a professor of urban planning at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, wants to help change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fueled by an \u003ca href=\"http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5105706\">increasing interest\u003c/a> in local food, the number of farmers’ markets in the United States has \u003ca href=\"http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/ams.fetchTemplateData.do?template=TemplateS&navID=WholesaleandFarmersMarkets&leftNav=WholesaleandFarmersMarkets&page=WFMFarmersMarketGrowth&description=Farmers%20Market%20Growth&acct=frmrdirmkt\">more than doubled\u003c/a> in the last decade. This rise in popularity has been accompanied by the implicit assumption that farmers’ markets are more sustainable than their fluorescent-lit, big-box counterparts. Their environmental advantages, advocates say, are clear. Food is transported shorter distances, which results in lower fossil fuel consumption. Farmers’ markets offer more diverse crops grown by more eco-friendly methods. Broaden the definition of sustainability to include social, health, and economic factors, and you’ll encounter claims that farmers’ markets promote healthy eating and a pedestrian culture, bring fresh produce to underserved neighborhoods, foster entrepreneurship and a diversified agricultural economy, and create a social space that builds a sense of community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72031\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N0212_a1-e1411160441534.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-72031 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N0212_a1-e1411160441534.jpg\" alt=\"V3N0212_a1\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N0212_a1-e1411160441534.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N0212_a1-e1411160441534-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Most people assume that farmers' markets help encourage sustainable agriculture. Morales' new project could help measure that effect. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Bill Lubing.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Farmers’ markets might very well be doing all these things, Morales says, but we don’t know, and he admits that right now there isn’t even a consensus on how to evaluate these “sustainable” activities. “But even so, we have to make a way forward. And the way we make a way forward is though measurement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those measurements are relatively easy for major supermarket chains, which have the staff and the budgets for exhaustive market research. Analyzing research data enables big retailers to respond to changing demographics and consumer preferences, ensuring that they stay relevant to the communities they serve. Farmers’ markets typically don’t have those resources. That’s where Morales’ project comes in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales and his partners at the \u003ca href=\"http://farmersmarketcoalition.org/programs/farmers-market-metrics/\">Farmers Market Coalition\u003c/a> are working with managers at nine farmers’ markets around the country to ask, “What is it that’s relevant to them and their community?” They’ll help market managers figure out what data they need and how to collect and present it. Some of the data will help address all those assumptions about the environmental benefits of farmers’ markets, such as the average number of miles the food actually travels, the number of organically farmed acres represented at the market, and how diversified the market’s farms are. Other data will speak to a market’s impact on its community by looking at the number of small businesses started through the farmers’ market, whether it attracts foot traffic to nearby shops, and the number of vendors who are minorities or women. All this data collection will help reveal how each farmers’ market is affecting its community -- and how it could be doing better.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bill Lubing, the manager of the Dane County Farmers’ Market in Madison, agrees that good data is essential when making decisions about how to move a market forward. “There are a lot of people with a lot of ideas,” he said, but a shortage of ways to evaluate those ideas. “More data is always better.” For example, because he ran the market’s newsletter for years before becoming manager, Lubing knows that links to recipes are very popular. Surmising that customers are sometimes stumped by the produce at the market (how do you tackle an entire stalk of \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7mu0r40oJE&list=UU2qtSbmfD1pnBNjtaQsh-8w\">Brussels sprouts\u003c/a>?), he’s published a series of basic instructional \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/lubingcreative/videos\">videos\u003c/a>, as well as more recipes. They’ve been a hit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales argues that good data can do more than improve decision making. It can also help market managers advocate for the market with local business and government. For example, if a market wants permission to open a new branch in a public park in an underserved neighborhood, data showing the amount of produce purchased with SNAP benefits can help persuade the city that it’s a worthwhile use of space.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morales, who worked as a market vendor in Chicago while doing research for his dissertation, believes that professors like him have an opportunity “to really engage with the community directly, and to try to empower people.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_72032\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N1547_7-5-08_a1-e1411160701534.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-72032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N1547_7-5-08_a1-e1411160701534.jpg\" alt=\"Shopping at a farmers' market gives consumers a closer connection to their food--which is becoming increasingly popular. Photo courtesy of Bill Lubing. \" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N1547_7-5-08_a1-e1411160701534.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/08/V3N1547_7-5-08_a1-e1411160701534-400x213.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Shopping at a farmers' market gives consumers a closer connection to their food--which is becoming increasingly popular. Photo courtesy of Bill Lubing.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The project’s immediate focus is local: to help individual managers make decisions that work in their particular communities. But if the project takes off (and it looks like it’s going to -- dozens of markets beyond the original nine have asked to participate) it could generate enough data to start to draw conclusions about the roles of farmers’ markets in the United States as a whole. That’s exactly the kind of large-scale data needed to evaluate whether farmers’ markets are really helping create a more sustainable food system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Regardless of how they stack up environmentally, Morales believes that farmers’ markets offer something that chain supermarkets can’t: a personal connection to a farmer and to food. “A relationship matters to people,” he said. Lubing agrees. Shopping at a farmers’ market “really has an emotional buy-in factor,” where you feel like you’re cheating on your local cheese maker if you grab a block of Cheddar from the grocery store in a pinch. “And people love that, people crave that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Animation by Michaela Vatcheva\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003cbr>\n“Heirloom” tomatoes. “Hybrid” cucumber seeds. Cereal free of “genetically modified” ingredients. These food labels are everywhere, but what exactly do they mean? In the short animation above, we remove some of the mystery by showing that these terms refer to different ways of creating plants with appealing traits -- like a drought-resistant strain of wheat or a beautifully blushing apple.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designing a better plant has always been part of agriculture, but as we’ve learned more about genetics, our toolkit for developing those plants has expanded. Plant varieties that used to be fine-tuned in the field over many generations can now be developed much more quickly in a greenhouse or lab. These advances have enabled us to bring new, high-performing crop species to market quickly, but they have inflicted some collateral damage on agricultural diversity. Watch the QUEST video \u003ca title=\"Saving Our Seeds\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/video/saving-our-seeds/\">“Saving Our Seeds”\u003c/a> to find out why this diversity matters and meet some of the people working to preserve it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>When Hurricane Sandy hit New York in 2012, most of lower Manhattan went dark, and it was almost two weeks before most of the power was restored. But in \u003ca href=\"http://www.tecogen.com/2944109b-07d0-44c5-9ea7-48b71fa292b6/about-us-news-and-events-press-releases-detail.htm\">one building\u003c/a> in Greenwich Village, the lights stayed on and the heat kept working (and the building’s population doubled). That’s because, as University of Wisconsin engineering professor Thomas Jahns explained, that building had “its own miniature version of a utility grid”: a microgrid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Old Power Grid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trillions of watts of electricity used every year in the United States are delivered by just three huge power grids. The grids’ size and interconnectivity make electricity cheap and accommodate differences in supply and demand between different regions, but it also leaves the whole network vulnerable -- like the time a glitch in an Ohio control room caused a \u003ca href=\"http://boingboing.net/2012/08/03/blackout-whats-wrong-with-t.html\">$10 billion blackout \u003c/a>in the Northeast and parts of Canada. Or when a worker in Arizona accidentally tripped a power line, and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/01/2011-blackout-in-san-diego_n_1468552.html\">power outage\u003c/a> swept from Southern California to Mexico. The number of major outages like these is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibtimes.com/aging-us-power-grid-blacks-out-more-any-other-developed-nation-1631086\">rising\u003c/a>, and because climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme Sandy-like storms, the problem is only going to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the demands on the grid are climbing as its \u003ca href=\"http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/energy/\">aging infrastructure \u003c/a>is getting more and more fragile. The average U.S. power plant is 30 years old, and the average power line is 25 years old. Transformers that were only designed to last 40 years have been in service much longer. And even if all those elements were replaced, the grid in its current form was mostly designed in the first half of the twentieth century, when electricity was first a novelty, then a luxury. It was never intended to support a country dependent on air conditioning, computers, and millions of personal electronic devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “Smarter” Option\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning is underway to replace the aging U.S. power network with a new, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/03/22/what-is-the-smart-grid-anyway-video/\">“smart” grid\u003c/a>, one that’s energy efficient and flexible enough to handle variability in both supply and demand -- and one that can isolate electrical crises before they spread. Incorporating the communication and automation technologies that already facilitate so many other aspects of our lives should make the currently clunky grid much more responsive and efficient enough to save tens of billions of dollars every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microgrids: A New Old Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the elements of this reimagined grid is actually a recycled old idea: small, independent grids serving neighborhoods, hospitals, and even individual buildings. The key to a modern microgrid is the “smart” switch linking it to the main grid. These switches can respond automatically to the grid’s needs, opening or closing in less than a thirtieth of a second. When it’s connected to the main grid, the microgrid can draw extra power from the communal pool or return any extra energy back to it so that watts on either side of the switch don’t go to waste. But if the power goes out, the switch can open, severing the connection and keeping the outage from spreading. This gives microgrids flexibility that neither a single large grid nor isolated independent grids have on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71611\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71611\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\" alt='This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.' width=\"640\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juggling Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“Really, it's a game-changer in a lot of different ways,” Jahns explained. One of the benefits of a microgrid is that its flexibility makes it easier to incorporate renewable energy sources, something that’s perennially tricky. “Renewables are great,” said Jahns, “but unfortunately, the sun goes up; the sun goes down. The wind blows; the wind doesn't blow. But we want to turn on a light switch and expect the light to come on all the time.” For a microgrid, there’s no problem. If it’s cloudy or windless, connecting to the main grid can make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Capturing Wasted Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Another major advantage of a microgrid is that it allows you to get much more out of the energy sources you’re using. “I don't think people realize just how much of the energy of a lump of coal -- or even from a nuclear power plant -- how much heat is wasted.” In fact, he said, if you’re turning 50 percent of the source energy into usable electricity, you’re doing well. The rest is lost as heat. In a compact microgrid, combined heat and power generators can recover some of that lost energy and put it to work, boosting energy efficiency from 50 to 80 percent. There’s not much else you can do to make efficiency skyrocket like that, Jahns said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Adapting to Changing Needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu/annual-report/exploring-energy/WEI-Exploring-Energy-Microgrids.pdf\">microgrid\u003c/a> Jahn oversees at the university’s \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu\">Wisconsin Energy Institute\u003c/a> is a cousin of the one that kept the Greenwich Village co-op out of trouble during Hurricane Sandy. This type of microgrid is particularly flexible because it seamlessly adjusts to new loads and new sources without needing a lot of expensive engineering on the front end. “Plug-and-play functionality and autonomous control, that’s the absolutely key part of it,” explained Bob Lasseter, an emeritus professor at UW who developed the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That easy adaptability could make microgrids even more appealing. If a business or a school knew that it wouldn’t have to rework its grid when it needed to add a new building or wanted to put in a solar panel, that might lower the entrance barrier to embracing new technology. These simple but endlessly modifiable microgrids could also be ideal for developing countries without energy infrastructure but with access to energy resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Road Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting utilities and governments on board with individual consumers supplying their own electricity -- at least part of the time -- won’t necessarily be easy everywhere. Even though microgrids are designed to interact with the main grid, the ability to produce and consume energy locally constitutes a fundamental change in the way we approach and pay for an integral and ubiquitous service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, look out there. What do you see?” Jahns asked, gesturing out the window. “You see power lines and lights. That's a lot of the infrastructure that we just kind of take for granted around us. And now we're talking about changing it in a significant way that is unlike anything that we've seen before. So that's kind of mind-boggling to imagine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71609\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71609\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\" alt=\"Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1056\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When Hurricane Sandy hit New York in 2012, most of lower Manhattan went dark, and it was almost two weeks before most of the power was restored. But in \u003ca href=\"http://www.tecogen.com/2944109b-07d0-44c5-9ea7-48b71fa292b6/about-us-news-and-events-press-releases-detail.htm\">one building\u003c/a> in Greenwich Village, the lights stayed on and the heat kept working (and the building’s population doubled). That’s because, as University of Wisconsin engineering professor Thomas Jahns explained, that building had “its own miniature version of a utility grid”: a microgrid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Big Old Power Grid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trillions of watts of electricity used every year in the United States are delivered by just three huge power grids. The grids’ size and interconnectivity make electricity cheap and accommodate differences in supply and demand between different regions, but it also leaves the whole network vulnerable -- like the time a glitch in an Ohio control room caused a \u003ca href=\"http://boingboing.net/2012/08/03/blackout-whats-wrong-with-t.html\">$10 billion blackout \u003c/a>in the Northeast and parts of Canada. Or when a worker in Arizona accidentally tripped a power line, and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/01/2011-blackout-in-san-diego_n_1468552.html\">power outage\u003c/a> swept from Southern California to Mexico. The number of major outages like these is \u003ca href=\"http://www.ibtimes.com/aging-us-power-grid-blacks-out-more-any-other-developed-nation-1631086\">rising\u003c/a>, and because climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme Sandy-like storms, the problem is only going to get worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the demands on the grid are climbing as its \u003ca href=\"http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/energy/\">aging infrastructure \u003c/a>is getting more and more fragile. The average U.S. power plant is 30 years old, and the average power line is 25 years old. Transformers that were only designed to last 40 years have been in service much longer. And even if all those elements were replaced, the grid in its current form was mostly designed in the first half of the twentieth century, when electricity was first a novelty, then a luxury. It was never intended to support a country dependent on air conditioning, computers, and millions of personal electronic devices.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A “Smarter” Option\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning is underway to replace the aging U.S. power network with a new, \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/03/22/what-is-the-smart-grid-anyway-video/\">“smart” grid\u003c/a>, one that’s energy efficient and flexible enough to handle variability in both supply and demand -- and one that can isolate electrical crises before they spread. Incorporating the communication and automation technologies that already facilitate so many other aspects of our lives should make the currently clunky grid much more responsive and efficient enough to save tens of billions of dollars every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microgrids: A New Old Idea\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the elements of this reimagined grid is actually a recycled old idea: small, independent grids serving neighborhoods, hospitals, and even individual buildings. The key to a modern microgrid is the “smart” switch linking it to the main grid. These switches can respond automatically to the grid’s needs, opening or closing in less than a thirtieth of a second. When it’s connected to the main grid, the microgrid can draw extra power from the communal pool or return any extra energy back to it so that watts on either side of the switch don’t go to waste. But if the power goes out, the switch can open, severing the connection and keeping the outage from spreading. This gives microgrids flexibility that neither a single large grid nor isolated independent grids have on their own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71611\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71611\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg\" alt='This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.' width=\"640\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/IMG_8459-web-e1405705645771-400x226.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This is the \"smart switch\" for the research microgrid at the Wisconsin Energy Institute. It can automatically isolate the microgrid from the main grid. Photo by Matt Wisniewski/WEI.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Juggling Renewables\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>“Really, it's a game-changer in a lot of different ways,” Jahns explained. One of the benefits of a microgrid is that its flexibility makes it easier to incorporate renewable energy sources, something that’s perennially tricky. “Renewables are great,” said Jahns, “but unfortunately, the sun goes up; the sun goes down. The wind blows; the wind doesn't blow. But we want to turn on a light switch and expect the light to come on all the time.” For a microgrid, there’s no problem. If it’s cloudy or windless, connecting to the main grid can make up the difference.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Capturing Wasted Heat\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>Another major advantage of a microgrid is that it allows you to get much more out of the energy sources you’re using. “I don't think people realize just how much of the energy of a lump of coal -- or even from a nuclear power plant -- how much heat is wasted.” In fact, he said, if you’re turning 50 percent of the source energy into usable electricity, you’re doing well. The rest is lost as heat. In a compact microgrid, combined heat and power generators can recover some of that lost energy and put it to work, boosting energy efficiency from 50 to 80 percent. There’s not much else you can do to make efficiency skyrocket like that, Jahns said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Adapting to Changing Needs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu/annual-report/exploring-energy/WEI-Exploring-Energy-Microgrids.pdf\">microgrid\u003c/a> Jahn oversees at the university’s \u003ca href=\"https://energy.wisc.edu\">Wisconsin Energy Institute\u003c/a> is a cousin of the one that kept the Greenwich Village co-op out of trouble during Hurricane Sandy. This type of microgrid is particularly flexible because it seamlessly adjusts to new loads and new sources without needing a lot of expensive engineering on the front end. “Plug-and-play functionality and autonomous control, that’s the absolutely key part of it,” explained Bob Lasseter, an emeritus professor at UW who developed the technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That easy adaptability could make microgrids even more appealing. If a business or a school knew that it wouldn’t have to rework its grid when it needed to add a new building or wanted to put in a solar panel, that might lower the entrance barrier to embracing new technology. These simple but endlessly modifiable microgrids could also be ideal for developing countries without energy infrastructure but with access to energy resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Road Ahead\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Getting utilities and governments on board with individual consumers supplying their own electricity -- at least part of the time -- won’t necessarily be easy everywhere. Even though microgrids are designed to interact with the main grid, the ability to produce and consume energy locally constitutes a fundamental change in the way we approach and pay for an integral and ubiquitous service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I mean, look out there. What do you see?” Jahns asked, gesturing out the window. “You see power lines and lights. That's a lot of the infrastructure that we just kind of take for granted around us. And now we're talking about changing it in a significant way that is unlike anything that we've seen before. So that's kind of mind-boggling to imagine.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71609\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71609\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg\" alt=\"Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1056\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14.jpg 1600w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-400x264.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-800x528.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1440x950.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-1180x779.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Quest-Microgrid-1600x1056-7-17-14-960x634.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Graphic by Vicki Pierce/Wisconsin Public Television\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>He discovered the trend by accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Kossin, a NOAA scientist stationed in Madison, Wisconsin, started tracking tropical cyclones to settle a disagreement about the temperature at the bottom of the stratosphere. When he looked at all the data he’d gotten about cylcones’ positions, it was clear: they’ve been \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22857\">wandering\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical cyclones, a category that includes \u003cstrong>hurricanes\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>typhoons\u003c/strong>, are rotating storms hundreds of miles wide. Once one forms, it gathers strength as water evaporates from the ocean’s surface; it hits a maximum intensity and then wanes and finally dissipates. What Kossin noticed was that over the last 30 years, even though there hasn’t been a change in the frequency or the peak strength of cyclones, they’ve been hitting that peak farther and farther from the equator. His research, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v509/n7500/full/nature13278.html\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cstrong>Nature\u003c/strong>, showed that those points of maximum intensity are inching toward the poles at more than 30 miles per decade, putting communities at higher latitudes at greater risk of damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71149\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/cyclones.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-71149\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/cyclones-640x277.jpg\" alt=\"Data from the National Climatic Data Center show where tropical cyclones have reached their maximum intensity between 1982 and 2012. Over time, these points are creeping away from the Equator. Image by Hamish Ramsay. \" width=\"640\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the National Climatic Data Center show where tropical cyclones have reached their maximum intensity between 1982 and 2012. Over time, these points are creeping away from the Equator. Image by Hamish Ramsay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This slow exodus out of the tropics reflects changes in the climatic conditions that nurture these storms. Factors like water temperature, humidity, and the temperature difference between the bottom and the top of the lowest layer of the atmosphere combine to determine a cyclone’s maximum possible strength. Whether or not a storm ever reaches that theoretical ferocity, though, depends on the winds it encounters along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of them like a cylinder,” Kossin said. “They like to be vertical.” If there’s a lot of “wind shear,” meaning the wind’s speed or direction changes dramatically as you move upward, that cylinder gets disrupted. Kossin likens the effect of wind shear on cyclones to trying to move a phone book by pushing only on the top few pages. “You can push the phone book as a whole across the table and it's fine,” he explains, “but if you just push on the top and hold the bottom steady, it will shear.” That kind of shear will sap a cyclone’s strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the deep tropics -- places like the southern Philippines -- the temperature and humidity are changing to discourage strong cyclones. Meanwhile, the wind shear is strengthening, weakening cyclones when they form. On the other hand, said Kossin, “if you move away from the equator towards higher latitudes, the opposite is true: the potential intensity is getting relatively stronger, and the shear is getting relatively weaker. The deep tropics are becoming less hospitable, and the higher latitudes are becoming less hostile to tropical cyclones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s really compelling to Kossin is that the cyclones’ shift seems to mirror another trend: the \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071203-AP-expanding-tropics.html\">expansion\u003c/a> of the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71150\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71150\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg\" alt=\"The incredible damage inflicted on the Philippines by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 may become more commonplace at higher latitudes. Image by Eoghan Rice - Trócaire / Caritas.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The incredible damage inflicted on the Philippines by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 may become more commonplace at higher latitudes. Image by Eoghan Rice - Trócaire / Caritas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a map, the tropics are defined by latitude lines. But their characteristic weather patterns are determined far above ground, by a tunnel of air called the Hadley circulation. Warm air rises at the equator and is propelled toward the poles before falling and curling back on itself at a northerly latitude near the Texas-Mexico border and a southerly latitude bisecting South Africa. Where this warm, dry air descends, deserts form, and the tropics end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the late 1970s, though, the Hadley winds have been traveling a few degrees of latitude farther from the equator before dropping back to Earth. Explanations for this tropical expansion vary -- too much ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere, too little protective ozone in the upper atmosphere, greenhouse gases that heat up the air and allow it to travel farther -- but they’re all related to human activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to conclusively demonstrate that this human-fueled expansion of the tropics is what’s propelling cyclones into new latitudes, but the two trends are strikingly similar. Cyclones are moving north and south at about the same rate as the tropics. When the tropical expansion temporarily sped up in the 1990s, cyclones hustled poleward more quickly, too. Expanding tropics will create more deserts, and the cyclones traveling with them will put new communities in harm’s way while depriving others of seasonal downpours. Together, these two trends mean that the lives of people living anywhere near the equator could look very different just a few decades from now.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>He discovered the trend by accident.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Kossin, a NOAA scientist stationed in Madison, Wisconsin, started tracking tropical cyclones to settle a disagreement about the temperature at the bottom of the stratosphere. When he looked at all the data he’d gotten about cylcones’ positions, it was clear: they’ve been \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22857\">wandering\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tropical cyclones, a category that includes \u003cstrong>hurricanes\u003c/strong> and \u003cstrong>typhoons\u003c/strong>, are rotating storms hundreds of miles wide. Once one forms, it gathers strength as water evaporates from the ocean’s surface; it hits a maximum intensity and then wanes and finally dissipates. What Kossin noticed was that over the last 30 years, even though there hasn’t been a change in the frequency or the peak strength of cyclones, they’ve been hitting that peak farther and farther from the equator. His research, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v509/n7500/full/nature13278.html\">published\u003c/a> in \u003cstrong>Nature\u003c/strong>, showed that those points of maximum intensity are inching toward the poles at more than 30 miles per decade, putting communities at higher latitudes at greater risk of damage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71149\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/cyclones.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-71149\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/cyclones-640x277.jpg\" alt=\"Data from the National Climatic Data Center show where tropical cyclones have reached their maximum intensity between 1982 and 2012. Over time, these points are creeping away from the Equator. Image by Hamish Ramsay. \" width=\"640\" height=\"277\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Data from the National Climatic Data Center show where tropical cyclones have reached their maximum intensity between 1982 and 2012. Over time, these points are creeping away from the Equator. Image by Hamish Ramsay.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This slow exodus out of the tropics reflects changes in the climatic conditions that nurture these storms. Factors like water temperature, humidity, and the temperature difference between the bottom and the top of the lowest layer of the atmosphere combine to determine a cyclone’s maximum possible strength. Whether or not a storm ever reaches that theoretical ferocity, though, depends on the winds it encounters along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Think of them like a cylinder,” Kossin said. “They like to be vertical.” If there’s a lot of “wind shear,” meaning the wind’s speed or direction changes dramatically as you move upward, that cylinder gets disrupted. Kossin likens the effect of wind shear on cyclones to trying to move a phone book by pushing only on the top few pages. “You can push the phone book as a whole across the table and it's fine,” he explains, “but if you just push on the top and hold the bottom steady, it will shear.” That kind of shear will sap a cyclone’s strength.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the deep tropics -- places like the southern Philippines -- the temperature and humidity are changing to discourage strong cyclones. Meanwhile, the wind shear is strengthening, weakening cyclones when they form. On the other hand, said Kossin, “if you move away from the equator towards higher latitudes, the opposite is true: the potential intensity is getting relatively stronger, and the shear is getting relatively weaker. The deep tropics are becoming less hospitable, and the higher latitudes are becoming less hostile to tropical cyclones.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What’s really compelling to Kossin is that the cyclones’ shift seems to mirror another trend: the \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/12/071203-AP-expanding-tropics.html\">expansion\u003c/a> of the tropics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_71150\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-71150\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg\" alt=\"The incredible damage inflicted on the Philippines by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 may become more commonplace at higher latitudes. Image by Eoghan Rice - Trócaire / Caritas.\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/39/2014/05/Tacloban_Typhoon_Haiyan_2013-11-14-e1403295113591-400x267.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The incredible damage inflicted on the Philippines by Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 may become more commonplace at higher latitudes. Image by Eoghan Rice - Trócaire / Caritas.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On a map, the tropics are defined by latitude lines. But their characteristic weather patterns are determined far above ground, by a tunnel of air called the Hadley circulation. Warm air rises at the equator and is propelled toward the poles before falling and curling back on itself at a northerly latitude near the Texas-Mexico border and a southerly latitude bisecting South Africa. Where this warm, dry air descends, deserts form, and the tropics end.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the late 1970s, though, the Hadley winds have been traveling a few degrees of latitude farther from the equator before dropping back to Earth. Explanations for this tropical expansion vary -- too much ozone pollution in the lower atmosphere, too little protective ozone in the upper atmosphere, greenhouse gases that heat up the air and allow it to travel farther -- but they’re all related to human activity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s too early to conclusively demonstrate that this human-fueled expansion of the tropics is what’s propelling cyclones into new latitudes, but the two trends are strikingly similar. Cyclones are moving north and south at about the same rate as the tropics. When the tropical expansion temporarily sped up in the 1990s, cyclones hustled poleward more quickly, too. Expanding tropics will create more deserts, and the cyclones traveling with them will put new communities in harm’s way while depriving others of seasonal downpours. Together, these two trends mean that the lives of people living anywhere near the equator could look very different just a few decades from now.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sweet and Deadly: Bat-Borne Virus Brews in Bangladesh’s Date Palm Pots",
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"content": "\u003cp>New \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22356\">research\u003c/a> from the University of Wisconsin suggests that deforestation is promoting the spread of a disease called Nipah virus in Bangladesh. The virus has no cure, no vaccine -- and a mortality rate of more than 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Nipah virus first appeared in Malaysia in 1998, epidemiologists traced it back to Indian flying foxes -- giant fruit bats that are widespread in South Asia. In \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2013/04/30/climatic-ori-nipah-virus/#.U3Y4gcYhsnA\">Malaysia\u003c/a> the bats infected domesticated pigs, which in turn infected their farmers. But the latest outbreaks have been in Bangladesh, where pigs are rare. A 2006 \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/12/pdfs/06-0732.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the CDC and other groups concluded that the Bangladesh outbreaks were caused by drinking contaminated date palm sap, a sugary syrup humans and bats both love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70513\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70513 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pot can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pots can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Date palm sap is collected from tree trunks, like maple syrup: collectors tap the trees with machetes and let the syrup run into clay pots overnight. During the night, when the bats are out foraging, they find these pots, drink from them, and sometimes leave behind the Nipah virus in their saliva, urine, or feces. Cooking or fermenting the sap could destroy the virus, but in Bangladesh the sap is commonly sold raw at street markets, a practice the government \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/health/22global.html?_r=0\">banned\u003c/a> after a 2011 outbreak that killed 21 children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That law isn't enforced, though, especially in rural areas, and the sale of raw sap continues. The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iedcr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106\">reported\u003c/a> 18 more cases before February 11 of this year. Patients usually show up with a fever, headache, and neurological symptoms like confusion and seizures. There isn’t much doctors can do beyond keeping them comfortable and helping them breathe once the disease spreads to their lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding which villages are most vulnerable to Nipah would facilitate more targeted prevention efforts, but the virus' geographic distribution was puzzling. Outbreaks seemed to be clustered around a strip of territory in central and northwestern Bangladesh that’s come to be called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.icddrb.org/media-centre/news/1996-dealing-with-nipah-virus-how-low-cost-methods-may-save-lives-in-bangladesh\">Nipah belt\u003c/a>.” Population density is higher in the Nipah belt than outside it, and forest density is lower, but the bat population -- presumably the source of the outbreaks -- is the same. And even within the Nipah belt, some villages escaped the virus entirely when similar ones, with the same number of bats, had outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the mystery that intrigued Micah Hahn, then a graduate student at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu\">Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies\u003c/a> at UW-Madison. “Why here, but not there? How does the environment help determine who gets Nipah virus and who does not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question, Dr. Hahn and her colleagues combined high-tech remote-sensing techniques with low-tech door-to-door surveys. They also hung infrared cameras to monitor bats feeding at night. All this data enabled them to create a high-resolution map that compared the geographic distribution and density of people, bats, and trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313-541x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bat roosts. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"432\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the day, fruit bats roost in colonies of hundreds. But surprisingly, just having a bat colony nearby doesn't necessarily increase the chance that Nipah virus will spill over to humans. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That led to the discovery of a surprising culprit: deforestation. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that Bangladesh has lost nearly three-quarters of its forest in the last 30 years as its population has expanded. In the Nipah belt, as Hahn explains in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCnL3aoNEAA\">video\u003c/a> from the Nelson Institute, what remains are small, uneven patches of forest instead of large swaths of jungle. The places where the forest is most fragmented are the places most vulnerable to Nipah virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every 10 percent reduction in tree cover at the sites in the Nipah belt where the bats were roosting, Hahn found that a nearby village was \u003cstrong>twice\u003c/strong> as likely to have an outbreak. Why? Even though there were the same number of bats in these fragmented forests as in thicker ones, Hahn observed that they “tended to settle in several small roosts scattered throughout the villages, rather than in one large roosting colony.” In areas where the human population density is high, like in the Nipah belt, Hahn speculates that this dispersion increases the likelihood that the bats will find human food sources. When bats and humans start sharing food, disease transmission becomes much more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70520\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159-537x360.jpg\" alt=\"Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep the bats out can prevent contaminationDate palm sap pots. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn. \" width=\"650\" height=\"435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep bats out can prevent contamination. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Hahn is quick to point out that the bats themselves aren’t the problem. In fact, since bats help regenerate forest by strewing seeds all over their territory, they could be part of the solution. “This is not just about having bats,” she said. It’s a combination of bat behavior and human behavior that sparked the emergence of Nipah virus in Bangladesh. “The disease risk is a result of humans changing the landscape in ways that create opportunities for human/wildlife interactions,” Hahn said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nipah virus isn’t the only disease whose spread is influenced by the way humans manage the landscape. In Uganda, replacing natural swamps with cropland increased the risk of malaria. Yellow fever, leishmaniasis, and Hantavirus have also been shown to behave differently when the landscape changes. Hahn’s research will help target Nipah prevention and surveillance efforts to the most vulnerable villages, but it’s also evidence that the consequences of reshaping our environment could be more complicated than we expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70514\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923-551x360.jpg\" alt=\"When the forest is broken up into small patches with lots of holes in the canopy, bat and humans start to find food in the same areas. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"424\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When the forest is broken up into small patches and interspersed with human settlements, like it is in the Nipah belt, humans and bats can start sharing food sources. Bat-borne diseases are the result. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>New \u003ca href=\"http://www.news.wisc.edu/22356\">research\u003c/a> from the University of Wisconsin suggests that deforestation is promoting the spread of a disease called Nipah virus in Bangladesh. The virus has no cure, no vaccine -- and a mortality rate of more than 70 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Nipah virus first appeared in Malaysia in 1998, epidemiologists traced it back to Indian flying foxes -- giant fruit bats that are widespread in South Asia. In \u003ca href=\"http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/bodyhorrors/2013/04/30/climatic-ori-nipah-virus/#.U3Y4gcYhsnA\">Malaysia\u003c/a> the bats infected domesticated pigs, which in turn infected their farmers. But the latest outbreaks have been in Bangladesh, where pigs are rare. A 2006 \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/12/pdfs/06-0732.pdf\">study\u003c/a> by the CDC and other groups concluded that the Bangladesh outbreaks were caused by drinking contaminated date palm sap, a sugary syrup humans and bats both love.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70513\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 270px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70513 size-large\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_5914-270x360.jpg\" alt=\"Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pot can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"270\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sap collectors slice into date palm trees with machetes, then hang clay pots to catch the sweet syrup that drips out. Bats drinking from the pots can contaminate the sap with Nipah virus. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Date palm sap is collected from tree trunks, like maple syrup: collectors tap the trees with machetes and let the syrup run into clay pots overnight. During the night, when the bats are out foraging, they find these pots, drink from them, and sometimes leave behind the Nipah virus in their saliva, urine, or feces. Cooking or fermenting the sap could destroy the virus, but in Bangladesh the sap is commonly sold raw at street markets, a practice the government \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/22/health/22global.html?_r=0\">banned\u003c/a> after a 2011 outbreak that killed 21 children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That law isn't enforced, though, especially in rural areas, and the sale of raw sap continues. The Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control, and Research in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, \u003ca href=\"http://www.iedcr.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=106\">reported\u003c/a> 18 more cases before February 11 of this year. Patients usually show up with a fever, headache, and neurological symptoms like confusion and seizures. There isn’t much doctors can do beyond keeping them comfortable and helping them breathe once the disease spreads to their lungs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Understanding which villages are most vulnerable to Nipah would facilitate more targeted prevention efforts, but the virus' geographic distribution was puzzling. Outbreaks seemed to be clustered around a strip of territory in central and northwestern Bangladesh that’s come to be called the “\u003ca href=\"http://www.icddrb.org/media-centre/news/1996-dealing-with-nipah-virus-how-low-cost-methods-may-save-lives-in-bangladesh\">Nipah belt\u003c/a>.” Population density is higher in the Nipah belt than outside it, and forest density is lower, but the bat population -- presumably the source of the outbreaks -- is the same. And even within the Nipah belt, some villages escaped the virus entirely when similar ones, with the same number of bats, had outbreaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the mystery that intrigued Micah Hahn, then a graduate student at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nelson.wisc.edu\">Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies\u003c/a> at UW-Madison. “Why here, but not there? How does the environment help determine who gets Nipah virus and who does not?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To answer that question, Dr. Hahn and her colleagues combined high-tech remote-sensing techniques with low-tech door-to-door surveys. They also hung infrared cameras to monitor bats feeding at night. All this data enabled them to create a high-resolution map that compared the geographic distribution and density of people, bats, and trees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70516\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70516\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_1099-e1400185366313-541x360.jpg\" alt=\"Bat roosts. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"432\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During the day, fruit bats roost in colonies of hundreds. But surprisingly, just having a bat colony nearby doesn't necessarily increase the chance that Nipah virus will spill over to humans. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That led to the discovery of a surprising culprit: deforestation. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that Bangladesh has lost nearly three-quarters of its forest in the last 30 years as its population has expanded. In the Nipah belt, as Hahn explains in this \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCnL3aoNEAA\">video\u003c/a> from the Nelson Institute, what remains are small, uneven patches of forest instead of large swaths of jungle. The places where the forest is most fragmented are the places most vulnerable to Nipah virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For every 10 percent reduction in tree cover at the sites in the Nipah belt where the bats were roosting, Hahn found that a nearby village was \u003cstrong>twice\u003c/strong> as likely to have an outbreak. Why? Even though there were the same number of bats in these fragmented forests as in thicker ones, Hahn observed that they “tended to settle in several small roosts scattered throughout the villages, rather than in one large roosting colony.” In areas where the human population density is high, like in the Nipah belt, Hahn speculates that this dispersion increases the likelihood that the bats will find human food sources. When bats and humans start sharing food, disease transmission becomes much more likely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70520\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 650px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70520\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IGP5159-537x360.jpg\" alt=\"Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep the bats out can prevent contaminationDate palm sap pots. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn. \" width=\"650\" height=\"435\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Date palm sap is collected in clay pots like these. Covering the pots with fabric to keep bats out can prevent contamination. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Hahn is quick to point out that the bats themselves aren’t the problem. In fact, since bats help regenerate forest by strewing seeds all over their territory, they could be part of the solution. “This is not just about having bats,” she said. It’s a combination of bat behavior and human behavior that sparked the emergence of Nipah virus in Bangladesh. “The disease risk is a result of humans changing the landscape in ways that create opportunities for human/wildlife interactions,” Hahn said\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nipah virus isn’t the only disease whose spread is influenced by the way humans manage the landscape. In Uganda, replacing natural swamps with cropland increased the risk of malaria. Yellow fever, leishmaniasis, and Hantavirus have also been shown to behave differently when the landscape changes. Hahn’s research will help target Nipah prevention and surveillance efforts to the most vulnerable villages, but it’s also evidence that the consequences of reshaping our environment could be more complicated than we expected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_70514\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-70514\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/IMG_0199-e1400184212923-551x360.jpg\" alt=\"When the forest is broken up into small patches with lots of holes in the canopy, bat and humans start to find food in the same areas. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\" width=\"650\" height=\"424\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When the forest is broken up into small patches and interspersed with human settlements, like it is in the Nipah belt, humans and bats can start sharing food sources. Bat-borne diseases are the result. Photo courtesy of Micah Hahn.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Saving Our Seeds\" was produced by Quest Wisconsin's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/andysoth/\">Andy Soth.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cicero believed that all you really need in life is a garden and a library. He would have really liked a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacrosselibrary.org/seed-library\">program\u003c/a> at the public library in La Crosse, Wisconsin: heirloom seeds available for checkout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The La Crosse Public Library has joined a handful of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/07/garden/07seed.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0\">libraries\u003c/a> around the country in a quiet rebellion against a rising tide of genetic homogeneity in our food. Instead of grabbing an anonymous green pepper in the grocery store, the library’s members borrow seeds of old, storied varieties to plant in their own gardens. After the harvest, they save some of those plants’ seeds and return them to the library, perpetuating the seed collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Crosse librarian Cindy Mischnick, who began the program with her colleague Kelly Becker, was motivated to start it when she grew concerned that “people have gone away from having small gardens or thinking about where their seeds come from.” As a librarian, she thought she might be able to do something about it. “We’re the kind of people that collect things, catalog things, have things available to check out,” she said. “Seeds are just another kind of item for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The startup capital for this venture was genetic: boxes of seeds from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org\">Seed Savers Exchange\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving heirloom varieties and promoting their cultivation. Their 890-acre farm in eastern Iowa, seen in the video above, is like a living library of heirloom plants -- old varieties that have been passed down through generations of gardeners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69343\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tomato-seeding.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69343 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tomato-seeding-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato seeding\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A horticulturalist at the Seed Savers Exchange harvests tomato seeds to plant for next year's crop. Saving seeds this way helps ensure that heirloom varieties will still be around in case we need them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts from Seed Savers drove the hour northeast to La Crosse to teach aspiring seed library users \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org/Education/Seed-Saving-Resources/\">how to harvest their seeds\u003c/a>. Picking tiny seeds out of pods, cleaning them off, drying them, painstakingly packaging them up -- it all sounds absurdly tedious to people used to just buying a few cheap packets of tomato and pepper seeds every year at the local home-and-garden warehouse. But saving seeds this way used to be routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, the process of carefully saving seeds from their best-performing plants allowed farmers to select for the traits they wanted. Everyone developed their own varieties, guided by their own preferences and the local growing conditions. Biodiversity expanded as a result. Historical seed company records show that in \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/07/food-ark/food-variety-graphic\">1903 there were 544 varieties of cabbage\u003c/a> alone. Today you’d be lucky to find anything more exotic than “red” and “green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happened to all that diversity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seed saving and the multiplicity of varieties it produces don’t fit into the prevailing model of industrial-scale agriculture. As farming has become increasingly mechanized, farmers operating on an ever-larger scale have increasingly relied on large, predictable, homogeneous yields of a single crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trend toward uniformity was made possible by progress in genetic technology. Reliable, uniform, hybrid varieties and, most recently, genetically modified commodity crops make farming more profitable for big operations. But these changes in economics and advances in science combined to spell the death of the local seed company and the farmer’s box of family varieties stored each winter in the root cellar. Thousands of these species have already disappeared. Some estimates say that we’ve lost 90 percent of our agricultural biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is losing biodiversity necessarily a bad thing? \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/garden/24seeds.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0\">Modern hybrid\u003c/a> and genetically modified varieties have been bred to resist diseases and herbicides, stay fresh in stores, and are sometimes even beefed up with extra nutrients, a benefit that’s especially important in developing countries with rampant malnutrition. If we have these exquisitely designed species, why worry if thousands of less perfect ones go extinct?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/1280px-GEM_corn.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69345 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/1280px-GEM_corn-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"1280px-GEM_corn\" width=\"302\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ninety-six percent of the corn varieties in the United States have disappeared in the last century.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We should worry because \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=36564#.U0LNChYhuUQ\">without genetic diversity\u003c/a>, an unexpected disease, tough growing season, or invasive pest can easily devastate a whole species. If that happens to be one of the handful of species on which our national food supply currently depends, the results could be disastrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Irish potato famine, which killed one million people between 1845 and 1852, is a grim demonstration of the risk caused by leaning too heavily on a single variety of a staple crop. Grant Olson, Seed Savers’ education coordinator, explained that “one of the main contributors to that famine was that everyone in Ireland was growing one variety of potato. Potato blight found a niche in those plants, and because each plant was genetically identical, blight had a whole country's worth of plants that it could devastate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And according to a recent study, a homogeneous agricultural landscape \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/low-crop-diversity/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter\">isn’t so good for our health\u003c/a> either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine, by contrast, if every farm grew a different variety of potato or corn or sugar beets. Even if one of those varieties got wiped out, thousands of others would remain, short-circuiting a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recognition that tough growing seasons will become more common as the climate changes has prompted the establishment of seed banks all over the world, storing the genetic material from thousands of plant varieties in case we need them again one day. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/content/svalbard-global-seed-vault\">one seed bank\u003c/a> on a remote island in the Arctic Circle, more than two thousand seed varieties slumber peacefully in cold storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More and more communities, including La Crosse, have found a local solution. “Seed libraries have really been taking off,” said Olson. “They're great places to teach people how to save their own seeds and also a place to build this network of people in a community that can be a little bit independent with their seed source and with their food access.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food security and biodiversity are \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/07/food-ark/siebert-text\">global problems\u003c/a>, but if you live in La Crosse, all you need is a sunny spot, a green thumb, and a library card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To find out if there is a seed lending library near you, check out this growing \u003ca href=\"http://www.richmondgrowsseeds.org/sister-libraries.html\">list of national locations\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Saving Our Seeds\" was produced by Quest Wisconsin's \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/author/andysoth/\">Andy Soth.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cicero believed that all you really need in life is a garden and a library. He would have really liked a new \u003ca href=\"http://www.lacrosselibrary.org/seed-library\">program\u003c/a> at the public library in La Crosse, Wisconsin: heirloom seeds available for checkout.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The La Crosse Public Library has joined a handful of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/07/garden/07seed.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0\">libraries\u003c/a> around the country in a quiet rebellion against a rising tide of genetic homogeneity in our food. Instead of grabbing an anonymous green pepper in the grocery store, the library’s members borrow seeds of old, storied varieties to plant in their own gardens. After the harvest, they save some of those plants’ seeds and return them to the library, perpetuating the seed collection.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>La Crosse librarian Cindy Mischnick, who began the program with her colleague Kelly Becker, was motivated to start it when she grew concerned that “people have gone away from having small gardens or thinking about where their seeds come from.” As a librarian, she thought she might be able to do something about it. “We’re the kind of people that collect things, catalog things, have things available to check out,” she said. “Seeds are just another kind of item for us.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The startup capital for this venture was genetic: boxes of seeds from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org\">Seed Savers Exchange\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving heirloom varieties and promoting their cultivation. Their 890-acre farm in eastern Iowa, seen in the video above, is like a living library of heirloom plants -- old varieties that have been passed down through generations of gardeners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69343\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 360px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tomato-seeding.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69343 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/Tomato-seeding-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Tomato seeding\" width=\"360\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A horticulturalist at the Seed Savers Exchange harvests tomato seeds to plant for next year's crop. Saving seeds this way helps ensure that heirloom varieties will still be around in case we need them.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Experts from Seed Savers drove the hour northeast to La Crosse to teach aspiring seed library users \u003ca href=\"http://www.seedsavers.org/Education/Seed-Saving-Resources/\">how to harvest their seeds\u003c/a>. Picking tiny seeds out of pods, cleaning them off, drying them, painstakingly packaging them up -- it all sounds absurdly tedious to people used to just buying a few cheap packets of tomato and pepper seeds every year at the local home-and-garden warehouse. But saving seeds this way used to be routine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the past, the process of carefully saving seeds from their best-performing plants allowed farmers to select for the traits they wanted. Everyone developed their own varieties, guided by their own preferences and the local growing conditions. Biodiversity expanded as a result. Historical seed company records show that in \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/07/food-ark/food-variety-graphic\">1903 there were 544 varieties of cabbage\u003c/a> alone. Today you’d be lucky to find anything more exotic than “red” and “green.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What happened to all that diversity?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seed saving and the multiplicity of varieties it produces don’t fit into the prevailing model of industrial-scale agriculture. As farming has become increasingly mechanized, farmers operating on an ever-larger scale have increasingly relied on large, predictable, homogeneous yields of a single crop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This trend toward uniformity was made possible by progress in genetic technology. Reliable, uniform, hybrid varieties and, most recently, genetically modified commodity crops make farming more profitable for big operations. But these changes in economics and advances in science combined to spell the death of the local seed company and the farmer’s box of family varieties stored each winter in the root cellar. Thousands of these species have already disappeared. Some estimates say that we’ve lost 90 percent of our agricultural biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is losing biodiversity necessarily a bad thing? \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/24/garden/24seeds.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0\">Modern hybrid\u003c/a> and genetically modified varieties have been bred to resist diseases and herbicides, stay fresh in stores, and are sometimes even beefed up with extra nutrients, a benefit that’s especially important in developing countries with rampant malnutrition. If we have these exquisitely designed species, why worry if thousands of less perfect ones go extinct?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_69345\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 302px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/1280px-GEM_corn.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-69345 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/03/1280px-GEM_corn-378x253.jpg\" alt=\"1280px-GEM_corn\" width=\"302\" height=\"202\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ninety-six percent of the corn varieties in the United States have disappeared in the last century.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>We should worry because \u003ca href=\"http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=36564#.U0LNChYhuUQ\">without genetic diversity\u003c/a>, an unexpected disease, tough growing season, or invasive pest can easily devastate a whole species. If that happens to be one of the handful of species on which our national food supply currently depends, the results could be disastrous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Irish potato famine, which killed one million people between 1845 and 1852, is a grim demonstration of the risk caused by leaning too heavily on a single variety of a staple crop. Grant Olson, Seed Savers’ education coordinator, explained that “one of the main contributors to that famine was that everyone in Ireland was growing one variety of potato. Potato blight found a niche in those plants, and because each plant was genetically identical, blight had a whole country's worth of plants that it could devastate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And according to a recent study, a homogeneous agricultural landscape \u003ca href=\"http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode/low-crop-diversity/?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter\">isn’t so good for our health\u003c/a> either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagine, by contrast, if every farm grew a different variety of potato or corn or sugar beets. Even if one of those varieties got wiped out, thousands of others would remain, short-circuiting a crisis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The recognition that tough growing seasons will become more common as the climate changes has prompted the establishment of seed banks all over the world, storing the genetic material from thousands of plant varieties in case we need them again one day. In \u003ca href=\"https://www.croptrust.org/content/svalbard-global-seed-vault\">one seed bank\u003c/a> on a remote island in the Arctic Circle, more than two thousand seed varieties slumber peacefully in cold storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More and more communities, including La Crosse, have found a local solution. “Seed libraries have really been taking off,” said Olson. “They're great places to teach people how to save their own seeds and also a place to build this network of people in a community that can be a little bit independent with their seed source and with their food access.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Food security and biodiversity are \u003ca href=\"http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/07/food-ark/siebert-text\">global problems\u003c/a>, but if you live in La Crosse, all you need is a sunny spot, a green thumb, and a library card.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>To find out if there is a seed lending library near you, check out this growing \u003ca href=\"http://www.richmondgrowsseeds.org/sister-libraries.html\">list of national locations\u003c/a>.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>“The winter is a pretty incredible time of year,” Jonathan Pauli told me. Looking out the window of his office at Wisconsin’s stubborn crust of snow, it occurred to me that “incredible” might not be the most popular adjective, especially this year, as a harrowing winter slowly releases its grip on the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pauli/\">P\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pauli/\">auli\u003c/a> and his colleague \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/zuckerberg/\">Benjamin Zuckerberg\u003c/a> explained that winter’s thick blanket of snow,inhospitable as it looks, actually provides a safe haven for plants and animals that spend their lives in northerly latitudes. “You look at the landscape and you see a blanket of homogeneous white,” said Pauli. “You think that it makes everything simple. But what is kind of fun to think about is that complex world that lives underneath the snow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pauli and Zuckerberg are both professors in the Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. They call the narrow band of stability that exists between snow and soil the “subnivium.” In this wintry stratum, plants can germinate and photosynthesize and animals stay active -- some, like shrews, even raise litters here. But according to the scientists’ research, the subnivium is \u003ca href=\"http://nelson.wisc.edu/news/story.php?story=1700\">endangered\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two key features help the subnivium support its tenants: temperature stability and air pockets that give animals a little breathing room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stable temperatures -- even low ones -- are easier than fluctuating ones for organisms to accommodate. Because water in any form takes a long time to heat up or cool down, snow is a great insulator. It traps the heat rising from the soil so that even when the air temperature plummets, the temperature at the bottom of a column of snow will hover right around freezing. Meanwhile, the heat emanating from the soil creates a rising cloud of water vapor. Those water molecules condense as they move upward, creating a band of loose, icy snow where animals can move around easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68875\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68875 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o\" width=\"341\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Small mammals like voles depend on the subnivium's stable temperatures to survive the winter. Image by Jason Ahrns/flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In this stable, humid ecosystem, spiders, woolly bear caterpillars, wood frogs, voles, shrews, lawn-killing fungi called “snow molds,” and delicate glacier lilies all thrive. As the \u003ca href=\"http://whatweknow.aaas.org/get-the-facts/\">climate changes\u003c/a>, though, they might not be thriving for much longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doesn’t it seem like winter would be the one time when a warming climate could be a boon for wildlife? At first blush, Pauli admitted, “it does seem paradoxical. Winter is a period of resource limitations, and if it gets warmer, that’s got to be a good thing!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like snow cover, though, it isn’t as simple as it looks. Michael Notaro, a climate researcher at UW-Madison, explained that by the end of the century the 6- to 12-degree jump predicted for the upper Midwest will mean \u003ca href=\"http://nelson.wisc.edu/news/story.php?story=1814\">winters that are less snowy\u003c/a>. And the snow that does fall won’t be the few dry, fluffy inches at a time that create the most stable subnivium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm air holds more water than cold air, so when the conditions are right for precipitation, “there’s more moisture to wring out,” Notaro explained. By the middle of this century Notaro’s models predict that the Midwest will be walloped by big snowstorms that drop wet, heavy snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence will be a snowpack that fluctuates both in depth and density. And without a reliably thick blanket of snow, the subnivean temperature starts to fluctuate, tracking the temperature of the air above it. The ironic result is that warmer winters will actually leave these subnivean organisms confronting colder temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68888\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 376px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o-e1395691023592.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68888 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o-e1395691023592-376x253.jpg\" alt=\"6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o\" width=\"376\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants like the glacier lily can avoid freezing or drying out by spending the winter in the subnivium as seeds or root stock. If the subnivium gets too shallow, these plants could be damaged by ice crystals or germinate too early in the season to survive. Image by Steve Redman/National Parks Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s a big problem. The subnivium’s inhabitants have developed very finely tuned, if occasionally bizarre, survival strategies that won’t work in new conditions. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjr3A_kfspM\">wood frog\u003c/a>, for example, survives freezing by injecting all its tissues with glucose, which acts as a kind of cellular antifreeze, and then draining all the blood from its organs until the spring thaw jump-starts the frog’s heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But below about 18 degrees Fahrenheit, the extra glucose can’t keep ice from invading the frog’s tissues, tearing apart its cells. Even if the temperature never dips below that critical point, freeze/thaw cycles driven by newly unstable temperatures could leave the frog too exhausted to make it though the winter. Other animals’ adaptive strategies are just as delicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fascinating to think about how animals make a living,” Pauli said. “I mean, it really is fascinating. We crawl into our 65-degree houses and it’s comfy and cozy, but these organisms are making a living in a hostile environment.” The subnivium has been a refuge from that hostility, but Pauli believes that climate change “might simply outstrip the ability of organisms to make a living there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now this problem has been largely overlooked, partly because the subnivium itself is tucked away. Zuckerberg explained that “degradation in that environment can be pretty invisible to the naked eye.” Unlike a stripped rainforest or garbage-choked river, a shallow, dense band of snow looks a lot like a thick, loose one, but only the latter fosters a healthy subnivium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate models predict the biggest temperature jumps during the coldest months of the year. “Most ecology labs are kind of hibernating during the winter,” Zuckerberg says. But neither Zuckerberg nor Pauli will be sleeping their days away: they’ll be out there in that incredible winter, looking for everything hidden under the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"p0RkJkc1xwoFyAGDn6RFPOvOkOn1GBuj\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>“The winter is a pretty incredible time of year,” Jonathan Pauli told me. Looking out the window of his office at Wisconsin’s stubborn crust of snow, it occurred to me that “incredible” might not be the most popular adjective, especially this year, as a harrowing winter slowly releases its grip on the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pauli/\">P\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/pauli/\">auli\u003c/a> and his colleague \u003ca href=\"http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/zuckerberg/\">Benjamin Zuckerberg\u003c/a> explained that winter’s thick blanket of snow,inhospitable as it looks, actually provides a safe haven for plants and animals that spend their lives in northerly latitudes. “You look at the landscape and you see a blanket of homogeneous white,” said Pauli. “You think that it makes everything simple. But what is kind of fun to think about is that complex world that lives underneath the snow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pauli and Zuckerberg are both professors in the Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. They call the narrow band of stability that exists between snow and soil the “subnivium.” In this wintry stratum, plants can germinate and photosynthesize and animals stay active -- some, like shrews, even raise litters here. But according to the scientists’ research, the subnivium is \u003ca href=\"http://nelson.wisc.edu/news/story.php?story=1700\">endangered\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two key features help the subnivium support its tenants: temperature stability and air pockets that give animals a little breathing room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stable temperatures -- even low ones -- are easier than fluctuating ones for organisms to accommodate. Because water in any form takes a long time to heat up or cool down, snow is a great insulator. It traps the heat rising from the soil so that even when the air temperature plummets, the temperature at the bottom of a column of snow will hover right around freezing. Meanwhile, the heat emanating from the soil creates a rising cloud of water vapor. Those water molecules condense as they move upward, creating a band of loose, icy snow where animals can move around easily.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68875\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 341px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-68875 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o-379x253.jpg\" alt=\"6961131505_1bcf1e601a_o\" width=\"341\" height=\"228\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Small mammals like voles depend on the subnivium's stable temperatures to survive the winter. Image by Jason Ahrns/flickr.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In this stable, humid ecosystem, spiders, woolly bear caterpillars, wood frogs, voles, shrews, lawn-killing fungi called “snow molds,” and delicate glacier lilies all thrive. As the \u003ca href=\"http://whatweknow.aaas.org/get-the-facts/\">climate changes\u003c/a>, though, they might not be thriving for much longer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But doesn’t it seem like winter would be the one time when a warming climate could be a boon for wildlife? At first blush, Pauli admitted, “it does seem paradoxical. Winter is a period of resource limitations, and if it gets warmer, that’s got to be a good thing!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like snow cover, though, it isn’t as simple as it looks. Michael Notaro, a climate researcher at UW-Madison, explained that by the end of the century the 6- to 12-degree jump predicted for the upper Midwest will mean \u003ca href=\"http://nelson.wisc.edu/news/story.php?story=1814\">winters that are less snowy\u003c/a>. And the snow that does fall won’t be the few dry, fluffy inches at a time that create the most stable subnivium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm air holds more water than cold air, so when the conditions are right for precipitation, “there’s more moisture to wring out,” Notaro explained. By the middle of this century Notaro’s models predict that the Midwest will be walloped by big snowstorms that drop wet, heavy snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence will be a snowpack that fluctuates both in depth and density. And without a reliably thick blanket of snow, the subnivean temperature starts to fluctuate, tracking the temperature of the air above it. The ironic result is that warmer winters will actually leave these subnivean organisms confronting colder temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68888\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 376px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o-e1395691023592.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68888 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/01/6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o-e1395691023592-376x253.jpg\" alt=\"6851655694_6afc9e12a7_o\" width=\"376\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants like the glacier lily can avoid freezing or drying out by spending the winter in the subnivium as seeds or root stock. If the subnivium gets too shallow, these plants could be damaged by ice crystals or germinate too early in the season to survive. Image by Steve Redman/National Parks Service.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>That’s a big problem. The subnivium’s inhabitants have developed very finely tuned, if occasionally bizarre, survival strategies that won’t work in new conditions. The \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fjr3A_kfspM\">wood frog\u003c/a>, for example, survives freezing by injecting all its tissues with glucose, which acts as a kind of cellular antifreeze, and then draining all the blood from its organs until the spring thaw jump-starts the frog’s heart.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But below about 18 degrees Fahrenheit, the extra glucose can’t keep ice from invading the frog’s tissues, tearing apart its cells. Even if the temperature never dips below that critical point, freeze/thaw cycles driven by newly unstable temperatures could leave the frog too exhausted to make it though the winter. Other animals’ adaptive strategies are just as delicate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s fascinating to think about how animals make a living,” Pauli said. “I mean, it really is fascinating. We crawl into our 65-degree houses and it’s comfy and cozy, but these organisms are making a living in a hostile environment.” The subnivium has been a refuge from that hostility, but Pauli believes that climate change “might simply outstrip the ability of organisms to make a living there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until now this problem has been largely overlooked, partly because the subnivium itself is tucked away. Zuckerberg explained that “degradation in that environment can be pretty invisible to the naked eye.” Unlike a stripped rainforest or garbage-choked river, a shallow, dense band of snow looks a lot like a thick, loose one, but only the latter fosters a healthy subnivium.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Climate models predict the biggest temperature jumps during the coldest months of the year. “Most ecology labs are kind of hibernating during the winter,” Zuckerberg says. But neither Zuckerberg nor Pauli will be sleeping their days away: they’ll be out there in that incredible winter, looking for everything hidden under the snow.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"p0RkJkc1xwoFyAGDn6RFPOvOkOn1GBuj\"]\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Building Better Forests",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Building Better Forests\" was produced by QUEST Wisconsin's Andy Soth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees grow slowly. The climate is changing quickly. That combination could be deadly for the nation’s forests -- but new research may show how to make those forests a little tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three-quarters of a billion acres in the United States are covered in forest. And it’s not just sitting there. Forests store and filter water, exchange the carbon dioxide we don’t want in the air for the oxygen we do, provide habitat for animals and smaller plants, and fuel the country’s $30 billion timber industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://forestandwildlifeecology.wisc.edu/staticsites/mladenofflab/\">David Mladenoff\u003c/a>, a professor of forest ecology at the University of Wisconsin who is featured in the video posted above, \u003ca href=\"http://video.wpt.org/video/1714105891/\">explains\u003c/a> that some key tree species -- especially those in northern forests -- might not be able to survive in warmer conditions. More heat-tolerant species could move northward to replace them, but climate change may outpace the ability of southern species to migrate to higher latitudes. If that happens, the total acreage of northern forests could drop dramatically by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees that survive these changes will still have to contend with invasive species and new diseases. Pests that used to be eradicated by cold winters will be more likely to infiltrate new territories, attacking trees already stressed by higher temperatures, drought, and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is still hope for these trees. Scientists believe that we might be able to bolster forests’ chances of survival if we can figure out how to create forests that are more resilient. As Mike Dombeck, a former chief of the U.S. Forest Service, explained, “That resilience is always in diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diversity confers resilience because some tree species will weather climate change better than others. Some will succumb to invasive pests; others won’t. A diverse forest can hedge its bets: even if one species is lost, the forest will persist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68092\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68092 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001-272x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will bolster the forest's health.\" width=\"272\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will improve the forest's health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a lesson in how to cultivate a diverse and resilient forest, scientists and forest managers have turned their attention to a 220,000-acre Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/menominee-forest-keepers/\">forest\u003c/a> managed by the Menominee tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dombeck calls the Menominee enterprise “a real success story in forest management.” The Menominee have been harvesting wood from their forest for 150 years, but the reservation holds even more timber today than it did when they started logging. Young and old trees in a variety of species attest that the forest has retained its protective diversity, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe credits its success to its celebrated 19th-century chief Oshkosh, who advised the Menominee to harvest only sick trees, mature trees, dying trees -- leaving plenty of large, healthy ones behind. This strategy is called “selective harvest.” Forester David Mausel points out that it mimics nature’s method for culling the forest, where the weaker trees are the first to succumb to insects and disease. The forest, not the lumber market, determines which trees get cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of Wisconsin’s forests did not reap the rewards of Oshkosh’s advice. Throughout the 19th century, the expanding U.S. timber industry pushed logging ever farther westward. By the turn of the 20th century, the Great Lakes states were being stripped of their old-growth forests in what Dombeck describes as “cut and run” forestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence, said Mladenoff, is that state is mostly left with 100-year-old forests -- barely out of babyhood by forestry standards. “Some have already been cut once or twice again so they're even younger. It means we have a very homogenous forest,” he explained. That homogeneity makes the forest vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mladenoff is investigating whether these newer, low-diversity forests can be persuaded to behave like the resilient old-growth forest the Menominee manage. They’ve targeted several features that could help young forests act a little older. “We know that old-growth forests have a very different structure than all our younger managed forests,” Mladenoff said. “They have large trees. They have different sized openings in the canopy. There's many more logs on the forest floor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing large trees takes time, but the other changes are easier to make. At their study site in the Flambeau River State Forest about 150 miles northwest of the Menominee reservation, Mladenoff and his team cut down carefully selected trees to create gaps in the canopy, and leave old logs to rot slowly on the forest floor. The effect is similar to what the Menominee achieve with selective harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment will run for 50 years, but some effects are already obvious. New, light-hungry tree species are springing up under the gaps in the canopy, increasing the forest’s biodiversity -- maybe this young forest’s best defense against a warmer future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68093\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68093 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Trunk respiration001\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Special instruments help Mladenoff's team measure the carbon absorbed and released by the forest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the forests survive, they can help combat climate change at its source. Forests absorb \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6045/988\">billions\u003c/a> of pounds of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> every year, sequestering it in leaves and branches and tree trunks. Carbon is also stored in tree debris on the forest floor and in the soil -- in fact, the soil holds \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112705004834\">more than half\u003c/a> the carbon locked up in the forest. Mladenoff’s experiment will measure how the new canopy gaps and extra logs affect the forest’s ability to store and release carbon, to determine if these diversity-enhancing strategies could also make the forest a better carbon sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years scientists assumed that only young, quickly growing forests were good at storing carbon. But more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12914.html\">recent research\u003c/a> has suggested that old forests absorb significant amounts of carbon dioxide, too. Mladenoff explains that even though old trees grow more slowly, their greater mass means that they can still soak up a lot of carbon. A forest where some trees are allowed to reach a ripe old age, and where biodiversity is encouraged, could be both more resistant to climate change and one of our best weapons against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important thing,” Dombeck said, “is to take care of the goose that lays the golden eggs, and that's the forest.” Mladenoff’s results may one day help ecologists create a healthier and more resilient “goose” that can weather whatever changes lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Building-a-Better-Forest-2_25LLedit.docx\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_auto_sidebar id=\"gUBDxWgOAbEcmLFlTNZC1lpQMiD1zrF0\"]\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Scientists in Wisconsin are drawing on both new research and traditional Native American knowledge to create forests that will be more resilient in the face of climate change.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Building Better Forests\" was produced by QUEST Wisconsin's Andy Soth.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees grow slowly. The climate is changing quickly. That combination could be deadly for the nation’s forests -- but new research may show how to make those forests a little tougher.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three-quarters of a billion acres in the United States are covered in forest. And it’s not just sitting there. Forests store and filter water, exchange the carbon dioxide we don’t want in the air for the oxygen we do, provide habitat for animals and smaller plants, and fuel the country’s $30 billion timber industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://forestandwildlifeecology.wisc.edu/staticsites/mladenofflab/\">David Mladenoff\u003c/a>, a professor of forest ecology at the University of Wisconsin who is featured in the video posted above, \u003ca href=\"http://video.wpt.org/video/1714105891/\">explains\u003c/a> that some key tree species -- especially those in northern forests -- might not be able to survive in warmer conditions. More heat-tolerant species could move northward to replace them, but climate change may outpace the ability of southern species to migrate to higher latitudes. If that happens, the total acreage of northern forests could drop dramatically by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trees that survive these changes will still have to contend with invasive species and new diseases. Pests that used to be eradicated by cold winters will be more likely to infiltrate new territories, attacking trees already stressed by higher temperatures, drought, and storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is still hope for these trees. Scientists believe that we might be able to bolster forests’ chances of survival if we can figure out how to create forests that are more resilient. As Mike Dombeck, a former chief of the U.S. Forest Service, explained, “That resilience is always in diversity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Diversity confers resilience because some tree species will weather climate change better than others. Some will succumb to invasive pests; others won’t. A diverse forest can hedge its bets: even if one species is lost, the forest will persist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68092\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 272px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68092 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Tree-marked001-272x253.jpg\" alt=\"In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will bolster the forest's health.\" width=\"272\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the Menominee forest, trees are only marked for harvest if their removal will improve the forest's health.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For a lesson in how to cultivate a diverse and resilient forest, scientists and forest managers have turned their attention to a 220,000-acre Wisconsin \u003ca href=\"http://www.americanforests.org/magazine/article/menominee-forest-keepers/\">forest\u003c/a> managed by the Menominee tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dombeck calls the Menominee enterprise “a real success story in forest management.” The Menominee have been harvesting wood from their forest for 150 years, but the reservation holds even more timber today than it did when they started logging. Young and old trees in a variety of species attest that the forest has retained its protective diversity, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe credits its success to its celebrated 19th-century chief Oshkosh, who advised the Menominee to harvest only sick trees, mature trees, dying trees -- leaving plenty of large, healthy ones behind. This strategy is called “selective harvest.” Forester David Mausel points out that it mimics nature’s method for culling the forest, where the weaker trees are the first to succumb to insects and disease. The forest, not the lumber market, determines which trees get cut.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But most of Wisconsin’s forests did not reap the rewards of Oshkosh’s advice. Throughout the 19th century, the expanding U.S. timber industry pushed logging ever farther westward. By the turn of the 20th century, the Great Lakes states were being stripped of their old-growth forests in what Dombeck describes as “cut and run” forestry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The consequence, said Mladenoff, is that state is mostly left with 100-year-old forests -- barely out of babyhood by forestry standards. “Some have already been cut once or twice again so they're even younger. It means we have a very homogenous forest,” he explained. That homogeneity makes the forest vulnerable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mladenoff is investigating whether these newer, low-diversity forests can be persuaded to behave like the resilient old-growth forest the Menominee manage. They’ve targeted several features that could help young forests act a little older. “We know that old-growth forests have a very different structure than all our younger managed forests,” Mladenoff said. “They have large trees. They have different sized openings in the canopy. There's many more logs on the forest floor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing large trees takes time, but the other changes are easier to make. At their study site in the Flambeau River State Forest about 150 miles northwest of the Menominee reservation, Mladenoff and his team cut down carefully selected trees to create gaps in the canopy, and leave old logs to rot slowly on the forest floor. The effect is similar to what the Menominee achieve with selective harvest.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The experiment will run for 50 years, but some effects are already obvious. New, light-hungry tree species are springing up under the gaps in the canopy, increasing the forest’s biodiversity -- maybe this young forest’s best defense against a warmer future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_68093\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 450px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-68093 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Trunk-respiration001-450x253.jpg\" alt=\"Trunk respiration001\" width=\"450\" height=\"253\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Special instruments help Mladenoff's team measure the carbon absorbed and released by the forest.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>If the forests survive, they can help combat climate change at its source. Forests absorb \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/333/6045/988\">billions\u003c/a> of pounds of CO\u003csub>2\u003c/sub> every year, sequestering it in leaves and branches and tree trunks. Carbon is also stored in tree debris on the forest floor and in the soil -- in fact, the soil holds \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112705004834\">more than half\u003c/a> the carbon locked up in the forest. Mladenoff’s experiment will measure how the new canopy gaps and extra logs affect the forest’s ability to store and release carbon, to determine if these diversity-enhancing strategies could also make the forest a better carbon sink.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years scientists assumed that only young, quickly growing forests were good at storing carbon. But more \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12914.html\">recent research\u003c/a> has suggested that old forests absorb significant amounts of carbon dioxide, too. Mladenoff explains that even though old trees grow more slowly, their greater mass means that they can still soak up a lot of carbon. A forest where some trees are allowed to reach a ripe old age, and where biodiversity is encouraged, could be both more resistant to climate change and one of our best weapons against it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The most important thing,” Dombeck said, “is to take care of the goose that lays the golden eggs, and that's the forest.” Mladenoff’s results may one day help ecologists create a healthier and more resilient “goose” that can weather whatever changes lie ahead.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/wp-content/uploads/sites/39/2014/02/Building-a-Better-Forest-2_25LLedit.docx\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"id": "closealltabs",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"meta": {
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"order": 15
},
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Perspectives",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
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