Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning
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400;\"> is still making fresh discoveries and sending us breathtaking pictures of the gas giant and its entourage of at least 79 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7711&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200722-2\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">moons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most recent finding is a bizarre meteorological phenomenon, something not seen on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/tq_6DClZ0Ns\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: “shallow” lightning, accompanied by slushy hailstones made of an antifreeze-like mixture of water and ammonia, dubbed “mushballs” by NASA’s Juno science team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968536 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1187x1536.jpg 1187w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1583x2048.jpg 1583w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1920x2485.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-scaled.jpg 1978w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which orbits Jupiter in an elongated, looping path that carries it as close as 2,600 miles of the gas giant’s cloud tops. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These mysterious weather phenomena have helped us better understand the distribution of ammonia in the Jovian atmosphere\u003c/span>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> And, they can help improve our overall understanding of distant planets orbiting stars in other solar systems, too far away for us to study in detail.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Makes Lightning ‘Shallow’?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 1979, observations made by spacecraft before Juno — Voyagers 1 and 2, and Galileo — detected \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powerful flashes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through the cloud layers of Jupiter’s turbulent atmosphere. Unlike Earth, the gas giant planet has no solid surface, and is made up of ever deeper and thicker layers of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium. The potent electrical discharges — detected by earlier missions — are believed to occur as far as 40 miles below the visible cloud tops, where temperatures and atmospheric pressure are right for the formation of lightning as we understand it on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968696 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1036\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist illustration of the distribution of powerful, “deep” lightning in Jupiter’s polar regions, detected decades ago by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. On Earth, solar heating drives most lightning activity in the warm equatorial region, but on Jupiter, where the sun’s light is 25 times weaker, the tropical areas are more stable, and lightning driven by Jupiter’s own internal heat appears to reside in the more turbulent polar regions. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/JunoCam)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Earth, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/#:~:text=Lightning%20is%20a%20giant%20spark,the%20cloud%20and%20the%20ground.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lightning is generated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where water is found in all its states — gas, liquid droplets and solid particles of ice. Water vapor feeds the growth of liquid droplets in a cloud, and strong updrafts carry the droplets to altitudes where freezing temperatures turn them to ice particles. The ice particles fall downward, colliding with the upwelling liquid droplets, and the friction of their interaction knocks electrons from water molecules. Static electric charge builds up until it’s too strong to remain static, then discharges into the air, another cloud, or the ground. The same thing happens on a much smaller scale when you \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scijinks.gov/lightning/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drag your shoes across a carpet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and build up static electricity from the friction, until you touch another electrical conductor (metal, or another person) and discharge the electrons in a tiny, sometimes painful zap of mini-lightning. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To scientists’ surprise, Juno, passing within a few thousand miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops on the night side, detected flashes of lightning much smaller than the powerful strikes earlier missions had seen coming from beneath the clouds. Estimates place the number of these lightning strokes at about 3.75 billion per year, across Jupiter’s entire surface — that’s about 119 per second on average! These fainter flashes appear to come from much higher in the atmosphere, where it is too cold — below negative 126 degrees Fahrenheit — for droplets of liquid water to exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-enhanced image showing one of Jupiter’s turbulent storm systems. The bumpy white texture highlighting the strokes of the storm’s swirls are where power updrafts of storm cloud cells rise high above Jupiter’s general cloud tops. It is in these thunderhead towers that NASA’s Juno discovery of “shallow lighting” is thought to occur. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstaedt/Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was baffling at first, until one Juno scientist had an idea that could not only explain the high-altitude lightning in Jupiter’s atmosphere, but also another mystery that has puzzled scientists for years: much \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/space/2020/08/15/jupiters-atmosphere-is-regulated-by-ammonia-storms-research-reveals/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lower than predicted amounts of ammonia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Mushball Connection\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7721&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200805-1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">explanation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the shallow lightning and Jupiter’s “missing” ammonia in the upper atmosphere goes like this: Jupiter’s powerful thunderstorms and the strong updrafts of air and liquid water droplets eject plumes of water as high as 16 miles above the tops of the thunderheads, which freeze into ice crystals in the extreme cold above. There, the ice particles encounter a layer of ammonia gas, which melts the ice and blends with the water to form a liquid water-ammonia antifreeze mixture. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968539 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"681\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-160x136.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows how Juno’s newly discovered “shallow lightning” may be generated by the growth of semi-slushy “mushballs” of water-ammonia that fall like hail onto updrafts of frozen water-ice particles. On Earth, it is falling solid-ice hail interacting with rising liquid water droplets that generate static electricity that drives lightning. On Jupiter, due to the involvement of ammonia, the process is turned somewhat upside down. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/CNRS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the droplets of water-ammonia rise and fall, they collide with the water-ice crystals flung upward by the thunderhead far below. As with Earthly lightning, the friction of collision between the liquid “antifreeze” and solid ice particles generates static electricity, and high-altitude lightning is born. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why there is less ammonia in some parts of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere than previously thought may be explained by what happens next.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the cold, high-altitude layers where the lightning is generated, a crust of water ice forms around the liquid water-ammonia core of a droplet, growing thicker and enlarging the so-called “mushball” until the atmosphere can no longer support it. It falls like a hailstone, deep into Jupiter’s atmosphere, below the visible surface of its cloud tops where it cannot be detected by spacecraft like Juno. Only then, far below the clouds, does the mushball’s icy crust melt and its water-ammonia core evaporate, potentially forming a layer of ammonia beneath the clouds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Are Shallow Lightning and Mushy Ammonia Hailstones Important?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a great diversity in planets and moons within our own solar system, each with very different compositions and environments. As we explore Jupiter’s stormy weather, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars’ global dust storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-discovers-flowing-ices-on-pluto\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto’s nitrogen-methane glacial flows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we are learning how different planets work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we begin to study more closely the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190927135157.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thousands of extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discovered in the last 30 years, we can use what we’ve learned in our solar system as a framework to understand what lies beyond. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Four years after arriving at Jupiter, NASA's Juno spacecraft has discovered \"shallow\" lightning and \"mushballs.\" ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704847084,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1168},"headData":{"title":"Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning | KQED","description":"Four years after arriving at Jupiter, NASA's Juno spacecraft has discovered "shallow" lightning and "mushballs." ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Weather Report from Jupiter: Mushballs, With a Chance of Shallow Lightning","datePublished":"2020-08-25T14:00:02.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:38:04.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1968693/draft-weather-report-from-jupiter-mushballs-with-a-chance-of-shallow-lightning","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Four years after arriving at the planet \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/jupiter/in-depth/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Jupiter\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/juno/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NASA’s Juno spacecraft\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is still making fresh discoveries and sending us breathtaking pictures of the gas giant and its entourage of at least 79 \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7711&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200722-2\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">moons\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The most recent finding is a bizarre meteorological phenomenon, something not seen on \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://youtu.be/tq_6DClZ0Ns\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Earth\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: “shallow” lightning, accompanied by slushy hailstones made of an antifreeze-like mixture of water and ammonia, dubbed “mushballs” by NASA’s Juno science team. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968536\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968536 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1035\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-800x1035.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1020x1320.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1187x1536.jpg 1187w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1583x2048.jpg 1583w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-1920x2485.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia21771-juno-nasa-jplcaltech-scaled.jpg 1978w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An illustration of NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which orbits Jupiter in an elongated, looping path that carries it as close as 2,600 miles of the gas giant’s cloud tops. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These mysterious weather phenomena have helped us better understand the distribution of ammonia in the Jovian atmosphere\u003c/span>.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> And, they can help improve our overall understanding of distant planets orbiting stars in other solar systems, too far away for us to study in detail.\u003c/span>\u003ci>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u003c/span>\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>What Makes Lightning ‘Shallow’?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Since 1979, observations made by spacecraft before Juno — Voyagers 1 and 2, and Galileo — detected \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/juno-solves-39-year-old-mystery-of-jupiter-lightning\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">powerful flashes of lightning\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through the cloud layers of Jupiter’s turbulent atmosphere. Unlike Earth, the gas giant planet has no solid surface, and is made up of ever deeper and thicker layers of gas, mostly hydrogen and helium. The potent electrical discharges — detected by earlier missions — are believed to occur as far as 40 miles below the visible cloud tops, where temperatures and atmospheric pressure are right for the formation of lightning as we understand it on Earth. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968696\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968696 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1036\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-800x1036.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-160x207.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000-768x994.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia22474-2000.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An artist illustration of the distribution of powerful, “deep” lightning in Jupiter’s polar regions, detected decades ago by the Voyager and Galileo spacecraft. On Earth, solar heating drives most lightning activity in the warm equatorial region, but on Jupiter, where the sun’s light is 25 times weaker, the tropical areas are more stable, and lightning driven by Jupiter’s own internal heat appears to reside in the more turbulent polar regions. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/JunoCam)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On Earth, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nssl.noaa.gov/education/svrwx101/lightning/#:~:text=Lightning%20is%20a%20giant%20spark,the%20cloud%20and%20the%20ground.\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lightning is generated\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> where water is found in all its states — gas, liquid droplets and solid particles of ice. Water vapor feeds the growth of liquid droplets in a cloud, and strong updrafts carry the droplets to altitudes where freezing temperatures turn them to ice particles. The ice particles fall downward, colliding with the upwelling liquid droplets, and the friction of their interaction knocks electrons from water molecules. Static electric charge builds up until it’s too strong to remain static, then discharges into the air, another cloud, or the ground. The same thing happens on a much smaller scale when you \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://scijinks.gov/lightning/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">drag your shoes across a carpet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and build up static electricity from the friction, until you touch another electrical conductor (metal, or another person) and discharge the electrons in a tiny, sometimes painful zap of mini-lightning. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To scientists’ surprise, Juno, passing within a few thousand miles of Jupiter’s cloud tops on the night side, detected flashes of lightning much smaller than the powerful strikes earlier missions had seen coming from beneath the clouds. Estimates place the number of these lightning strokes at about 3.75 billion per year, across Jupiter’s entire surface — that’s about 119 per second on average! These fainter flashes appear to come from much higher in the atmosphere, where it is too cold — below negative 126 degrees Fahrenheit — for droplets of liquid water to exist. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1968540\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/image_5418_4e-Juno-NASA-JPL-Caltech-SwRI-MSSS-Gerald-Eichstaedt-Sean-Doran.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Color-enhanced image showing one of Jupiter’s turbulent storm systems. The bumpy white texture highlighting the strokes of the storm’s swirls are where power updrafts of storm cloud cells rise high above Jupiter’s general cloud tops. It is in these thunderhead towers that NASA’s Juno discovery of “shallow lighting” is thought to occur. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Gerald Eichstaedt/Sean Doran)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This was baffling at first, until one Juno scientist had an idea that could not only explain the high-altitude lightning in Jupiter’s atmosphere, but also another mystery that has puzzled scientists for years: much \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://thenextweb.com/space/2020/08/15/jupiters-atmosphere-is-regulated-by-ammonia-storms-research-reveals/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">lower than predicted amounts of ammonia\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Jupiter’s upper atmosphere. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Mushball Connection\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7721&utm_source=iContact&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=nasajpl&utm_content=daily-20200805-1\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">explanation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for the shallow lightning and Jupiter’s “missing” ammonia in the upper atmosphere goes like this: Jupiter’s powerful thunderstorms and the strong updrafts of air and liquid water droplets eject plumes of water as high as 16 miles above the tops of the thunderheads, which freeze into ice crystals in the extreme cold above. There, the ice particles encounter a layer of ammonia gas, which melts the ice and blends with the water to form a liquid water-ammonia antifreeze mixture. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1968539\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1968539 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"681\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-800x681.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-160x136.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS-768x653.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2020/08/pia24042-image-3b-1041-NASAJPL-CaltechSwRICNRS.jpg 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagram shows how Juno’s newly discovered “shallow lightning” may be generated by the growth of semi-slushy “mushballs” of water-ammonia that fall like hail onto updrafts of frozen water-ice particles. On Earth, it is falling solid-ice hail interacting with rising liquid water droplets that generate static electricity that drives lightning. On Jupiter, due to the involvement of ammonia, the process is turned somewhat upside down. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/CNRS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As the droplets of water-ammonia rise and fall, they collide with the water-ice crystals flung upward by the thunderhead far below. As with Earthly lightning, the friction of collision between the liquid “antifreeze” and solid ice particles generates static electricity, and high-altitude lightning is born. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Why there is less ammonia in some parts of Jupiter’s upper atmosphere than previously thought may be explained by what happens next.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the cold, high-altitude layers where the lightning is generated, a crust of water ice forms around the liquid water-ammonia core of a droplet, growing thicker and enlarging the so-called “mushball” until the atmosphere can no longer support it. It falls like a hailstone, deep into Jupiter’s atmosphere, below the visible surface of its cloud tops where it cannot be detected by spacecraft like Juno. Only then, far below the clouds, does the mushball’s icy crust melt and its water-ammonia core evaporate, potentially forming a layer of ammonia beneath the clouds. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Why Are Shallow Lightning and Mushy Ammonia Hailstones Important?\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is a great diversity in planets and moons within our own solar system, each with very different compositions and environments. As we explore Jupiter’s stormy weather, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/weather/storm-watch-2018/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Mars’ global dust storms\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-discovers-flowing-ices-on-pluto\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pluto’s nitrogen-methane glacial flows\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we are learning how different planets work.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As we begin to study more closely the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/09/190927135157.htm\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\">thousands of extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> discovered in the last 30 years, we can use what we’ve learned in our solar system as a framework to understand what lies beyond. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1968693/draft-weather-report-from-jupiter-mushballs-with-a-chance-of-shallow-lightning","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1056","science_5180","science_1746"],"featImg":"science_1968699","label":"source_science_1968693"},"science_1938853":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1938853","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1938853","score":null,"sort":[1551998137000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"photos-latest-winter-storm-lights-up-southern-california-sky","title":"PHOTOS: Latest Winter Storm Lights Up Southern California Sky","publishDate":1551998137,"format":"standard","headTitle":"PHOTOS: Latest Winter Storm Lights Up Southern California Sky | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>Another very wet storm rolled into Southern California with spectacular lightning, thunderclaps and downpours, but evacuations were canceled Wednesday as significant debris and mud flows did not materialize.[contextly_sidebar id=”tWwS64gSK0n3mJCNQWGlKUyVmC0LZa4e”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous traffic accidents, localized street flooding and canyon rock falls snarled Los Angeles area traffic, but conditions were diminishing to showers as the system moved east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm was the latest atmospheric river to flow into the state this winter. The National Weather Service reported “copious” lightning strikes as the long plume of Pacific moisture approached the coast late Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sky over Southern California was streaked with bolts as thunder boomed and rattled the region. The weather service said it was “one of the more electrically active systems” seen all winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1938868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-768x546.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938863\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938863\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-768x525.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-1020x697.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lightning strikes in the skies above Santa Barbara, CA, March 5, 2019. \u003ccite>(Mike Eliason/Santa Barbara County Fire Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was just thrilling. We were amazed,” said Jennifer Kennedy of Santa Monica, who was driving with her son near Los Angeles International Airport when the skies opened up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We started to see some really huge lightning strikes out over the water,” she said. “We wondered if it would affect flight operations at the airport.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta Air Lines Flight 2432 returned to LAX “out of an abundance of caution” after encountering lightning Tuesday, the airline said. The 110 passengers were put aboard another flight to Seattle, a statement said, noting that airliners are designed to withstand lightning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Barbara County authorities were able to lift evacuation orders for an estimated 3,000 residents of communities below hills and mountains scarred by several recent wildfires, including parts of Montecito where a debris flow in January 2018 ravaged neighborhoods and killed more than 20 people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://twitter.com/EliasonMike/status/1103196090721959936\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Highway Patrol reported numerous incidents of roadway flooding in the mountains northeast of Bakersfield and in areas of the San Joaquin Valley, as well as in the Owens Valley at the foot of the Eastern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scenic stretch of Highway 1 near the popular tourist area of Big Sur was closed after the road surface broke apart while “several large boulders are perched above the coast route,” state transportation officials said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors in Death Valley National Park were urged to use caution as roads flooded in one of the driest spots in the country. In a typical March, the Furnace Creek rain gauge in Death Valley records about 0.3 inches of rainfall. In a 24-hour period between Tuesday and Wednesday, the same gauge measured 0.84 inches, the weather service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With just two weeks left in the season, California is flush with water and a vital snowpack that’s significantly above normal, and drought and abnormal dryness have been pushed to the fringes of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One inch of rain fell in downtown Los Angeles as of 2 p.m. Wednesday, breaking the previous record for the date of .88 inches set in 1884, the weather service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With showers still occurring and more rain in the near- and long-term forecasts, downtown LA was nearing 18 inches so far this season. That’s more than 6 inches above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snow continued to fall in the Sierra Nevada, where winter storm warnings were to remain in effect for high elevations until early Thursday. The Mammoth Mountain ski resort reported more than 51 feet of snow on its summit so far this season.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Lightning struck Santa Barbara skies on Tuesday as the latest atmospheric river storm hit the state.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848813,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":589},"headData":{"title":"PHOTOS: Latest Winter Storm Lights Up Southern California Sky | KQED","description":"Lightning struck Santa Barbara skies on Tuesday as the latest atmospheric river storm hit the state.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"PHOTOS: Latest Winter Storm Lights Up Southern California Sky","datePublished":"2019-03-07T22:35:37.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:06:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Weather","sticky":false,"nprByline":"Associated Press","path":"/science/1938853/photos-latest-winter-storm-lights-up-southern-california-sky","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Another very wet storm rolled into Southern California with spectacular lightning, thunderclaps and downpours, but evacuations were canceled Wednesday as significant debris and mud flows did not materialize.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Numerous traffic accidents, localized street flooding and canyon rock falls snarled Los Angeles area traffic, but conditions were diminishing to showers as the system moved east.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The storm was the latest atmospheric river to flow into the state this winter. The National Weather Service reported “copious” lightning strikes as the long plume of Pacific moisture approached the coast late Tuesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The sky over Southern California was streaked with bolts as thunder boomed and rattled the region. The weather service said it was “one of the more electrically active systems” seen all winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-1938868\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-800x569.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"569\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-800x569.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-768x546.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2-1020x725.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsUwAAeCl2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1938863\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1938863\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-800x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-800x547.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-768x525.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0-1020x697.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/03/D08j5JsV4AAGOl0.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lightning strikes in the skies above Santa Barbara, CA, March 5, 2019. \u003ccite>(Mike Eliason/Santa Barbara County Fire Department)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It was just thrilling. We were amazed,” said Jennifer Kennedy of Santa Monica, who was driving with her son near Los Angeles International Airport when the skies opened up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We started to see some really huge lightning strikes out over the water,” she said. “We wondered if it would affect flight operations at the airport.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Delta Air Lines Flight 2432 returned to LAX “out of an abundance of caution” after encountering lightning Tuesday, the airline said. The 110 passengers were put aboard another flight to Seattle, a statement said, noting that airliners are designed to withstand lightning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Santa Barbara County authorities were able to lift evacuation orders for an estimated 3,000 residents of communities below hills and mountains scarred by several recent wildfires, including parts of Montecito where a debris flow in January 2018 ravaged neighborhoods and killed more than 20 people.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"singleTwitterStatus","attributes":{"named":{"id":"1103196090721959936"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>The California Highway Patrol reported numerous incidents of roadway flooding in the mountains northeast of Bakersfield and in areas of the San Joaquin Valley, as well as in the Owens Valley at the foot of the Eastern Sierra.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A scenic stretch of Highway 1 near the popular tourist area of Big Sur was closed after the road surface broke apart while “several large boulders are perched above the coast route,” state transportation officials said on Twitter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Visitors in Death Valley National Park were urged to use caution as roads flooded in one of the driest spots in the country. In a typical March, the Furnace Creek rain gauge in Death Valley records about 0.3 inches of rainfall. In a 24-hour period between Tuesday and Wednesday, the same gauge measured 0.84 inches, the weather service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With just two weeks left in the season, California is flush with water and a vital snowpack that’s significantly above normal, and drought and abnormal dryness have been pushed to the fringes of the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One inch of rain fell in downtown Los Angeles as of 2 p.m. Wednesday, breaking the previous record for the date of .88 inches set in 1884, the weather service said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With showers still occurring and more rain in the near- and long-term forecasts, downtown LA was nearing 18 inches so far this season. That’s more than 6 inches above normal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snow continued to fall in the Sierra Nevada, where winter storm warnings were to remain in effect for high elevations until early Thursday. The Mammoth Mountain ski resort reported more than 51 feet of snow on its summit so far this season.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1938853/photos-latest-winter-storm-lights-up-southern-california-sky","authors":["byline_science_1938853"],"categories":["science_31","science_35","science_16","science_40","science_98"],"tags":["science_2227","science_3838","science_1746","science_5190","science_110","science_365"],"featImg":"science_1938866","label":"source_science_1938853"},"science_27882":{"type":"posts","id":"science_27882","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"27882","score":null,"sort":[1425607859000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together","title":"Scientists Discover Natural Glass Created by Volcanoes and Lightning","publishDate":1425607859,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Scientists Discover Natural Glass Created by Volcanoes and Lightning | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/galunggung-lightning-usgs.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/galunggung-lightning-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"Volcanic lightning can melt ash into tiny spheres of glass\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27883\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volcanic lightning lashes the eruption cloud over Galunggung, in Indonesia, in this 1984 photo. This discharge of energy creates abundant tiny spheres of melted rock that mix with the ash as it settles earthward and enters the geologic cycle. (USGS) \u003ccite>(U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Geologists are familiar with something most of us have never seen—spherules, or microscopic balls of natural glass that hide in sediments all over the world. A new study reports a previously unknown kind of spherule that’s forged during volcanic eruptions as lightning lashes roiling clouds of hot ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glassy spherules occur in all kinds of places on Earth, and on the Moon, and we know several ways they’re created. Meteors make them as they burn up entering the atmosphere from space. Large meteor impacts make lots more spherules as they explode into fiery debris. The same impacts can melt the ground they strike and form \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/\">tektites\u003c/a>. The red-hot spray of exploding lava also can make spherules, called Pele’s spheres or achneliths. All of these spherule types are on the order of a millimeter across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And we have lightning. Whether it strikes loose sediment or hard stone, lightning’s instantaneous heat, estimated at 30,000°C, can melt tubes and droplets of material into the curious features called \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/climate_change/a/fulgurites.htm\">fulgurites\u003c/a>. Knowing this power of lightning, \u003ca href=\"http://geo.ua.edu/profile/genareau-kimberly-2/\">Kimberly Genareau\u003c/a>, a volcanologist at the University of Alabama, wondered what happens in eruption clouds of volcanic ash when lightning laces through them. What she learned is the subject of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/02/26/G36255.1.abstract\">an open-access paper in the journal \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She acquired ash from two eruptions known for their spectacular volcanic lightning displays, the 2009 eruption of Redoubt in Alaska and the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ashes contained a noticeable share of glassy spherules, as much as a few percent. These looked different enough from other types of spherules for Genareau and her coauthors to declare them a new type with the workaday name of lightning-induced volcanic spherules, or LIVS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/LIVS.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/LIVS.png\" alt=\"Lightning-induced volcanic spherules\" width=\"600\" height=\"248\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27884\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LIVS from the Redoubt eruption of 2009; a singleton on the left and a cluster on the right. These are smaller than a human hair. (Genareau/GSA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To create spherules themselves in a laboratory setting, Genareau turned to industrial techniques. Volcanic ash does nasty things to human equipment. It scratches car windshields, clogs air filters and damages jet engines. Electrical substations rely on the insulating property of air to prevent short circuits between high-voltage fixtures, but volcanic ash mucks that up badly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because electrical failures are a known problem after eruptions, engineers have a standard lab test for checking how high-voltage equipment performs when it’s covered in volcanic ash. It was a simple matter to adapt this test by sprinkling a large insulator with ground lava dust, wetting it, and then loading it with voltage until it zapped. This analog of natural lightning produced spherules, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27885\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/pseudoLIVS.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/pseudoLIVS.png\" alt=\"Pseudo-LIVS created in an electrical lab\" width=\"600\" height=\"251\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27885\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pseudo-spherules from high-voltage flashover trials, a lab version of lightning-melted ash. (Genareau/GSA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a tidy piece of research that both describes a new type of natural particle and shows how to reproduce it without an erupting volcano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever geologists detect something new in the present, they’re duty-bound to ask themselves, “What if this has gone on for millions and billions of years?” As we learn to better understand LIVS, we may find them where they’ve been hiding in plain sight, misidentified as some other kind of spherule. We now have another tool for studying prehistoric eruptions through their ash particles. And because lightning has been detected on other planets, too, who knows what mischief it’s been doing out there all this time?\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Geologists are familiar with something most of us have never seen—spherules, or microscopic balls of natural glass that hide in sediments all over the world. A new study reports a previously unknown kind of spherule that’s forged during volcanic eruptions as lightning lashes roiling clouds of hot ash.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932185,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":628},"headData":{"title":"Scientists Discover Natural Glass Created by Volcanoes and Lightning | KQED","description":"Geologists are familiar with something most of us have never seen—spherules, or microscopic balls of natural glass that hide in sediments all over the world. A new study reports a previously unknown kind of spherule that’s forged during volcanic eruptions as lightning lashes roiling clouds of hot ash.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Scientists Discover Natural Glass Created by Volcanoes and Lightning","datePublished":"2015-03-06T02:10:59.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:16:25.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/27882/volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27883\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/galunggung-lightning-usgs.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/galunggung-lightning-usgs.jpg\" alt=\"Volcanic lightning can melt ash into tiny spheres of glass\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27883\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Volcanic lightning lashes the eruption cloud over Galunggung, in Indonesia, in this 1984 photo. This discharge of energy creates abundant tiny spheres of melted rock that mix with the ash as it settles earthward and enters the geologic cycle. (USGS) \u003ccite>(U.S. Geological Survey)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Geologists are familiar with something most of us have never seen—spherules, or microscopic balls of natural glass that hide in sediments all over the world. A new study reports a previously unknown kind of spherule that’s forged during volcanic eruptions as lightning lashes roiling clouds of hot ash.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Glassy spherules occur in all kinds of places on Earth, and on the Moon, and we know several ways they’re created. Meteors make them as they burn up entering the atmosphere from space. Large meteor impacts make lots more spherules as they explode into fiery debris. The same impacts can melt the ground they strike and form \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/12/13/help-find-the-healdsburg-tektites/\">tektites\u003c/a>. The red-hot spray of exploding lava also can make spherules, called Pele’s spheres or achneliths. All of these spherule types are on the order of a millimeter across.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And we have lightning. Whether it strikes loose sediment or hard stone, lightning’s instantaneous heat, estimated at 30,000°C, can melt tubes and droplets of material into the curious features called \u003ca href=\"http://geology.about.com/od/climate_change/a/fulgurites.htm\">fulgurites\u003c/a>. Knowing this power of lightning, \u003ca href=\"http://geo.ua.edu/profile/genareau-kimberly-2/\">Kimberly Genareau\u003c/a>, a volcanologist at the University of Alabama, wondered what happens in eruption clouds of volcanic ash when lightning laces through them. What she learned is the subject of \u003ca href=\"http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/early/2015/02/26/G36255.1.abstract\">an open-access paper in the journal \u003ci>Geology\u003c/i>\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She acquired ash from two eruptions known for their spectacular volcanic lightning displays, the 2009 eruption of Redoubt in Alaska and the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ashes contained a noticeable share of glassy spherules, as much as a few percent. These looked different enough from other types of spherules for Genareau and her coauthors to declare them a new type with the workaday name of lightning-induced volcanic spherules, or LIVS.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27884\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/LIVS.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/LIVS.png\" alt=\"Lightning-induced volcanic spherules\" width=\"600\" height=\"248\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27884\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">LIVS from the Redoubt eruption of 2009; a singleton on the left and a cluster on the right. These are smaller than a human hair. (Genareau/GSA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To create spherules themselves in a laboratory setting, Genareau turned to industrial techniques. Volcanic ash does nasty things to human equipment. It scratches car windshields, clogs air filters and damages jet engines. Electrical substations rely on the insulating property of air to prevent short circuits between high-voltage fixtures, but volcanic ash mucks that up badly. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because electrical failures are a known problem after eruptions, engineers have a standard lab test for checking how high-voltage equipment performs when it’s covered in volcanic ash. It was a simple matter to adapt this test by sprinkling a large insulator with ground lava dust, wetting it, and then loading it with voltage until it zapped. This analog of natural lightning produced spherules, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_27885\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/pseudoLIVS.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/03/pseudoLIVS.png\" alt=\"Pseudo-LIVS created in an electrical lab\" width=\"600\" height=\"251\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27885\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pseudo-spherules from high-voltage flashover trials, a lab version of lightning-melted ash. (Genareau/GSA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This is a tidy piece of research that both describes a new type of natural particle and shows how to reproduce it without an erupting volcano.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever geologists detect something new in the present, they’re duty-bound to ask themselves, “What if this has gone on for millions and billions of years?” As we learn to better understand LIVS, we may find them where they’ve been hiding in plain sight, misidentified as some other kind of spherule. We now have another tool for studying prehistoric eruptions through their ash particles. And because lightning has been detected on other planets, too, who knows what mischief it’s been doing out there all this time?\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/27882/volcanoes-and-lightning-make-tiny-glass-balls-together","authors":["6228"],"categories":["science_38"],"tags":["science_1746","science_944"],"featImg":"science_27883","label":"science"},"science_23736":{"type":"posts","id":"science_23736","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"23736","score":null,"sort":[1415929425000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"study-warming-climate-means-more-lightning","title":"Study: Warming Climate Means More Lightning","publishDate":1415929425,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Study: Warming Climate Means More Lightning | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23751\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\" alt=\"Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\" width=\"850\" height=\"554\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23751\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s warming climate is likely to mean a surge in lightning strikes, a development that would not bode well for fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study suggests that the number of lightning strikes nationwide could jump 50 percent during this century, driven by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Warm air can hold more water vapor than cool air,” explains \u003ca title=\"UCB - Romps\" href=\"http://romps.berkeley.edu/\">David Romps\u003c/a>, an atmospheric scientist whose team at UC Berkeley came up with \u003ca title=\"UCB - post\" href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2014/11/13/lightning-expected-to-increase-by-50-percent-with-global-warming/\">the new projections\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. “And as we warm the planet, we tend to get more water vapor in the atmosphere, and water vapor is the fuel for thunderstorms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romps says every rise of about 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit should produce an 11 percent increase in ground strikes. His team came up with the projections using two key ingredients for lightning: precipitation and convection, the rising air that causes storm clouds to quickly pile up to enormous heights. Assuming average temperatures rise by 7 degrees during this century, he says warmer air will increase both, setting the stage for more electrical storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hypothesis was that that product of precipitation and storm energy would be a good predictor for lightning, and it turns out to work very well,” says Romps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”UVvNEARAmnuHxV4NwdvZPfhxIVv7QylS”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial projection applies to the continental U.S. as a whole. Romps says his team will attempt to fine-tune its models to be able to make regional projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we don’t yet know the distribution of this increase, it could be that regions of the country that get a lot of lightning strikes today will get even more in the future,” Romps says, “or it could be that regions that get very few today will get much more than they’re used to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or both, presumably. The answer will be important fodder for those who plan and budget for California’s fire season. While most wildfires are caused by human activity, lightning is the spark for many big fires in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to speculate that with a 50 percent increase in lightning strikes, we would get an increase in wildfire frequency,” says Romps. “But we haven’t yet done the work to figure out where geographically this increase occurs and when in the season it occurs, and that would be important to know, to really nail down what the increase in wildfire frequency would be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, lightning has been listed as the cause in 446 wildfires in Northern California that came under the primary jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service (which tends to handle the more remote fires). Those fires burned more than 276,000 acres combined. According to CalFire, a “lightning siege” comprising thousands of strikes in July and August were responsible for the season’s largest fire, the 130,000-acre \u003ca title=\"KPCC FireTracker - Happy Camp\" href=\"http://firetracker.scpr.org/happy-camp-complex/\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a> in the Klamath National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Memo to firefighters: Modeling by Berkeley researchers suggests a 50 percent spike in ground strikes this century, like the strikes that started last season's largest wildfire in California.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932622,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":13,"wordCount":520},"headData":{"title":"Study: Warming Climate Means More Lightning | KQED","description":"Memo to firefighters: Modeling by Berkeley researchers suggests a 50 percent spike in ground strikes this century, like the strikes that started last season's largest wildfire in California.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Study: Warming Climate Means More Lightning","datePublished":"2014-11-14T01:43:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:23:42.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/23736/study-warming-climate-means-more-lightning","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23751\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 850px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/11/RS6281_SanFranciscoLightning5-scr.jpg\" alt=\"Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\" width=\"850\" height=\"554\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23751\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Lightning strikes the San Francisco Bay Area in summer 2013. (Steve Byrne/Steve Byrne Photography)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California’s warming climate is likely to mean a surge in lightning strikes, a development that would not bode well for fire season.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new study suggests that the number of lightning strikes nationwide could jump 50 percent during this century, driven by rising temperatures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Warm air can hold more water vapor than cool air,” explains \u003ca title=\"UCB - Romps\" href=\"http://romps.berkeley.edu/\">David Romps\u003c/a>, an atmospheric scientist whose team at UC Berkeley came up with \u003ca title=\"UCB - post\" href=\"http://newscenter.berkeley.edu/2014/11/13/lightning-expected-to-increase-by-50-percent-with-global-warming/\">the new projections\u003c/a>, published this week in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em>. “And as we warm the planet, we tend to get more water vapor in the atmosphere, and water vapor is the fuel for thunderstorms.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romps says every rise of about 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit should produce an 11 percent increase in ground strikes. His team came up with the projections using two key ingredients for lightning: precipitation and convection, the rising air that causes storm clouds to quickly pile up to enormous heights. Assuming average temperatures rise by 7 degrees during this century, he says warmer air will increase both, setting the stage for more electrical storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our hypothesis was that that product of precipitation and storm energy would be a good predictor for lightning, and it turns out to work very well,” says Romps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The initial projection applies to the continental U.S. as a whole. Romps says his team will attempt to fine-tune its models to be able to make regional projections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As we don’t yet know the distribution of this increase, it could be that regions of the country that get a lot of lightning strikes today will get even more in the future,” Romps says, “or it could be that regions that get very few today will get much more than they’re used to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Or both, presumably. The answer will be important fodder for those who plan and budget for California’s fire season. While most wildfires are caused by human activity, lightning is the spark for many big fires in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s reasonable to speculate that with a 50 percent increase in lightning strikes, we would get an increase in wildfire frequency,” says Romps. “But we haven’t yet done the work to figure out where geographically this increase occurs and when in the season it occurs, and that would be important to know, to really nail down what the increase in wildfire frequency would be.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far this year, lightning has been listed as the cause in 446 wildfires in Northern California that came under the primary jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service (which tends to handle the more remote fires). Those fires burned more than 276,000 acres combined. According to CalFire, a “lightning siege” comprising thousands of strikes in July and August were responsible for the season’s largest fire, the 130,000-acre \u003ca title=\"KPCC FireTracker - Happy Camp\" href=\"http://firetracker.scpr.org/happy-camp-complex/\">Happy Camp Complex\u003c/a> in the Klamath National Forest.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/23736/study-warming-climate-means-more-lightning","authors":["221"],"categories":["science_31","science_40"],"tags":["science_194","science_1746","science_113"],"featImg":"science_23751","label":"science"},"science_19549":{"type":"posts","id":"science_19549","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"19549","score":null,"sort":[1405968682000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"california-fire-season-threat-of-dry-lightning-looms","title":"California Fire Season: Threat of Dry Lightning Looms","publishDate":1405968682,"format":"aside","headTitle":"California Fire Season: Threat of Dry Lightning Looms | KQED","labelTerm":{"term":1151,"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alex Helmick and Molly Samuel\u003cbr>\nKQED News\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2614143760_4919fd38ae_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19582\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2614143760_4919fd38ae_z.jpg\" alt=\"rskoon/Flickr https://www.flickr.com/photos/68137880@N00/2614143760/in/photolist-4Z1aS9-5hvihF-5hzFJG-5hzDqN-5hzDiG-5hzDBh-51gREX\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2008, lightning ignited more than 2,000 fires in California, including this one near Big Sur. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/68137880@N00/2614143760/in/photolist-4Z1aS9-5hvihF-5hzFJG-5hzDqN-5hzDiG-5hzDBh-51gREX\">rskoon/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weather experts say the next couple of weeks could be some of the worst in state history for wildfires caused by lightning strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years of drought have caused the state to become incredibly dry, with significantly more wildfires than last year.[contextly_sidebar id=”i0sI5ymLYhFb41Y0TeOjViymp8Z9M5Vu”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From here on in as we finish July and go into August, it’s just going to get considerably worse,” said Basil Newmerzhycky, a fire weather meteorologist at the Northern California Geographic Area Coordination Center, a wildfire-fighting center in Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newmerzhycky says over the coming weeks we could see 500-1,000 lightning strikes across the state. (Update: In fact, check out the graphic below from the National Weather Service; there were 6,000 lightning strikes detected in California just yesterday.) Last week, thunderstorms in the Sierra brought plenty of lightning, and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/07/20/4032809/flash-flood-warning-for-rim-fire.html?sp=/99/406/\">few fires started in Yosemite\u003c/a>. According to the Fresno Bee, those were extinguished, and since the lightning was accompanied by rain, it didn’t do as much damage as it would have had it been dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, Newmerzhycky expects that wet patch to be short, with a return to dry conditions and a \u003ca href=\"http://psgeodata.fs.fed.us/7day/action/forecast/10\">high risk of fire\u003c/a> later this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a normal lightning pattern, we will probably see an above-normal fire occurrence,” he said, chalking it up to the extremely dry vegetation. “If we happen to not get as many lightning events, though, that could be our saving grace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, dry lightning ignited \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/forged-by-fire/\">more than 2,000 fires\u003c/a> in California in a span of a few days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/lightning.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/lightning.png\" alt=\"(National Weather Service)\" width=\"600\" height=\"597\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(National Weather Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[soundcloud url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/159675922″ params=”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false” width=”100%” height=”166″ iframe=”true” /]\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Weather experts say the next couple of weeks could be some of the worst in state history for wildfires caused by lightning strikes.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933252,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":343},"headData":{"title":"California Fire Season: Threat of Dry Lightning Looms | KQED","description":"Weather experts say the next couple of weeks could be some of the worst in state history for wildfires caused by lightning strikes.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"California Fire Season: Threat of Dry Lightning Looms","datePublished":"2014-07-21T18:51:22.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:34:12.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/19549/california-fire-season-threat-of-dry-lightning-looms","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Alex Helmick and Molly Samuel\u003cbr>\nKQED News\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19582\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2614143760_4919fd38ae_z.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19582\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/2614143760_4919fd38ae_z.jpg\" alt=\"rskoon/Flickr https://www.flickr.com/photos/68137880@N00/2614143760/in/photolist-4Z1aS9-5hvihF-5hzFJG-5hzDqN-5hzDiG-5hzDBh-51gREX\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 2008, lightning ignited more than 2,000 fires in California, including this one near Big Sur. (\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/68137880@N00/2614143760/in/photolist-4Z1aS9-5hvihF-5hzFJG-5hzDqN-5hzDiG-5hzDBh-51gREX\">rskoon/Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Weather experts say the next couple of weeks could be some of the worst in state history for wildfires caused by lightning strikes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three years of drought have caused the state to become incredibly dry, with significantly more wildfires than last year.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From here on in as we finish July and go into August, it’s just going to get considerably worse,” said Basil Newmerzhycky, a fire weather meteorologist at the Northern California Geographic Area Coordination Center, a wildfire-fighting center in Redding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newmerzhycky says over the coming weeks we could see 500-1,000 lightning strikes across the state. (Update: In fact, check out the graphic below from the National Weather Service; there were 6,000 lightning strikes detected in California just yesterday.) Last week, thunderstorms in the Sierra brought plenty of lightning, and a \u003ca href=\"http://www.fresnobee.com/2014/07/20/4032809/flash-flood-warning-for-rim-fire.html?sp=/99/406/\">few fires started in Yosemite\u003c/a>. According to the Fresno Bee, those were extinguished, and since the lightning was accompanied by rain, it didn’t do as much damage as it would have had it been dry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, Newmerzhycky expects that wet patch to be short, with a return to dry conditions and a \u003ca href=\"http://psgeodata.fs.fed.us/7day/action/forecast/10\">high risk of fire\u003c/a> later this week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With a normal lightning pattern, we will probably see an above-normal fire occurrence,” he said, chalking it up to the extremely dry vegetation. “If we happen to not get as many lightning events, though, that could be our saving grace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2008, dry lightning ignited \u003ca href=\"http://baynature.org/articles/forged-by-fire/\">more than 2,000 fires\u003c/a> in California in a span of a few days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_19600\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/lightning.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/07/lightning.png\" alt=\"(National Weather Service)\" width=\"600\" height=\"597\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19600\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(National Weather Service)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cdiv class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__shortcodes__shortcodeWrapper'>\n \u003ciframe width='”100%”' height='”166″'\n scrolling='no' frameborder='no'\n src='https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/159675922″&visual=true&”color=ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false”'\n title='”https://api.soundcloud.com/tracks/159675922″'>\n \u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/div>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/19549/california-fire-season-threat-of-dry-lightning-looms","authors":["6387"],"series":["science_1151"],"categories":["science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_1746","science_365","science_113"],"featImg":"science_19582","label":"science_1151"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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