Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming
Vegetables Harvested in Antarctica Without Sun, Soil, or Pesticides
New Soil Erosion Study May Help Sustainable Farming Practices
High Temps Intensified California Drought
Soil Science May Be Important Key to Tackling Climate Change
U.S. Ecosystem Research Receives $5 Million Boost from the NSF
Sponsored
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Crab Cove is part of the East Bay Regional Park District, one of the largest and oldest regional park agencies in the nation. She graduated from Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo with a degree in Natural Resources Management and an epiphany that connecting kids with nature was her destiny. She's been rooted in the Bay Area since 1991 after working at nature centers and outdoor science schools around our fair state. She loves the great variety of habitats stretching from the Bay shoreline to the redwoods, lakes, and hills. Sharol enjoys connecting people to nature with articles in local newspapers and online forums.\r\n\r\nRead her \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/sharolembry/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["author"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Sharol Nelson-Embry | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/e1d65f00eccde30de75fac778ead552d?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/sharolembry"},"aahmed":{"type":"authors","id":"11428","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"11428","found":true},"name":"Amel Ahmed","firstName":"Amel","lastName":"Ahmed","slug":"aahmed","email":"aahmed@kqed.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"Amel Ahmed is a reporter for KQED. Prior to joining KQED, Amel worked at Al Jazeera America, Al Jazeera English, Democracy Now! and Punched Productions. She also helped produce \u003cem>Changing Face of Harlem\u003c/em>, a documentary that tracked gentrification in Harlem over a period of ten years. She is a 2013 graduate of Brooklyn Law School and is currently researching war on terror prosecutions for an upcoming book.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":"amelscript","facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amel Ahmed | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/c8b48ebc98e770640f3013c470d23f3e?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/aahmed"}},"breakingNewsReducer":{},"campaignFinanceReducer":{},"firebase":{"requesting":{},"requested":{},"timestamps":{},"data":{},"ordered":{},"auth":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"authError":null,"profile":{"isLoaded":false,"isEmpty":true},"listeners":{"byId":{},"allIds":[]},"isInitializing":false,"errors":[]},"navBarReducer":{"navBarId":"news","fullView":true,"showPlayer":false},"navMenuReducer":{"menus":[{"key":"menu1","items":[{"name":"News","link":"/","type":"title"},{"name":"Politics","link":"/politics"},{"name":"Science","link":"/science"},{"name":"Education","link":"/educationnews"},{"name":"Housing","link":"/housing"},{"name":"Immigration","link":"/immigration"},{"name":"Criminal Justice","link":"/criminaljustice"},{"name":"Silicon Valley","link":"/siliconvalley"},{"name":"Forum","link":"/forum"},{"name":"The California Report","link":"/californiareport"}]},{"key":"menu2","items":[{"name":"Arts & Culture","link":"/arts","type":"title"},{"name":"Critics’ Picks","link":"/thedolist"},{"name":"Cultural Commentary","link":"/artscommentary"},{"name":"Food & Drink","link":"/food"},{"name":"Bay Area Hip-Hop","link":"/bayareahiphop"},{"name":"Rebel Girls","link":"/rebelgirls"},{"name":"Arts Video","link":"/artsvideos"}]},{"key":"menu3","items":[{"name":"Podcasts","link":"/podcasts","type":"title"},{"name":"Bay Curious","link":"/podcasts/baycurious"},{"name":"Rightnowish","link":"/podcasts/rightnowish"},{"name":"The Bay","link":"/podcasts/thebay"},{"name":"On Our Watch","link":"/podcasts/onourwatch"},{"name":"Mindshift","link":"/podcasts/mindshift"},{"name":"Consider This","link":"/podcasts/considerthis"},{"name":"Political Breakdown","link":"/podcasts/politicalbreakdown"}]},{"key":"menu4","items":[{"name":"Live Radio","link":"/radio","type":"title"},{"name":"TV","link":"/tv","type":"title"},{"name":"Events","link":"/events","type":"title"},{"name":"For Educators","link":"/education","type":"title"},{"name":"Support KQED","link":"/support","type":"title"},{"name":"About","link":"/about","type":"title"},{"name":"Help Center","link":"https://kqed-helpcenter.kqed.org/s","type":"title"}]}]},"pagesReducer":{},"postsReducer":{"stream_live":{"type":"live","id":"stream_live","audioUrl":"https://streams.kqed.org/kqedradio","title":"Live Stream","excerpt":"Live Stream information currently unavailable.","link":"/radio","featImg":"","label":{"name":"KQED Live","link":"/"}},"stream_kqedNewscast":{"type":"posts","id":"stream_kqedNewscast","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/RDnews/newscast.mp3?_=1","title":"KQED Newscast","featImg":"","label":{"name":"88.5 FM","link":"/"}},"science_1981501":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1981501","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1981501","score":null,"sort":[1676382922000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"earthworm-love-is-cuddly-and-complicated","title":"Earthworm Love Is Cuddly ... and Complicated","publishDate":1676382922,"format":"video","headTitle":"Earthworm Love Is Cuddly … and Complicated | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1935,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>[dl_subscribe]\u003cem> Earthworms know a thing or two about romance. They cozy up with a mate inside tubes of slime, then follow a series of intricate steps to make cocoons full of baby worms. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Earthworm love. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s cuddly … and complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the start, the earthworm is built for romance, with four or five pairs of hearts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding a match, though? That’s a challenge for these mostly solitary animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They go out looking when they’re a few months to a year old, and they’ve grown this fleshy, saddle-shaped patch, called a clitellum. They’re now mature enough to get down to business. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tube-shaped invertebrate seeks mate to share loamy soil and good times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthworm follows tastes and smells through dirt or leaf litter to find its valentine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It crawls around by anchoring its body with these bristles called setae, then pushing forward with its muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, it fuels up on bacteria and tiny fungi in the soil and leaves, sucking them in with its mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a luscious … lip?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every earthworm has some non-negotiables: Must breathe through iridescent skin. Must want kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But being male or female is not one of them. All earthworms are both. They’re hermaphrodites, which automatically doubles their chances of finding a mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they do, they waste no time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Side by side, they surround each other with rings of slime they exude from their skin, bodies pointing in opposite directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they embrace with these flaps on their clitella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can canoodle like this for an hour, swapping sperm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It travels outside their bodies, here, where they press up against each other, and flows between these segments into storage sacs inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their tender act has a dark side. As they do the deed, the earthworms stab each other with their pointy setae. Those wounds mean the injured lovers won’t be hooking up with others anytime soon. Jealous much?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they’ve parted ways, each earthworm produces a sheath with its clitellum and shimmies it down its tubular body. The protein-rich ring moves over tiny holes where it gathers eggs and some of the collected sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, it slips right off the worm and becomes a cocoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baby worms flourish inside, growing beating hearts that one day they’ll give to their special someone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hi! Deep Look wants to launch a newsletter for you, and we want you Deep Peeps to decide what goes in it. So, please take our survey — link in the description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, don’t miss our episode on worm *lions.* The fearsome wormlion larva ambushes prey at the bottom of a sand pit, then flicks the carcasses away.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Earthworms know a thing or two about romance. They cozy up with a mate inside tubes of slime, then follow a series of intricate steps to make cocoons full of baby worms.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1709152211,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":465},"headData":{"title":"Earthworm Love Is Cuddly ... and Complicated | KQED","description":"Earthworms know a thing or two about romance. They cozy up with a mate inside tubes of slime, then follow a series of intricate steps to make cocoons full of baby worms.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Earthworm Love Is Cuddly ... and Complicated","datePublished":"2023-02-14T13:55:22.000Z","dateModified":"2024-02-28T20:30:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"videoEmbed":"https://youtu.be/xjpo6OkuYy0","sourceUrl":"https://youtu.be/xjpo6OkuYy0","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1981501/earthworm-love-is-cuddly-and-complicated","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"dl_subscribe","attributes":{"named":{"label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cem> Earthworms know a thing or two about romance. They cozy up with a mate inside tubes of slime, then follow a series of intricate steps to make cocoons full of baby worms. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>TRANSCRIPT\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Earthworm love. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s cuddly … and complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From the start, the earthworm is built for romance, with four or five pairs of hearts. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding a match, though? That’s a challenge for these mostly solitary animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They go out looking when they’re a few months to a year old, and they’ve grown this fleshy, saddle-shaped patch, called a clitellum. They’re now mature enough to get down to business. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tube-shaped invertebrate seeks mate to share loamy soil and good times.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The earthworm follows tastes and smells through dirt or leaf litter to find its valentine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It crawls around by anchoring its body with these bristles called setae, then pushing forward with its muscles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Along the way, it fuels up on bacteria and tiny fungi in the soil and leaves, sucking them in with its mouth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Such a luscious … lip?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every earthworm has some non-negotiables: Must breathe through iridescent skin. Must want kids. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But being male or female is not one of them. All earthworms are both. They’re hermaphrodites, which automatically doubles their chances of finding a mate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When they do, they waste no time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Side by side, they surround each other with rings of slime they exude from their skin, bodies pointing in opposite directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they embrace with these flaps on their clitella.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can canoodle like this for an hour, swapping sperm. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It travels outside their bodies, here, where they press up against each other, and flows between these segments into storage sacs inside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their tender act has a dark side. As they do the deed, the earthworms stab each other with their pointy setae. Those wounds mean the injured lovers won’t be hooking up with others anytime soon. Jealous much?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After they’ve parted ways, each earthworm produces a sheath with its clitellum and shimmies it down its tubular body. The protein-rich ring moves over tiny holes where it gathers eggs and some of the collected sperm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, it slips right off the worm and becomes a cocoon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Baby worms flourish inside, growing beating hearts that one day they’ll give to their special someone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hi! Deep Look wants to launch a newsletter for you, and we want you Deep Peeps to decide what goes in it. So, please take our survey — link in the description.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But first, don’t miss our episode on worm *lions.* The fearsome wormlion larva ambushes prey at the bottom of a sand pit, then flicks the carcasses away.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1981501/earthworm-love-is-cuddly-and-complicated","authors":["6186"],"series":["science_1935"],"categories":["science_2874","science_30","science_35","science_4450","science_86"],"tags":["science_1970","science_4414","science_1201"],"featImg":"science_1981564","label":"science_1935"},"science_1930415":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1930415","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1930415","score":null,"sort":[1535569327000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"common-farming-fethods-may-hold-the-key-to-slowing-global-warming","title":"Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming","publishDate":1535569327,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Can dirt save the planet? Maybe. [contextly_sidebar id=”sWyFdeRoG72e6iFHeWRtN5pZ4UuEEENC”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/08/29/improving-soil-quality-can-slow-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new U.C. Berkeley study\u003c/a> says that mass adoption of well-established farming practices, such as planting cover crops and optimizing grazing, could make a significant dent in international global warming targets, if implemented globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because these low-tech farming methods improve soil quality. Soil, which naturally absorbs carbon from decaying vegetation, can capture even greater amounts of the greenhouse gas when it’s managed properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sought to determine whether these established agricultural practices could reduce global temperatures at least 0.1 degree Celsius, which represents one-tenth of the international community’s goal of limiting the average global temperature increase to 1 degree Celsius by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published Wednesday in\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaaq0932\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> found that proper agricultural management, if adopted widely, could reduce global temperatures by 0.26 degrees Celsius by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, adding biochar — charcoal that is added to soil to increase its vitality — allows soil to absorb greater amounts of the greenhouse gas, which could offset even more warming —as much as 0.46 degrees Celsius, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches.’\u003ccite>Whendee Silver, UC Berkeley professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Agriculture\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/29/methane-emissions-cattle-11-percent-higher-than-estimated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> often gets a bad rap\u003c/a> when it comes to climate change because it’s commonly associated with certain activities that increase greenhouse gas emissions such as methane-releasing cow manure and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the findings show that agriculture has the potential to be part of the solution, according to senior author Whendee Silver, a professor of environmental science, policy and management at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches,” says Silver. “Our study shows that these things can make a difference. Agricultural activities that improve soil can have a positive impact on climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers first culled data from previous research on agricultural approaches that are known to increase soil carbon storage. They then plugged that information into a climate model that determines the potential impacts on climate if these methods were widely adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930429\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930429\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Gannaway looks over a field in which he planted cotton July 27, 2011 near Hermleigh, Texas. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the most aggressive reduction scenario, they calculated that soils would have to capture about 0.68 petagrams of carbon per year worldwide, or 750 million U.S. tons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that improving soil quality could exceed this goal because healthier soil results in more carbon storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With aggressive emissions targets, improved land management could pull about 1.78 petagrams of carbon from the atmosphere each year, while adding biochar to the mix could raise the yearly sequestration rate to 2.89 petagrams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says while the results are promising, there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil, which is a decline in the soil’s condition caused by poor management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know how much longer we can continue to put carbon in the soil before it fills up,” says Silver. “The good news is that even if there is a finite amount of carbon it can hold, we are clearly many decades away from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil quality could be improved by focusing on these degraded agricultural lands that are producing less than optimally, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you increase the organic content of soils, you are generally increasing the fertility, water-holding capacity, sustainability, decreasing erosion and general resilience to climate change,” says Silver. “Sequestering carbon is a side benefit.”.[contextly_sidebar id=”3velOgPHUkHKX82y0LnfZFw1nJlDV7hl”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver cautions however that the mass adoption of these methods are only effective if they are coupled with aggressive emissions reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase, then sequestration becomes less effective because more carbon would need to be captured in the soil to realize the same reductions,” says Silver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new study finds that well established farming techniques could put a huge dent in global emissions targets if adopted widely. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927539,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":728},"headData":{"title":"Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming | KQED","description":"A new study finds that well established farming techniques could put a huge dent in global emissions targets if adopted widely. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Common Farming Methods May Hold the Key to Slowing Global Warming","datePublished":"2018-08-29T19:02:07.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:58:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Climate Change","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1930415/common-farming-fethods-may-hold-the-key-to-slowing-global-warming","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Can dirt save the planet? Maybe. \u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"http://news.berkeley.edu/2018/08/29/improving-soil-quality-can-slow-global-warming/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> new U.C. Berkeley study\u003c/a> says that mass adoption of well-established farming practices, such as planting cover crops and optimizing grazing, could make a significant dent in international global warming targets, if implemented globally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s because these low-tech farming methods improve soil quality. Soil, which naturally absorbs carbon from decaying vegetation, can capture even greater amounts of the greenhouse gas when it’s managed properly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers sought to determine whether these established agricultural practices could reduce global temperatures at least 0.1 degree Celsius, which represents one-tenth of the international community’s goal of limiting the average global temperature increase to 1 degree Celsius by the end of the century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, published Wednesday in\u003ca href=\"http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/8/eaaq0932\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> \u003cem>Science Advances\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003cstrong>,\u003c/strong> found that proper agricultural management, if adopted widely, could reduce global temperatures by 0.26 degrees Celsius by 2100.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Moreover, adding biochar — charcoal that is added to soil to increase its vitality — allows soil to absorb greater amounts of the greenhouse gas, which could offset even more warming —as much as 0.46 degrees Celsius, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches.’\u003ccite>Whendee Silver, UC Berkeley professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Agriculture\u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/29/methane-emissions-cattle-11-percent-higher-than-estimated\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> often gets a bad rap\u003c/a> when it comes to climate change because it’s commonly associated with certain activities that increase greenhouse gas emissions such as methane-releasing cow manure and fertilizer use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the findings show that agriculture has the potential to be part of the solution, according to senior author Whendee Silver, a professor of environmental science, policy and management at UC Berkeley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These are practices that are conducted on a small scale on individual farms and ranches,” says Silver. “Our study shows that these things can make a difference. Agricultural activities that improve soil can have a positive impact on climate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the study, researchers first culled data from previous research on agricultural approaches that are known to increase soil carbon storage. They then plugged that information into a climate model that determines the potential impacts on climate if these methods were widely adopted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1930429\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-1930429\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1200x800.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1920x1281.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/08/GettyImages-119977043-2-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jerry Gannaway looks over a field in which he planted cotton July 27, 2011 near Hermleigh, Texas. \u003ccite>(Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the most aggressive reduction scenario, they calculated that soils would have to capture about 0.68 petagrams of carbon per year worldwide, or 750 million U.S. tons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers found that improving soil quality could exceed this goal because healthier soil results in more carbon storage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With aggressive emissions targets, improved land management could pull about 1.78 petagrams of carbon from the atmosphere each year, while adding biochar to the mix could raise the yearly sequestration rate to 2.89 petagrams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says while the results are promising, there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil, which is a decline in the soil’s condition caused by poor management.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver says there’s evidence to suggest that soil around the world has already lost a lot of its sequestering potential due to degraded soil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We don’t know how much longer we can continue to put carbon in the soil before it fills up,” says Silver. “The good news is that even if there is a finite amount of carbon it can hold, we are clearly many decades away from that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Soil quality could be improved by focusing on these degraded agricultural lands that are producing less than optimally, according to the study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Anytime you increase the organic content of soils, you are generally increasing the fertility, water-holding capacity, sustainability, decreasing erosion and general resilience to climate change,” says Silver. “Sequestering carbon is a side benefit.”.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Silver cautions however that the mass adoption of these methods are only effective if they are coupled with aggressive emissions reduction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If carbon concentrations in the atmosphere increase, then sequestration becomes less effective because more carbon would need to be captured in the soil to realize the same reductions,” says Silver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1930415/common-farming-fethods-may-hold-the-key-to-slowing-global-warming","authors":["11428"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_392","science_765","science_194","science_1452","science_556","science_3645","science_1201"],"featImg":"science_1930423","label":"source_science_1930415"},"science_1922099":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1922099","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1922099","score":null,"sort":[1522941049000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"scientists-harvest-vegetables-in-antarctica-without-sun-soil-or-pesticides","title":"Vegetables Harvested in Antarctica Without Sun, Soil, or Pesticides","publishDate":1522941049,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Vegetables Harvested in Antarctica Without Sun, Soil, or Pesticides | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Scientists in Antarctica have harvested their first crop of vegetables grown without earth, daylight or pesticides as part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Germany’s Neumayer Station III say they’ve picked 8 pounds of salad greens, 18 cucumbers and 70 radishes grown inside a high-tech greenhouse as temperatures outside dropped below -4 Fahrenheit.[contextly_sidebar id=”2wg6PO03zcv7nxs4zNB3HrqWtg1KflMX”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German Aerospace Center DLR, which coordinates the project, said Thursday that by May scientists hope to harvest 4-5 kilograms of fruit and vegetables a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While NASA has successfully grown greens on the International Space Station, DLR’s Daniel Schubert says the Antarctic project aims to produce a wider range of vegetables that might one day be grown on Mars or the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_66467 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The harvest is part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928037,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":6,"wordCount":140},"headData":{"title":"Vegetables Harvested in Antarctica Without Sun, Soil, or Pesticides | KQED","description":"The harvest is part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Vegetables Harvested in Antarctica Without Sun, Soil, or Pesticides","datePublished":"2018-04-05T15:10:49.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:07:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Environment","sticky":false,"nprByline":"The Associated Press","path":"/science/1922099/scientists-harvest-vegetables-in-antarctica-without-sun-soil-or-pesticides","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003carticle id=\"contentArea\" class=\" \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"articleBody\">\n\u003cp>Scientists in Antarctica have harvested their first crop of vegetables grown without earth, daylight or pesticides as part of a project designed to help astronauts cultivate fresh food on other planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at Germany’s Neumayer Station III say they’ve picked 8 pounds of salad greens, 18 cucumbers and 70 radishes grown inside a high-tech greenhouse as temperatures outside dropped below -4 Fahrenheit.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The German Aerospace Center DLR, which coordinates the project, said Thursday that by May scientists hope to harvest 4-5 kilograms of fruit and vegetables a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While NASA has successfully grown greens on the International Space Station, DLR’s Daniel Schubert says the Antarctic project aims to produce a wider range of vegetables that might one day be grown on Mars or the Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/article>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboolaContainer\" class=\"taboolaContainer\">\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-text-links\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv id=\"taboola-below-article-thumbnails-2nd\" class=\" trc_related_container trc_spotlight_widget trc_elastic trc_elastic_trc_66467 \">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_rbox_container\">\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_wrapper_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox organic-thumbnails-a trc-content-organic \">\n\u003cdiv id=\"trc_header_66467\" class=\"trc_rbox_header trc_rbox_border_elm\">\n\u003cdiv class=\"trc_header_ext\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1922099/scientists-harvest-vegetables-in-antarctica-without-sun-soil-or-pesticides","authors":["byline_science_1922099"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_36","science_3151","science_39","science_3424","science_40"],"tags":["science_192","science_2824","science_1097","science_1201","science_934"],"featImg":"science_1922101","label":"source_science_1922099"},"science_26067":{"type":"posts","id":"science_26067","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"26067","score":null,"sort":[1420749613000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-soil-erosion-study-may-help-sustainable-farming-practices","title":"New Soil Erosion Study May Help Sustainable Farming Practices","publishDate":1420749613,"format":"aside","headTitle":"New Soil Erosion Study May Help Sustainable Farming Practices | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26068\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/potomacflood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/potomacflood.jpg\" alt=\"Muddy floodwater\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26068\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After Hurricane Isabel in 2003, Great Falls on the Potomac River was overwhelmed by muddy floodwater carrying soil washed from historic upland farms. Precise measurement of soil erosion over large areas is a crucial part of learning sustainable farming practices, but is notoriously hard to do given the variability of nature. (Paul Bierman, University of Vermont)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A study of rivers in the southeastern United States shows that as American cotton and tobacco farmers occupied once-forested lands, they wasted those fertile soils by causing them to wash away 100 times faster than the natural rate of erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/01/07/G36272.1.abstract\">published online yesterday by the journal \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, describes a new method that lets us learn the rate of soil erosion in “the forest primeval,” during the thousands of years before European farmers arrived. Having a single consistent laboratory test for this geological yardstick can help make agriculture sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a region’s rate of natural erosion is known, farm agencies can teach farmers ways to tame erosion until it matches the primeval rate. That will almost automatically ensure that the area’s soil remains permanently fertile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, by two geologists at the University of Vermont and a colleague at Lawrence Livermore Lab, looked at ten river watersheds in the Appalachian Mountains ranging from Virginia to Alabama. These went through a typical historical pattern—the forest was cleared by loggers beginning in the 1700s and then the land was farmed for cotton and tobacco. Traditional farming practices, which included tilling the fields each year with animal-drawn plows, led to rapid erosion and wore out the soil within a few generations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This history is well known, but measuring that erosion isn’t easy. Regulators often use a formula based on the volume of sediment carried by a river. That method assumes the river system is in a steady state, with eroding dirt in the headwater area balancing the sediment passing out the river’s mouth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But careful surveys have shown that most of the eroded sediment from these old farmlands is still sitting upstream on the valley floors, where it has smothered existing bottomland soils, or trapped behind hundreds of old dams that once drove watermills. Another complication is that a large amount of sediment transportation, perhaps even most of it, happens in rare big floods rather than ordinary river flows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found a way around the problem of relying on sediment volumes. They zeroed in on the sand-size quartz grains in that river-mouth sediment and directly measured their exposure ages—the time the minerals had been within a few meters of the ground surface—using the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium-10\">beryllium-10\u003c/a> technique. (\u003csup>10\u003c/sup>Be forms from oxygen in the quartz by exposure to cosmic rays.) By treating the sand as a sample of the whole watershed, the scientists could estimate the average age of the soil when it originally washed out of the hillsides. From the average exposure age, they could then determine the primeval erosion rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beryllium-10 evidence told the authors that natural erosion in pre-colonial days was an almost imperceptible 8 millimeters per thousand years. During the several decades around 1900, at the climax of cotton/tobacco farming, erosion was 100 times faster at around 950 mm/ky. That is, two generations of farming caused thousands of years worth of erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26069\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/soilerosiongraph.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/soilerosiongraph.png\" alt=\"Soil erosion in 10 Appalachian watersheds\" width=\"600\" height=\"299\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26069\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erosion rates in ten Appalachian river basins. Notice the logarithmic scale on the left, with each level being 10 times greater than the one below it. The black bars are the primeval rates determined by the beryllium-10 data. The tall gray bars are measured erosion rates of the hillslope soils from an earlier study. The bars in the middle are erosion rates according to the volume of sediment being carried today by the rivers—a method that is clearly very inaccurate. Figure 3 of Reusser et al., \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>, doi:10.1130/G36272.1 (Geol. Soc. America)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The historian Will Durant was fond of telling audiences that “civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice.” He typically was referring to natural catastrophes, but his successors have shown that loss of good soil is another change, happening without anyone noticing, that seems to limit the life span of human civilizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the late 1900s, agricultural practices have changed to reduce soil erosion. The best techniques can lower erosion to natural levels and even build up the soil, according to geologist David Montgomery, the author of \u003ci>Dirt: Erosion of Civilizations\u003c/i>. “The good news is that there are examples of societies (which I talk about in the book) that did indeed build fertile soil far faster than nature,” he said. “The bad news is that the types of agricultural practices that would lead to that result are presently called alternative agriculture,” such as no-till practices and organic farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montgomery’s open-access paper in \u003ci>GSA Today\u003c/i>, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/17/10/pdf/i1052-5173-17-10-4.pdf\">Is agriculture eroding civilization’s foundation?\u003c/a>” is essential reading on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A new way of measuring soil erosion in the geologically recent past, before modern civilization, may help put sustainable agriculture on a firmer footing.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932427,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":846},"headData":{"title":"New Soil Erosion Study May Help Sustainable Farming Practices | KQED","description":"A new way of measuring soil erosion in the geologically recent past, before modern civilization, may help put sustainable agriculture on a firmer footing.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"New Soil Erosion Study May Help Sustainable Farming Practices","datePublished":"2015-01-08T20:40:13.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:20:27.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/26067/new-soil-erosion-study-may-help-sustainable-farming-practices","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26068\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/potomacflood.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/potomacflood.jpg\" alt=\"Muddy floodwater\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26068\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">After Hurricane Isabel in 2003, Great Falls on the Potomac River was overwhelmed by muddy floodwater carrying soil washed from historic upland farms. Precise measurement of soil erosion over large areas is a crucial part of learning sustainable farming practices, but is notoriously hard to do given the variability of nature. (Paul Bierman, University of Vermont)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A study of rivers in the southeastern United States shows that as American cotton and tobacco farmers occupied once-forested lands, they wasted those fertile soils by causing them to wash away 100 times faster than the natural rate of erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper, \u003ca href=\"http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/01/07/G36272.1.abstract\">published online yesterday by the journal \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>\u003c/a>, describes a new method that lets us learn the rate of soil erosion in “the forest primeval,” during the thousands of years before European farmers arrived. Having a single consistent laboratory test for this geological yardstick can help make agriculture sustainable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a region’s rate of natural erosion is known, farm agencies can teach farmers ways to tame erosion until it matches the primeval rate. That will almost automatically ensure that the area’s soil remains permanently fertile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, by two geologists at the University of Vermont and a colleague at Lawrence Livermore Lab, looked at ten river watersheds in the Appalachian Mountains ranging from Virginia to Alabama. These went through a typical historical pattern—the forest was cleared by loggers beginning in the 1700s and then the land was farmed for cotton and tobacco. Traditional farming practices, which included tilling the fields each year with animal-drawn plows, led to rapid erosion and wore out the soil within a few generations. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This history is well known, but measuring that erosion isn’t easy. Regulators often use a formula based on the volume of sediment carried by a river. That method assumes the river system is in a steady state, with eroding dirt in the headwater area balancing the sediment passing out the river’s mouth. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But careful surveys have shown that most of the eroded sediment from these old farmlands is still sitting upstream on the valley floors, where it has smothered existing bottomland soils, or trapped behind hundreds of old dams that once drove watermills. Another complication is that a large amount of sediment transportation, perhaps even most of it, happens in rare big floods rather than ordinary river flows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers found a way around the problem of relying on sediment volumes. They zeroed in on the sand-size quartz grains in that river-mouth sediment and directly measured their exposure ages—the time the minerals had been within a few meters of the ground surface—using the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beryllium-10\">beryllium-10\u003c/a> technique. (\u003csup>10\u003c/sup>Be forms from oxygen in the quartz by exposure to cosmic rays.) By treating the sand as a sample of the whole watershed, the scientists could estimate the average age of the soil when it originally washed out of the hillsides. From the average exposure age, they could then determine the primeval erosion rate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beryllium-10 evidence told the authors that natural erosion in pre-colonial days was an almost imperceptible 8 millimeters per thousand years. During the several decades around 1900, at the climax of cotton/tobacco farming, erosion was 100 times faster at around 950 mm/ky. That is, two generations of farming caused thousands of years worth of erosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_26069\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/soilerosiongraph.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/01/soilerosiongraph.png\" alt=\"Soil erosion in 10 Appalachian watersheds\" width=\"600\" height=\"299\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26069\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Erosion rates in ten Appalachian river basins. Notice the logarithmic scale on the left, with each level being 10 times greater than the one below it. The black bars are the primeval rates determined by the beryllium-10 data. The tall gray bars are measured erosion rates of the hillslope soils from an earlier study. The bars in the middle are erosion rates according to the volume of sediment being carried today by the rivers—a method that is clearly very inaccurate. Figure 3 of Reusser et al., \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>, doi:10.1130/G36272.1 (Geol. Soc. America)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The historian Will Durant was fond of telling audiences that “civilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice.” He typically was referring to natural catastrophes, but his successors have shown that loss of good soil is another change, happening without anyone noticing, that seems to limit the life span of human civilizations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Starting in the late 1900s, agricultural practices have changed to reduce soil erosion. The best techniques can lower erosion to natural levels and even build up the soil, according to geologist David Montgomery, the author of \u003ci>Dirt: Erosion of Civilizations\u003c/i>. “The good news is that there are examples of societies (which I talk about in the book) that did indeed build fertile soil far faster than nature,” he said. “The bad news is that the types of agricultural practices that would lead to that result are presently called alternative agriculture,” such as no-till practices and organic farming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Montgomery’s open-access paper in \u003ci>GSA Today\u003c/i>, “\u003ca href=\"http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/17/10/pdf/i1052-5173-17-10-4.pdf\">Is agriculture eroding civilization’s foundation?\u003c/a>” is essential reading on this topic.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/26067/new-soil-erosion-study-may-help-sustainable-farming-practices","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_35","science_38"],"tags":["science_392","science_1452","science_218","science_1201","science_275"],"featImg":"science_26068","label":"science"},"science_22288":{"type":"posts","id":"science_22288","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"22288","score":null,"sort":[1413322082000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"high-temps-intensified-california-drought","title":"High Temps Intensified California Drought","publishDate":1413322082,"format":"aside","headTitle":"High Temps Intensified California Drought | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22524\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\" alt=\"Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"748\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The showers and cooler temperatures in the forecast this week won’t be a drought buster — but they may help take the edge off conditions that have been been making the drought even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climate trackers said on Tuesday that the the January-September period was the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - summary\" href=\"http://1.usa.gov/ZCjI8R\">warmest on record\u003c/a> in California, besting the previous record by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The announcement comes two weeks after the state’s 2014 “water year,” went into the books on September 30 as the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the amount of water year precipitation is an important measure — the standard, in fact — temperature plays an important part in how dry things are,” says Jeff Mount, a geologist and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water year 2013-14 wasn’t just dry, it was hot; “a near-record warm year, with all-time highs during the winter,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every dry, warm day certainly exacerbates the drought that we’re in,” says meteorologist Jan Null at Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null, who tracks temperature trends for the Bay Area and beyond, \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - Sep 2014\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/sep2014.htm\">summed up the month of September\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Most of California ended the month with above normal temperatures, with average maxima (highs) ranging from 1.4 above normal at Sacramento to 5.1 above normal in San Diego (one of their warmest on record).”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“When we start seeing warm weather at the end of the season, everything has been drying out now for four months,” says Null. And that means that more moisture was \u003ca title=\"Drought.gov - soil moisture\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/soil-moisture\">baked out of the soil\u003c/a> as high-temperature records continued to fall into October. Low soil moisture tends to heighten the fire danger and make the ground less receptive to soaking up any rain that does come along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losses of soil moisture due to evapotranspiration (the combination of evaporation and the water taken up by plants) increase dramatically during warm years,” says Mount, who also co-founded the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount points to, among other indicators, the \u003ca title=\"PDSI\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/palmer-drought-severity-index\">Palmer Drought Severity Index\u003c/a>. While the PDSI wasn’t designed with the California climate in mind, it does take into account soil moisture as well as precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/gifs/droughtmapprogress.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation tracks California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early October of this year, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor. The darkest red color represents “exceptional drought.” Nearly 60 percent of the state was in this category in early October, with more than 80 percent classified as “extreme drought.” Open the controls at bottom right to vary the speed and direction. (Animation by Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring started early and, due to low moisture content of soils, ended early, giving California a long, very dry summer,” says Mount. ” This is why although we ended the water year third driest, our drought index is at an all-time record. Had it been a cool-dry year we would have had a different result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount calls it, “unprecedented dryness, particularly in the south coast where they got no relief from those recent rains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places did, however. Null says both Eureka and Redding logged more then 500 percent of their normal precipitation for September (which isn’t a lot). He says it looks like the general warm-dry pattern is about to shift, though water officials told state regulators this month that California would need 150 percent of its average precipitation for this winter to be a drought buster. And though no one knows what we’ll get at this point, that much rain and snow is far below current expectations and would likely trigger local flooding and landslides.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Heat and drought often go hand-in-hand, creating a vicious cycle that looks a lot like California these days.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932767,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/gifs/droughtmapprogress.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":665},"headData":{"title":"High Temps Intensified California Drought | KQED","description":"Heat and drought often go hand-in-hand, creating a vicious cycle that looks a lot like California these days.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"High Temps Intensified California Drought","datePublished":"2014-10-14T21:28:02.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:26:07.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/22288/high-temps-intensified-california-drought","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22524\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1280px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-22524\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/10/AnzaBorrego_BillGracy_flickr_o.jpg\" alt=\"Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\" width=\"1280\" height=\"748\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sun and wind bear down on a spot near Borrego Springs. (Bill Gracey/flickr)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The showers and cooler temperatures in the forecast this week won’t be a drought buster — but they may help take the edge off conditions that have been been making the drought even worse.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Federal climate trackers said on Tuesday that the the January-September period was the \u003ca title=\"NOAA - summary\" href=\"http://1.usa.gov/ZCjI8R\">warmest on record\u003c/a> in California, besting the previous record by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit. The announcement comes two weeks after the state’s 2014 “water year,” went into the books on September 30 as the third driest on record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“While the amount of water year precipitation is an important measure — the standard, in fact — temperature plays an important part in how dry things are,” says Jeff Mount, a geologist and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Water year 2013-14 wasn’t just dry, it was hot; “a near-record warm year, with all-time highs during the winter,” says Mount.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every dry, warm day certainly exacerbates the drought that we’re in,” says meteorologist Jan Null at Golden Gate Weather Services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Null, who tracks temperature trends for the Bay Area and beyond, \u003ca title=\"GG Wx - Sep 2014\" href=\"http://ggweather.com/calif/sep2014.htm\">summed up the month of September\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“Most of California ended the month with above normal temperatures, with average maxima (highs) ranging from 1.4 above normal at Sacramento to 5.1 above normal in San Diego (one of their warmest on record).”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>“When we start seeing warm weather at the end of the season, everything has been drying out now for four months,” says Null. And that means that more moisture was \u003ca title=\"Drought.gov - soil moisture\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/soil-moisture\">baked out of the soil\u003c/a> as high-temperature records continued to fall into October. Low soil moisture tends to heighten the fire danger and make the ground less receptive to soaking up any rain that does come along.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Losses of soil moisture due to evapotranspiration (the combination of evaporation and the water taken up by plants) increase dramatically during warm years,” says Mount, who also co-founded the Center for Watershed Sciences at U.C. Davis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount points to, among other indicators, the \u003ca title=\"PDSI\" href=\"http://www.drought.gov/drought/content/products-current-drought-and-monitoring-drought-indicators/palmer-drought-severity-index\">Palmer Drought Severity Index\u003c/a>. While the PDSI wasn’t designed with the California climate in mind, it does take into account soil moisture as well as precipitation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/daily/gifs/droughtmapprogress.html\" width=\"640\" height=\"710\" frameborder=\"no\" scrolling=\"no\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This animation tracks California’s drought through its development, from January, 2011 through early October of this year, as expressed by NOAA’s U.S. Drought Monitor. The darkest red color represents “exceptional drought.” Nearly 60 percent of the state was in this category in early October, with more than 80 percent classified as “extreme drought.” Open the controls at bottom right to vary the speed and direction. (Animation by Olivia Hubert-Allen/KQED)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spring started early and, due to low moisture content of soils, ended early, giving California a long, very dry summer,” says Mount. ” This is why although we ended the water year third driest, our drought index is at an all-time record. Had it been a cool-dry year we would have had a different result.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount calls it, “unprecedented dryness, particularly in the south coast where they got no relief from those recent rains.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some places did, however. Null says both Eureka and Redding logged more then 500 percent of their normal precipitation for September (which isn’t a lot). He says it looks like the general warm-dry pattern is about to shift, though water officials told state regulators this month that California would need 150 percent of its average precipitation for this winter to be a drought buster. And though no one knows what we’ll get at this point, that much rain and snow is far below current expectations and would likely trigger local flooding and landslides.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/22288/high-temps-intensified-california-drought","authors":["221"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_31","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_1622","science_64","science_1201","science_365"],"label":"science_1151"},"science_16375":{"type":"posts","id":"science_16375","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"16375","score":null,"sort":[1397224809000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-science-of-soil-may-be-important-key-to-tackling-climate-change","title":"Soil Science May Be Important Key to Tackling Climate Change","publishDate":1397224809,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Soil Science May Be Important Key to Tackling Climate Change | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16376\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16376\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16376\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" alt=\"Healthy grassland has the potential to absorb enough carbon to offset carbon emmissions from electrical and industrial activities in California. (Almonroth/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Healthy grassland has the potential to offset carbon emissions from electrical and industrial activities in California. (\u003ca title=\"Almonroth, Oak tree with moon and wildflowers photo\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" class=\"nofancybox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Almonroth/Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s a groundswell movement afoot that author \u003ca title=\"Kristin Ohlson's website\" href=\"http://www.kristinohlson.com/books/soil-will-save-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Ohlson\u003c/a> brings to light in her new book, “The Soil Will Save Us: How Scientists, Farmers, and Foodies Are Healing the Soil to Save the Planet.” Kristin was part of a panel discussion this past Wednesday that included local soil experts Al Courchesne of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuesa.org/seller/frog-hollow-farm\">Frog Hollow Farm\u003c/a> and Jeff Creque, co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a>. The panel was hosted by \u003ca title=\"Center for Urban Education about Sustainable Agriculture\" href=\"http://www.cuesa.org/about-cuesa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CUESA \u003c/a>and sponsored by Book Passage in San Francisco’s Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohlson shared with the audience that one possible solution to global climate change could be as simple as healing the land beneath our feet and encouraging the plants to do what they do best: sequester carbon in the soil. She originally wanted to call her book, “Heroes of the Underground,” in recognition of the multitude of biota found in the soil as well as the farmers, range managers and foodies working to make a difference. In her book, Ohlson recounts the fascinating stories of visionaries at the forefront of soil science and land management who are working to improve soil and rangeland management practices to encourage greater soil fertility and plant diversity. With better care of our soil, it’s possible that our excess atmospheric carbon could be sequestered in the soil, bringing our atmosphere back into balance and reversing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Real_Compost-242x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16377\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16377\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Real_Compost-242x162.jpg\" alt=\"Compost added to rangeland in two experiments increased the soil's ability to absorb carbon as well as better retain water. (Kessner Photography/Wikimedia)\" width=\"242\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compost added to rangeland in two experiments increased the soil’s ability to absorb carbon as well as better retain water. (\u003ca title=\"Real Compost by Kessner Photography, Wikimedia\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Real_Compost.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"nofancybox\" rel=\"noopener\">Kessner Photography/Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Locally, we have our own visionaries working on this strategy including the two speakers on this panel. The Marin Carbon Project has three-year-long carbon farming test projects underway on three farms in West Marin: Stemple Creek Ranch (700 acres), Straus Dairy (500 acres) and Corda Ranch (in the San Antonio Creek watershed). Rangelands, Jeff Creque noted, store 1/3 of the world’s carbon. Al Courchesne discussed his comprehensive approach to producing Frog Hollow Farm’s legendary organic fruit: compost and soil health. He noted that California produces 80,000 tons of food waste per day with 30 million metric tons buried in landfills. Many Bay Area municipal waste programs are in place now to divert food waste from landfills and into compost, but it’s up to each of us to do our part (see \u003ca title=\"StopWaste.org\" href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=528\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">StopWaste.org\u003c/a> for Alameda County).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 105px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/9781609615543-105x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16378\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16378\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/9781609615543-105x162.jpg\" alt=\"Kristin Ohlson's new book gives hopeful insight into the soil's ability to absorb carbon and highlights inspiring visionaries working to save us from climate change.\" width=\"105\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristin Ohlson’s new book gives hopeful insight into the soil’s ability to absorb carbon and highlights inspiring visionaries working to save us from climate change.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohlson and the other panelists also confirmed the promising message that citizens can all be part of the solution. From managing vast swaths of rangeland, caretaking our backyard gardens and supporting government initiatives for good soil management, communities can all participate. Ohlson emphasized that she wants people to have a feeling of wonder about the soil with awe for the billions of microorganisms at work. Maybe more of them exist under San Francisco than there are stars in the universe!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also wants us to be inspired and support farmers participating in “regenerative agriculture”; working with nature, not against it. For some practical ideas, \u003ca title=\"C2ES Take Action\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/years-of-living-dangerously-resources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Center for Climate and Energy Solutions\u003c/a> – an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization working to advance strong policy and action to address the twin challenges of energy and climate change — has a good list of actions we can all take to reduce our energy use and carbon in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a good primer about carbon sequestration, see the TED talk “\u003ca title=\"Putting Carbon Back Where it Belongs: In the Earth, Tony Lovell TED Talk\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgmssrVInP0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Putting Carbon Back Where it Belongs: In the Earth\u003c/a>” by Tony Lovell, Australia, a country hard at work on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Studying the important partnership between soil and plants may lead to some solutions for the ongoing problems arising from climate change. The East Bay Regional Park District's Sharol Nelson-Embry highlights a recent panel discussion in San Francisco with local soil scientists and author Kristin Ohlson on carbon sequestration. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933851,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":8,"wordCount":650},"headData":{"title":"Soil Science May Be Important Key to Tackling Climate Change | KQED","description":"Studying the important partnership between soil and plants may lead to some solutions for the ongoing problems arising from climate change. The East Bay Regional Park District's Sharol Nelson-Embry highlights a recent panel discussion in San Francisco with local soil scientists and author Kristin Ohlson on carbon sequestration. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Soil Science May Be Important Key to Tackling Climate Change","datePublished":"2014-04-11T14:00:09.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:44:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/16375/the-science-of-soil-may-be-important-key-to-tackling-climate-change","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16376\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16376\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16376\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" alt=\"Healthy grassland has the potential to absorb enough carbon to offset carbon emmissions from electrical and industrial activities in California. (Almonroth/Wikimedia)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Healthy grassland has the potential to offset carbon emissions from electrical and industrial activities in California. (\u003ca title=\"Almonroth, Oak tree with moon and wildflowers photo\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oak_tree_with_moon_and_wildflowers.jpg\" class=\"nofancybox\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Almonroth/Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>There’s a groundswell movement afoot that author \u003ca title=\"Kristin Ohlson's website\" href=\"http://www.kristinohlson.com/books/soil-will-save-us\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kristin Ohlson\u003c/a> brings to light in her new book, “The Soil Will Save Us: How Scientists, Farmers, and Foodies Are Healing the Soil to Save the Planet.” Kristin was part of a panel discussion this past Wednesday that included local soil experts Al Courchesne of \u003ca href=\"http://www.cuesa.org/seller/frog-hollow-farm\">Frog Hollow Farm\u003c/a> and Jeff Creque, co-founder of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marincarbonproject.org/\">Marin Carbon Project \u003c/a>. The panel was hosted by \u003ca title=\"Center for Urban Education about Sustainable Agriculture\" href=\"http://www.cuesa.org/about-cuesa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CUESA \u003c/a>and sponsored by Book Passage in San Francisco’s Ferry Building.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ohlson shared with the audience that one possible solution to global climate change could be as simple as healing the land beneath our feet and encouraging the plants to do what they do best: sequester carbon in the soil. She originally wanted to call her book, “Heroes of the Underground,” in recognition of the multitude of biota found in the soil as well as the farmers, range managers and foodies working to make a difference. In her book, Ohlson recounts the fascinating stories of visionaries at the forefront of soil science and land management who are working to improve soil and rangeland management practices to encourage greater soil fertility and plant diversity. With better care of our soil, it’s possible that our excess atmospheric carbon could be sequestered in the soil, bringing our atmosphere back into balance and reversing climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16377\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 242px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Real_Compost-242x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16377\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16377\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/Real_Compost-242x162.jpg\" alt=\"Compost added to rangeland in two experiments increased the soil's ability to absorb carbon as well as better retain water. (Kessner Photography/Wikimedia)\" width=\"242\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Compost added to rangeland in two experiments increased the soil’s ability to absorb carbon as well as better retain water. (\u003ca title=\"Real Compost by Kessner Photography, Wikimedia\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Real_Compost.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"nofancybox\" rel=\"noopener\">Kessner Photography/Wikimedia\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Locally, we have our own visionaries working on this strategy including the two speakers on this panel. The Marin Carbon Project has three-year-long carbon farming test projects underway on three farms in West Marin: Stemple Creek Ranch (700 acres), Straus Dairy (500 acres) and Corda Ranch (in the San Antonio Creek watershed). Rangelands, Jeff Creque noted, store 1/3 of the world’s carbon. Al Courchesne discussed his comprehensive approach to producing Frog Hollow Farm’s legendary organic fruit: compost and soil health. He noted that California produces 80,000 tons of food waste per day with 30 million metric tons buried in landfills. Many Bay Area municipal waste programs are in place now to divert food waste from landfills and into compost, but it’s up to each of us to do our part (see \u003ca title=\"StopWaste.org\" href=\"http://www.stopwaste.org/home/index.asp?page=528\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">StopWaste.org\u003c/a> for Alameda County).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16378\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 105px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/9781609615543-105x162.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-16378\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16378\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/9781609615543-105x162.jpg\" alt=\"Kristin Ohlson's new book gives hopeful insight into the soil's ability to absorb carbon and highlights inspiring visionaries working to save us from climate change.\" width=\"105\" height=\"162\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Kristin Ohlson’s new book gives hopeful insight into the soil’s ability to absorb carbon and highlights inspiring visionaries working to save us from climate change.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Ohlson and the other panelists also confirmed the promising message that citizens can all be part of the solution. From managing vast swaths of rangeland, caretaking our backyard gardens and supporting government initiatives for good soil management, communities can all participate. Ohlson emphasized that she wants people to have a feeling of wonder about the soil with awe for the billions of microorganisms at work. Maybe more of them exist under San Francisco than there are stars in the universe!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She also wants us to be inspired and support farmers participating in “regenerative agriculture”; working with nature, not against it. For some practical ideas, \u003ca title=\"C2ES Take Action\" href=\"http://www.c2es.org/years-of-living-dangerously-resources\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Center for Climate and Energy Solutions\u003c/a> – an independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit organization working to advance strong policy and action to address the twin challenges of energy and climate change — has a good list of actions we can all take to reduce our energy use and carbon in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a good primer about carbon sequestration, see the TED talk “\u003ca title=\"Putting Carbon Back Where it Belongs: In the Earth, Tony Lovell TED Talk\" href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgmssrVInP0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Putting Carbon Back Where it Belongs: In the Earth\u003c/a>” by Tony Lovell, Australia, a country hard at work on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/16375/the-science-of-soil-may-be-important-key-to-tackling-climate-change","authors":["6328"],"categories":["science_31"],"tags":["science_1490","science_1201"],"featImg":"science_16376","label":"science"},"science_13241":{"type":"posts","id":"science_13241","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"13241","score":null,"sort":[1389904321000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"u-s-ecosystem-research-receives-5-million-boost-from-the-nsf","title":"U.S. Ecosystem Research Receives $5 Million Boost from the NSF","publishDate":1389904321,"format":"aside","headTitle":"U.S. Ecosystem Research Receives $5 Million Boost from the NSF | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/criticalzone.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13242\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13242\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/criticalzone.jpg\" alt=\"Angelo Reserve\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Angelo Coast Range Reserve sets aside a representative part of the Eel River watershed for basic research. Andrew Alden photos\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “critical zone” is a newfangled name for earth—not the planet, the substance. It’s the region where bedrock, water, air and life interact to create soil, where springs arise and turn to rivers, where plants send roots and transpire moisture into the air. Civilization rests on what the critical zone produces: soil, clean water, crops and timber, fish, ecosystems themselves. And as science looks ahead at a changing world, the critical zone is both a key player in what will happen to us and a wide gap in our knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last couple of years have not been kind to science in this country, as arbitrary cuts in research funding have forced many programs to compromise their observations and put off plans. As the federal budget has seemed to regain its footing this week, it’s a good time to celebrate the expansion of the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\">Critical Zone Observatory program\u003c/a> from six sites to ten. One of the four new observatories is in Northern California, in the University of California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cbc.berkeley.edu/angelo/\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve\u003c/a> on the Eel River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Angelo Reserve has been \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/\">pioneering some remarkable basic research\u003c/a>, in essence wiring the watershed with instruments from deep underground to the treetops. Unlike the stereotyped lab experiment in which everything is controlled and simplified, the wired watershed observes everything possible in the undisturbed state to trace what project chief Bill Dietrich calls the currencies of the landscape. By analogy with the flow of money and work in an economy, these natural currencies include moisture, nutrients, organisms large and microscopic, energy, overall climate and specific weather events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13243\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/critzonehills.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13243\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/critzonehills.jpg\" alt=\"Angelo Reserve hills\" width=\"550\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth, water and air all interact with the “fire” of life in the critical zone\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new Eel River Observatory will get $4.9 million over the next five years. That support will allow scientific efforts to expand beyond the Angelo Reserve’s 16.4 square kilometers (4055 acres) to the entire 10,000-km\u003csup>2\u003c/sup> Eel River watershed, from its Coast Range headwaters to its mouth near Eureka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 468px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Eelrivermap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13244\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13244\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Eelrivermap.png\" alt=\"Eel River watershed\" width=\"468\" height=\"468\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wikimedia Commons map\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Eel River is highly active, like its geologic setting. The Coast Range is being rapidly uplifted and rapidly eroded. The river floods in winter and sends more sediment to the sea than any other California river. In sum, its turnover of energy and material—its richness in natural currencies— makes the Eel River an excellent research subject. Other new Critical Zone Observatories are in southwestern Idaho’s \u003ca href=\"http://news.boisestate.edu/update/2014/01/15/nsf-agreement-funds-critical-zone-observatory-idahos-owyhees/\">Owyhee Mountains\u003c/a>, a set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1331906&HistoricalAwards=false\">intensively managed landscapes\u003c/a> in three Midwestern states, and second-growth forests \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/study-earths-critical-zone-receives-5-million-nsf-grants\">in the Piedmont district of South Carolina\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of science represents the future: large-scale, wired programs that integrate fertile teams of naturalists, geoscientists and programmers. Science and engineering students could set their sights on cookie-cutter technology careers or take on the greatest challenge of our time: learning how the Earth works and changing our ways of life to work with it. Research projects like the Critical Zone Observatories create opportunities for everyone from undergraduates and doctoral researchers to support technicians. The United States’ 10 observatories are part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.soiltrec.eu/CZOPages/wfieldSites.html\">a worldwide network\u003c/a> totaling 62 Critical Zone Observatories so far, each one part of a scientific return to earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read More:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=130115&org=NSF&from=news\">National Science Foundation announcement\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2014/01/15/eel-river-observatory-seeks-clues-to-watersheds-future/\">UC Berkeley announcement\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Critical Zone Observatories, or CZOs, are designated sites around the world where scientists study the crucial environmental interactions that occur on the Earth's surface. This new frontier in research can lead to further insights on sustainable civilization.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934373,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":582},"headData":{"title":"U.S. Ecosystem Research Receives $5 Million Boost from the NSF | KQED","description":"Critical Zone Observatories, or CZOs, are designated sites around the world where scientists study the crucial environmental interactions that occur on the Earth's surface. This new frontier in research can lead to further insights on sustainable civilization.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"U.S. Ecosystem Research Receives $5 Million Boost from the NSF","datePublished":"2014-01-16T20:32:01.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:52:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/13241/u-s-ecosystem-research-receives-5-million-boost-from-the-nsf","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13242\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/criticalzone.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13242\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13242\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/criticalzone.jpg\" alt=\"Angelo Reserve\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Angelo Coast Range Reserve sets aside a representative part of the Eel River watershed for basic research. Andrew Alden photos\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The “critical zone” is a newfangled name for earth—not the planet, the substance. It’s the region where bedrock, water, air and life interact to create soil, where springs arise and turn to rivers, where plants send roots and transpire moisture into the air. Civilization rests on what the critical zone produces: soil, clean water, crops and timber, fish, ecosystems themselves. And as science looks ahead at a changing world, the critical zone is both a key player in what will happen to us and a wide gap in our knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The last couple of years have not been kind to science in this country, as arbitrary cuts in research funding have forced many programs to compromise their observations and put off plans. As the federal budget has seemed to regain its footing this week, it’s a good time to celebrate the expansion of the National Science Foundation’s \u003ca href=\"http://criticalzone.org/national/\">Critical Zone Observatory program\u003c/a> from six sites to ten. One of the four new observatories is in Northern California, in the University of California’s \u003ca href=\"http://cbc.berkeley.edu/angelo/\">Angelo Coast Range Reserve\u003c/a> on the Eel River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Angelo Reserve has been \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/08/30/outdoor-labs-the-uc-natural-reserve-system/\">pioneering some remarkable basic research\u003c/a>, in essence wiring the watershed with instruments from deep underground to the treetops. Unlike the stereotyped lab experiment in which everything is controlled and simplified, the wired watershed observes everything possible in the undisturbed state to trace what project chief Bill Dietrich calls the currencies of the landscape. By analogy with the flow of money and work in an economy, these natural currencies include moisture, nutrients, organisms large and microscopic, energy, overall climate and specific weather events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13243\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 550px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/critzonehills.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13243\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13243\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/critzonehills.jpg\" alt=\"Angelo Reserve hills\" width=\"550\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Earth, water and air all interact with the “fire” of life in the critical zone\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The new Eel River Observatory will get $4.9 million over the next five years. That support will allow scientific efforts to expand beyond the Angelo Reserve’s 16.4 square kilometers (4055 acres) to the entire 10,000-km\u003csup>2\u003c/sup> Eel River watershed, from its Coast Range headwaters to its mouth near Eureka.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_13244\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 468px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Eelrivermap.png\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-13244\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-13244\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/01/480px-Eelrivermap.png\" alt=\"Eel River watershed\" width=\"468\" height=\"468\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wikimedia Commons map\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Eel River is highly active, like its geologic setting. The Coast Range is being rapidly uplifted and rapidly eroded. The river floods in winter and sends more sediment to the sea than any other California river. In sum, its turnover of energy and material—its richness in natural currencies— makes the Eel River an excellent research subject. Other new Critical Zone Observatories are in southwestern Idaho’s \u003ca href=\"http://news.boisestate.edu/update/2014/01/15/nsf-agreement-funds-critical-zone-observatory-idahos-owyhees/\">Owyhee Mountains\u003c/a>, a set of \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1331906&HistoricalAwards=false\">intensively managed landscapes\u003c/a> in three Midwestern states, and second-growth forests \u003ca href=\"http://nicholas.duke.edu/news/study-earths-critical-zone-receives-5-million-nsf-grants\">in the Piedmont district of South Carolina\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This kind of science represents the future: large-scale, wired programs that integrate fertile teams of naturalists, geoscientists and programmers. Science and engineering students could set their sights on cookie-cutter technology careers or take on the greatest challenge of our time: learning how the Earth works and changing our ways of life to work with it. Research projects like the Critical Zone Observatories create opportunities for everyone from undergraduates and doctoral researchers to support technicians. The United States’ 10 observatories are part of \u003ca href=\"http://www.soiltrec.eu/CZOPages/wfieldSites.html\">a worldwide network\u003c/a> totaling 62 Critical Zone Observatories so far, each one part of a scientific return to earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Read More:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=130115&org=NSF&from=news\">National Science Foundation announcement\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2014/01/15/eel-river-observatory-seeks-clues-to-watersheds-future/\">UC Berkeley announcement\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/13241/u-s-ecosystem-research-receives-5-million-boost-from-the-nsf","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_35","science_38"],"tags":["science_218","science_179","science_1201","science_190"],"featImg":"science_13242","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. 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