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Rubin Observatory in Chile, named for an American astronomer and paired with a custom-built telescope designed to go with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No other survey of this caliber has been completed since the 1950s when the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey photographed the entire Southern Hemisphere. The survey will generate a vast trove of images, allowing astronomers to study dark matter, a mysterious type of mass that does not interact with light or any known particle. It will also explore dark energy, an even more mysterious force that seems to be accelerating the expansion of the universe — and a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992530\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sensor for the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, or LSST, camera at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy, in Menlo Park on Jan. 29, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To know that this stuff — is it even a stuff? We don’t know — it makes up 70% of the universe,” said Aaron Roodman, a professor of particle physics and astrophysics at SLAC, who also led the effort of putting the camera together and testing it. “It’s just a fantastic mystery that we’ll be able to study that in multiple different ways using data from Rubin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The camera will capture 3,200 megapixels per shot; its images are so detailed that it can see a golf ball from about 15 miles away. The survey should observe an estimated 20 billion galaxies — a significant fraction of the galaxies in the observable universe — providing incremental results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can study how galaxies evolve. Many of those galaxies change in brightness. We’ll be able to detect that because we’ll observe them so many times,” almost a thousand times throughout the survey, said Roodman, who specializes in studying dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our galaxy and its billions of stars will also be captured, enabling studies of how the Milky Way was formed and of dark matter — one of the other big mysteries in science today — that makes up 25% of it and everything else in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we don’t know what it is either,” Roodman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids, comets and supernovae — will all be captured by the massive camera and its telescope. Will exoplanets also be studied?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I won’t be surprised at all if clever people figure out ways to use the data from the Rubin Observatory to hunt for exoplanets,” Roodman said, adding that one of the nice things about the project is the data has no proprietary period — that is, no period where a certain group of scientists will hold onto it — mining it for discoveries before sharing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have that. The data becomes public, available to the whole U.S. science community and select international partners right away,” Roodman said. “I definitely expect clever people to find ways to use it that I can’t tell you today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the data will also be publicly available, allowing citizen scientists and night sky aficionados to enjoy its pictures. Some of the scientists who worked on the camera itself are excited about that aspect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s really neat,” said Andrew Rasmussen, a research scientist at SLAC and one of the camera’s instrument scientists. “I have a young daughter who I hope to get online looking at pictures from the camera.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Parking Maseratis\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Putting the Legacy Survey of Space and Time camera together was an unprecedented challenge, Roodman said, because no other piece of equipment like it has been built before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really pushed the edge of what’s possible to get the most performance possible out of the camera,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992538\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992538\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Legacy Survey of Space and Time, or LSST, camera at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy, in Menlo Park on Jan. 29, 2024. The camera is the world’s largest digital camera and will be transported to the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in the mountains of Chile, where it will be for a decade mapping the southern sky. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most difficult aspects was the installation of the camera’s sensors. The work, Roodman said, was like parking a Maserati in between two other Maseratis, with less than an inch to spare on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the camera are 201 individual image sensors, each a 16-megapixel device, 4 centimeters by 4 centimeters, and they could only be held by the back for fear of ruining them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the sensors were pretty big. And we kept the gaps between them to half a millimeter. And that turned out to be actually very difficult mechanically to put together, to assemble,” Roodman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took hours in a clean room for just one of the 25 total rafts to be carefully placed inside the body of the camera. Each raft was a million-dollar tower of electronics topped by an array of sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the work, the team constructed a robotic arm to assist with the placement of the sensors, but the robot was not precise enough to place them on its own. One person would monitor the location of the individual rafts in the X, Y and Z plane and would call out to the arm operator, “500 microns minus X” or “250 microns minus Y!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the challenge, the LSST — the world’s biggest digital camera, verified by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/728927-largest-digital-camera#:~:text=The%20LSST%20camera%20combines%20a,ball%20from%2024%20km%20away\">Guinness Book of World Records\u003c/a> — was completed in April. (They called it the “highest-resolution” camera.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Preparing for primetime\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The camera will live at an observatory named after Vera Rubin. Her work in the mid-60s provided convincing evidence for the existence of dark matter. Before her, dark matter had been a concept, but not one that was taken seriously.[aside postID=science_1984704 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-AMES-RESEARCH-CENTER-NASA-1020x680.jpg']Rubin, despite her success, encountered barriers as a woman working in science and sought to help other women enter the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, officials at the \u003ca href=\"https://rubinobservatory.org/about/vera-rubin\">Rubin Observatory\u003c/a> say they seek to continue that spirit and welcome all into the field of science, including people of color, nonbinary people, people with disabilities and those from differing socioeconomic backgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://rubinobservatory.org/events/rubin-pcw-2024\">Rubin research program\u003c/a> is ramping up, with meetings and workshops this spring and summer about how to use data from the observatory, including how to teach astronomy using Rubin images and new tools for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the exciting things about the Rubin Observatory is that the science program is so very broad,” Roodman said. “And it’s broad because we’re taking pictures of everything. The way a lot of telescopes work is, people write proposals and they are interested in looking at a particular object or at a particular kind of object. We’re not doing that. We are going to take pictures of everything, by the end we’ll have seen every part of the Southern Hemisphere sky almost a thousand times.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first images are expected to land in the spring of 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The 20-year project was completed by scientists and engineers at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park. It will study everything from dark matter to dark energy atop a mountain in the Chilean Andes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1714677695,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":29,"wordCount":1337},"headData":{"title":"World's Largest Digital Camera Built in the Bay Area to Illuminate Mysteries of the Universe | KQED","description":"The 20-year project was completed by scientists and engineers at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park. It will study everything from dark matter to dark energy atop a mountain in the Chilean Andes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"World's Largest Digital Camera Built in the Bay Area to Illuminate Mysteries of the Universe","datePublished":"2024-05-02T11:00:28.000Z","dateModified":"2024-05-02T19:21:35.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprStoryId":"kqed-1992526","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1992526/worlds-largest-digital-camera-built-in-the-bay-area-to-illuminate-mysteries-of-space","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Engineers and scientists completed building a camera the size of a family mini-van, capable of capturing large swaths of the night sky in exquisite detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The camera, assembled at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park, is now on the cusp of doing what scientists and engineers have spent 20 years dreaming, designing, building and testing it to do: take a 10-year-long movie of the night sky from its perch atop a mountain in the Chilean Andes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, the camera will be shipped to its final home, the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile, named for an American astronomer and paired with a custom-built telescope designed to go with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No other survey of this caliber has been completed since the 1950s when the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey photographed the entire Southern Hemisphere. The survey will generate a vast trove of images, allowing astronomers to study dark matter, a mysterious type of mass that does not interact with light or any known particle. It will also explore dark energy, an even more mysterious force that seems to be accelerating the expansion of the universe — and a lot more.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992530\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-63-BL_qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sensor for the Legacy Survey of Space and Time, or LSST, camera at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy, in Menlo Park on Jan. 29, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To know that this stuff — is it even a stuff? We don’t know — it makes up 70% of the universe,” said Aaron Roodman, a professor of particle physics and astrophysics at SLAC, who also led the effort of putting the camera together and testing it. “It’s just a fantastic mystery that we’ll be able to study that in multiple different ways using data from Rubin.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The camera will capture 3,200 megapixels per shot; its images are so detailed that it can see a golf ball from about 15 miles away. The survey should observe an estimated 20 billion galaxies — a significant fraction of the galaxies in the observable universe — providing incremental results.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can study how galaxies evolve. Many of those galaxies change in brightness. We’ll be able to detect that because we’ll observe them so many times,” almost a thousand times throughout the survey, said Roodman, who specializes in studying dark energy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our galaxy and its billions of stars will also be captured, enabling studies of how the Milky Way was formed and of dark matter — one of the other big mysteries in science today — that makes up 25% of it and everything else in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And we don’t know what it is either,” Roodman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asteroids, comets and supernovae — will all be captured by the massive camera and its telescope. Will exoplanets also be studied?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I won’t be surprised at all if clever people figure out ways to use the data from the Rubin Observatory to hunt for exoplanets,” Roodman said, adding that one of the nice things about the project is the data has no proprietary period — that is, no period where a certain group of scientists will hold onto it — mining it for discoveries before sharing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t have that. The data becomes public, available to the whole U.S. science community and select international partners right away,” Roodman said. “I definitely expect clever people to find ways to use it that I can’t tell you today.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the data will also be publicly available, allowing citizen scientists and night sky aficionados to enjoy its pictures. Some of the scientists who worked on the camera itself are excited about that aspect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it’s really neat,” said Andrew Rasmussen, a research scientist at SLAC and one of the camera’s instrument scientists. “I have a young daughter who I hope to get online looking at pictures from the camera.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Parking Maseratis\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Putting the Legacy Survey of Space and Time camera together was an unprecedented challenge, Roodman said, because no other piece of equipment like it has been built before.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really pushed the edge of what’s possible to get the most performance possible out of the camera,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1992538\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1992538\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/05/240129-SLAC-56-BL_qut-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Legacy Survey of Space and Time, or LSST, camera at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, operated by Stanford University for the U.S. Department of Energy, in Menlo Park on Jan. 29, 2024. The camera is the world’s largest digital camera and will be transported to the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in the mountains of Chile, where it will be for a decade mapping the southern sky. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One of the most difficult aspects was the installation of the camera’s sensors. The work, Roodman said, was like parking a Maserati in between two other Maseratis, with less than an inch to spare on either side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Within the camera are 201 individual image sensors, each a 16-megapixel device, 4 centimeters by 4 centimeters, and they could only be held by the back for fear of ruining them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So the sensors were pretty big. And we kept the gaps between them to half a millimeter. And that turned out to be actually very difficult mechanically to put together, to assemble,” Roodman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It took hours in a clean room for just one of the 25 total rafts to be carefully placed inside the body of the camera. Each raft was a million-dollar tower of electronics topped by an array of sensors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the work, the team constructed a robotic arm to assist with the placement of the sensors, but the robot was not precise enough to place them on its own. One person would monitor the location of the individual rafts in the X, Y and Z plane and would call out to the arm operator, “500 microns minus X” or “250 microns minus Y!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the challenge, the LSST — the world’s biggest digital camera, verified by the \u003ca href=\"https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/728927-largest-digital-camera#:~:text=The%20LSST%20camera%20combines%20a,ball%20from%2024%20km%20away\">Guinness Book of World Records\u003c/a> — was completed in April. (They called it the “highest-resolution” camera.)\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Preparing for primetime\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The camera will live at an observatory named after Vera Rubin. Her work in the mid-60s provided convincing evidence for the existence of dark matter. Before her, dark matter had been a concept, but not one that was taken seriously.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1984704","hero":"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/10/231016-AMES-RESEARCH-CENTER-NASA-1020x680.jpg","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Rubin, despite her success, encountered barriers as a woman working in science and sought to help other women enter the field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, officials at the \u003ca href=\"https://rubinobservatory.org/about/vera-rubin\">Rubin Observatory\u003c/a> say they seek to continue that spirit and welcome all into the field of science, including people of color, nonbinary people, people with disabilities and those from differing socioeconomic backgrounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://rubinobservatory.org/events/rubin-pcw-2024\">Rubin research program\u003c/a> is ramping up, with meetings and workshops this spring and summer about how to use data from the observatory, including how to teach astronomy using Rubin images and new tools for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the exciting things about the Rubin Observatory is that the science program is so very broad,” Roodman said. “And it’s broad because we’re taking pictures of everything. The way a lot of telescopes work is, people write proposals and they are interested in looking at a particular object or at a particular kind of object. We’re not doing that. We are going to take pictures of everything, by the end we’ll have seen every part of the Southern Hemisphere sky almost a thousand times.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first images are expected to land in the spring of 2025.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1992526/worlds-largest-digital-camera-built-in-the-bay-area-to-illuminate-mysteries-of-space","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_134","science_4417","science_4414","science_309","science_577","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1992539","label":"science"},"science_1984864":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1984864","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1984864","score":null,"sort":[1698145240000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"dont-look-up-writers-nonprofit-roasts-stanford-for-fossil-fuel-funding","title":"'Don't Look Up' Director’s Nonprofit Roasts Stanford for Fossil Fuel Funding","publishDate":1698145240,"format":"standard","headTitle":"‘Don’t Look Up’ Director’s Nonprofit Roasts Stanford for Fossil Fuel Funding | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>The nonprofit founded by Adam McKay — writer and director of the popular climate film “Don’t Look Up” — has released a video lambasting Stanford University’s new climate school for its stance on accepting money from the fossil fuel industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tongue-in-cheek short film, \u003ca href=\"https://yellowdotstudios.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yellow Dot Studio\u003c/a> videographers, alongside students and staff, call out \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/weareyellowdot/status/1709607101646180592\">what they say is a point of hypocrisy\u003c/a> — officials with the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability saying it would take funds from oil and gas companies like Chevron or Exxon to pay for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The video, which has been viewed more than 200,000 times online, starts with school back in session and a recognition that the new college was founded two summers ago with a promise to come up with ways to combat climate change. But then comes the irony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, we’re calling on the help of all our friends at Big Oil,” the narrator said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/weareyellowdot/status/1709607101646180592\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since its inception in the summer of 2022, the sustainability school — launched with a $1.1 billion gift from John and Ann Doerr, the largest gift in university history — hasn’t been able to shake this kind of criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school’s then-incoming inaugural dean, Arun Majumdar,\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/climate/john-doerr-stanford-climate.html\"> told the New York Times that the school would accept funding and work with fossil fuel companies\u003c/a>. Later in the year, he clarified that the dollars would not be used for general operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are companies that are making measurably meaningful efforts to be part of the solution, I feel it would be prudent to be open to engaging such companies while remaining vigilant that their values align with ours,” Majumdar \u003ca href=\"https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/message-arun-majumdar-looking-forward\">said in a statement from 2022\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the new college is \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2022/05/04/stanford-doerr-school-sustainability-universitys-first-new-school-70-years-will-accelerate-solutions-global-climate-crisis/\">to aid in coming up with climate solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past year, Stanford researchers have \u003ca href=\"https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/research\">released studies on everything from water vulnerability to solar power to wildfire prevention.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some students and staff think accepting money from fossil fuel companies is a slippery slope that could shape research agendas. And argue that burning fossil fuels directly creates human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On their website, the Coalition for a True School of Sustainability lists Stanford programs with past or current \u003ca href=\"https://www.truesustainabilityschool.com/big-oil-entanglements\">‘\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.truesustainabilityschool.com/big-oil-entanglements\">Big Oil Entanglements.\u003c/a>’ The group represents a coalition of Stanford scientists who believe fossil fuel money invested for research undercuts swift climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fossil fuel industry for decades has misled the public on the reality of climate change,” said Mallory Harris, a graduate student in biology at the university and a member of the coalition. “When they’re talking about bringing them into this research space, it undermines the quality and integrity of the research that we’re doing\u003cem>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advocates have pressed Stanford to be more transparent in disclosing the origins of their funding and to ensure that every corporate donor has a credible energy transition pathway. They also want to know if these companies are lobbying for or against climate legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group would like a third-party enforcement board to analyze funding from fossil fuel companies, especially for those who plan to continue expanding extraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If by those criteria they find those companies are not trustworthy partners, then the university should dissociate from partnering with them,” said \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2022/06/02/from-the-community-should-any-fossil-fuel-company-qualify-for-funding-stanfords-school-of-sustainability-a-response-to-dean-majumdars-letter/\">Thom Hersbach\u003c/a>, a researcher at Stanford and member of the coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/02/24/members-named-committee-reviewing-fossil-fuel-funding-research/\">university created a working group in late 2022\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/02/24/members-named-committee-reviewing-fossil-fuel-funding-research/\"> \u003c/a>to assess Stanford’s approach to funding research with money from fossil fuel companies. The committee’s job is to evaluate current funding, review the process of other universities and provide pros and cons of continuing accepting funds or different paths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize this is an impassioned topic for members in our community, and the university is approaching this matter with the seriousness and rigor it deserves,” Amy Adams, associate dean of marketing and communications, told KQED in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look forward to the results from the thoughtful process being carried out by the committee,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students and staff said they plan to continue to make a fuss over the issue because they want the college to succeed at reducing carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m doing this because this school can do so much good, and I want to ensure it does,” Hersbach said.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Since its inception, Stanford's sustainability school hasn’t been able to shake criticism for its willingness to accept industry gifts.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845857,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":747},"headData":{"title":"'Don't Look Up' Director’s Nonprofit Roasts Stanford for Fossil Fuel Funding | KQED","description":"Since its inception, Stanford's sustainability school hasn’t been able to shake criticism for its willingness to accept industry gifts.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"'Don't Look Up' Director’s Nonprofit Roasts Stanford for Fossil Fuel Funding","datePublished":"2023-10-24T11:00:40.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:17:37.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate Change","sticky":false,"subhead":"In the tongue-in-cheek short film, videographers, alongside students and staff, call out what they say is a point of hypocrisy — the university accepting funds from oil and gas companies.","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1984864/dont-look-up-writers-nonprofit-roasts-stanford-for-fossil-fuel-funding","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The nonprofit founded by Adam McKay — writer and director of the popular climate film “Don’t Look Up” — has released a video lambasting Stanford University’s new climate school for its stance on accepting money from the fossil fuel industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the tongue-in-cheek short film, \u003ca href=\"https://yellowdotstudios.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yellow Dot Studio\u003c/a> videographers, alongside students and staff, call out \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/weareyellowdot/status/1709607101646180592\">what they say is a point of hypocrisy\u003c/a> — officials with the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability saying it would take funds from oil and gas companies like Chevron or Exxon to pay for research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The video, which has been viewed more than 200,000 times online, starts with school back in session and a recognition that the new college was founded two summers ago with a promise to come up with ways to combat climate change. But then comes the irony.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So, we’re calling on the help of all our friends at Big Oil,” the narrator said.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1709607101646180592"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since its inception in the summer of 2022, the sustainability school — launched with a $1.1 billion gift from John and Ann Doerr, the largest gift in university history — hasn’t been able to shake this kind of criticism.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The school’s then-incoming inaugural dean, Arun Majumdar,\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/04/climate/john-doerr-stanford-climate.html\"> told the New York Times that the school would accept funding and work with fossil fuel companies\u003c/a>. Later in the year, he clarified that the dollars would not be used for general operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there are companies that are making measurably meaningful efforts to be part of the solution, I feel it would be prudent to be open to engaging such companies while remaining vigilant that their values align with ours,” Majumdar \u003ca href=\"https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/message-arun-majumdar-looking-forward\">said in a statement from 2022\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal of the new college is \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2022/05/04/stanford-doerr-school-sustainability-universitys-first-new-school-70-years-will-accelerate-solutions-global-climate-crisis/\">to aid in coming up with climate solutions\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past year, Stanford researchers have \u003ca href=\"https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/research\">released studies on everything from water vulnerability to solar power to wildfire prevention.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, some students and staff think accepting money from fossil fuel companies is a slippery slope that could shape research agendas. And argue that burning fossil fuels directly creates human-caused climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On their website, the Coalition for a True School of Sustainability lists Stanford programs with past or current \u003ca href=\"https://www.truesustainabilityschool.com/big-oil-entanglements\">‘\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://www.truesustainabilityschool.com/big-oil-entanglements\">Big Oil Entanglements.\u003c/a>’ The group represents a coalition of Stanford scientists who believe fossil fuel money invested for research undercuts swift climate action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The fossil fuel industry for decades has misled the public on the reality of climate change,” said Mallory Harris, a graduate student in biology at the university and a member of the coalition. “When they’re talking about bringing them into this research space, it undermines the quality and integrity of the research that we’re doing\u003cem>.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The advocates have pressed Stanford to be more transparent in disclosing the origins of their funding and to ensure that every corporate donor has a credible energy transition pathway. They also want to know if these companies are lobbying for or against climate legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group would like a third-party enforcement board to analyze funding from fossil fuel companies, especially for those who plan to continue expanding extraction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If by those criteria they find those companies are not trustworthy partners, then the university should dissociate from partnering with them,” said \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2022/06/02/from-the-community-should-any-fossil-fuel-company-qualify-for-funding-stanfords-school-of-sustainability-a-response-to-dean-majumdars-letter/\">Thom Hersbach\u003c/a>, a researcher at Stanford and member of the coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/02/24/members-named-committee-reviewing-fossil-fuel-funding-research/\">university created a working group in late 2022\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/report/2023/02/24/members-named-committee-reviewing-fossil-fuel-funding-research/\"> \u003c/a>to assess Stanford’s approach to funding research with money from fossil fuel companies. The committee’s job is to evaluate current funding, review the process of other universities and provide pros and cons of continuing accepting funds or different paths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We recognize this is an impassioned topic for members in our community, and the university is approaching this matter with the seriousness and rigor it deserves,” Amy Adams, associate dean of marketing and communications, told KQED in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We look forward to the results from the thoughtful process being carried out by the committee,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Students and staff said they plan to continue to make a fuss over the issue because they want the college to succeed at reducing carbon emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m doing this because this school can do so much good, and I want to ensure it does,” Hersbach said.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1984864/dont-look-up-writers-nonprofit-roasts-stanford-for-fossil-fuel-funding","authors":["11746"],"categories":["science_31","science_32","science_35","science_4550","science_40","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_182","science_194","science_3301","science_3543","science_2003","science_309","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1984865","label":"source_science_1984864"},"science_1977094":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1977094","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1977094","score":null,"sort":[1633979998000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"berkeley-stanford-researchers-among-trio-to-win-economics-nobel","title":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel","publishDate":1633979998,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">David Card, an economist based at UC Berkeley, won the Nobel prize in economics Monday for pioneering research that transformed widely held ideas about the labor force, showing how an increase in the minimum wage doesn’t hinder hiring and immigrants do not lower pay for native-born workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was awarded half of the prize for his research on how the \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin-aer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">minimum wage\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">immigration \u003c/a>and \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/school-resources-outcomes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">education\u003c/a> affect the labor market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The other half was shared by Stanford University’s Guido Imbens and Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for developing ways to study these types of societal issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They developed a framework for studying issues that can’t rely on traditional scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the three “completely reshaped empirical work in the economic sciences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"relatedStory-0-2-62 Component-block-0-2-57\">\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Together, they helped rapidly expand the use of “natural experiments,” or studies based on observing real-world data. Such research made economics more applicable to everyday life, provided policymakers with actual evidence on the outcomes of policies, and in time spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics,” by Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">In a study published in 1993, Card looked at what happened to jobs at Burger King, KFC, Wendy’s and Roy Rogers when New Jersey raised its minimum wage from $4.25 to $5.05, using restaurants in bordering eastern Pennsylvania as the control — or comparison — group. Contrary to previous studies, he and his late research partner Alan Krueger found that an increase in the minimum wage had no effect on the number of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card and Krueger’s research fundamentally altered economists’ views of such policies. As noted by the Economist magazine, in 1992 a survey of the American Economic Association’s members found that 79% agreed that a minimum wage law increased unemployment among younger and lower-skilled workers. Those views were largely based on traditional economic notions of supply and demand: If you raise the price of something, you get less of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">By 2000, however, just 46% of the AEA’s members said minimum wage laws increase unemployment, largely because of Card and Krueger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Their findings sparked interest in further research into why a higher minimum wouldn’t reduce employment. One conclusion was that companies are able to pass on the cost of higher wages to customers by raising prices. In other cases, if a company is a major employer in a particular area, it may be able to keep wages particularly low, so that it could afford to pay a higher minimum, when required to do so, without cutting jobs. The higher pay would also attract more applicants, boosting labor supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“That really surprising evidence on the impact of the minimum wage has shaken up the field at a very fundamental level,” said Arindrajit Dube, an economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “And so for that reason, and all the following research that their work ignited, this is a richly deserved award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger would almost certainly have shared in the award, Dube said, but the economics Nobel isn’t awarded posthumously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card also found that an influx of immigrants into a city doesn’t cost native workers jobs or lower their earnings, though earlier immigrants can be negatively affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card studied the labor market in Miami in the wake of Cuba’s sudden decision to let people emigrate in 1980, leading 125,000 people to leave in what became known as the Mariel Boatlift. It resulted in a 7% increase in the city’s workforce. By comparing the evolution of wages and employment in four other cities, Card discovered \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no negative effects\u003c/a> for Miami residents with low levels of education. Follow-up work showed that increased immigration can have a positive impact on income for people born in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist and Imbens won their half of the award for working out the methodological issues that allow economists to draw solid conclusions about cause and effect even where they cannot carry out studies according to strict scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card’s work on the minimum wage is one of the best-known natural experiments in economics. The problem with such experiments is that it can be difficult to isolate cause and effect. For example, if you want to figure out whether an extra year of education will increase a person’s income, you cannot simply compare the incomes of adults with one more year of schooling to those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">That’s because there are many other factors that might determine whether those who got an extra year of schooling are able to make more money. Perhaps they are harder workers or more diligent and would have done better than those without the extra year even if they did not stay in school. These kinds of issues cause economists and other social science researchers to say “correlation doesn’t prove causation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens and Angrist, however, figured out how to isolate the effects of things like an extra year of school. Their methods enabled researchers to draw clearer conclusions about cause and effect, even if they are unable to control who gets things like extra education, the way scientists in a lab can control their experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens, in \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w7001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one paper\u003c/a>, used a survey of lottery winners to evaluate the impact of a government-provided basic income, which has been proposed by left-leaning politicians in the U.S. and Europe. He found that a prize of $15,000 a year did not have much effect on a person’s likelihood to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card said he thought the voice message that came in at 2 a.m. from someone from Sweden was a prank until he saw the number on his phone really was from Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He said he and his co-author Kreuger faced disbelief from other economists about their findings. “At the time, the conclusions were somewhat controversial. Quite a few economists were skeptical of our results,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He paid tribute to Krueger, saying that “I am sure that if Alan were still with us he would be sharing this prize with me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I was just absolutely stunned to get a telephone call,” Imbens said. He told The Associated Press that he missed the first call from Sweden, about 2 a.m. California time, but got the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Speaking from his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, Angrist said, “I can hardly believe it. It’s only been a few hours and I am still trying to absorb it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist also missed the call from Nobel officials and awoke to a torrent of text messages from friends. Fortunately, he said, he knew enough other Nobel Laureates that he got a callback number from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">As a youth, Angrist dropped out of a master’s program in economics at Hebrew University in Israel, though he did meet his future wife, Mira, there. He has dual U.S. and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I did have sort of a winding road,” he said. “I wasn’t a precocious high school student.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger, who worked with all three of the winners, died in 2019 at age 58. He taught at Princeton for three decades and was chief Labor Department economist under President Bill Clinton. He served in the Treasury Department under President Barack Obama, then as Obama’s chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The award comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1.14 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Unlike \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/nobel-prizes\">the other Nobel prizes\u003c/a>, the economics award wasn’t established in the will of Alfred Nobel but by the Swedish central bank in his memory in 1968, with the first winner selected a year later. It is the last prize announced each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">\u003cem>Rugaber reported from Washington and McHugh reported from Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Their research made economics more applicable to everyday life and spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics.\" ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846411,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":5,"wordCount":1357},"headData":{"title":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel | KQED","description":"Their research made economics more applicable to everyday life and spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics." ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Berkeley, Stanford Researchers Among Trio to Win Economics Nobel","datePublished":"2021-10-11T19:19:58.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:26:51.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"AP","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Christopher Rugaber, David McHugh and David Keyton \u003cbr />AP\u003cbr>","path":"/science/1977094/berkeley-stanford-researchers-among-trio-to-win-economics-nobel","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">David Card, an economist based at UC Berkeley, won the Nobel prize in economics Monday for pioneering research that transformed widely held ideas about the labor force, showing how an increase in the minimum wage doesn’t hinder hiring and immigrants do not lower pay for native-born workers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He was awarded half of the prize for his research on how the \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/njmin-aer.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">minimum wage\u003c/a>, \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">immigration \u003c/a>and \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/school-resources-outcomes.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">education\u003c/a> affect the labor market.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The other half was shared by Stanford University’s Guido Imbens and Joshua Angrist of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for developing ways to study these types of societal issues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They developed a framework for studying issues that can’t rely on traditional scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said the three “completely reshaped empirical work in the economic sciences.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"relatedStory-0-2-62 Component-block-0-2-57\">\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Together, they helped rapidly expand the use of “natural experiments,” or studies based on observing real-world data. Such research made economics more applicable to everyday life, provided policymakers with actual evidence on the outcomes of policies, and in time spawned a more popular approach to economics epitomized by the blockbuster bestseller “Freakonomics,” by Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">In a study published in 1993, Card looked at what happened to jobs at Burger King, KFC, Wendy’s and Roy Rogers when New Jersey raised its minimum wage from $4.25 to $5.05, using restaurants in bordering eastern Pennsylvania as the control — or comparison — group. Contrary to previous studies, he and his late research partner Alan Krueger found that an increase in the minimum wage had no effect on the number of employees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card and Krueger’s research fundamentally altered economists’ views of such policies. As noted by the Economist magazine, in 1992 a survey of the American Economic Association’s members found that 79% agreed that a minimum wage law increased unemployment among younger and lower-skilled workers. Those views were largely based on traditional economic notions of supply and demand: If you raise the price of something, you get less of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">By 2000, however, just 46% of the AEA’s members said minimum wage laws increase unemployment, largely because of Card and Krueger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Their findings sparked interest in further research into why a higher minimum wouldn’t reduce employment. One conclusion was that companies are able to pass on the cost of higher wages to customers by raising prices. In other cases, if a company is a major employer in a particular area, it may be able to keep wages particularly low, so that it could afford to pay a higher minimum, when required to do so, without cutting jobs. The higher pay would also attract more applicants, boosting labor supply.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“That really surprising evidence on the impact of the minimum wage has shaken up the field at a very fundamental level,” said Arindrajit Dube, an economics professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. “And so for that reason, and all the following research that their work ignited, this is a richly deserved award.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger would almost certainly have shared in the award, Dube said, but the economics Nobel isn’t awarded posthumously.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card also found that an influx of immigrants into a city doesn’t cost native workers jobs or lower their earnings, though earlier immigrants can be negatively affected.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card studied the labor market in Miami in the wake of Cuba’s sudden decision to let people emigrate in 1980, leading 125,000 people to leave in what became known as the Mariel Boatlift. It resulted in a 7% increase in the city’s workforce. By comparing the evolution of wages and employment in four other cities, Card discovered \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://davidcard.berkeley.edu/papers/mariel-impact.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">no negative effects\u003c/a> for Miami residents with low levels of education. Follow-up work showed that increased immigration can have a positive impact on income for people born in the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist and Imbens won their half of the award for working out the methodological issues that allow economists to draw solid conclusions about cause and effect even where they cannot carry out studies according to strict scientific methods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card’s work on the minimum wage is one of the best-known natural experiments in economics. The problem with such experiments is that it can be difficult to isolate cause and effect. For example, if you want to figure out whether an extra year of education will increase a person’s income, you cannot simply compare the incomes of adults with one more year of schooling to those without.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">That’s because there are many other factors that might determine whether those who got an extra year of schooling are able to make more money. Perhaps they are harder workers or more diligent and would have done better than those without the extra year even if they did not stay in school. These kinds of issues cause economists and other social science researchers to say “correlation doesn’t prove causation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens and Angrist, however, figured out how to isolate the effects of things like an extra year of school. Their methods enabled researchers to draw clearer conclusions about cause and effect, even if they are unable to control who gets things like extra education, the way scientists in a lab can control their experiments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Imbens, in \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://www.nber.org/papers/w7001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">one paper\u003c/a>, used a survey of lottery winners to evaluate the impact of a government-provided basic income, which has been proposed by left-leaning politicians in the U.S. and Europe. He found that a prize of $15,000 a year did not have much effect on a person’s likelihood to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Card said he thought the voice message that came in at 2 a.m. from someone from Sweden was a prank until he saw the number on his phone really was from Sweden.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He said he and his co-author Kreuger faced disbelief from other economists about their findings. “At the time, the conclusions were somewhat controversial. Quite a few economists were skeptical of our results,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">He paid tribute to Krueger, saying that “I am sure that if Alan were still with us he would be sharing this prize with me.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I was just absolutely stunned to get a telephone call,” Imbens said. He told The Associated Press that he missed the first call from Sweden, about 2 a.m. California time, but got the second one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Speaking from his home in Brookline, Massachusetts, Angrist said, “I can hardly believe it. It’s only been a few hours and I am still trying to absorb it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Angrist also missed the call from Nobel officials and awoke to a torrent of text messages from friends. Fortunately, he said, he knew enough other Nobel Laureates that he got a callback number from them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">As a youth, Angrist dropped out of a master’s program in economics at Hebrew University in Israel, though he did meet his future wife, Mira, there. He has dual U.S. and Israeli citizenship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">“I did have sort of a winding road,” he said. “I wasn’t a precocious high school student.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Krueger, who worked with all three of the winners, died in 2019 at age 58. He taught at Princeton for three decades and was chief Labor Department economist under President Bill Clinton. He served in the Treasury Department under President Barack Obama, then as Obama’s chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">The award comes with a gold medal and 10 million Swedish kronor (over $1.14 million).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">Unlike \u003ca class=\"\" href=\"https://apnews.com/hub/nobel-prizes\">the other Nobel prizes\u003c/a>, the economics award wasn’t established in the will of Alfred Nobel but by the Swedish central bank in his memory in 1968, with the first winner selected a year later. It is the last prize announced each year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"Component-root-0-2-61 Component-p-0-2-52\">\u003cem>Rugaber reported from Washington and McHugh reported from Frankfurt, Germany.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1977094/berkeley-stanford-researchers-among-trio-to-win-economics-nobel","authors":["byline_science_1977094"],"categories":["science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1665","science_3780","science_4414","science_1943","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1977097","label":"source_science_1977094"},"science_1961589":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1961589","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1961589","score":null,"sort":[1586831661000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"covid-19-antibody-testing-ramps-up-in-california","title":"COVID-19 Antibody Testing Ramps Up in California","publishDate":1586831661,"format":"standard","headTitle":"COVID-19 Antibody Testing Ramps Up in California | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>When infected with a virus or other pathogen, our immune system makes proteins called antibodies to fight off the infection. Now, scientists and health officials say newly authorized blood tests for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-020-0553-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=5907ab71f9-briefing-dy-20200408&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-5907ab71f9-44182637\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">COVID-19 antibodies\u003c/a> may be key to tracking the spread of the virus and figuring out who could return to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']A growing number of academic and private labs in California have begun running serological, or blood, tests for COVID-19 antibodies, including Stanford University as well as USC in conjunction with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike nasal swab tests that detect who currently has the virus, antibody tests can capture those who already had it but were asymptomatic or never tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will give a lot more information about penetrance in the community,” said Spenser Smith, lab director at \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcpointlabs.com/monterey-bay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ARCpoint Labs\u003c/a> of Monterey. The small private lab began running the skin-prick test last week on frontline health workers and other first responders. Tests are available by appointment or referrals from health care providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just have to poke on the finger, a couple of drops of blood and it kind of looks like a pregnancy test,” he said. “You’ll see a little line there denoting it was positive for those antibodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says the test looks for two distinct COVID-19 antibodies, one the body produces to fight the virus right away and another that could be important for lasting immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hopeful that once you’re exposed, you’ll be immune, at least for the season,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the science behind antibody tests is well-established, researchers are still trying to determine if COVID-19 antibodies prevent reinfection and for how long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-serological-tests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently authorized\u003c/a> the emergency use of COVID-19 serological testing in the U.S., but more data is needed to determine the reliability of some of the tests that are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Charity Dean, assistant director of the California Department of Public Health and co-chair of the state’s testing task force, says once there’s more data, the state could begin using antibody tests to help determine who can stop sheltering at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the benefits of doing the serology test in California is if these tests do, in fact, reflect immunity by someone who has been previously infected, it will help give California data that can inform our strategy,” Dean said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that the test to detect the antibody will actually be detecting immunity and be able to be scaled up…so that people who have been infected can go back to providing the critical services that they provide without the risk of becoming reinfected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith’s lab has focused on frontline workers who have a high risk of exposure. He says ARCpoint is running about 150 tests a day via drive-through, and that some people have tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies. The lab is sharing that data with the Monterey County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/04/04/coronavirus-new-stanford-research-reveals-if-youve-been-exposed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford University\u003c/a> recently launched multiple projects to study and deploy serology tests for COVID-19 antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Zehnder, director of clinical pathology at Stanford, says the university validated an antibody test through a rigorous study in its clinical lab over the course of two weeks. This means they tested for antibodies in people with known coronavirus infections, as well as testing a control group who did not have the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university says first priority for antibody testing is given to health care workers, but testing is open to the entire Stanford community — including students, faculty and staff. Stanford can currently run about 500 tests per day, but plans to increase capacity soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the lab test, which requires a blood draw, are ready within two to three days. Zehnder says while the wait is longer than point-of-care skin-prick tests, the results are potentially more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a proliferation of these point-of-care tests, and I think one concern that we have is that they need to be compared to sort of gold standard testing in clinical laboratories,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zehnder says antibody tests will help researchers determine the rate of COVID-19 infections in the region, accounting for the potential number of asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s two goals, really,” he said. “To ensure the safety of the workforce, and also to get a better idea in the community what the status of this disease is and how people are responding to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it can take two to three weeks for an infected person’s immune response to kick in and for antibodies to be detected, he says it can be done in tandem with nasal swab testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having both kinds of data allows you to have a more accurate picture of what’s going in an individual person at a moment in time,” Zehnder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serological testing may be key to developing vaccines and plasma treatments for the disease using antibody-rich blood. It could also help scientists determine if the population has lasting immunity. But Zehnder says we’re not there yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are research questions that everyone in the world wants to know the answer to. So we’re in the data collection phase now. And there’s researchers at Stanford and many institutions that are working together on this.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Blood tests for COVID-19 antibodies may be key to tracking the spread of the virus and figuring out who could return to work.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847577,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":939},"headData":{"title":"COVID-19 Antibody Testing Ramps Up in California | KQED","description":"Blood tests for COVID-19 antibodies may be key to tracking the spread of the virus and figuring out who could return to work.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"COVID-19 Antibody Testing Ramps Up in California","datePublished":"2020-04-14T02:34:21.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:46:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Coronavirus","audioUrl":"https://traffic.omny.fm/d/clips/0af137ef-751e-4b19-a055-aaef00d2d578/ffca7e9f-6831-41c5-bcaf-aaef00f5a073/fce21156-20fd-488c-8378-ab99012aee90/audio.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1961589/covid-19-antibody-testing-ramps-up-in-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>When infected with a virus or other pathogen, our immune system makes proteins called antibodies to fight off the infection. Now, scientists and health officials say newly authorized blood tests for \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41551-020-0553-6?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=5907ab71f9-briefing-dy-20200408&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-5907ab71f9-44182637\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">COVID-19 antibodies\u003c/a> may be key to tracking the spread of the virus and figuring out who could return to work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"science","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A growing number of academic and private labs in California have begun running serological, or blood, tests for COVID-19 antibodies, including Stanford University as well as USC in conjunction with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike nasal swab tests that detect who currently has the virus, antibody tests can capture those who already had it but were asymptomatic or never tested.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That will give a lot more information about penetrance in the community,” said Spenser Smith, lab director at \u003ca href=\"https://www.arcpointlabs.com/monterey-bay/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">ARCpoint Labs\u003c/a> of Monterey. The small private lab began running the skin-prick test last week on frontline health workers and other first responders. Tests are available by appointment or referrals from health care providers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You just have to poke on the finger, a couple of drops of blood and it kind of looks like a pregnancy test,” he said. “You’ll see a little line there denoting it was positive for those antibodies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith says the test looks for two distinct COVID-19 antibodies, one the body produces to fight the virus right away and another that could be important for lasting immunity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re hopeful that once you’re exposed, you’ll be immune, at least for the season,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the science behind antibody tests is well-established, researchers are still trying to determine if COVID-19 antibodies prevent reinfection and for how long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The FDA \u003ca href=\"https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-serological-tests\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recently authorized\u003c/a> the emergency use of COVID-19 serological testing in the U.S., but more data is needed to determine the reliability of some of the tests that are out there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. Charity Dean, assistant director of the California Department of Public Health and co-chair of the state’s testing task force, says once there’s more data, the state could begin using antibody tests to help determine who can stop sheltering at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One of the benefits of doing the serology test in California is if these tests do, in fact, reflect immunity by someone who has been previously infected, it will help give California data that can inform our strategy,” Dean said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hope is that the test to detect the antibody will actually be detecting immunity and be able to be scaled up…so that people who have been infected can go back to providing the critical services that they provide without the risk of becoming reinfected.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smith’s lab has focused on frontline workers who have a high risk of exposure. He says ARCpoint is running about 150 tests a day via drive-through, and that some people have tested positive for COVID-19 antibodies. The lab is sharing that data with the Monterey County Health Department.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/04/04/coronavirus-new-stanford-research-reveals-if-youve-been-exposed/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Stanford University\u003c/a> recently launched multiple projects to study and deploy serology tests for COVID-19 antibodies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. James Zehnder, director of clinical pathology at Stanford, says the university validated an antibody test through a rigorous study in its clinical lab over the course of two weeks. This means they tested for antibodies in people with known coronavirus infections, as well as testing a control group who did not have the virus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The university says first priority for antibody testing is given to health care workers, but testing is open to the entire Stanford community — including students, faculty and staff. Stanford can currently run about 500 tests per day, but plans to increase capacity soon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Results from the lab test, which requires a blood draw, are ready within two to three days. Zehnder says while the wait is longer than point-of-care skin-prick tests, the results are potentially more accurate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s been a proliferation of these point-of-care tests, and I think one concern that we have is that they need to be compared to sort of gold standard testing in clinical laboratories,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zehnder says antibody tests will help researchers determine the rate of COVID-19 infections in the region, accounting for the potential number of asymptomatic cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s two goals, really,” he said. “To ensure the safety of the workforce, and also to get a better idea in the community what the status of this disease is and how people are responding to it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since it can take two to three weeks for an infected person’s immune response to kick in and for antibodies to be detected, he says it can be done in tandem with nasal swab testing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Having both kinds of data allows you to have a more accurate picture of what’s going in an individual person at a moment in time,” Zehnder said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Serological testing may be key to developing vaccines and plasma treatments for the disease using antibody-rich blood. It could also help scientists determine if the population has lasting immunity. But Zehnder says we’re not there yet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are research questions that everyone in the world wants to know the answer to. So we’re in the data collection phase now. And there’s researchers at Stanford and many institutions that are working together on this.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1961589/covid-19-antibody-testing-ramps-up-in-california","authors":["11368"],"categories":["science_39","science_3890","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4329","science_4368","science_4417","science_5181","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1961678","label":"source_science_1961589"},"science_1949769":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1949769","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1949769","score":null,"sort":[1571813999000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whats-bad-for-the-planet-is-bad-for-the-economy-says-new-analysis","title":"What’s Bad for the Planet Is Bad for the Economy, Says New Analysis","publishDate":1571813999,"format":"standard","headTitle":"What’s Bad for the Planet Is Bad for the Economy, Says New Analysis | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>There are enormous costs to doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond threats to public health and the environment, climate change poses a danger to the economy, especially for those who have the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new analysis from the \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Institute\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">for\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Economic\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Policy\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Research\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/\">Hamilton\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/\">Project\u003c/a>, a centrist economic think tank of the Brookings Institution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949772\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949772\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"346\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase.png 346w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase-160x136.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Economic Damages from Climate Change in 2080-99 by Temperature Increase \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two factors will determine just how disruptive climate change will be, according to the study. One is the extent of the warming; the other is the effectiveness of any mitigating technology and policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of the century, an increase in temperature of 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels could trim .5% off of U.S. gross domestic product, the economists found. At 4 degrees of warming the decline would hit 2%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, the damage would increase exponentially as warming continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. counties with the weakest economies, will be hit hardest, the report says. Similarly, around the world, the countries with the lowest incomes will face the most hardship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lower Emissions But Economic Growth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers point out that lower emissions and economic growth are not mutually exclusive. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between 2007 and 2017, U.S. planet-warming gas emissions dropped by 14%, while economic output grew 16%. E\u003c/span>nergy use fell, as did the price of developing renewable energy sources, especially solar and wind. (\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U.S. emissions rose again in 2018.)\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 731px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949774\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17..png\" alt=\"\" width=\"731\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17..png 731w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17.-160x63.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Change in Levelized Cost of Energy for Solar and Wind. 2010-17. \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>Economic impacts from climate change unmitigated would be very, very large,” said Jay Shambough, a study author and former member of the White House Council of Economic Advisers. But there are clearly things that can be done. We’ve been making progress. Not enough, but some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing for us is to be clear that different policy approaches have different costs and benefits. Some ways to reduce carbon emissions can be pretty expensive, while other ways are more flexible and not actually that expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study estimates the average cost of a host of climate policies; the researchers found that replanting forests and flaring methane gas are on the less-expensive end, along with the regulation of emissions from power plants and cars in former President Obama’s Clean Power Plan. The Trump administration replaced those regulations with significantly weaker rules that could end up increasing emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More expensive climate solutions include weatherization assistance and vehicle trade-in programs like “Cash-for-Clunkers,” although these offer benefits beyond carbon reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Tax\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, economists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2016/4/22/11446232/price-on-carbon-fine\">argued\u003c/a> that the most potent tool for fighting climate change is a tax on carbon emissions. A price on carbon, they maintain, lets the market determine the most cost-effective way to reduce emissions. The researchers corroborated that view, finding that a price on carbon can reduce emissions at the lowest possible cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozens of governments across the world have introduced carbon pricing initiatives, with varying results. Many programs have set prices below what economists have identified as carbon’s “social cost,” a sweet spot that provides the most benefit at the lowest expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 709px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949776\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"709\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives.png 709w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives-160x65.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices for Selected Carbon Initiatives \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study says that in 2020, based on policy that’s planned or in effect, 80% of the world’s emissions will remain unpriced. The U.S. will be pricing just 1% of global emissions, Europe 5.5% and China 7%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solutions outlined in the paper are much less sweeping than what is being called for by some of the current Democratic candidates for president. Proponents of a Green New Deal-style climate program, they are calling for a price on carbon, but also more aggressive action, including regulations to promote rapid decarbonization and investment in clean-energy jobs by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors released the study Wednesday, timed to coincide with a Brookings and Stanford policy \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/events/economic_policy_innovations_to_combat_climate_change\">forum\u003c/a> on economic policy innovations to fight climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Climate change poses a significant danger to the economy, especially, for those who have the least, says a new report out of Stanford.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848206,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":686},"headData":{"title":"What’s Bad for the Planet Is Bad for the Economy, Says New Analysis | KQED","description":"Climate change poses a significant danger to the economy, especially, for those who have the least, says a new report out of Stanford.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"What’s Bad for the Planet Is Bad for the Economy, Says New Analysis","datePublished":"2019-10-23T06:59:59.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:56:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate change","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1949769/whats-bad-for-the-planet-is-bad-for-the-economy-says-new-analysis","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There are enormous costs to doing nothing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond threats to public health and the environment, climate change poses a danger to the economy, especially for those who have the least.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those are the findings of a new analysis from the \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Stanford\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Institute\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">for\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Economic\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Policy\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://siepr.stanford.edu/\">Research\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/\">Hamilton\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/\">Project\u003c/a>, a centrist economic think tank of the Brookings Institution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949772\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949772\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"346\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase.png 346w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/U.S.-Economic-Damages-from-Climate-Change-in-2080-99-by-Temperature-Increase-160x136.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 346px) 100vw, 346px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. Economic Damages from Climate Change in 2080-99 by Temperature Increase \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two factors will determine just how disruptive climate change will be, according to the study. One is the extent of the warming; the other is the effectiveness of any mitigating technology and policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By the end of the century, an increase in temperature of 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels could trim .5% off of U.S. gross domestic product, the economists found. At 4 degrees of warming the decline would hit 2%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From there, the damage would increase exponentially as warming continues.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. counties with the weakest economies, will be hit hardest, the report says. Similarly, around the world, the countries with the lowest incomes will face the most hardship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Lower Emissions But Economic Growth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers point out that lower emissions and economic growth are not mutually exclusive. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Between 2007 and 2017, U.S. planet-warming gas emissions dropped by 14%, while economic output grew 16%. E\u003c/span>nergy use fell, as did the price of developing renewable energy sources, especially solar and wind. (\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">U.S. emissions rose again in 2018.)\u003c/span>\u003cbr>\n\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 731px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949774\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17..png\" alt=\"\" width=\"731\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17..png 731w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Change-in-Levelized-Cost-of-Energy-for-Solar-and-Wind.-2010-17.-160x63.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Change in Levelized Cost of Energy for Solar and Wind. 2010-17. \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>Economic impacts from climate change unmitigated would be very, very large,” said Jay Shambough, a study author and former member of the White House Council of Economic Advisers. But there are clearly things that can be done. We’ve been making progress. Not enough, but some.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The important thing for us is to be clear that different policy approaches have different costs and benefits. Some ways to reduce carbon emissions can be pretty expensive, while other ways are more flexible and not actually that expensive.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study estimates the average cost of a host of climate policies; the researchers found that replanting forests and flaring methane gas are on the less-expensive end, along with the regulation of emissions from power plants and cars in former President Obama’s Clean Power Plan. The Trump administration replaced those regulations with significantly weaker rules that could end up increasing emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More expensive climate solutions include weatherization assistance and vehicle trade-in programs like “Cash-for-Clunkers,” although these offer benefits beyond carbon reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Carbon Tax\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, economists have \u003ca href=\"https://www.vox.com/2016/4/22/11446232/price-on-carbon-fine\">argued\u003c/a> that the most potent tool for fighting climate change is a tax on carbon emissions. A price on carbon, they maintain, lets the market determine the most cost-effective way to reduce emissions. The researchers corroborated that view, finding that a price on carbon can reduce emissions at the lowest possible cost.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dozens of governments across the world have introduced carbon pricing initiatives, with varying results. Many programs have set prices below what economists have identified as carbon’s “social cost,” a sweet spot that provides the most benefit at the lowest expense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949776\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 709px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949776\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"709\" height=\"287\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives.png 709w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/Prices-for-Selected-Carbon-Pricing-Initiatives-160x65.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 709px) 100vw, 709px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Prices for Selected Carbon Initiatives \u003ccite>(Hamilton Project)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The study says that in 2020, based on policy that’s planned or in effect, 80% of the world’s emissions will remain unpriced. The U.S. will be pricing just 1% of global emissions, Europe 5.5% and China 7%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The solutions outlined in the paper are much less sweeping than what is being called for by some of the current Democratic candidates for president. Proponents of a Green New Deal-style climate program, they are calling for a price on carbon, but also more aggressive action, including regulations to promote rapid decarbonization and investment in clean-energy jobs by the federal government.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The authors released the study Wednesday, timed to coincide with a Brookings and Stanford policy \u003ca href=\"https://www.hamiltonproject.org/events/economic_policy_innovations_to_combat_climate_change\">forum\u003c/a> on economic policy innovations to fight climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1949769/whats-bad-for-the-planet-is-bad-for-the-economy-says-new-analysis","authors":["11608"],"categories":["science_31","science_33","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_121","science_3780","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1949788","label":"source_science_1949769"},"science_1946718":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1946718","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1946718","score":null,"sort":[1566838897000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ucsf-gets-new-money-to-study-the-galaxies-within-you-your-microbes","title":"UCSF Gets New Money to Study the 'Galaxies' Within You (Your Microbes)","publishDate":1566838897,"format":"audio","headTitle":"UCSF Gets New Money to Study the ‘Galaxies’ Within You (Your Microbes) | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Trillions of tiny organisms live in and on the human body. In our guts, on our skin, and in our noses. Scientists are finding that bacteria and other microbes that colonize us don’t just make us sick, they might make us well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month two Bay Area universities received a huge financial boost to study them. Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff and his wife have given \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2019/08/13/stanford-launches-major-effort-harness-microbiome-treat-disease/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$10 million\u003c/a> to Stanford University, and another \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414781/gift-launches-new-ucsf-benioff-center-microbiome-medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$25 million\u003c/a> to the University of California at San Francisco for research about the human microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote]Different microbial galaxies exist in your mouth, lower gastrointestinal tract, and on your skin.[/pullquote]Susan Lynch will direct the \u003ca href=\"https://microbiome.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine\u003c/a> at UCSF. She spoke with KQED’s Michelle Wiley about advancements in the field and what the new funding will mean for her work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microbes — what are they, and why are they important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are among the oldest living life forms on the planet, and they’re incredibly successful. They populate every niche you can imagine across this planet, including humans. And we are, essentially, a super organism. We house a whole range and diversity of microbes within the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could think of us like a microbial universe. There’s different microbial galaxies that exist in the mouth, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, and on the skin. And these microbes are not quiescent. They interact with each other, and they interact with the host. And they produce a range of bio-active molecules that shape how our cells actually function. And this is why, we’re now beginning to understand, they influence human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This field didn’t really exist a couple of decades ago. How has research about the microbiome evolved since you joined the field?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally we plucked individual microbes out of a sample, and studied them under feast conditions in media — where they could eat as much as they liked — in the lab. And that is not necessarily how these microbes exist in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are highly social, they interact with each other, they compete with each other, they collaborate with each other. It’s really with the advent of sequencing technologies in the field over the last 10 years that we now have the capacity to examine them, using DNA and genes, and with other platforms like mass spectrometry, to understand the types and diversity of microbes that exist in the human host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kinds of illnesses could be helped by understanding microbes better?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list keeps expanding. But diseases that we can definitively link to perturbations and molecular productivity of microbes, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31404299\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">autism\u003c/a> spectrum disorder, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31332384\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allergies and asthma\u003c/a> for example, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314516/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inflammatory\u003c/a> bowel disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speaking of asthma and allergies, some \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0498-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent work\u003c/a> you did looked at gut bacteria and babies a month old. You found that what’s in a baby’s gut can predict whether they are vulnerable to asthma and allergies as they grow up.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/352304/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We examined a very large cohort of one-month-old babies, and we set out with the idea that they’re not all the same, microbiologically. And different gut microbiomes in distinct subsets of babies may give rise to different types of immune development. And that’s exactly what we found. We found one small group of babies that had a very distinct gut microbiome that were at significantly higher risk of developing allergies and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We dug down a little deeper, and we now understand some of the microbial products and mechanisms by which these children are at higher risk of developing disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you need to do to make this promising early research even more useful to the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']We need definitive data that allows us to get at the mechanisms by which microbes shape, for example, immune function in early life in, a manner that relates to disease development. Good experimentation, and particularly observations in humans, are very large and complex studies that will require quite a lot of time, and quite a lot of expertise. So translating findings may take a little time, but I agree that there’s incredible promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most important work that a gift of this size lets you do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microbiome field specifically requires that you collaborate. We cannot examine microbes by themselves, we need to understand how they interact with the immune system, how they act across large human populations, so it simply requires integration of a number of different disciplines. This allows us to bring together the incredible community of microbiome researchers across the UCSF campus to accelerate discovery and translation of our findings into real world solutions for the diseases that our patients suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Our bodies are homes to living worlds of microbes that can play a role in keeping us well, or making us sick, in ways that researchers are just beginning to understand. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848374,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":824},"headData":{"title":"UCSF Gets New Money to Study the 'Galaxies' Within You (Your Microbes) | KQED","description":"Our bodies are homes to living worlds of microbes that can play a role in keeping us well, or making us sick, in ways that researchers are just beginning to understand. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"UCSF Gets New Money to Study the 'Galaxies' Within You (Your Microbes)","datePublished":"2019-08-26T17:01:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:59:34.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Microbes","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2019/08/2wayMicrobiome.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1946718/ucsf-gets-new-money-to-study-the-galaxies-within-you-your-microbes","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Trillions of tiny organisms live in and on the human body. In our guts, on our skin, and in our noses. Scientists are finding that bacteria and other microbes that colonize us don’t just make us sick, they might make us well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This month two Bay Area universities received a huge financial boost to study them. Salesforce CEO Marc Benioff and his wife have given \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/2019/08/13/stanford-launches-major-effort-harness-microbiome-treat-disease/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$10 million\u003c/a> to Stanford University, and another \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucsf.edu/news/2019/06/414781/gift-launches-new-ucsf-benioff-center-microbiome-medicine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">$25 million\u003c/a> to the University of California at San Francisco for research about the human microbiome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"Different microbial galaxies exist in your mouth, lower gastrointestinal tract, and on your skin.","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Susan Lynch will direct the \u003ca href=\"https://microbiome.ucsf.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Benioff Center for Microbiome Medicine\u003c/a> at UCSF. She spoke with KQED’s Michelle Wiley about advancements in the field and what the new funding will mean for her work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The following excerpts have been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Microbes — what are they, and why are they important?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Microbes are among the oldest living life forms on the planet, and they’re incredibly successful. They populate every niche you can imagine across this planet, including humans. And we are, essentially, a super organism. We house a whole range and diversity of microbes within the human body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You could think of us like a microbial universe. There’s different microbial galaxies that exist in the mouth, in the lower gastrointestinal tract, and on the skin. And these microbes are not quiescent. They interact with each other, and they interact with the host. And they produce a range of bio-active molecules that shape how our cells actually function. And this is why, we’re now beginning to understand, they influence human health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>This field didn’t really exist a couple of decades ago. How has research about the microbiome evolved since you joined the field?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Traditionally we plucked individual microbes out of a sample, and studied them under feast conditions in media — where they could eat as much as they liked — in the lab. And that is not necessarily how these microbes exist in nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They are highly social, they interact with each other, they compete with each other, they collaborate with each other. It’s really with the advent of sequencing technologies in the field over the last 10 years that we now have the capacity to examine them, using DNA and genes, and with other platforms like mass spectrometry, to understand the types and diversity of microbes that exist in the human host.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What kinds of illnesses could be helped by understanding microbes better?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The list keeps expanding. But diseases that we can definitively link to perturbations and molecular productivity of microbes, are \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31404299\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">autism\u003c/a> spectrum disorder, \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31332384\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">allergies and asthma\u003c/a> for example, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6314516/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">inflammatory\u003c/a> bowel disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Speaking of asthma and allergies, some \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-019-0498-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recent work\u003c/a> you did looked at gut bacteria and babies a month old. You found that what’s in a baby’s gut can predict whether they are vulnerable to asthma and allergies as they grow up.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/352304/can-probiotics-help-your-depression-what-we-know-what-we-dont\">Can Probiotics Help Your Depression? What We Know, What We Don’t\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>We examined a very large cohort of one-month-old babies, and we set out with the idea that they’re not all the same, microbiologically. And different gut microbiomes in distinct subsets of babies may give rise to different types of immune development. And that’s exactly what we found. We found one small group of babies that had a very distinct gut microbiome that were at significantly higher risk of developing allergies and asthma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We dug down a little deeper, and we now understand some of the microbial products and mechanisms by which these children are at higher risk of developing disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What do you need to do to make this promising early research even more useful to the public?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"emailsignup","attributes":{"named":{"newslettername":"science","align":"right","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>We need definitive data that allows us to get at the mechanisms by which microbes shape, for example, immune function in early life in, a manner that relates to disease development. Good experimentation, and particularly observations in humans, are very large and complex studies that will require quite a lot of time, and quite a lot of expertise. So translating findings may take a little time, but I agree that there’s incredible promise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What’s the most important work that a gift of this size lets you do?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The microbiome field specifically requires that you collaborate. We cannot examine microbes by themselves, we need to understand how they interact with the immune system, how they act across large human populations, so it simply requires integration of a number of different disciplines. This allows us to bring together the incredible community of microbiome researchers across the UCSF campus to accelerate discovery and translation of our findings into real world solutions for the diseases that our patients suffer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1946718/ucsf-gets-new-money-to-study-the-galaxies-within-you-your-microbes","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_30","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_5187","science_5155"],"featImg":"science_1946720","label":"source_science_1946718"},"science_1946145":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1946145","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1946145","score":null,"sort":[1565269284000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jumbo-squid-are-missing-from-monterey-bay-will-they-ever-return","title":"Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return?","publishDate":1565269284,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Jumbo squid live up to their name. They can grow up to six feet long and can weigh 100 pounds. They’re deep red, muscular, and just plain mean. Mexican fisherman call them \u003cem>diablo rojo\u003c/em> — red devil — because they eat each other and anything they can. When the squid invaded Monterey Bay in 2002, they devoured over 50 kinds of fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight years of feasting, the jumbo squid suddenly \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">disappeared\u003c/a>; they haven’t come back to Monterey. With the proper bait and skill, jumbo squid are usually so voraciously hungry that, although they live deep in the ocean, they’re not hard for humans to catch. But when researchers asked fishermen along the coast, from Southern California to Washington State, no one had seen the squid. Now, scientists might finally have an explanation for their mysterious disappearance — and it could affect your local seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Detective\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the life of the jumbo squid is a mystery, then the lead detective on its trail is \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/jumbo-squid-have-left/\">Bill Gilly\u003c/a>. He’s spent 20 years studying the jumbo squid with funding, and another decade before that learning about them while fishing, all while teaching biology at Stanford. “They’re just an amazing species,” he says. “They never cease to amaze me at how adaptable they are, and how resilient they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly wrestles with a large Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From his laboratory at the Hopkins Marine Station to his \u003ca href=\"https://gillylab.stanford.edu/squids-4-kids\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a> program that supplies frozen squid and dissection tools to schools, Gilly dedicates most of his waking hours to the animal. He once gave a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPmxYOL78KE\">TEDx Talk\u003c/a> on the jumbo squid to a packed audience. This dedication has earned him the respect of ecologists like Bruce Robison, who also studies deep-sea animals at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He uses his considerable intellect,” Robison says, to “interpret behavior of animals that most of us would throw up our hands at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people throw up their hands over the jumbo squid. From up and down the coast, people send Gilly photos of squid they think might qualify as jumbo. Each year, he says, about eight documentary film crews phone him, hoping to find shoals of the jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Wreak Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, jumbo squid, also known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQKs1-fwTgU\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, lived off coastal Chile, Peru and Mexico. Sporadically they migrated farther north. Since the 1930s, people have reported sightings off the coast of California, but no one in Monterey Bay really paid them much attention until 2002, when so many showed up, Gilly says, people freaked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred miles south, where the squid normally lived in the Gulf of California, they ate three species of fish. Amid the bounty of Monterey Bay, they began eating 50. Salmon fishermen complained that the squid ate all their catch, along with sardines, flatfish, rockfish, and market squid. For the next eight years, the squid migrated to Monterey Bay in the fall and winter, sampled its all-you-can-eat buffet, and returned south in the spring. Starting in 2010, they never came back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly attaches a GPS satellite tag to a Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The year the squid vanished from Monterey Bay, Gilly and his biology students were looking for them in the Gulf of California, where the squid had been part of a robust export trade with Asia. When he’d visited less than a year before, the squid were the same massive predators he’d always seen. But when he returned with his students, all the squid he could find were just ten inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The students actually, as part of their projects for that course, realized it was an El Niño year,” he remembers. “That’s where we originally discovered that these squid change their size at maturity in response to El Niño.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only after Timothy Frawley, one of Gilly’s graduate students, visited the Gulf of California and saw the full extent of the fishery there did the team have enough information to begin solving the mystery of what set off that change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fishery Collapses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley first visited Santa Rosalía, a fishing town off the Gulf of California, in 2014. He immediately noticed the sheer scale of the squid fishery there. The bay was jammed with pangas, small fiberglass boats fishermen used to catch jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946170\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946170 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png 422w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2-160x120.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Rosalía fishery in 2016, after its collapse. \u003ccite>(Tim Frawley/Stanford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frawley recalls that the bay looked so full of pangas, you could almost walk across boats from one end of the bay to the other without touching the water. As the sun set, the pangas would leave the bay for deeper waters and jumbo squid, about three feet long and deep red, would rise from the ocean depths toward the surface of the water. After dusk, fishermen would suspend lightbulbs from their boats to attract the squid, illuminating the area with bobbing lights as their catch thrashed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Frawley found out that the mass of pangas jamming the bay in 2014 was down to 250 from nearly 1500 in 2008. Today, there are only 30. The jumbo squid have vanished, he says, and the fishery has not recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Jumbo Squid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success of the fishery had long been tied to \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-asked-questions\">El Niño\u003c/a>, the warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that occurs every three to seven years. Usually, cooler conditions known as La Niña follow. After the 1997-1998 El Niño, for instance, the squid \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070723/full/070723-2.html\">disappeared\u003c/a> from the Gulf of California but turned up off the central California, where waters were cooler. They’ve even been sighted among icebergs in Alaska. In the years immediately after that, the squid reappeared in the Gulf of California and disappeared farther north, as Monterey Bay fishermen noticed in the early 2000s. The 2009-2010 El Niño seems to have sent them away from the Gulf for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley and Gilly began collecting oceanographic data and reports from fisheries, as well as squid length measurements from studies published between 1996 and 2007. Through 2017, the two researchers began catching squid and taking measurements from over 1000 squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190718085314.htm\">recorded\u003c/a> some striking trends. As Gilly’s students had suspected in 2010, Frawley’s data showed that the squid changed their life cycles based on the cyclical water temperatures El Niño had triggered. The squid were getting much smaller. The average squid’s mantle — everything behind its head — now measures about eight inches compared with 31 inches decades ago. Squid weight scales exponentially with length, so fishermen would have to catch 100 tiny jumbo squid to yield the same mass as one full-sized jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946267\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946267 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1200x836.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly holds a large and small Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These incredible shrinking squid live further offshore. That makes fishing them less practical than when the full size squid inhabited the coastal environment near fishing boats. Catching one tiny squid can take twice as long as it would to catch a large one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all that, Frawley says, the Santa Rosalía fishery didn’t stand a chance. He realizes now that what he saw on the bustling bay five years ago had been “the last gasp, the last hurrah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hindsight, he adds, “that wasn’t really evident to me until I looked at all the data and was able to put my personal observation into this bigger context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sentinels of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squid adapt quickly to climate conditions. They also have relatively short life cycles — just one or two years — so changes in the ocean affect squid sooner than, for example, tuna that live 10 years or more. Frawley says these factors make the jumbo squid a species to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946150\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946150\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-768x1155.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-798x1200.jpg 798w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529.jpg 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tentacles of the Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and other scientists hesitate to link the disappearance of the jumbo squid directly to climate change. Frawley says the dramatic shift in average size may also have to do with a natural multi-decade warming cycle. No matter the cause, the mystery of the shrinking, disappearing and relocating squid suggests an unpredictable future. Bruce Robison, who also studies squid, says the study means humans should prepare for profound, unexpected changes in other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re finding is that communities of organisms… that have lived together and interacted for thousands of years, are being fragmented,” Robison says. As some species leave their traditional ecological niches, he adds, others may take their place, with consequences that we simply can’t predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and Gilly say it’s possible that jumbo squid may return to Monterey Bay. If the conditions in the Gulf of California improve, and the jumbo squid return to fisheries there, Gilly suggests the squid may migrate to Monterey Bay, where food is plentiful, and return to the Gulf to spawn. Or, he says, the squid might stay small until the ocean’s temperature heats up a few degrees. That would make Southern California an ideal spawning destination, Gilly says. From there, they could easily swim the 300 miles north to Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be astounding to me if they didn’t rediscover that,” Gilly says. “And I would guess that if they were really spawning in Southern California, they would even be more abundant and more problematic” — because they eat so much — “than they were before 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he eagerly awaits your squid photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists went looking for the vanished jumbo squid and found them — but they were much smaller than expected.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848428,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":33,"wordCount":1639},"headData":{"title":"Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return? | KQED","description":"Scientists went looking for the vanished jumbo squid and found them — but they were much smaller than expected.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Jumbo Squid Are Missing From Monterey Bay. Will They Ever Return?","datePublished":"2019-08-08T13:01:24.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:00:28.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1946145/jumbo-squid-are-missing-from-monterey-bay-will-they-ever-return","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Jumbo squid live up to their name. They can grow up to six feet long and can weigh 100 pounds. They’re deep red, muscular, and just plain mean. Mexican fisherman call them \u003cem>diablo rojo\u003c/em> — red devil — because they eat each other and anything they can. When the squid invaded Monterey Bay in 2002, they devoured over 50 kinds of fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After eight years of feasting, the jumbo squid suddenly \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/quest/2010/08/09/what-happened-to-the-humboldt-squid-2/\">disappeared\u003c/a>; they haven’t come back to Monterey. With the proper bait and skill, jumbo squid are usually so voraciously hungry that, although they live deep in the ocean, they’re not hard for humans to catch. But when researchers asked fishermen along the coast, from Southern California to Washington State, no one had seen the squid. Now, scientists might finally have an explanation for their mysterious disappearance — and it could affect your local seafood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Detective\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the life of the jumbo squid is a mystery, then the lead detective on its trail is \u003ca href=\"https://baynature.org/article/jumbo-squid-have-left/\">Bill Gilly\u003c/a>. He’s spent 20 years studying the jumbo squid with funding, and another decade before that learning about them while fishing, all while teaching biology at Stanford. “They’re just an amazing species,” he says. “They never cease to amaze me at how adaptable they are, and how resilient they are.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946173\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946173\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave-1200x900.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/P1150385_dave.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly wrestles with a large Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>From his laboratory at the Hopkins Marine Station to his \u003ca href=\"https://gillylab.stanford.edu/squids-4-kids\">Squids4Kids\u003c/a> program that supplies frozen squid and dissection tools to schools, Gilly dedicates most of his waking hours to the animal. He once gave a \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPmxYOL78KE\">TEDx Talk\u003c/a> on the jumbo squid to a packed audience. This dedication has earned him the respect of ecologists like Bruce Robison, who also studies deep-sea animals at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He uses his considerable intellect,” Robison says, to “interpret behavior of animals that most of us would throw up our hands at.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many people throw up their hands over the jumbo squid. From up and down the coast, people send Gilly photos of squid they think might qualify as jumbo. Each year, he says, about eight documentary film crews phone him, hoping to find shoals of the jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Squid Wreak Havoc\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Historically, jumbo squid, also known as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQKs1-fwTgU\">Humboldt squid\u003c/a>, lived off coastal Chile, Peru and Mexico. Sporadically they migrated farther north. Since the 1930s, people have reported sightings off the coast of California, but no one in Monterey Bay really paid them much attention until 2002, when so many showed up, Gilly says, people freaked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven hundred miles south, where the squid normally lived in the Gulf of California, they ate three species of fish. Amid the bounty of Monterey Bay, they began eating 50. Salmon fishermen complained that the squid ate all their catch, along with sardines, flatfish, rockfish, and market squid. For the next eight years, the squid migrated to Monterey Bay in the fall and winter, sampled its all-you-can-eat buffet, and returned south in the spring. Starting in 2010, they never came back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946167\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946167 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z.jpg 640w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364967798_43962e7c89_z-160x107.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly attaches a GPS satellite tag to a Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The year the squid vanished from Monterey Bay, Gilly and his biology students were looking for them in the Gulf of California, where the squid had been part of a robust export trade with Asia. When he’d visited less than a year before, the squid were the same massive predators he’d always seen. But when he returned with his students, all the squid he could find were just ten inches long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The students actually, as part of their projects for that course, realized it was an El Niño year,” he remembers. “That’s where we originally discovered that these squid change their size at maturity in response to El Niño.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only after Timothy Frawley, one of Gilly’s graduate students, visited the Gulf of California and saw the full extent of the fishery there did the team have enough information to begin solving the mystery of what set off that change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Fishery Collapses\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley first visited Santa Rosalía, a fishing town off the Gulf of California, in 2014. He immediately noticed the sheer scale of the squid fishery there. The bay was jammed with pangas, small fiberglass boats fishermen used to catch jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946170\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 422px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946170 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"316\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2.png 422w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/pastedImage-2-160x120.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Santa Rosalía fishery in 2016, after its collapse. \u003ccite>(Tim Frawley/Stanford)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Frawley recalls that the bay looked so full of pangas, you could almost walk across boats from one end of the bay to the other without touching the water. As the sun set, the pangas would leave the bay for deeper waters and jumbo squid, about three feet long and deep red, would rise from the ocean depths toward the surface of the water. After dusk, fishermen would suspend lightbulbs from their boats to attract the squid, illuminating the area with bobbing lights as their catch thrashed below.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, Frawley found out that the mass of pangas jamming the bay in 2014 was down to 250 from nearly 1500 in 2008. Today, there are only 30. The jumbo squid have vanished, he says, and the fishery has not recovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tiny Jumbo Squid\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The success of the fishery had long been tied to \u003ca href=\"https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-frequently-asked-questions\">El Niño\u003c/a>, the warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean that occurs every three to seven years. Usually, cooler conditions known as La Niña follow. After the 1997-1998 El Niño, for instance, the squid \u003ca href=\"https://www.nature.com/news/2007/070723/full/070723-2.html\">disappeared\u003c/a> from the Gulf of California but turned up off the central California, where waters were cooler. They’ve even been sighted among icebergs in Alaska. In the years immediately after that, the squid reappeared in the Gulf of California and disappeared farther north, as Monterey Bay fishermen noticed in the early 2000s. The 2009-2010 El Niño seems to have sent them away from the Gulf for good.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Frawley and Gilly began collecting oceanographic data and reports from fisheries, as well as squid length measurements from studies published between 1996 and 2007. Through 2017, the two researchers began catching squid and taking measurements from over 1000 squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/07/190718085314.htm\">recorded\u003c/a> some striking trends. As Gilly’s students had suspected in 2010, Frawley’s data showed that the squid changed their life cycles based on the cyclical water temperatures El Niño had triggered. The squid were getting much smaller. The average squid’s mantle — everything behind its head — now measures about eight inches compared with 31 inches decades ago. Squid weight scales exponentially with length, so fishermen would have to catch 100 tiny jumbo squid to yield the same mass as one full-sized jumbo squid.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946267\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946267 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-800x557.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-160x111.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-768x535.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1020x710.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid-1200x836.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/Squid.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bill Gilly holds a large and small Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Bill Gilly/Hopkins Marine Station)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These incredible shrinking squid live further offshore. That makes fishing them less practical than when the full size squid inhabited the coastal environment near fishing boats. Catching one tiny squid can take twice as long as it would to catch a large one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because of all that, Frawley says, the Santa Rosalía fishery didn’t stand a chance. He realizes now that what he saw on the bustling bay five years ago had been “the last gasp, the last hurrah.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In hindsight, he adds, “that wasn’t really evident to me until I looked at all the data and was able to put my personal observation into this bigger context.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Sentinels of Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Squid adapt quickly to climate conditions. They also have relatively short life cycles — just one or two years — so changes in the ocean affect squid sooner than, for example, tuna that live 10 years or more. Frawley says these factors make the jumbo squid a species to watch.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946150\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 266px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946150\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-800x1203.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-160x241.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-768x1155.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529-798x1200.jpg 798w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/2364118429_b0ae864c97_o-e1565024787529.jpg 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 266px) 100vw, 266px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The tentacles of the Humboldt squid. \u003ccite>(Sheraz Sadiq/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He and other scientists hesitate to link the disappearance of the jumbo squid directly to climate change. Frawley says the dramatic shift in average size may also have to do with a natural multi-decade warming cycle. No matter the cause, the mystery of the shrinking, disappearing and relocating squid suggests an unpredictable future. Bruce Robison, who also studies squid, says the study means humans should prepare for profound, unexpected changes in other species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we’re finding is that communities of organisms… that have lived together and interacted for thousands of years, are being fragmented,” Robison says. As some species leave their traditional ecological niches, he adds, others may take their place, with consequences that we simply can’t predict.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and Gilly say it’s possible that jumbo squid may return to Monterey Bay. If the conditions in the Gulf of California improve, and the jumbo squid return to fisheries there, Gilly suggests the squid may migrate to Monterey Bay, where food is plentiful, and return to the Gulf to spawn. Or, he says, the squid might stay small until the ocean’s temperature heats up a few degrees. That would make Southern California an ideal spawning destination, Gilly says. From there, they could easily swim the 300 miles north to Monterey Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It would be astounding to me if they didn’t rediscover that,” Gilly says. “And I would guess that if they were really spawning in Southern California, they would even be more abundant and more problematic” — because they eat so much — “than they were before 2010.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, he eagerly awaits your squid photos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1946145/jumbo-squid-are-missing-from-monterey-bay-will-they-ever-return","authors":["11615"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_31","science_35","science_2873"],"tags":["science_3370","science_268","science_813","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1946149","label":"science"},"science_1939293":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1939293","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1939293","score":null,"sort":[1553040637000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"stanford-aims-to-make-artificial-intelligence-more-human","title":"Stanford Aims to Make Artificial Intelligence More Human","publishDate":1553040637,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Stanford Aims to Make Artificial Intelligence More Human | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom is urging Stanford researchers at the new \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence\u003c/a> to stay true to their name and focus on the impact AI is having on people’s jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Rob Reich, Stanford']‘We want to put philosophers and anthropologists and economists and political scientists in the lab with the technologists, so that ethical values and social scientific frameworks are baked in … to the very development of artificial intelligence.’[/pullquote]Newsom and Microsoft founder and philanthropist Bill Gates \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/18/were-not-prepared-for-the-promise-of-artificial-intelligence-experts-warn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">keynoted\u003c/a> a symposium yesterday where university officials and scientists announced the formal launch of the institute. Its goal is to address both the peril and promise of AI, with human ethics and values \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-pioneer-fei-fei-li-on-building-benevolent-machines-11552906800\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as its lodestar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said he was recently at the Port of Long Beach, talking with longshoremen worried that upgrades coming to the port will cost them jobs. He said longshoremen asked him not to implement the upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘We’re moving forward–low-carbon green growth goals which are the envy of the rest of the nation,” Newsom said. “Our cap-and-trade program, our goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and that means we’re moving forward with new technologies that are more efficient. The problem with the new technologies that are more efficient–you don’t need any people.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, AI has managed to tangle itself in a pile of ethical problems. Facial recognition software \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/5520558/artificial-intelligence-racial-gender-bias/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doesn’t see faces\u003c/a> that aren’t white. Speech recognition wants you to speak the King’s English. Or at least a solid American version of it–no accents. Longshoremen aren’t the only workers fearing job loss; truckers and restaurant workers also feel the hot breath of AI at their backs. And we can’t leave out Russian bots serving up lies to mess with our democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As technologists, it’s our responsibility to address the failings of our tools,” said Stanford HAI co-director \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/fei-fei-li\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fei-Fei Li\u003c/a>. “But it’s also our responsibility to realize the full extent of \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their potential\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, she said, what if AI could keep an eye on patients in an emergency room, and alert staff when someone’s condition worsens? Or what if AI could help figure out how children learn, and improve education?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new institute’s \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/human-impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> will focus on enhancing and augmenting human lives across \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/bill-gates-says-ai-should-improve-education-and-medicine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medicine, education\u003c/a> and other fields, \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/augment-human-capabilities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">without replacing humans\u003c/a>. KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about the new institute with two of its associate directors, computer science professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/james-landay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>James Landay\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> and political science professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/robert-reich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Rob Reich\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. The interview has been edited for length and clarity. Some key points from the interview …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What exactly \u003cem>is \u003c/em>AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: It’s a fuzzy term, and the definition has moved over the years. I’d say the simplest definition is: the capability of machines to imitate intelligent human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that behavior could be as simple as Google Maps telling you which ways to get to work today because there’s different traffic, all the way to maybe making a diagnosis about some very complex cancer situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the one thing people get wrong about AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: Thinking that it’s going to be this hyper-intelligent being that will be so much smarter than people, and therefore eventually take over the world like in some kind of “Terminator” movie. That’s really the biggest misconception we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another thing we hear a lot is that AI will make millions of jobs obsolete. Should we be worried?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: I think job disruption is always a thing to be worried about. Globalization led to some major structural problems for some people and created wealth for others. It’s this unevenness that occurs with these disruptions that we need to pay attention to, and get ahead of, to make sure the people who might be disrupted are learning new skills, so they have a future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some economists think AI might not even disrupt us, because the real problem over the long period is a lack of growth in the population — that there won’t be enough younger people to support all the older people. And that we may even need machines to help us move forward as a society in health care and other areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not even clear, in an economic sense, that AI will replace everyone’s jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The institute’s work revolves around what you call ‘human-centered AI.’ What does that mean? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Reich: First, ensuring as best we can that the advancement of artificial intelligence ends up serving the interests of human beings, and not displacing or undermining human interests. The essential thing is to ensure that as machines become more and more intelligent and are capable of carrying out more and more complicated tasks that otherwise would have to be done by human beings, that the role we give to machine intelligence supports the goals of human beings and the values we have in the communities we live in, rather than step-by-step displacing what humans do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the bet that the institute is making here at Stanford is that the advancement of artificial intelligence will happen in a better way if, instead of just putting technologists and AI scientists in the lab and having them work really hard, we do it in partnership with humanists and social scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the familiar role of the social scientist or philosopher is that the technologists do their thing and then we study it out in the wild; the economist measures the effects of technology and the disruption it has, or the philosopher tries to worry about the values that are disrupted in some way by technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At HAI we want to put philosophers and anthropologists and economists and political scientists in the lab with the technologists, so that ethical values and social scientific frameworks are baked in, to the extent possible, to the very development of artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are your top two ethical concerns about AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reich: First, when you’re developing an algorithm and making use of enormous oceans of data, that data typically encodes human decisions of the past. And humans, as we all know, have often been biased and engaged in all kinds of unethical behavior. So algorithms can encode into their predictive judgements those human biases of the past. Bias and discrimination can creep into the various forms of AI decision-making. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second big consideration is that AI, like lots of technologies, can be used for good, and it can also be used by human beings for bad ends. We want to call attention to the different ways that AI can be deployed and try to build in social frameworks and technical approaches that make it much more likely that AI is deployed for good rather than for ill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=se4CQ5UZXaM\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I think about a car that’s programmed to protect the passenger inside. But if a passenger would have to choose between crashing or hitting a child, the human mind would say to save the child. How does AI sort this out?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Reich: That’s exactly the kind of question that putting philosophers and social scientists and technologists in the lab together is meant to allow discussion about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s research that shows if you ask a human being whether they think the car should optimize for all of human safety, rather than just passenger safety, people say of course it should optimize for all human safety. But if you’re asking, ‘What kind of car would you like to purchase, one that optimizes for all human safety or optimizes for passenger safety?’ they go for passenger safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what, to me, indicates that engineers have to make these value decisions while they’re developing the technology. And far better that it happens in the open with the full discussion amongst all the various stakeholders–including ordinary citizens–so that we can build toward a bigger social consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"AI has managed to tangle itself in a pile of ethical problems: job disruption, security, racial discrimination. Stanford is betting it can make a better AI by using human values as the lodestar.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848782,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":31,"wordCount":1403},"headData":{"title":"Stanford Aims to Make Artificial Intelligence More Human | KQED","description":"AI has managed to tangle itself in a pile of ethical problems: job disruption, security, racial discrimination. Stanford is betting it can make a better AI by using human values as the lodestar.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Stanford Aims to Make Artificial Intelligence More Human","datePublished":"2019-03-20T00:10:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:06:22.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Artificial Intelligence","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/2019/03/StanfordAISymposium.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1939293/stanford-aims-to-make-artificial-intelligence-more-human","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Gov. Gavin Newsom is urging Stanford researchers at the new \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence\u003c/a> to stay true to their name and focus on the impact AI is having on people’s jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"‘We want to put philosophers and anthropologists and economists and political scientists in the lab with the technologists, so that ethical values and social scientific frameworks are baked in … to the very development of artificial intelligence.’","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"size":"medium","align":"right","citation":"Rob Reich, Stanford","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Newsom and Microsoft founder and philanthropist Bill Gates \u003ca href=\"https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/03/18/were-not-prepared-for-the-promise-of-artificial-intelligence-experts-warn/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">keynoted\u003c/a> a symposium yesterday where university officials and scientists announced the formal launch of the institute. Its goal is to address both the peril and promise of AI, with human ethics and values \u003ca href=\"https://www.wsj.com/articles/ai-pioneer-fei-fei-li-on-building-benevolent-machines-11552906800\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">as its lodestar\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom said he was recently at the Port of Long Beach, talking with longshoremen worried that upgrades coming to the port will cost them jobs. He said longshoremen asked him not to implement the upgrades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘We’re moving forward–low-carbon green growth goals which are the envy of the rest of the nation,” Newsom said. “Our cap-and-trade program, our goals to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and that means we’re moving forward with new technologies that are more efficient. The problem with the new technologies that are more efficient–you don’t need any people.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, AI has managed to tangle itself in a pile of ethical problems. Facial recognition software \u003ca href=\"http://time.com/5520558/artificial-intelligence-racial-gender-bias/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">doesn’t see faces\u003c/a> that aren’t white. Speech recognition wants you to speak the King’s English. Or at least a solid American version of it–no accents. Longshoremen aren’t the only workers fearing job loss; truckers and restaurant workers also feel the hot breath of AI at their backs. And we can’t leave out Russian bots serving up lies to mess with our democracy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As technologists, it’s our responsibility to address the failings of our tools,” said Stanford HAI co-director \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/fei-fei-li\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fei-Fei Li\u003c/a>. “But it’s also our responsibility to realize the full extent of \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">their potential\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, she said, what if AI could keep an eye on patients in an emergency room, and alert staff when someone’s condition worsens? Or what if AI could help figure out how children learn, and improve education?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new institute’s \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/human-impact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research\u003c/a> will focus on enhancing and augmenting human lives across \u003ca href=\"https://www.cnet.com/news/bill-gates-says-ai-should-improve-education-and-medicine/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">medicine, education\u003c/a> and other fields, \u003ca href=\"https://hai.stanford.edu/research/augment-human-capabilities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">without replacing humans\u003c/a>. KQED’s Brian Watt spoke about the new institute with two of its associate directors, computer science professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/james-landay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>James Landay\u003c/strong>\u003c/a> and political science professor \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.stanford.edu/robert-reich\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cstrong>Rob Reich\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>. The interview has been edited for length and clarity. Some key points from the interview …\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What exactly \u003cem>is \u003c/em>AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: It’s a fuzzy term, and the definition has moved over the years. I’d say the simplest definition is: the capability of machines to imitate intelligent human behavior.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that behavior could be as simple as Google Maps telling you which ways to get to work today because there’s different traffic, all the way to maybe making a diagnosis about some very complex cancer situation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What is the one thing people get wrong about AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: Thinking that it’s going to be this hyper-intelligent being that will be so much smarter than people, and therefore eventually take over the world like in some kind of “Terminator” movie. That’s really the biggest misconception we see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Another thing we hear a lot is that AI will make millions of jobs obsolete. Should we be worried?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Landay: I think job disruption is always a thing to be worried about. Globalization led to some major structural problems for some people and created wealth for others. It’s this unevenness that occurs with these disruptions that we need to pay attention to, and get ahead of, to make sure the people who might be disrupted are learning new skills, so they have a future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, some economists think AI might not even disrupt us, because the real problem over the long period is a lack of growth in the population — that there won’t be enough younger people to support all the older people. And that we may even need machines to help us move forward as a society in health care and other areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So it’s not even clear, in an economic sense, that AI will replace everyone’s jobs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The institute’s work revolves around what you call ‘human-centered AI.’ What does that mean? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Reich: First, ensuring as best we can that the advancement of artificial intelligence ends up serving the interests of human beings, and not displacing or undermining human interests. The essential thing is to ensure that as machines become more and more intelligent and are capable of carrying out more and more complicated tasks that otherwise would have to be done by human beings, that the role we give to machine intelligence supports the goals of human beings and the values we have in the communities we live in, rather than step-by-step displacing what humans do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Second, the bet that the institute is making here at Stanford is that the advancement of artificial intelligence will happen in a better way if, instead of just putting technologists and AI scientists in the lab and having them work really hard, we do it in partnership with humanists and social scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the familiar role of the social scientist or philosopher is that the technologists do their thing and then we study it out in the wild; the economist measures the effects of technology and the disruption it has, or the philosopher tries to worry about the values that are disrupted in some way by technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At HAI we want to put philosophers and anthropologists and economists and political scientists in the lab with the technologists, so that ethical values and social scientific frameworks are baked in, to the extent possible, to the very development of artificial intelligence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What are your top two ethical concerns about AI?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reich: First, when you’re developing an algorithm and making use of enormous oceans of data, that data typically encodes human decisions of the past. And humans, as we all know, have often been biased and engaged in all kinds of unethical behavior. So algorithms can encode into their predictive judgements those human biases of the past. Bias and discrimination can creep into the various forms of AI decision-making. \u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The second big consideration is that AI, like lots of technologies, can be used for good, and it can also be used by human beings for bad ends. We want to call attention to the different ways that AI can be deployed and try to build in social frameworks and technical approaches that make it much more likely that AI is deployed for good rather than for ill.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/se4CQ5UZXaM'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/se4CQ5UZXaM'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>I think about a car that’s programmed to protect the passenger inside. But if a passenger would have to choose between crashing or hitting a child, the human mind would say to save the child. How does AI sort this out?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rob Reich: That’s exactly the kind of question that putting philosophers and social scientists and technologists in the lab together is meant to allow discussion about.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s research that shows if you ask a human being whether they think the car should optimize for all of human safety, rather than just passenger safety, people say of course it should optimize for all human safety. But if you’re asking, ‘What kind of car would you like to purchase, one that optimizes for all human safety or optimizes for passenger safety?’ they go for passenger safety.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is what, to me, indicates that engineers have to make these value decisions while they’re developing the technology. And far better that it happens in the open with the full discussion amongst all the various stakeholders–including ordinary citizens–so that we can build toward a bigger social consensus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1939293/stanford-aims-to-make-artificial-intelligence-more-human","authors":["235"],"categories":["science_89","science_40","science_43","science_3423"],"tags":["science_3841","science_3663","science_3370","science_3830","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1939343","label":"source_science_1939293"},"science_1934969":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1934969","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1934969","score":null,"sort":[1543432839000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"two-new-studies-affirm-things-are-getting-hotter-across-regions-and-seasons","title":"Two New Studies Affirm Things Are Getting Hotter Across Regions and Seasons","publishDate":1543432839,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Two New Studies Affirm Things Are Getting Hotter Across Regions and Seasons | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>A new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau3487\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released on Wednesday says hot and dry conditions are increasingly going to hit multiple regions at the same time — shrinking crop yields, destabilizing food prices and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/11/27/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laying the groundwork for large wildfires\u003c/a> like we’ve seen in California in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes on the heels of \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/extreme-heat-increasing-both-summer-and-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another study\u003c/a> earlier this week from the American Geophysical Union which measured the rise in extreme heat events in both summer and winter. The AGU study was one of the first to also look at relative extreme temperatures — “hot” days in winter, cold days in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”8JMusayD4ShnLIZNCUDAIIPNFPKHrn2y”]The news, across the board, isn’t great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study examined historical data to quantify the odds that different regions experience hot and dry conditions in the same year. The authors calculated that before 1980 there was just a 5 percent likelihood that two separate regions would be dry and have extreme temperatures in the same year. Since then, the odds have risen to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters because in the past if one region was hot and dry, resulting in low crop yields, the agricultural surplus in another region might compensate. Increasingly, that’s no longer the case. For example, the odds that both China and India — two of the world’s largest agricultural producers — have low precipitation and extremely warm temperatures in the same year has increased from 5 percent to 15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The global marketplace provides a hedge against localized extremes,” noted Noah Diffenbaugh, a Stanford climate scientist and co-author of the study, “and we’re already seeing an erosion of that climate buffer as extremes have increased in response to global warming,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”TsjrIDHEp4FADnyAbpod5wkpWGZyF75A”]“When these extremes occur simultaneously, it exacerbates the adverse impacts beyond what any of them would have caused separately,” said Ali Sarhadi, the study’s lead author and a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also analyzed climate projections for future scenarios. Since the late 19th century, the global temperature has increased 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. Moving forward, the study’s authors found, in many regions the odds increase to 75 percent that average temperatures will rise well beyond the normal range experienced this last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just going to get hotter in the summer, though. It’s going to get warmer in the winter too — which also has lasting implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018JD029150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> released this week, from the American Geophysical Union, found both relative and absolute “extreme heat” events have increased across the U.S. and Canada since 1980, while both relative and absolute extreme cold events decreased. In other words, we’ve seen a rise in both overall extremes, like the absolute hottest days in summer, but also extremes for the normal range of that time of year, like unseasonably warm days in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”raaLWEhxCsVCnB6sFwUvZyRhRMQu8Rfv”]Relative extremes are changing faster than absolute extremes. And relative extremes can pose a higher ecological risk because the out-of-season weather impact species and plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relative temperature anomalies can trigger what are called phenological mismatches, where a mismatch in the temperature and the season can cause trees to bloom too early and birds and insects to migrate before there is appropriate food,” said Scott Sheridan, professor in geography at Kent State University and lead author of the AGU study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the unusually warm month of March in 2012, across the eastern and midwestern U.S., caused vegetation to bloom prematurely and then die off in subsequent frost, leading to large agricultural losses (2012 remains the hottest year on record in the continental U.S.). Mid-winter thaws and early-season heat can also have health impacts on vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat events have increased across 79 percent of the U.S. and Canada, with the trend greatest in the southern U.S. and northern Quebec. Relative extreme heat events have increased at a greater rate, averaging .22 more days per decade, with some parts of the southern U.S. showing an increase of up to one day per decade of relative extreme heat. At the same time, extreme cold events have decreased at higher rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”rAZ2tFsSbR97GGfg5yu5iG9EVkxX7Oqx”]All of this comes in the wake of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934809/federal-report-climate-change-already-hurting-u-s-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a federal report\u003c/a> released last week that outlined the ways climate change is already affecting Americans’ economic and physical health. The message from the various studies’ authors? Planners and policymakers at all levels need to start preparing for the new future — and can still take steps to decrease these impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study modeled what would happen if the 200 nations in the U.N. Paris agreement achieved their emission reductions targets. The authors found that would dramatically reduce the likelihood of compounding hot, dry conditions in multiple regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are still options for mitigating these changes,” said Sarhadi.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"One study finds an increase in the likelihood that multiple regions experience hot, dry conditions in the same year — another points to a rise in relative extreme heat events, year-round.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927282,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":849},"headData":{"title":"Two New Studies Affirm Things Are Getting Hotter Across Regions and Seasons | KQED","description":"One study finds an increase in the likelihood that multiple regions experience hot, dry conditions in the same year — another points to a rise in relative extreme heat events, year-round.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Two New Studies Affirm Things Are Getting Hotter Across Regions and Seasons","datePublished":"2018-11-28T19:20:39.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:54:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1934969/two-new-studies-affirm-things-are-getting-hotter-across-regions-and-seasons","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A new Stanford \u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/11/eaau3487\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study\u003c/a> released on Wednesday says hot and dry conditions are increasingly going to hit multiple regions at the same time — shrinking crop yields, destabilizing food prices and \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/2018/11/27/the-new-abnormal-climate-effects-on-the-fire-season-are-just-beginning/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">laying the groundwork for large wildfires\u003c/a> like we’ve seen in California in recent years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes on the heels of \u003ca href=\"https://news.agu.org/press-release/extreme-heat-increasing-both-summer-and-winter\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another study\u003c/a> earlier this week from the American Geophysical Union which measured the rise in extreme heat events in both summer and winter. The AGU study was one of the first to also look at relative extreme temperatures — “hot” days in winter, cold days in summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>The news, across the board, isn’t great.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study examined historical data to quantify the odds that different regions experience hot and dry conditions in the same year. The authors calculated that before 1980 there was just a 5 percent likelihood that two separate regions would be dry and have extreme temperatures in the same year. Since then, the odds have risen to 20 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This matters because in the past if one region was hot and dry, resulting in low crop yields, the agricultural surplus in another region might compensate. Increasingly, that’s no longer the case. For example, the odds that both China and India — two of the world’s largest agricultural producers — have low precipitation and extremely warm temperatures in the same year has increased from 5 percent to 15 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The global marketplace provides a hedge against localized extremes,” noted Noah Diffenbaugh, a Stanford climate scientist and co-author of the study, “and we’re already seeing an erosion of that climate buffer as extremes have increased in response to global warming,”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>“When these extremes occur simultaneously, it exacerbates the adverse impacts beyond what any of them would have caused separately,” said Ali Sarhadi, the study’s lead author and a post-doctoral fellow at Stanford.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study also analyzed climate projections for future scenarios. Since the late 19th century, the global temperature has increased 1.8 degrees Fahrenheit. Moving forward, the study’s authors found, in many regions the odds increase to 75 percent that average temperatures will rise well beyond the normal range experienced this last century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not just going to get hotter in the summer, though. It’s going to get warmer in the winter too — which also has lasting implications.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other \u003ca href=\"https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018JD029150\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">new study\u003c/a> released this week, from the American Geophysical Union, found both relative and absolute “extreme heat” events have increased across the U.S. and Canada since 1980, while both relative and absolute extreme cold events decreased. In other words, we’ve seen a rise in both overall extremes, like the absolute hottest days in summer, but also extremes for the normal range of that time of year, like unseasonably warm days in winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Relative extremes are changing faster than absolute extremes. And relative extremes can pose a higher ecological risk because the out-of-season weather impact species and plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Relative temperature anomalies can trigger what are called phenological mismatches, where a mismatch in the temperature and the season can cause trees to bloom too early and birds and insects to migrate before there is appropriate food,” said Scott Sheridan, professor in geography at Kent State University and lead author of the AGU study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, the unusually warm month of March in 2012, across the eastern and midwestern U.S., caused vegetation to bloom prematurely and then die off in subsequent frost, leading to large agricultural losses (2012 remains the hottest year on record in the continental U.S.). Mid-winter thaws and early-season heat can also have health impacts on vulnerable populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Extreme heat events have increased across 79 percent of the U.S. and Canada, with the trend greatest in the southern U.S. and northern Quebec. Relative extreme heat events have increased at a greater rate, averaging .22 more days per decade, with some parts of the southern U.S. showing an increase of up to one day per decade of relative extreme heat. At the same time, extreme cold events have decreased at higher rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>All of this comes in the wake of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934809/federal-report-climate-change-already-hurting-u-s-communities\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a federal report\u003c/a> released last week that outlined the ways climate change is already affecting Americans’ economic and physical health. The message from the various studies’ authors? Planners and policymakers at all levels need to start preparing for the new future — and can still take steps to decrease these impacts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Stanford study modeled what would happen if the 200 nations in the U.N. Paris agreement achieved their emission reductions targets. The authors found that would dramatically reduce the likelihood of compounding hot, dry conditions in multiple regions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are still options for mitigating these changes,” said Sarhadi.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1934969/two-new-studies-affirm-things-are-getting-hotter-across-regions-and-seasons","authors":["1459"],"categories":["science_31","science_38","science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_3370","science_556","science_5187"],"featImg":"science_1934976","label":"source_science_1934969"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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