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"content": "\u003cp>Thousands were without power Thursday and hundreds of flights were delayed or canceled as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1999200/bay-area-braces-for-heavy-rain-fierce-winds-during-thursday-morning-commute\">windy and rainy storm\u003c/a> fueled by an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> engulfed the entire Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the height of the storm, more than 3,500 PG&E customers had \u003ca href=\"https://pgealerts.alerts.pge.com/outage-tools/outage-map/\">lost power\u003c/a> amid powerful gusts and intense rain. Now fewer than 1,000 are without power due to storm damage. At least one gust of 80 mph was recorded in the Marin Headlands, according to the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very strong winds brought down some limbs, trees and some power poles,” said Matt Mehle, lead meteorologist with the weather service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A wind advisory is in effect through 4 p.m. Thursday for the East Bay and San Francisco. But the good news is the “widespread rain is over for the heart of the Bay Area,” Mehle said. “The stronger stuff is shifting down towards Monterey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airports across the region grounded planes due to the weather. Nearly 350 flights were delayed and 54 were canceled so far Thursday at San Francisco International Airport due to weather, a spokesperson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were far fewer cancellations out of Oakland San Francisco Bay Airport, where 10 flights were canceled and nine delayed, an airport spokesperson told KQED. There were no delays or cancellations out of San José Mineta International Airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1999268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1999268\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/250211-SkyDaddy-06-BL_qed-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/250211-SkyDaddy-06-BL_qed-1.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/250211-SkyDaddy-06-BL_qed-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/250211-SkyDaddy-06-BL_qed-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/250211-SkyDaddy-06-BL_qed-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A United Airlines plane is parked at the gate at San Francisco International Airport on Feb. 11, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Minor flooding hit urban areas including San Francisco, San José and parts of the East Bay, according to the weather service, which issued flood advisories that have since been lifted for low-lying areas in San Francisco, San Mateo and northwestern Santa Clara counties, as well as parts of Marin and Sonoma counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behringer said there was flooding “up and down Highway 101” through Santa Clara, as well as in Morgan Hill, the Santa Cruz area and in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caltrans’ map of partial road closures and hazards was lit up in \u003ca href=\"https://511.org/?lid=Events&mid=1421629\">yellow and black exclamation marks\u003c/a> Thursday afternoon, with flooding and wind issues affecting some lanes and ramps on major highways across the region, from Sonoma to San Francisco to San José.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/nwsbayarea/status/1989018223862235338?s=46&t=8L9OHVE58oUXKjH2wCBDtA\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We did get reports of some minor flooding and a few trees down across roadways,” said Dalton Behringer, a meteorologist with the weather service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 24 hours, coastal mountains in the North Bay and the Santa Cruz Mountains have received 2 to 4 inches of rain, Mehle said. More than 4 inches of rain fell in Venado, in Sonoma County. Parts of the North Bay could see up to 6 inches by the time the storm is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1.20 inches fell in downtown San Francisco and 1.5 inches at San Francisco International Airport. Oakland received around 1.5 inches of rain, and there was less than an inch in San José, Mehle said.[aside postID=science_1935067 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/01/ARstormcurrent-672x372.gif']San Francisco Public Works offers residents and businesses \u003ca href=\"https://sfpublicworks.org/services/sandbags\">10 free sandbags\u003c/a>, and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission offers an \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfpuc.gov/learning/emergency-preparedness/flood-maps\">online map\u003c/a> of the most flood-prone parts of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the rest of Thursday and through Saturday, forecasters expect the tail end of the same system to cause showers and possible sporadic thunderstorms. Behringer said Friday might offer a break from the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may actually have a sunny afternoon on Friday,” Behringer said. “Saturday, it’s going to be more like a dreary day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service has also issued a beach hazards statement for increased risk of sneaker waves and rip currents along the coast. Waves could reach up to 23 feet at some locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters said the region will remain in an active weather pattern over the next week, and daytime temperatures will be in the 50s. The rain is expected to continue into the weekend, and there’s a chance of rain later next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The uncertainty really balloons past Tuesday, though, so don’t give up all hope for nicer weather next week,” forecasters wrote in their daily forecast discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Thousands were without power Thursday and hundreds of flights were delayed or canceled as a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1999200/bay-area-braces-for-heavy-rain-fierce-winds-during-thursday-morning-commute\">windy and rainy storm\u003c/a> fueled by an \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> engulfed the entire Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the height of the storm, more than 3,500 PG&E customers had \u003ca href=\"https://pgealerts.alerts.pge.com/outage-tools/outage-map/\">lost power\u003c/a> amid powerful gusts and intense rain. Now fewer than 1,000 are without power due to storm damage. At least one gust of 80 mph was recorded in the Marin Headlands, according to the National Weather Service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Very strong winds brought down some limbs, trees and some power poles,” said Matt Mehle, lead meteorologist with the weather service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A wind advisory is in effect through 4 p.m. Thursday for the East Bay and San Francisco. But the good news is the “widespread rain is over for the heart of the Bay Area,” Mehle said. “The stronger stuff is shifting down towards Monterey.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Airports across the region grounded planes due to the weather. Nearly 350 flights were delayed and 54 were canceled so far Thursday at San Francisco International Airport due to weather, a spokesperson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were far fewer cancellations out of Oakland San Francisco Bay Airport, where 10 flights were canceled and nine delayed, an airport spokesperson told KQED. There were no delays or cancellations out of San José Mineta International Airport.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1999268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1999268\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/250211-SkyDaddy-06-BL_qed-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/250211-SkyDaddy-06-BL_qed-1.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/250211-SkyDaddy-06-BL_qed-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/250211-SkyDaddy-06-BL_qed-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/250211-SkyDaddy-06-BL_qed-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A United Airlines plane is parked at the gate at San Francisco International Airport on Feb. 11, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Minor flooding hit urban areas including San Francisco, San José and parts of the East Bay, according to the weather service, which issued flood advisories that have since been lifted for low-lying areas in San Francisco, San Mateo and northwestern Santa Clara counties, as well as parts of Marin and Sonoma counties.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Behringer said there was flooding “up and down Highway 101” through Santa Clara, as well as in Morgan Hill, the Santa Cruz area and in Marin County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Caltrans’ map of partial road closures and hazards was lit up in \u003ca href=\"https://511.org/?lid=Events&mid=1421629\">yellow and black exclamation marks\u003c/a> Thursday afternoon, with flooding and wind issues affecting some lanes and ramps on major highways across the region, from Sonoma to San Francisco to San José.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>“We did get reports of some minor flooding and a few trees down across roadways,” said Dalton Behringer, a meteorologist with the weather service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last 24 hours, coastal mountains in the North Bay and the Santa Cruz Mountains have received 2 to 4 inches of rain, Mehle said. More than 4 inches of rain fell in Venado, in Sonoma County. Parts of the North Bay could see up to 6 inches by the time the storm is over.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Around 1.20 inches fell in downtown San Francisco and 1.5 inches at San Francisco International Airport. Oakland received around 1.5 inches of rain, and there was less than an inch in San José, Mehle said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>San Francisco Public Works offers residents and businesses \u003ca href=\"https://sfpublicworks.org/services/sandbags\">10 free sandbags\u003c/a>, and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission offers an \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfpuc.gov/learning/emergency-preparedness/flood-maps\">online map\u003c/a> of the most flood-prone parts of the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the rest of Thursday and through Saturday, forecasters expect the tail end of the same system to cause showers and possible sporadic thunderstorms. Behringer said Friday might offer a break from the rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may actually have a sunny afternoon on Friday,” Behringer said. “Saturday, it’s going to be more like a dreary day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The service has also issued a beach hazards statement for increased risk of sneaker waves and rip currents along the coast. Waves could reach up to 23 feet at some locations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters said the region will remain in an active weather pattern over the next week, and daytime temperatures will be in the 50s. The rain is expected to continue into the weekend, and there’s a chance of rain later next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The uncertainty really balloons past Tuesday, though, so don’t give up all hope for nicer weather next week,” forecasters wrote in their daily forecast discussion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>If you live in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/california\">California\u003c/a>, you’ve likely heard the term “\u003ca href=\"https://www.noaa.gov/stories/what-are-atmospheric-rivers\">atmospheric river\u003c/a>” thrown around recently. The West Coast is slammed by an onslaught of these massive, fast-moving storm systems every winter, and the Bay Area and much of California are now bracing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1999200/bay-area-braces-for-heavy-rain-fierce-winds-during-thursday-morning-commute\">for another soaking\u003c/a> over the next few days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These storms can transport more than \u003ca href=\"https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Ralphetal2017-JHMDropsondes.pdf\">25 times\u003c/a> the moisture that flows through the mouth of the Mississippi River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are a normal winter weather pattern for California, which relies on them to replenish its water supply. Strong or extreme atmospheric rivers can trigger heavy rainfall and major flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in 2022, a family of atmospheric rivers dumped so much rain over California that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984643/reluctant-retreat-one-familys-fight-against-climate-induced-flooding\">levees crumbled\u003c/a> from the force and intensity of the water, destroying hundreds of homes and disrupting life for thousands of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/about\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist with UC Agriculture and Natural Resources, said their intensity doesn’t always translate into big rain or snowfall totals or flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1999210\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1999210\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/016_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/016_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/016_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/016_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/016_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A person holds an umbrella while walking along the Embarcadero in San Francisco on Dec. 13, 2021. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes, people conflate [that] atmospheric rivers equal a big bad storm,” Swain explained in his weekly \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=4i3IzkVKxis&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2F&source_ve_path=Mjg2NjY\">livestream\u003c/a>. “That’s not always going to be true. Sometimes they’re quite gentle, gradual or beneficial. Sometimes, though, they can be a big problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you’re breaking out those rain slickers, boots and umbrellas, here’s what you need to know about atmospheric rivers — sometimes referred to as “ARs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So what are atmospheric rivers?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“Giant rivers of water vapor in the sky with strong winds pushing them along.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, a leading AR researcher and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a>, or CW3E, in La Jolla, describes them. A typical AR can be 300 miles wide, a mile deep and more than 1,000 miles long.[aside postID=science_1999200 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/01/RS17955_IMG_2112-qut-1440x1080.jpg']“They’re the biggest freshwater rivers on Earth,” Ralph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to being long, fast and packed with moisture, ARs can behave erratically, changing direction unpredictably.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How do they happen?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers commonly begin as warm water storms over the Pacific Ocean, where evaporation creates a high concentration of moisture in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prevailing winds give ARs their distinctive shape and probably helped give rise to their comparisons to a fire hose, pointed at California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ARs are blown over land, the giant streams of moisture they contain cool and condense, causing heavy snow or downpours, depending on the elevation. The term “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pineapple-express.html\">Pineapple Express\u003c/a>” (not \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWZt4v6b1hI\">this \u003cem>Pineapple Express\u003c/em>\u003c/a>) refers to ARs that form in tropical regions of the Pacific, often around Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These can pound the west coast of North America from California to Canada with intense storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But what makes ARs different from other storms?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are categorized by a unit of measurement called Integrated Water Vapor Transport (IVT). IVT takes into account both the amount of water vapor in the system and the wind that moves it around, making it flow like a, well, giant river in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a storm to be classified as an AR, it must reach an IVT threshold of 250 units. An atmospheric river with IVT of 1,000 or more is considered “extreme.” ARs fall into five categories, from “weak” to “exceptional.” \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulKPIX/status/1610048056329920512/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://twitter.com/PaulKPIX/status/1610048056329920512/photo/1\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\" data-remove-tab-index=\"true\">Wednesday’s storm is expected to be a Category 3\u003c/a>, or “strong,” according to data from CW3E.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Are atmospheric rivers good or bad?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers produce up to \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/californias-climate-future-suggests-more-volatility-and-key-role-atmospheric-rivers\">50% of California’s precipitation annually\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Gershunov_et_al-2017-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf\">65% seasonally (PDF)\u003c/a>. According to Ralph, the state gets one to two dozen AR storms per year. When we have fewer, we get … yes, that would be drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Atmospheric rivers \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hq3504j\">make or break our water year in California\u003c/a>,” Ralph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, when we get too much AR storm activity, look out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981243\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1981243\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-scaled-e1762987716825.jpg\" alt=\"The NOAA Hurricane Hunters plane wing seen above clouds in the clear sky.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1308\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NOAA Hurricane Hunters fly above an atmospheric river on January 9th, 2023, preparing to drop instruments into the storm to aid with weather forecasts. \u003ccite>(Rich Henning/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A typical atmospheric river event lasts about a day. Problems begin when they last longer in duration or occur back-to-back. This can lead to \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/outreach/resources/handouts/atmos_rivers.pdf\">major hazards\u003c/a> like flooding, mudslides or ash flow in the aftermath of wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research suggests that atmospheric rivers contributed to the \u003ca href=\"https://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/home/content/atmospheric-rivers-and-lake-oroville-dam-stress\">collapse of both spillways at Oroville Dam\u003c/a> in February 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ARs were also undoubtedly behind the worst floods in California’s history, when the state capital of \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atmospheric-rivers-california-megaflood-lessons-from-forgotten-catastrophe/\">Sacramento was inundated\u003c/a> during the winter of 1861–62.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Atmospheric rivers don’t just affect California. Here’s a quick Canadian take on them:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b9Rn7HhmV5E&w=560&h=315]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Should I be worried?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Though ARs don’t get assigned names, like hurricanes, they are the “900-pound gorilla” of West Coast weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the West Coast, they are really our big storms,” says \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/profiles/jkalansky\">Julie Kalansky\u003c/a>, operations manager at CW3E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem in the past has been that atmospheric rivers have been hard to forecast. While satellites provide some information, ARs are relatively low-lying storm systems, which means they’re often obscured from space by higher altitude clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1999213\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1999213\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/007_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/007_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/007_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/007_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/007_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People wait at a Muni stop on Mission Street in the rain on Dec. 13, 2021. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers fall into five categories, from “weak” to “exceptional.” \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulKPIX/status/1610048056329920512/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://twitter.com/PaulKPIX/status/1610048056329920512/photo/1\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\" data-remove-tab-index=\"true\">Wednesday’s storm is expected to be a Category 3\u003c/a>, or “strong,” according to data from CW3E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Ralph and his colleagues at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, as well as the Air Force and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, have been working to \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/scripps-institution-oceanography-air-force-noaa-poised-probe-atmospheric-rivers\">better understand AR phenomena\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re using techniques like flying aircraft along the path of atmospheric rivers and dropping weather sensors called “dropsondes” directly into them from above.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How is climate change affecting ARs?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ralph says there is still more research to be done, but atmospheric rivers are increasingly appearing in climate models. He notes that the recently released \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934809/federal-report-climate-change-already-hurting-u-s-communities\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a> added ARs to the list of extreme weather threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing appears to be clear: The warmer the atmosphere, the more moisture an atmospheric river can contain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says this may not increase the frequency of atmospheric rivers in the future, but will make them more intense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will be stronger,” Ralph says, “That’s pretty much a consensus in the [scientific] community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A version of this story was originally published on Jan. 16, 2019.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Senior Science Editor Kevin Stark, Science Editor Craig Miller and Jenny Pritchett contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>If you live in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/california\">California\u003c/a>, you’ve likely heard the term “\u003ca href=\"https://www.noaa.gov/stories/what-are-atmospheric-rivers\">atmospheric river\u003c/a>” thrown around recently. The West Coast is slammed by an onslaught of these massive, fast-moving storm systems every winter, and the Bay Area and much of California are now bracing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1999200/bay-area-braces-for-heavy-rain-fierce-winds-during-thursday-morning-commute\">for another soaking\u003c/a> over the next few days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These storms can transport more than \u003ca href=\"https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Ralphetal2017-JHMDropsondes.pdf\">25 times\u003c/a> the moisture that flows through the mouth of the Mississippi River.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are a normal winter weather pattern for California, which relies on them to replenish its water supply. Strong or extreme atmospheric rivers can trigger heavy rainfall and major flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, in 2022, a family of atmospheric rivers dumped so much rain over California that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984643/reluctant-retreat-one-familys-fight-against-climate-induced-flooding\">levees crumbled\u003c/a> from the force and intensity of the water, destroying hundreds of homes and disrupting life for thousands of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"https://weatherwest.com/about\">Daniel Swain\u003c/a>, a climate scientist with UC Agriculture and Natural Resources, said their intensity doesn’t always translate into big rain or snowfall totals or flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1999210\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1999210\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/016_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/016_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/016_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/016_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/016_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A person holds an umbrella while walking along the Embarcadero in San Francisco on Dec. 13, 2021. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes, people conflate [that] atmospheric rivers equal a big bad storm,” Swain explained in his weekly \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=4i3IzkVKxis&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2F&source_ve_path=Mjg2NjY\">livestream\u003c/a>. “That’s not always going to be true. Sometimes they’re quite gentle, gradual or beneficial. Sometimes, though, they can be a big problem.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As you’re breaking out those rain slickers, boots and umbrellas, here’s what you need to know about atmospheric rivers — sometimes referred to as “ARs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So what are atmospheric rivers?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>“Giant rivers of water vapor in the sky with strong winds pushing them along.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s how \u003ca href=\"http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/mralph\">Marty Ralph\u003c/a>, a leading AR researcher and director of the \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/\">Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes\u003c/a>, or CW3E, in La Jolla, describes them. A typical AR can be 300 miles wide, a mile deep and more than 1,000 miles long.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“They’re the biggest freshwater rivers on Earth,” Ralph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to being long, fast and packed with moisture, ARs can behave erratically, changing direction unpredictably.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How do they happen?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers commonly begin as warm water storms over the Pacific Ocean, where evaporation creates a high concentration of moisture in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Prevailing winds give ARs their distinctive shape and probably helped give rise to their comparisons to a fire hose, pointed at California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When ARs are blown over land, the giant streams of moisture they contain cool and condense, causing heavy snow or downpours, depending on the elevation. The term “\u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/pineapple-express.html\">Pineapple Express\u003c/a>” (not \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BWZt4v6b1hI\">this \u003cem>Pineapple Express\u003c/em>\u003c/a>) refers to ARs that form in tropical regions of the Pacific, often around Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These can pound the west coast of North America from California to Canada with intense storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>But what makes ARs different from other storms?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers are categorized by a unit of measurement called Integrated Water Vapor Transport (IVT). IVT takes into account both the amount of water vapor in the system and the wind that moves it around, making it flow like a, well, giant river in the atmosphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a storm to be classified as an AR, it must reach an IVT threshold of 250 units. An atmospheric river with IVT of 1,000 or more is considered “extreme.” ARs fall into five categories, from “weak” to “exceptional.” \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulKPIX/status/1610048056329920512/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://twitter.com/PaulKPIX/status/1610048056329920512/photo/1\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\" data-remove-tab-index=\"true\">Wednesday’s storm is expected to be a Category 3\u003c/a>, or “strong,” according to data from CW3E.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Are atmospheric rivers good or bad?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers produce up to \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/californias-climate-future-suggests-more-volatility-and-key-role-atmospheric-rivers\">50% of California’s precipitation annually\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://cw3e.ucsd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Gershunov_et_al-2017-Geophysical_Research_Letters.pdf\">65% seasonally (PDF)\u003c/a>. According to Ralph, the state gets one to two dozen AR storms per year. When we have fewer, we get … yes, that would be drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Atmospheric rivers \u003ca href=\"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1hq3504j\">make or break our water year in California\u003c/a>,” Ralph says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, when we get too much AR storm activity, look out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1981243\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1981243\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/01/view-from-g-iv-flying-over-ar-system-during-mission-010923-credit-rich-henning-noaa_custom-87334cc6caa619682ee57703124d39d5e27efe25-scaled-e1762987716825.jpg\" alt=\"The NOAA Hurricane Hunters plane wing seen above clouds in the clear sky.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1308\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The NOAA Hurricane Hunters fly above an atmospheric river on January 9th, 2023, preparing to drop instruments into the storm to aid with weather forecasts. \u003ccite>(Rich Henning/NOAA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A typical atmospheric river event lasts about a day. Problems begin when they last longer in duration or occur back-to-back. This can lead to \u003ca href=\"https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/outreach/resources/handouts/atmos_rivers.pdf\">major hazards\u003c/a> like flooding, mudslides or ash flow in the aftermath of wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Research suggests that atmospheric rivers contributed to the \u003ca href=\"https://ghrc.nsstc.nasa.gov/home/content/atmospheric-rivers-and-lake-oroville-dam-stress\">collapse of both spillways at Oroville Dam\u003c/a> in February 2017.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ARs were also undoubtedly behind the worst floods in California’s history, when the state capital of \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/atmospheric-rivers-california-megaflood-lessons-from-forgotten-catastrophe/\">Sacramento was inundated\u003c/a> during the winter of 1861–62.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Atmospheric rivers don’t just affect California. Here’s a quick Canadian take on them:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/b9Rn7HhmV5E'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/b9Rn7HhmV5E'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Should I be worried?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Though ARs don’t get assigned names, like hurricanes, they are the “900-pound gorilla” of West Coast weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the West Coast, they are really our big storms,” says \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/profiles/jkalansky\">Julie Kalansky\u003c/a>, operations manager at CW3E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem in the past has been that atmospheric rivers have been hard to forecast. While satellites provide some information, ARs are relatively low-lying storm systems, which means they’re often obscured from space by higher altitude clouds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1999213\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1999213\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/007_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/007_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/007_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/007_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/007_SanFrancisco_AtmosphericRiver_12132021_qed-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">People wait at a Muni stop on Mission Street in the rain on Dec. 13, 2021. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Atmospheric rivers fall into five categories, from “weak” to “exceptional.” \u003ca class=\"c-link\" href=\"https://twitter.com/PaulKPIX/status/1610048056329920512/photo/1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-stringify-link=\"https://twitter.com/PaulKPIX/status/1610048056329920512/photo/1\" data-sk=\"tooltip_parent\" data-remove-tab-index=\"true\">Wednesday’s storm is expected to be a Category 3\u003c/a>, or “strong,” according to data from CW3E.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent years, Ralph and his colleagues at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, as well as the Air Force and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, have been working to \u003ca href=\"https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/scripps-institution-oceanography-air-force-noaa-poised-probe-atmospheric-rivers\">better understand AR phenomena\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They’re using techniques like flying aircraft along the path of atmospheric rivers and dropping weather sensors called “dropsondes” directly into them from above.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How is climate change affecting ARs?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Ralph says there is still more research to be done, but atmospheric rivers are increasingly appearing in climate models. He notes that the recently released \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1934809/federal-report-climate-change-already-hurting-u-s-communities\">National Climate Assessment\u003c/a> added ARs to the list of extreme weather threats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing appears to be clear: The warmer the atmosphere, the more moisture an atmospheric river can contain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ralph says this may not increase the frequency of atmospheric rivers in the future, but will make them more intense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They will be stronger,” Ralph says, “That’s pretty much a consensus in the [scientific] community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>A version of this story was originally published on Jan. 16, 2019.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Senior Science Editor Kevin Stark, Science Editor Craig Miller and Jenny Pritchett contributed to this post.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "Rain on Me: Bay Area Braces for a Wet and Windy Atmospheric River Storm",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Bay Area is in for another \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> storm this week, and forecasters expect the North Bay to receive the bulk of the wet weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service forecasts that the atmospheric river, moving down the West Coast from the Gulf of Alaska, is likely to bring strong winds and a slight chance of thunderstorms across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A wind advisory will be in effect for the entire area from 10 p.m. Tuesday to 4 p.m. Wednesday, with wind gusts expected up to 45 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a small window on Wednesday morning, meteorologists said, isolated gusts could reach above 55 mph at the highest peaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rain will mostly be beneficial, localized nuisance flooding is possible. Minor coastal flooding could also occur Tuesday through Saturday due to spring tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters expect the North Bay to receive up to 2.5 inches of rain starting Tuesday. Places including Venado and Mount Tamalpais could see higher-end rain totals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1999053\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1968px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1999053\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/459889114_qed-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1968\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/459889114_qed-1.jpg 1968w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/459889114_qed-1-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/459889114_qed-1-768x520.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/459889114_qed-1-1536x1040.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1968px) 100vw, 1968px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign is posted in a flooded section of roadway on Dec. 3, 2014, in Tiburon, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the storm moves south, so do potential rain totals. The weather service forecasts the storm reaching San Francisco by early Wednesday morning, with up to an inch of rain in the city by the end of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Places farther south, including San José, are expected to receive less than half an inch of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Treat this as a winter storm and make sure you clean out your gutters and make sure your drains are cleared out,” said Roger Gass, a meteorologist with the weather service’s Bay Area office.[aside postID=science_1998915 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/10/241122-StormHitsBayArea-10-BL_qed.jpg']The warm storm will push snow levels in the Sierra Nevada to above 7,500 feet, resulting in the bulk of the snowfall at higher elevations. Lassen National Park and the highest peaks of the Sierra could see some snowfall, and snow levels could dip below 7,000 feet on Wednesday night if temperatures fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wet and slick roads will be the main concerns for the mountains, Sacramento-based forecasters wrote in the weather service’s daily forecast discussion for inland Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather experts measure the intensity of atmospheric rivers on a scale from 0 to 5. This week’s storm could reach as high as a 5 in the Guerneville area before decreasing to a 4 over Marin County and then to a 3 for the San Francisco area, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/arscale/\">atmospheric river scale\u003c/a> modeling by the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When atmospheric rivers stall over an area, they can cause rivers to rise and create dangerous flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1999056\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1999056\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/020_KQED_StormSanFrancisco_01102023_qed-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/020_KQED_StormSanFrancisco_01102023_qed-1.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/020_KQED_StormSanFrancisco_01102023_qed-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/020_KQED_StormSanFrancisco_01102023_qed-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/020_KQED_StormSanFrancisco_01102023_qed-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two Mission District residents work to open a clogged drain on Mission and 21st Streets in San Francisco on Jan. 10, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2022, a family of atmospheric rivers dumped so much rain over California that multiple levees crumbled from the weight and intensity of the water, destroying hundreds of homes and disrupting life for thousands of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other strong atmospheric rivers have caused flooding in parts of cities like San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gass said the good news, as of now, is that while this week’s atmospheric river “is expected to be a little bit stronger,” it does not look like it will park anywhere over the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the reason that we don’t have any flood watches out,” Gass said. “We would, if it were to show signs of stalling, but we’re not seeing any of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Bay Area is in for another \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> storm this week, and forecasters expect the North Bay to receive the bulk of the wet weather.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service forecasts that the atmospheric river, moving down the West Coast from the Gulf of Alaska, is likely to bring strong winds and a slight chance of thunderstorms across the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A wind advisory will be in effect for the entire area from 10 p.m. Tuesday to 4 p.m. Wednesday, with wind gusts expected up to 45 mph.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a small window on Wednesday morning, meteorologists said, isolated gusts could reach above 55 mph at the highest peaks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the rain will mostly be beneficial, localized nuisance flooding is possible. Minor coastal flooding could also occur Tuesday through Saturday due to spring tides.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters expect the North Bay to receive up to 2.5 inches of rain starting Tuesday. Places including Venado and Mount Tamalpais could see higher-end rain totals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1999053\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1968px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1999053\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/459889114_qed-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1968\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/459889114_qed-1.jpg 1968w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/459889114_qed-1-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/459889114_qed-1-768x520.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/459889114_qed-1-1536x1040.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1968px) 100vw, 1968px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A sign is posted in a flooded section of roadway on Dec. 3, 2014, in Tiburon, California. \u003ccite>(Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the storm moves south, so do potential rain totals. The weather service forecasts the storm reaching San Francisco by early Wednesday morning, with up to an inch of rain in the city by the end of the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Places farther south, including San José, are expected to receive less than half an inch of rain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Treat this as a winter storm and make sure you clean out your gutters and make sure your drains are cleared out,” said Roger Gass, a meteorologist with the weather service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The warm storm will push snow levels in the Sierra Nevada to above 7,500 feet, resulting in the bulk of the snowfall at higher elevations. Lassen National Park and the highest peaks of the Sierra could see some snowfall, and snow levels could dip below 7,000 feet on Wednesday night if temperatures fall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wet and slick roads will be the main concerns for the mountains, Sacramento-based forecasters wrote in the weather service’s daily forecast discussion for inland Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Weather experts measure the intensity of atmospheric rivers on a scale from 0 to 5. This week’s storm could reach as high as a 5 in the Guerneville area before decreasing to a 4 over Marin County and then to a 3 for the San Francisco area, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://cw3e.ucsd.edu/arscale/\">atmospheric river scale\u003c/a> modeling by the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at UC San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When atmospheric rivers stall over an area, they can cause rivers to rise and create dangerous flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1999056\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1999056\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/020_KQED_StormSanFrancisco_01102023_qed-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/020_KQED_StormSanFrancisco_01102023_qed-1.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/020_KQED_StormSanFrancisco_01102023_qed-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/020_KQED_StormSanFrancisco_01102023_qed-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/11/020_KQED_StormSanFrancisco_01102023_qed-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two Mission District residents work to open a clogged drain on Mission and 21st Streets in San Francisco on Jan. 10, 2023. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2022, a family of atmospheric rivers dumped so much rain over California that multiple levees crumbled from the weight and intensity of the water, destroying hundreds of homes and disrupting life for thousands of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other strong atmospheric rivers have caused flooding in parts of cities like San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gass said the good news, as of now, is that while this week’s atmospheric river “is expected to be a little bit stronger,” it does not look like it will park anywhere over the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That’s the reason that we don’t have any flood watches out,” Gass said. “We would, if it were to show signs of stalling, but we’re not seeing any of that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>National Weather Service forecasters said the first noteworthy \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> of the season will hit the Bay Area this weekend, with the most rain north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A first storm will begin on Friday as it makes its way down the West Coast. A second storm will follow close behind before moving further south later this weekend or early next week. Forecasters said this weekend’s systems will mostly bring beneficial rain to the region and more rain than snow in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People headed to the mountains should be aware that there might be a little snow this weekend, but overall, it’s not looking like a major snowmaker,” said Courtney Carpenter, a warning coordination meteorologist with the weather service’s Sacramento office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainfall totals could amount to about an inch in the North Bay and less than a quarter of an inch in San Francisco and San José.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take it as a gateway to winter,” said Rachel Kennedy, a meteorologist with the weather service’s Bay Area office. “Remember to clean out your gutters, so that way when we do get bigger storms later this winter, you’re prepared for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strong or extreme atmospheric rivers can cause excessive downpours and major flooding. For example, in 2022, a family of atmospheric rivers dumped so much rain over California that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984643/reluctant-retreat-one-familys-fight-against-climate-induced-flooding\">multiple levees crumbled\u003c/a> from the weight and intensity of the water, destroying hundreds of homes and disrupting life for thousands of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year we get strong storms, and those are the ones that really make the headlines,” said Chad Hecht, a meteorologist based in Sacramento with the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the University of California, San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography.[aside postID=science_1998802 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/09/250916_SEAOTTERS_GH-3-KQED.jpg']Hecht categorizes the atmospheric rivers this weekend as potentially weak or moderate if viewed together — but not the extreme storms that can cause major flooding — indicating they would bring mostly beneficial rain. However, they could also be accompanied by wind, freezing temperatures and nuisance flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But exactly where in the region will receive the most rain is still a little up in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>San Francisco is kind of right in that transition period between precipitation and maybe not so much,” Hecht said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is some extra good news that will also fall this weekend: The earlier the rainy season begins, the less likely wildfires will ignite, Hecht said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do like to say fire season ends when you get your first atmospheric river. Unfortunately, it does not play a role in how the water year is going to play out,” Hecht said. “What happens in October does not always mean anything for the rest of the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for those questioning whether to stay indoors or go outside this weekend, Hecht said, “If you’re going hiking, it’s gonna be a pretty miserable day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>National Weather Service forecasters said the first noteworthy \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1935067/rivers-in-the-sky-what-you-need-to-know-about-atmospheric-river-storms\">atmospheric river\u003c/a> of the season will hit the Bay Area this weekend, with the most rain north of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A first storm will begin on Friday as it makes its way down the West Coast. A second storm will follow close behind before moving further south later this weekend or early next week. Forecasters said this weekend’s systems will mostly bring beneficial rain to the region and more rain than snow in the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People headed to the mountains should be aware that there might be a little snow this weekend, but overall, it’s not looking like a major snowmaker,” said Courtney Carpenter, a warning coordination meteorologist with the weather service’s Sacramento office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rainfall totals could amount to about an inch in the North Bay and less than a quarter of an inch in San Francisco and San José.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Take it as a gateway to winter,” said Rachel Kennedy, a meteorologist with the weather service’s Bay Area office. “Remember to clean out your gutters, so that way when we do get bigger storms later this winter, you’re prepared for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strong or extreme atmospheric rivers can cause excessive downpours and major flooding. For example, in 2022, a family of atmospheric rivers dumped so much rain over California that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1984643/reluctant-retreat-one-familys-fight-against-climate-induced-flooding\">multiple levees crumbled\u003c/a> from the weight and intensity of the water, destroying hundreds of homes and disrupting life for thousands of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every year we get strong storms, and those are the ones that really make the headlines,” said Chad Hecht, a meteorologist based in Sacramento with the Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes at the University of California, San Diego’s Scripps Institution of Oceanography.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Hecht categorizes the atmospheric rivers this weekend as potentially weak or moderate if viewed together — but not the extreme storms that can cause major flooding — indicating they would bring mostly beneficial rain. However, they could also be accompanied by wind, freezing temperatures and nuisance flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But exactly where in the region will receive the most rain is still a little up in the air.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“\u003c/em>San Francisco is kind of right in that transition period between precipitation and maybe not so much,” Hecht said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there is some extra good news that will also fall this weekend: The earlier the rainy season begins, the less likely wildfires will ignite, Hecht said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We do like to say fire season ends when you get your first atmospheric river. Unfortunately, it does not play a role in how the water year is going to play out,” Hecht said. “What happens in October does not always mean anything for the rest of the year.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And for those questioning whether to stay indoors or go outside this weekend, Hecht said, “If you’re going hiking, it’s gonna be a pretty miserable day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lightning. Erratic Winds. Hail. Waterspouts. Flooding. Forecasters suggest these environmental conditions are all possible through Tuesday in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/bay-area-weather\">Bay Area\u003c/a>, and the Sierra Nevada will likely get its first significant snow of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A low-pressure system \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12059267/storm-forecasted-to-hit-the-bay-area-early-next-week-as-typhoon-halong-hits-japan\">moving into the region\u003c/a> from Oregon and Washington “will quickly dive down the West Coast today,” first hitting the North Bay with rain midmorning Monday, according to the National Weather Service daily forecast discussion. But as the day lingers, the storm will move south, bringing potentially wet conditions across the region before likely dousing the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much everywhere is going to be impacted,” said Roger Gass, a meteorologist with the weather service’s Bay Area office. “It’s an early storm system, but there’s no atmospheric river-type scenario associated with the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gass said the storm could bring a suite of environmental issues with it, including lightning, offshore water spouts and small hail. But he said the “biggest threat will be nuisance flooding,” where areas that typically pool water could flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for rainfall totals, he said the larger amounts of rain will be on the Central Coast, with up to 2 inches of rain at the highest elevations. Meteorologists expect an inch of rain or less for the rest of the Bay Area.[aside postID=science_1998746 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/10/240109-CAWindStorm-076_qed.jpg']“Don’t drive through flooded roadways,” Gass said. “The most deaths [in storms] are due to people driving through flooded roadways. And then for thunderstorms, if thunder roars, go indoors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther inland, forecasters said the storm could drop up to 3 feet of snow on the highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada, especially in the area south of Highway 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our first time issuing winter products for the season and the first measurable snowfall event we’ve had in our area,” said Dakari Anderson, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service’s Sacramento office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson said travelers on mountain passes should expect chain controls, slippery conditions and inclement weather. The office has issued a winter storm warning through Wednesday at 5 a.m. for the Sierra Nevada and the Lassen National Park area above 6,500 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters expect the heaviest snow totals on Monday afternoon and evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Make sure you’re checking the forecast before heading out for the day,” Anderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Lightning. Erratic Winds. Hail. Waterspouts. Flooding. Forecasters suggest these environmental conditions are all possible through Tuesday in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/bay-area-weather\">Bay Area\u003c/a>, and the Sierra Nevada will likely get its first significant snow of the season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A low-pressure system \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12059267/storm-forecasted-to-hit-the-bay-area-early-next-week-as-typhoon-halong-hits-japan\">moving into the region\u003c/a> from Oregon and Washington “will quickly dive down the West Coast today,” first hitting the North Bay with rain midmorning Monday, according to the National Weather Service daily forecast discussion. But as the day lingers, the storm will move south, bringing potentially wet conditions across the region before likely dousing the Central Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Pretty much everywhere is going to be impacted,” said Roger Gass, a meteorologist with the weather service’s Bay Area office. “It’s an early storm system, but there’s no atmospheric river-type scenario associated with the system.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gass said the storm could bring a suite of environmental issues with it, including lightning, offshore water spouts and small hail. But he said the “biggest threat will be nuisance flooding,” where areas that typically pool water could flood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for rainfall totals, he said the larger amounts of rain will be on the Central Coast, with up to 2 inches of rain at the highest elevations. Meteorologists expect an inch of rain or less for the rest of the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Don’t drive through flooded roadways,” Gass said. “The most deaths [in storms] are due to people driving through flooded roadways. And then for thunderstorms, if thunder roars, go indoors.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Farther inland, forecasters said the storm could drop up to 3 feet of snow on the highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada, especially in the area south of Highway 50.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is our first time issuing winter products for the season and the first measurable snowfall event we’ve had in our area,” said Dakari Anderson, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service’s Sacramento office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anderson said travelers on mountain passes should expect chain controls, slippery conditions and inclement weather. The office has issued a winter storm warning through Wednesday at 5 a.m. for the Sierra Nevada and the Lassen National Park area above 6,500 feet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Forecasters expect the heaviest snow totals on Monday afternoon and evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Make sure you’re checking the forecast before heading out for the day,” Anderson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 2:25 p.m. Tuesday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Bay Area representative and other federal lawmakers mounted a push on Tuesday for action on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1980255/a-lesson-in-discrimination-a-toxic-sea-level-rise-crisis-threatens-west-oakland\">groundwater rise\u003c/a>, which they warned will worsen flooding across the United States in the decades to come, with the potential to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982875/rising-seas-and-underground-perils-san-leandros-fight-for-climate-resilience\">damage critical infrastructure\u003c/a>, harm freshwater supplies and spread toxic chemicals into communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising seas and extreme rainfall press the thin layer of water just below the ground up all along the country’s coasts. In Virginia, sewage stored in septic tanks has already \u003ca href=\"https://www.whro.org/environment/2024-05-08/in-rural-virginia-sea-level-rise-swamps-septic-systems-a-local-partnership-is-testing-a-solution\">overflowed into homes\u003c/a> and spilled onto lawns. Flooding from below could affect the lives of around \u003ca href=\"https://www.wlrn.org/environment/2024-11-27/climate-change-rising-groundwater-study\">7 million people in South Florida\u003c/a>. California climate scientists warn that future groundwater rise could \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1993783/schools-in-deep-water-bay-area-faces-uphill-battle-against-climate-change\">move dangerous contaminants into schoolyards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drinking water systems are compromised, roadways are deteriorating and wastewater infrastructure is failing, leading to sewage spills and leaks polluting coastal waterways, posing danger to the public,” Emma Haydocy, senior manager with Surfrider Foundation, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Reps. Kevin Mullin, D-San Mateo, and Andrew Garbarino, R-N.Y., introduced legislation in June that would set aside $5 million over the next year for the United States Geological Survey to study and map groundwater rise nationally through 2100. The agency would also need to identify priority areas that are at increased risk of flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They held a press conference on Tuesday in South San Francisco in San Mateo County — considered the most at-risk county to sea level rise in California — to push for Congress to advance the legislation, which they dubbed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/4144/all-actions\">Groundwater Rise and Infrastructure Preparedness Act of 2025\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1997879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1997879 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-15_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-15_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-15_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-15_qed-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-15_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richardson Bay, with Mill Valley Middle School seen in the distance on Tuesday, June 4, 2024. In October 2021, Mill Valley Middle School closed down for two days due to flooding and storm damage caused by rain-induced flooding and high tides. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is going to cause water levels to rise, but there’s more to this challenge, and the truth is it’s mostly hidden from plain sight until it’s too late — there is groundwater under our feet,” Mullin said at Oyster Point Marina along the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passing the legislation is likely to be difficult, Mullin acknowledged, saying that the Trump administration is ignoring science and partly defunding agencies like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that play a pivotal role in tracking warming temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may have a more friendly Congress in a couple of years, but we’re going to keep moving this because we can’t afford to wait,” Mullin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison Chan, political director with Save the Bay, said the bill is a bold stand in taking the effects of climate change seriously when the federal government is deemphasizing science nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flooding from groundwater rise does not have to be a climate impact that our communities suffer from,” Chan said. “Using the right data and resources, we can prevent damage to our homes, schools, and public spaces and prepare people who are at risk instead of spending precious funding on disaster recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the bill, the USGS would study how the phenomenon may affect infrastructure, such as roads, utilities and sewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use an uneven network of wells dug into a complex underground coastal geography to gauge the depth of the water table, which makes forecasting groundwater rise difficult. A mix of urban and rural coastal zones complicates that work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists would also need to assess public health risks, particularly those associated with the spread of underground pollutants and the contamination of drinking water. For example, in West Oakland, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1980255/a-lesson-in-discrimination-a-toxic-sea-level-rise-crisis-threatens-west-oakland\">KQED investigation identified more than 100 sites\u003c/a> that could be disturbed by rising groundwater as the bay level rises in the 7-square-mile neighborhood.[aside postID=science_1997869 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-16_qed.jpg']USGS scientists would also need to recommend mitigation strategies for communities and create a public-facing website displaying their maps. Within three years, the agency would need to submit a report of its findings to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Mateo County, migrating groundwater already affects private property and public infrastructure, said Len Materman, CEO of the San Mateo County Flood and Sea Level Rise Resiliency District, or OneShoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To overcome these hurdles and build protection, we need the best tools at our disposal, and in regard to groundwater, we do not yet have this,” Materman said of areas in the county where groundwater is already close to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association, or SPUR, partnered with local organizations to publish a study about \u003ca href=\"https://www.spur.org/publications/spur-report/2024-06-12/look-out-below\">East Palo Alto’s flood risk \u003c/a>due to groundwater rise. They found that migrating water below ground could burst pipes and flood basements and mobilize contaminants from toxic sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1880s, the Pacific Ocean has risen by approximately 8 inches along the West Coast. However, state scientists predict more than a foot of bay rise by 2050 and over 6 feet by the end of the century \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/California-Sea-Level-Rise-Guidance-2024-508.pdf\">in the worst-case scenario\u003c/a>. But sea level rise won’t just mean water lapping over shorelines. As the bay rises, it will push up groundwater inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1997972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1997972\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/IMG_0717_Edit_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/IMG_0717_Edit_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/IMG_0717_Edit_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/IMG_0717_Edit_qed-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/IMG_0717_Edit_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Housing developments along the beachfront of Alameda, California, across an estuary of the San Leandro Bay, as viewed from Bay Farm Island in Alameda, along Shoreline Park on Aug. 16, 2021. Climate change activists worry that rising sea levels will flood out housing along this trail if more is not done to counteract climate change’s damaging effects. \u003ccite>(Joyce Tsai/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Groundwater levels during storms have already caused flooding in South San Francisco and are affecting underground infrastructure in the city’s biotech corridor and residential neighborhoods. But to fully understand the impacts, South San Francisco Mayor Eddie Flores said more study is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot protect what we don’t fully understand,” Flores said. “This legislation ensures we no longer have to choose between preparedness and uncertainty. Climate resilience is not aspirational. It’s operational.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2023 study by the San Francisco Estuary Institute, scientists expect \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11938215/new-study-finds-rising-groundwater-is-a-major-bay-area-flooding-risk\">rising groundwater levels to occur many years before they reach the surface\u003c/a> in Alameda, Marin, San Francisco and San Mateo counties, based on current groundwater levels and global climate projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the effects of groundwater rise will be visible around the entire rim of the bay. Climate scientists have long warned that the region’s industrial past has resulted in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983106/map-more-than-5000-toxic-sites-along-sf-bay-are-threatened-by-rising-groundwater-new-study-finds\">more than 5,000 contaminated sites\u003c/a> at risk of groundwater rise, which could spread pollutants into communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry left sites contaminated with everything from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1994526/navys-hunters-point-shipyard-cleanup-in-san-francisco-moves-underwater\">radioactive materials\u003c/a> to petroleum, as well as toxic chemicals that can vaporize and enter pipes leading directly to homes — some sites date back to the 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a graveyard,” said Kristina Hill, director of UC Berkeley’s Institute of Urban and Regional Development. “Everything we’ve done in the past is coming up with that groundwater to haunt us in the present.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Updated 2:25 p.m. Tuesday\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A Bay Area representative and other federal lawmakers mounted a push on Tuesday for action on \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1980255/a-lesson-in-discrimination-a-toxic-sea-level-rise-crisis-threatens-west-oakland\">groundwater rise\u003c/a>, which they warned will worsen flooding across the United States in the decades to come, with the potential to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1982875/rising-seas-and-underground-perils-san-leandros-fight-for-climate-resilience\">damage critical infrastructure\u003c/a>, harm freshwater supplies and spread toxic chemicals into communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rising seas and extreme rainfall press the thin layer of water just below the ground up all along the country’s coasts. In Virginia, sewage stored in septic tanks has already \u003ca href=\"https://www.whro.org/environment/2024-05-08/in-rural-virginia-sea-level-rise-swamps-septic-systems-a-local-partnership-is-testing-a-solution\">overflowed into homes\u003c/a> and spilled onto lawns. Flooding from below could affect the lives of around \u003ca href=\"https://www.wlrn.org/environment/2024-11-27/climate-change-rising-groundwater-study\">7 million people in South Florida\u003c/a>. California climate scientists warn that future groundwater rise could \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1993783/schools-in-deep-water-bay-area-faces-uphill-battle-against-climate-change\">move dangerous contaminants into schoolyards\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Drinking water systems are compromised, roadways are deteriorating and wastewater infrastructure is failing, leading to sewage spills and leaks polluting coastal waterways, posing danger to the public,” Emma Haydocy, senior manager with Surfrider Foundation, said in a statement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. Reps. Kevin Mullin, D-San Mateo, and Andrew Garbarino, R-N.Y., introduced legislation in June that would set aside $5 million over the next year for the United States Geological Survey to study and map groundwater rise nationally through 2100. The agency would also need to identify priority areas that are at increased risk of flooding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They held a press conference on Tuesday in South San Francisco in San Mateo County — considered the most at-risk county to sea level rise in California — to push for Congress to advance the legislation, which they dubbed the \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/house-bill/4144/all-actions\">Groundwater Rise and Infrastructure Preparedness Act of 2025\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1997879\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1997879 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-15_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-15_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-15_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-15_qed-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/20240604_FloodedSchool-15_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Richardson Bay, with Mill Valley Middle School seen in the distance on Tuesday, June 4, 2024. In October 2021, Mill Valley Middle School closed down for two days due to flooding and storm damage caused by rain-induced flooding and high tides. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Climate change is going to cause water levels to rise, but there’s more to this challenge, and the truth is it’s mostly hidden from plain sight until it’s too late — there is groundwater under our feet,” Mullin said at Oyster Point Marina along the bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Passing the legislation is likely to be difficult, Mullin acknowledged, saying that the Trump administration is ignoring science and partly defunding agencies like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that play a pivotal role in tracking warming temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We may have a more friendly Congress in a couple of years, but we’re going to keep moving this because we can’t afford to wait,” Mullin said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Allison Chan, political director with Save the Bay, said the bill is a bold stand in taking the effects of climate change seriously when the federal government is deemphasizing science nationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Flooding from groundwater rise does not have to be a climate impact that our communities suffer from,” Chan said. “Using the right data and resources, we can prevent damage to our homes, schools, and public spaces and prepare people who are at risk instead of spending precious funding on disaster recovery.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under the bill, the USGS would study how the phenomenon may affect infrastructure, such as roads, utilities and sewers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use an uneven network of wells dug into a complex underground coastal geography to gauge the depth of the water table, which makes forecasting groundwater rise difficult. A mix of urban and rural coastal zones complicates that work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists would also need to assess public health risks, particularly those associated with the spread of underground pollutants and the contamination of drinking water. For example, in West Oakland, a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1980255/a-lesson-in-discrimination-a-toxic-sea-level-rise-crisis-threatens-west-oakland\">KQED investigation identified more than 100 sites\u003c/a> that could be disturbed by rising groundwater as the bay level rises in the 7-square-mile neighborhood.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>USGS scientists would also need to recommend mitigation strategies for communities and create a public-facing website displaying their maps. Within three years, the agency would need to submit a report of its findings to Congress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In San Mateo County, migrating groundwater already affects private property and public infrastructure, said Len Materman, CEO of the San Mateo County Flood and Sea Level Rise Resiliency District, or OneShoreline.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To overcome these hurdles and build protection, we need the best tools at our disposal, and in regard to groundwater, we do not yet have this,” Materman said of areas in the county where groundwater is already close to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last year, the San Francisco Bay Area Planning and Urban Research Association, or SPUR, partnered with local organizations to publish a study about \u003ca href=\"https://www.spur.org/publications/spur-report/2024-06-12/look-out-below\">East Palo Alto’s flood risk \u003c/a>due to groundwater rise. They found that migrating water below ground could burst pipes and flood basements and mobilize contaminants from toxic sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the 1880s, the Pacific Ocean has risen by approximately 8 inches along the West Coast. However, state scientists predict more than a foot of bay rise by 2050 and over 6 feet by the end of the century \u003ca href=\"https://opc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/California-Sea-Level-Rise-Guidance-2024-508.pdf\">in the worst-case scenario\u003c/a>. But sea level rise won’t just mean water lapping over shorelines. As the bay rises, it will push up groundwater inland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1997972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1997972\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/IMG_0717_Edit_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/IMG_0717_Edit_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/IMG_0717_Edit_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/IMG_0717_Edit_qed-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/IMG_0717_Edit_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Housing developments along the beachfront of Alameda, California, across an estuary of the San Leandro Bay, as viewed from Bay Farm Island in Alameda, along Shoreline Park on Aug. 16, 2021. Climate change activists worry that rising sea levels will flood out housing along this trail if more is not done to counteract climate change’s damaging effects. \u003ccite>(Joyce Tsai/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Groundwater levels during storms have already caused flooding in South San Francisco and are affecting underground infrastructure in the city’s biotech corridor and residential neighborhoods. But to fully understand the impacts, South San Francisco Mayor Eddie Flores said more study is needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We cannot protect what we don’t fully understand,” Flores said. “This legislation ensures we no longer have to choose between preparedness and uncertainty. Climate resilience is not aspirational. It’s operational.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a 2023 study by the San Francisco Estuary Institute, scientists expect \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11938215/new-study-finds-rising-groundwater-is-a-major-bay-area-flooding-risk\">rising groundwater levels to occur many years before they reach the surface\u003c/a> in Alameda, Marin, San Francisco and San Mateo counties, based on current groundwater levels and global climate projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the effects of groundwater rise will be visible around the entire rim of the bay. Climate scientists have long warned that the region’s industrial past has resulted in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1983106/map-more-than-5000-toxic-sites-along-sf-bay-are-threatened-by-rising-groundwater-new-study-finds\">more than 5,000 contaminated sites\u003c/a> at risk of groundwater rise, which could spread pollutants into communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Industry left sites contaminated with everything from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1994526/navys-hunters-point-shipyard-cleanup-in-san-francisco-moves-underwater\">radioactive materials\u003c/a> to petroleum, as well as toxic chemicals that can vaporize and enter pipes leading directly to homes — some sites date back to the 19th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a graveyard,” said Kristina Hill, director of UC Berkeley’s Institute of Urban and Regional Development. “Everything we’ve done in the past is coming up with that groundwater to haunt us in the present.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"headTitle": "Lessons From Elsewhere: Managing San Francisco’s Stormwater and Sewage Mess | KQED",
"labelTerm": {
"site": "science"
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"content": "\u003cp>San Francisco shares one nasty thing in common with New York, Chicago and Milwaukee. When big storms soak each city, \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/science/1996145/sf-dumps-millions-of-gallons-of-sewage-during-big-storms-surfers-say-that-needs-to-stop\">millions of gallons of stormwater and raw sewage pour\u003c/a> into nearby waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a legacy of how the cities were built over a century ago. Sewage and stormwater flow through the same pipes, and during large storms, the combined systems overflow, spilling into rivers, lakes and oceans. The federal government has mandated that the four cities clean up the water pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has spent billions of dollars to improve its system, but it has a long way to go, especially with the growing intensity of storms due to human-caused climate change. Water experts suggest the city can learn from the successes of other cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York has invested in green infrastructure, turning its concrete jungle into a sponge to soak up water. Chicago and Milwaukee both dug massive tunnels deep in the earth to capture water flows while also leading the way with adaptation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has upgraded parts of the combined sewer and stormwater system, installed collection boxes across the city and created hundreds of small green infrastructure projects, all to capture hundreds of millions of gallons of water annually, reducing overflows by 80% since the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996294\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1996294\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A greener, safer corridor: Trees line the center median of Cesar Chavez Street in San Francisco on Feb. 28, 2025, as part of a streetscape project that transformed the area with widened sidewalks, stormwater planters and redesigned intersections to enhance pedestrian safety and urban greenery. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of the year, the system works well, treating all of the city’s wastewater with little issue. However, during the rainy season, the city discharges nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-05/3-24-cv-02594-city-county-san-francisco-complaint-2024-05-01.pdf\">2 billion gallons of sewage water\u003c/a> into the ocean and San Francisco Bay, according to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1996145/sf-dumps-millions-of-gallons-of-sewage-during-big-storms-surfers-say-that-needs-to-stop\">Surfers and environmentalists\u003c/a> are pressing the city to reduce pollution further and say they avoid the ocean on rainy days because swimming in the murky water can lead to ear and skin infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter, sewers spilled into the bay 15 times, according to the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. In an email to KQED, city officials wrote that all its fixes “alone are not a solution for reducing the impact of the increasingly intense storms that climate change brings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996293\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1996293 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Revitalizing a historic alley: Trees line Spofford Alley in San Francisco’s Chinatown on Feb. 28, 2025, as part of the Chinatown Spofford Living Alley project. The project includes flow-through planters that manage stormwater, pedestrian lighting for safety and bench seating for visitors to rest and take in the area. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dispute over water pollution in San Francisco reached the Supreme Court after the EPA alleged the city repeatedly violated the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco sued in response, claiming the regulations were too vague. The conservative-leaning court \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12029553/supreme-court-sides-with-san-francisco-against-epa-sewage-lawsuit\">largely sided with the city\u003c/a> in an opinion released in early March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no simple or cheap solution for San Francisco’s sewage woes, and no city has implemented a perfect fix, but Chicago, Milwaukee and New York’s efforts to soak up the rain provide a potential model for how to tackle the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Chicago — ‘Waterways are cleaner than ever’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Chicago has a long history of water quality issues. In the late 1800s, the Chicago River was essentially the city’s latrine and flowed directly into Lake Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We soon started to see massive outbreaks of typhoid and other waterborne diseases,” said Karl Rockne, an environmental engineering professor at the University of Illinois Chicago. “We recognized that we had to do something here in Chicago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1996291\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1258\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-800x503.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-1020x642.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-768x483.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-1536x966.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-1920x1208.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grit and progress: Laborers pause for a photograph on Sept. 22, 1904, during construction of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal extension. Covered in drilling mud, they stand beside compressed air rock drills used to bore holes for explosives. Built from 1903 to 1907, the four-mile extension connected Lockport to Joliet, enabling full navigation from Lake Michigan to the Des Plaines River and replacing the aging I&M Canal. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To prevent sewage from reaching Lake Michigan, the city \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=kSsrrKMwPzQ&feature=youtu.be\">reversed the river’s flow\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"https://mwrd.org/news/chicago-rivers-reversal-1900-was-engineering-triumph-transformed-our-city-chicago-sun-times\">Jan. 2, 1900\u003c/a>. The city later built an elaborate maze of sewers and treatment plants and by 1930, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.chipublib.org/fa-chicago-sewers-collection/#:~:text=Later%2C%20the%20establishment%20of%20the,most%20extensive%20in%20the%20world.\">Sewers Collection\u003c/a> at the Chicago Library, it had the most extensive system in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was not enough, and in the 1970s, the Windy City still discharged sewage into waterways about 100 times a year. The federal government required Chicago to clean up its act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, Chicago has reduced its smelly water issues by digging massive tunnels up to 300 feet below the Chicago River and others that flow around the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=news_12029553 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/08/cleaner-1180x787.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city also captures runoff and sewage in three above-ground reservoirs, storing the water until it can be treated and released. The current system can store 11 billion gallons of water and will have the capacity to hold 17.5 billion gallons by 2029.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is working, but there is always going to be some storm that will create problems,” said Marcelo Garcia, professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “When the tunnels and reservoirs fill up, and you get another storm that takes you basically back to ground zero.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the city discharges about 10 times annually, about the same as San Francisco. The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago hopes discharges will decrease when the new reservoir is finished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pollution load has drastically decreased,” said Kevin Fitzpatrick, assistant director of engineering for Chicago’s reclamation district. But storms are testing the system, he added, which was designed before the current effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996295\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1996295\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/481300323_938424718481344_7313946279226847448_n-e1741972639259.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1254\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Building Chicago’s infrastructure: Workers construct the Calumet Sag Sewer near 127th Street and the Little Calumet River on July 20, 1921. This vital project helped expand the city’s sewer system, supporting flood control and wastewater management in the growing region. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The waterways are cleaner than ever, but we still have flooding,” Fitzpatrick said. “So we realize [the tunnels and reservoirs] aren’t the only solution.” The agency also manages porous parking lots and hundreds of other projects that allow rainwater to infiltrate into the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What can San Francisco learn from Chicago regarding reducing dirty flows? Garcia said tunnels are an “obvious thing to do,” but it is important to remember that Chicago has many times the open space and can store 16 times more water than San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC said digging tunnels would significantly raise water bills for San Franciscans. In a fact sheet, the agency wrote the 7-by-7 mile-wide city would need 13 miles of tunnels 24 feet in diameter to capture overflows just on the city’s bayside each year but noted it still wouldn’t prevent discharges “in the biggest storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>New York — ‘An all-the-above strategy’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2005, the federal government cited New York City for violating the Clean Water Act because its sewer systems \u003ca href=\"https://dec.ny.gov/environmental-protection/water/cso/nyc-cso\">spewed contaminated water\u003c/a> into Flushing Bay, Jamaica Bay and tributaries to the East River, Long Island Sound and Outer Harbor. Around 60% of New York City’s sewers are part of a combined system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Chicago, which sits on massive amounts of limestone that it was able to dig into, New York City has limited subterranean space, extensive underground infrastructure and a high water table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996288\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1996288\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A living landscape: The green roof at Greenpoint Public Library in Brooklyn, New York, on March 7, 2025. Completed in 2020 as part of the library’s Environmental Education Center, the space features soil beds for horticultural programs, solar panels for renewable energy and permeable paving to manage rainwater sustainably. \u003ccite>(Jack Beal for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Big Apple has instead invested in more than 13,000 rain gardens, green roofs, permeable pavement and other infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New York City is not the first city to use green infrastructure, but it is the first city to broadly implement it specifically for this purpose of combined sewer overflow management,” said Bernice Rosenzweig\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>professor of environmental science at Sarah Lawrence College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While New York still grapples with reducing its discharges, Rosenzweig thinks San Francisco can learn a lot from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996289\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1996289\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/NYC_Map-e1741973347558.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1355\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mapping sustainability: The Green Infrastructure Program map, created by New York City’s Department of Environmental Protection, offers an interactive tool for users to explore green infrastructure projects across the city’s five boroughs, highlighting efforts to manage stormwater and promote environmental resilience. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of New York City Department of Environmental Protection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“New York City and San Francisco have a lot of similarities,” Rosenzweig said — even though New York’s population is more than 10 times bigger. “They’re some of the densest communities in the United States, and they both rely on subterranean infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building green infrastructure has the effect of punching “holes” in the hard concrete landscape to “create sponges” so rainwater can be absorbed into the ground, said Jennifer Cherrier, an earth and environmental sciences professor at City University of New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city isn’t relying solely on green infrastructure; it also has plans that include holding tanks, sewer improvements and marsh restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1996290 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"659\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-800x264.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-1020x336.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-768x253.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-1536x506.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-1920x633.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nature’s solutions: (Left) A rain garden at Saint Mary’s Park in the Bronx, New York, in March 2025, captures runoff from the recreation center’s roof, gradually releasing it to irrigate the garden while easing the strain on the city’s drainage system. The curb cuts direct water from the pavement into the ground. (Right) Snowdrops bloom in a rain garden beside permeable pavers at the Gil Hodges Community Garden in Brooklyn, New York, in March 2025. This rain garden, paired with permeable pavers, captures and reuses over 285,000 gallons of rainwater annually, promoting sustainable stormwater management. \u003ccite>(Jack Beal for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our waters are getting a lot cleaner,” Cherrier said. “We have great white shark nursery grounds showing up again. We have had whales underneath the Brooklyn Bridge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the advocacy group Save the Sound estimates that more than 21 billion gallons of raw sewage enter New York City’s coastal waters annually, more than 10 times that of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really do need an all-of-the-above strategy, and the strategies that are implemented are going to vary across the city,” Rosenzweig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Milwaukee — ‘Every drop of water counts’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At the height of a water quality crisis in the 1970s, Milwaukee poured millions of gallons of sewage and stormwater into Lake Michigan an average of 60 times a year. Kevin Shafer, executive director of the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, described the rivers in the region “as big, open sewers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, over time, the city brought down the number of discharges; last year, it had only one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal was zero, and we had one,” Shafer said. “That’s not good enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996284\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1996284 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1121\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-800x448.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-1020x572.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-768x430.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-1536x861.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-1920x1076.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lessons from Chicago’s infrastructure: The McCook Reservoir, stages 1 and 2, part of Chicago’s Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP), photographed on May 15, 2023, during excavation. This critical infrastructure project is designed to prevent pollution and manage stormwater, helping to protect the city from flooding and improve water quality. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dan Wendt/MWRDGC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Milwaukee applied the strategies pioneered in Chicago, digging miles of deep tunnels. It’s also developed more green infrastructure, like New York, transforming more than 5 square miles of land into a watershed and deploying rain barrels and green roofs to capture billions of gallons of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tunnels are the backbone of everything we do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also sends alerts for residents to reduce water use during storms to “preserve the tunnels for the big events by cutting off the water at the surface.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1996321 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A step toward sustainability: A green infrastructure installation at San Francisco State University on Feb. 28, 2025, outside the science building. This basin captures and infiltrates stormwater through a spillway, channeling runoff into a swale that directs water to an outlet drain, enhancing the campus’s resilience to heavy rainfall. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When we started it, we were laughed at,” Shafer said. “Now we have people actively signing up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC said San Francisco’s water use is low compared to other cities, and the city has enough capacity to not issue household alerts. “We’re more worried about the rain coming down rather than people flushing their toilets; we can generally handle that,” said Joel Prather, the SFPUC’s assistant general manager for wastewater enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Shafer understands San Francisco is geographically different, he thinks the city could learn from Milwaukee’s success at reducing pollution in Lake Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think you have to take this approach that every drop of water counts, no matter where it hits the surface,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "San Francisco’s aging sewer system overflows during storms, polluting the ocean and bay. Other big cities have tackled the issue with tunnels, green development and holistic water management. ",
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"title": "Lessons From Elsewhere: Managing San Francisco's Stormwater and Sewage Mess | KQED",
"description": "San Francisco’s aging sewer system overflows during storms, polluting the ocean and bay. Other big cities have tackled the issue with tunnels, green development and holistic water management. ",
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"headline": "Lessons From Elsewhere: Managing San Francisco's Stormwater and Sewage Mess",
"datePublished": "2025-03-17T04:00:09-07:00",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>San Francisco shares one nasty thing in common with New York, Chicago and Milwaukee. When big storms soak each city, \u003ca href=\"http://kqed.org/science/1996145/sf-dumps-millions-of-gallons-of-sewage-during-big-storms-surfers-say-that-needs-to-stop\">millions of gallons of stormwater and raw sewage pour\u003c/a> into nearby waterways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a legacy of how the cities were built over a century ago. Sewage and stormwater flow through the same pipes, and during large storms, the combined systems overflow, spilling into rivers, lakes and oceans. The federal government has mandated that the four cities clean up the water pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has spent billions of dollars to improve its system, but it has a long way to go, especially with the growing intensity of storms due to human-caused climate change. Water experts suggest the city can learn from the successes of other cities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New York has invested in green infrastructure, turning its concrete jungle into a sponge to soak up water. Chicago and Milwaukee both dug massive tunnels deep in the earth to capture water flows while also leading the way with adaptation strategies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco has upgraded parts of the combined sewer and stormwater system, installed collection boxes across the city and created hundreds of small green infrastructure projects, all to capture hundreds of millions of gallons of water annually, reducing overflows by 80% since the 1970s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996294\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1996294\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-04-BL-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A greener, safer corridor: Trees line the center median of Cesar Chavez Street in San Francisco on Feb. 28, 2025, as part of a streetscape project that transformed the area with widened sidewalks, stormwater planters and redesigned intersections to enhance pedestrian safety and urban greenery. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Most of the year, the system works well, treating all of the city’s wastewater with little issue. However, during the rainy season, the city discharges nearly \u003ca href=\"https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-05/3-24-cv-02594-city-county-san-francisco-complaint-2024-05-01.pdf\">2 billion gallons of sewage water\u003c/a> into the ocean and San Francisco Bay, according to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1996145/sf-dumps-millions-of-gallons-of-sewage-during-big-storms-surfers-say-that-needs-to-stop\">Surfers and environmentalists\u003c/a> are pressing the city to reduce pollution further and say they avoid the ocean on rainy days because swimming in the murky water can lead to ear and skin infections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last winter, sewers spilled into the bay 15 times, according to the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission. In an email to KQED, city officials wrote that all its fixes “alone are not a solution for reducing the impact of the increasingly intense storms that climate change brings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996293\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1996293 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-37-BL-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Revitalizing a historic alley: Trees line Spofford Alley in San Francisco’s Chinatown on Feb. 28, 2025, as part of the Chinatown Spofford Living Alley project. The project includes flow-through planters that manage stormwater, pedestrian lighting for safety and bench seating for visitors to rest and take in the area. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The dispute over water pollution in San Francisco reached the Supreme Court after the EPA alleged the city repeatedly violated the Clean Water Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>San Francisco sued in response, claiming the regulations were too vague. The conservative-leaning court \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12029553/supreme-court-sides-with-san-francisco-against-epa-sewage-lawsuit\">largely sided with the city\u003c/a> in an opinion released in early March.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s no simple or cheap solution for San Francisco’s sewage woes, and no city has implemented a perfect fix, but Chicago, Milwaukee and New York’s efforts to soak up the rain provide a potential model for how to tackle the problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Chicago — ‘Waterways are cleaner than ever’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Chicago has a long history of water quality issues. In the late 1800s, the Chicago River was essentially the city’s latrine and flowed directly into Lake Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We soon started to see massive outbreaks of typhoid and other waterborne diseases,” said Karl Rockne, an environmental engineering professor at the University of Illinois Chicago. “We recognized that we had to do something here in Chicago.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996291\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1996291\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1258\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-800x503.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-1020x642.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-160x101.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-768x483.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-1536x966.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0201_daily_historical_1904_0922_2958_000-1920x1208.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grit and progress: Laborers pause for a photograph on Sept. 22, 1904, during construction of the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal extension. Covered in drilling mud, they stand beside compressed air rock drills used to bore holes for explosives. Built from 1903 to 1907, the four-mile extension connected Lockport to Joliet, enabling full navigation from Lake Michigan to the Des Plaines River and replacing the aging I&M Canal. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To prevent sewage from reaching Lake Michigan, the city \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=kSsrrKMwPzQ&feature=youtu.be\">reversed the river’s flow\u003c/a> on \u003ca href=\"https://mwrd.org/news/chicago-rivers-reversal-1900-was-engineering-triumph-transformed-our-city-chicago-sun-times\">Jan. 2, 1900\u003c/a>. The city later built an elaborate maze of sewers and treatment plants and by 1930, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.chipublib.org/fa-chicago-sewers-collection/#:~:text=Later%2C%20the%20establishment%20of%20the,most%20extensive%20in%20the%20world.\">Sewers Collection\u003c/a> at the Chicago Library, it had the most extensive system in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that was not enough, and in the 1970s, the Windy City still discharged sewage into waterways about 100 times a year. The federal government required Chicago to clean up its act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since then, Chicago has reduced its smelly water issues by digging massive tunnels up to 300 feet below the Chicago River and others that flow around the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city also captures runoff and sewage in three above-ground reservoirs, storing the water until it can be treated and released. The current system can store 11 billion gallons of water and will have the capacity to hold 17.5 billion gallons by 2029.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It is working, but there is always going to be some storm that will create problems,” said Marcelo Garcia, professor of civil and environmental engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “When the tunnels and reservoirs fill up, and you get another storm that takes you basically back to ground zero.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the city discharges about 10 times annually, about the same as San Francisco. The Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago hopes discharges will decrease when the new reservoir is finished.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The pollution load has drastically decreased,” said Kevin Fitzpatrick, assistant director of engineering for Chicago’s reclamation district. But storms are testing the system, he added, which was designed before the current effects of climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996295\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1996295\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/481300323_938424718481344_7313946279226847448_n-e1741972639259.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1254\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Building Chicago’s infrastructure: Workers construct the Calumet Sag Sewer near 127th Street and the Little Calumet River on July 20, 1921. This vital project helped expand the city’s sewer system, supporting flood control and wastewater management in the growing region. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“The waterways are cleaner than ever, but we still have flooding,” Fitzpatrick said. “So we realize [the tunnels and reservoirs] aren’t the only solution.” The agency also manages porous parking lots and hundreds of other projects that allow rainwater to infiltrate into the ground.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What can San Francisco learn from Chicago regarding reducing dirty flows? Garcia said tunnels are an “obvious thing to do,” but it is important to remember that Chicago has many times the open space and can store 16 times more water than San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC said digging tunnels would significantly raise water bills for San Franciscans. In a fact sheet, the agency wrote the 7-by-7 mile-wide city would need 13 miles of tunnels 24 feet in diameter to capture overflows just on the city’s bayside each year but noted it still wouldn’t prevent discharges “in the biggest storms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>New York — ‘An all-the-above strategy’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In 2005, the federal government cited New York City for violating the Clean Water Act because its sewer systems \u003ca href=\"https://dec.ny.gov/environmental-protection/water/cso/nyc-cso\">spewed contaminated water\u003c/a> into Flushing Bay, Jamaica Bay and tributaries to the East River, Long Island Sound and Outer Harbor. Around 60% of New York City’s sewers are part of a combined system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Unlike Chicago, which sits on massive amounts of limestone that it was able to dig into, New York City has limited subterranean space, extensive underground infrastructure and a high water table.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996288\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1996288\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-768x511.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_254-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A living landscape: The green roof at Greenpoint Public Library in Brooklyn, New York, on March 7, 2025. Completed in 2020 as part of the library’s Environmental Education Center, the space features soil beds for horticultural programs, solar panels for renewable energy and permeable paving to manage rainwater sustainably. \u003ccite>(Jack Beal for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Big Apple has instead invested in more than 13,000 rain gardens, green roofs, permeable pavement and other infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“New York City is not the first city to use green infrastructure, but it is the first city to broadly implement it specifically for this purpose of combined sewer overflow management,” said Bernice Rosenzweig\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>professor of environmental science at Sarah Lawrence College.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While New York still grapples with reducing its discharges, Rosenzweig thinks San Francisco can learn a lot from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996289\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1996289\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/NYC_Map-e1741973347558.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1355\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mapping sustainability: The Green Infrastructure Program map, created by New York City’s Department of Environmental Protection, offers an interactive tool for users to explore green infrastructure projects across the city’s five boroughs, highlighting efforts to manage stormwater and promote environmental resilience. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of New York City Department of Environmental Protection)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“New York City and San Francisco have a lot of similarities,” Rosenzweig said — even though New York’s population is more than 10 times bigger. “They’re some of the densest communities in the United States, and they both rely on subterranean infrastructure.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Building green infrastructure has the effect of punching “holes” in the hard concrete landscape to “create sponges” so rainwater can be absorbed into the ground, said Jennifer Cherrier, an earth and environmental sciences professor at City University of New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city isn’t relying solely on green infrastructure; it also has plans that include holding tanks, sewer improvements and marsh restoration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996290\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1996290 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"659\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-800x264.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-1020x336.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-160x53.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-768x253.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-1536x506.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/20250307_Water-Cities_JB_121_duo-1920x633.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Nature’s solutions: (Left) A rain garden at Saint Mary’s Park in the Bronx, New York, in March 2025, captures runoff from the recreation center’s roof, gradually releasing it to irrigate the garden while easing the strain on the city’s drainage system. The curb cuts direct water from the pavement into the ground. (Right) Snowdrops bloom in a rain garden beside permeable pavers at the Gil Hodges Community Garden in Brooklyn, New York, in March 2025. This rain garden, paired with permeable pavers, captures and reuses over 285,000 gallons of rainwater annually, promoting sustainable stormwater management. \u003ccite>(Jack Beal for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our waters are getting a lot cleaner,” Cherrier said. “We have great white shark nursery grounds showing up again. We have had whales underneath the Brooklyn Bridge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, the advocacy group Save the Sound estimates that more than 21 billion gallons of raw sewage enter New York City’s coastal waters annually, more than 10 times that of San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We really do need an all-of-the-above strategy, and the strategies that are implemented are going to vary across the city,” Rosenzweig said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Milwaukee — ‘Every drop of water counts’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>At the height of a water quality crisis in the 1970s, Milwaukee poured millions of gallons of sewage and stormwater into Lake Michigan an average of 60 times a year. Kevin Shafer, executive director of the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District, described the rivers in the region “as big, open sewers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, over time, the city brought down the number of discharges; last year, it had only one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goal was zero, and we had one,” Shafer said. “That’s not good enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996284\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1996284 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1121\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-800x448.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-1020x572.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-768x430.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-1536x861.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/23-0515_0005-1920x1076.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lessons from Chicago’s infrastructure: The McCook Reservoir, stages 1 and 2, part of Chicago’s Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP), photographed on May 15, 2023, during excavation. This critical infrastructure project is designed to prevent pollution and manage stormwater, helping to protect the city from flooding and improve water quality. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Dan Wendt/MWRDGC)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Milwaukee applied the strategies pioneered in Chicago, digging miles of deep tunnels. It’s also developed more green infrastructure, like New York, transforming more than 5 square miles of land into a watershed and deploying rain barrels and green roofs to capture billions of gallons of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Tunnels are the backbone of everything we do,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The agency also sends alerts for residents to reduce water use during storms to “preserve the tunnels for the big events by cutting off the water at the surface.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1996321\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1996321 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/03/250228-WaterCitiesSF-19-BL_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A step toward sustainability: A green infrastructure installation at San Francisco State University on Feb. 28, 2025, outside the science building. This basin captures and infiltrates stormwater through a spillway, channeling runoff into a swale that directs water to an outlet drain, enhancing the campus’s resilience to heavy rainfall. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When we started it, we were laughed at,” Shafer said. “Now we have people actively signing up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The SFPUC said San Francisco’s water use is low compared to other cities, and the city has enough capacity to not issue household alerts. “We’re more worried about the rain coming down rather than people flushing their toilets; we can generally handle that,” said Joel Prather, the SFPUC’s assistant general manager for wastewater enterprise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Shafer understands San Francisco is geographically different, he thinks the city could learn from Milwaukee’s success at reducing pollution in Lake Michigan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think you have to take this approach that every drop of water counts, no matter where it hits the surface,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Forecasters expect the Bay Area to have its rainiest week since spring, with three cold, wet storm systems moving over the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as Bay Area-wide goes, this is the first widespread rain with many places getting above that 10th of an inch mark,” said Brayden Murdock, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strongest rain of the first cold front has already passed over the region, but scattered showers will linger throughout the day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/NWSBayArea/status/1855969230073835952\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far, a lot of areas have passed that quarter of an inch threshold, and today, San Francisco is going to get as much as a half inch of rain, depending on where you are in the city,” said Murdock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second cold storm from the Gulf of Alaska will likely cover Northern California on Wednesday. Temperatures could drop into the low 30s during the morning hours in inland parts of the region and the 40s for Bay Area cities like San Francisco. The second storm will weaken once it reaches the Bay Area, with as much as a quarter-inch of rain in cities like San Francisco and Oakland. Murdock said the North Bay could get the greatest amount of rain on Thursday through Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it’s all said and done, there will be areas in the North Bay that get to an inch over those four days,” he said. “But San Francisco and the Bay Area proper will probably stay closer to the quarter to a half-inch range.”[aside tag=\"climate\" label=\"Related Stories\"]Murdock said the likelihood of flooding is low — even though the highest peaks, like Mount Tamalpais, could receive an inch of rain — since the storm is dropping precipitation over a period of time instead of all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as beneficial rain systems go, this one’s hitting the mark,” he said. “We’ve definitely seen worse with atmospheric rivers. So I think the Bay Area can handle these kinds of winds and rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murdock said a third storm is expected to follow late this weekend or early next week, but it’s still too early to tell how wet that storm will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as rain chances returning, there’s good confidence that it’s looking like the second half of November will stay on the wetter side,” said Murdock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Forecasters expect the Bay Area to have its rainiest week since spring, with three cold, wet storm systems moving over the region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as Bay Area-wide goes, this is the first widespread rain with many places getting above that 10th of an inch mark,” said Brayden Murdock, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strongest rain of the first cold front has already passed over the region, but scattered showers will linger throughout the day.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>“So far, a lot of areas have passed that quarter of an inch threshold, and today, San Francisco is going to get as much as a half inch of rain, depending on where you are in the city,” said Murdock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second cold storm from the Gulf of Alaska will likely cover Northern California on Wednesday. Temperatures could drop into the low 30s during the morning hours in inland parts of the region and the 40s for Bay Area cities like San Francisco. The second storm will weaken once it reaches the Bay Area, with as much as a quarter-inch of rain in cities like San Francisco and Oakland. Murdock said the North Bay could get the greatest amount of rain on Thursday through Saturday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When it’s all said and done, there will be areas in the North Bay that get to an inch over those four days,” he said. “But San Francisco and the Bay Area proper will probably stay closer to the quarter to a half-inch range.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Murdock said the likelihood of flooding is low — even though the highest peaks, like Mount Tamalpais, could receive an inch of rain — since the storm is dropping precipitation over a period of time instead of all at once.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as beneficial rain systems go, this one’s hitting the mark,” he said. “We’ve definitely seen worse with atmospheric rivers. So I think the Bay Area can handle these kinds of winds and rain.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Murdock said a third storm is expected to follow late this weekend or early next week, but it’s still too early to tell how wet that storm will be.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As far as rain chances returning, there’s good confidence that it’s looking like the second half of November will stay on the wetter side,” said Murdock.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Winter is temporarily back — and fat snowflakes were already seen falling onto Mount Tamalpais, Mount Diablo and Mount Hamilton in Marin, Contra Costa and Santa Clara counties on Thursday morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wintery conditions could last through Saturday as a cold storm moves through the region and may continue to whiten our highest peaks with a few inches of snow across the Bay Area and Central Coast. [pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Matt Mehle, meteorologist, National Weather Service Bay Area office\"]‘The snow will probably be most notable for people living in the East Bay, the heart of the Bay Area.’[/pullquote]“The snow will probably be most notable for people living in the East Bay, the heart of the Bay Area,” said Matt Mehle, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures drop Thursday and Friday evenings, forecasters said rain could turn into snow, and temperatures on Thursday afternoon will struggle to warm above the mid-50s in lowlands and above 30 degrees in higher terrain. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11937103/warming-shelters-flood-bomb-cyclone-storm-bay-area\">Meteorologists warn that near-freezing temperatures could negatively impact unhoused people.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in the Sierra Nevada, as much as 1 foot of snow could fall across the highest elevations, once again \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11937204/lake-tahoe-weather-forecast-road-conditions-snow-chains\">complicating travel on mountain passes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Getting cold systems like this down into California is not uncommon; what’s uncommon is to get it at this time of year,” Mehle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A storm bringing more snow than rain?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The late-season cold storm is traveling south from the Gulf of Alaska, and forecasters don’t expect the storm to produce gobs of rain, wind or flooding — less than an inch of rain across the region is predicted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But meteorologists do expect up to a foot of snow along the Central Coast in the mountains near Big Sur.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you encounter snow, definitely drive slower,” Mehle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/DrewTumaABC7/status/1775908152904659372?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Weather Service has not issued a wind advisory, but Mehle warns wind gusts up to 40 mph are possible throughout the Bay Area over the next 24 hours. He said the agency is also working with government partners to ensure \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11937103/warming-shelters-flood-bomb-cyclone-storm-bay-area\">warming centers are open for unhoused people \u003c/a>to escape the wintery conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Temperatures will remain below normal all the way into the upcoming weekend,” Mehle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meteorologists forecast the rain and wind to taper off late Friday and Saturday, but cold temperatures will linger into the weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/CALFIRECZU/status/1775935116910735731?s=20\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The weather pattern could also drop up to 1 foot of snow across the highest points in the Sierra Nevada, especially south of Highway 50, said Idamis Shoemaker, a National Weather Service meteorologist with the agency’s Sacramento office. [aside postID=science_1991866 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/03/CaliWeather318-1020x680.jpg']Shoemaker said people traveling in the Sierra this week should carry chains and be prepared for snow-covered roads and travel delays. She also warned that we “could see snow levels lowering down into the upper foothills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold storms also bring thunderstorm potential. Shoemaker said that could mean lightning, gusty winds, small hail and funnel clouds at lower elevations, especially in the Sacramento Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking ahead, there’s a slight chance of scattered showers over the weekend before warm and dry weather returns next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Warmer than average temps may be in the cards by mid-April,” said UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/Weather_West/status/1775567128407450068?s=20\">in a post on X\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The snow will probably be most notable for people living in the East Bay, the heart of the Bay Area,” said Matt Mehle, a meteorologist with the National Weather Service’s Bay Area office.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As temperatures drop Thursday and Friday evenings, forecasters said rain could turn into snow, and temperatures on Thursday afternoon will struggle to warm above the mid-50s in lowlands and above 30 degrees in higher terrain. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11937103/warming-shelters-flood-bomb-cyclone-storm-bay-area\">Meteorologists warn that near-freezing temperatures could negatively impact unhoused people.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up in the Sierra Nevada, as much as 1 foot of snow could fall across the highest elevations, once again \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11937204/lake-tahoe-weather-forecast-road-conditions-snow-chains\">complicating travel on mountain passes\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Getting cold systems like this down into California is not uncommon; what’s uncommon is to get it at this time of year,” Mehle said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Shoemaker said people traveling in the Sierra this week should carry chains and be prepared for snow-covered roads and travel delays. She also warned that we “could see snow levels lowering down into the upper foothills.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The cold storms also bring thunderstorm potential. Shoemaker said that could mean lightning, gusty winds, small hail and funnel clouds at lower elevations, especially in the Sacramento Valley.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking ahead, there’s a slight chance of scattered showers over the weekend before warm and dry weather returns next week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Warmer than average temps may be in the cards by mid-April,” said UCLA climate scientist Daniel Swain \u003ca href=\"https://x.com/Weather_West/status/1775567128407450068?s=20\">in a post on X\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"order": 19
},
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"info": "KQED’s statewide radio news program providing daily coverage of issues, trends and public policy decisions.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/californiareport",
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"order": 8
},
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},
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},
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"info": "A one-hour radio program to hear celebrated writers, artists and thinkers address contemporary ideas and values, often discussing the creative process. Please note: tapes or transcripts are not available",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/05/cityartsandlecture-300x300.jpg",
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"meta": {
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"source": "City Arts & Lectures"
},
"link": "https://www.cityarts.net",
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"info": "Close All Tabs breaks down how digital culture shapes our world through thoughtful insights and irreverent humor.",
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"order": 1
},
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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},
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"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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},
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
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},
"hidden-brain": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"jerrybrown": {
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"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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},
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"soldout": {
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