Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars
Curiosity Drills Into Mars and Strikes Clay
NASA's Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists
Ancient Lake on Mars Tells a Story
NASA's Curiosity Rover Finds Evidence of Possible Long-Term Water on Mars
Curiosity Prepares to Set Forth From Base Camp At Last
Sponsored
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He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | 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FM","link":"/"}},"science_1949946":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1949946","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1949946","score":null,"sort":[1572267715000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-curiosity-rover-discovers-ancient-mud-cracks-that-may-tell-a-tale-of-mars-demise","title":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars","publishDate":1572267715,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>In its quest to find signs of water in the sediments of Mount Sharp, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl/\">NASA’s rover Curiosity\u003c/a> has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of geologic formations and measurements of mineral residues collected over two years tell a tale of a watery world caught in the process of drying up, and maybe not giving up without a fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A four-foot-wide patch of ancient mudstone called “Old Soaker,” encountered late in 2016 within Mars’ Gale Crater, may be a snapshot of the moment Mars began its transition from a wet and possibly lively planet to the cold, dry, apparently lifeless world we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949964\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg\" alt='Cracks in the mudstone slab called \"Old Soaker,\" whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. ' width=\"800\" height=\"714\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-160x143.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-768x686.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1020x911.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1200x1071.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracks in the mudstone slab called “Old Soaker,” whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bearing \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia21261\">a network of cracks\u003c/a> that may have formed in drying mud, Old Soaker shows that even as water was becoming scarce on Mars, it persisted in seeps, trickling streams and shallow desert lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moment captured in the Old Soaker mudstone over three billion years ago is one picture in a larger album that Curiosity has been assembling since it landed in 2012. Its compendium of Martian climatic history has captivated our imaginations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Quest For Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did liquid water ever exist on Mars? When, and how much? Was the environment ever capable of supporting life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the big questions Curiosity went forth to tackle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 755px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1950007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg\" alt=\"A "selfie" taken by NASA's Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \" width=\"755\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg 755w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1-160x212.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” taken by NASA’s Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, Curiosity’s confirmed that \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">liquid water once flowed\u003c/a> into and pooled within Gale Crater, from very early in its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagery of geologic formations Curiosity captured in its earlier travels tell a captivating story of the young Gale Crater Lake. Sedimentary layering, lakebed mudstone, and aggregations of river pebbles and stones found in the oldest, lowest formations of Mount Sharp reveal that a wide deep lake, fed by rivers and streams, may have persisted in Gale Crater for many millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars' more Earthlike youth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars’ more Earthlike youth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Taking Gale Crater and its ancient lake as an indicator of Mars’ global environment, we know the atmosphere had to be much warmer and thicker than it is today. It almost certainly supported a water cycle of precipitation, runoff, pooling in lakes and seas, and evaporation similar to Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading the Pages of Geologic History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater is an \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/feature/22\">ideal location to investigate Mars’s climate history\u003c/a>. Piled over three miles high within the crater is Mount Sharp, a mega-mound of sedimentary rock whose stacked layers scientists can read like the pages of geological history book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949967\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg\" alt=\"Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars' Gale Crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-768x351.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1020x466.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1200x549.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1920x878.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crater formed 3.8-3.5 billion years ago when an asteroid hit Mars. It gradually filled though wind and water action with layer upon layer of sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In more recent times after Mars dried up, wind eroded some of the infill, sculpting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292.html\">multi-layered mountain\u003c/a> Curiosity is doggedly crawling up today. As it visits each formation of sedimentary rock on its uphill climb, Curiosity is reading the pages of Mars’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death Throes of a Drying World?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now seven years into its mission, Curiosity has climbed to higher points on Mount Sharp, analyzing layers of rock that formed at different times and under different climatic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story told by Old Soaker’s mudstone cracks may be a page in a saga of tumultuous environmental change. Mars’ environment dried up, became wet again, then swung back to dry in repeating cycles. Wetter periods preceded and followed the dry episode that formed this specimen, based on what Curiosity found at adjacent rock layers in the Mount Sharp stack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity has also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/salt-lake-gale-crater-mars/\">mineralogical evidence\u003c/a> to corroborate the Old Soaker’s tale of a drying world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 537px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg\" alt=\"A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA's Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water's of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \" width=\"537\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg 537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537-160x163.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA’s Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water’s of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/JHUAPL/Ralph Milliken)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission Curiosity detected an abundance of clay minerals in the oldest layers of lake bed sediment. They indicated that those layers were deposited when lake waters were deep and plentiful. Freshwater conditions on Earth formed similar clays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher on the mountain’s slopes, the rover found chloride and sulfate salts in younger sediments, dated to about 3.5 billion years. Such mineral salts are known byproducts of bodies of water undergoing evaporation, like a lake drying up during a shift to a more arid climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take a Walk Through a Mars-like Past—on Earth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve been to a place like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\">Death Valley National Park\u003c/a>, you may have witnessed evidence of long-gone water in that dry and desolate landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mineral salts, once dissolved in the waters of an ancient lake that filled today’s Death Valley, now cover huge areas of the valley floor in thick, white crystalline deposits. When the drying climate east of the Sierra Nevada mountains reduced the 70-mile-long, 600-foot-deep Lake Manly to a salt-lined desert valley, it left behind the briny residue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-768x519.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \u003ccite>(Jerrye and Roy Klotz, MD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s still possible to see, and even walk upon, ancient shorelines carved into the side of Shoreline Butte by the action of lapping waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some side canyons of Death Valley are mudstone formations bearing the petrified imprints of ripples formed in the lake floor mud, now preserved in stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few briny “springs” still issue seasonal seepage and offer a watery habitat for \u003ca href=\"https://www.visitcalifornia.com/attraction/desert-pupfish\">pupfish\u003c/a>, the surviving descendants of that paleolake’s fishy inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all the signs of deep waters, flowing streams, and a once- thriving ecosystem, Lake Manly dried up thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is prospecting the Martian desert and turning up similar evidence of Mars’s ancient waters. It’s looking back three or more billion years, not just a few millennia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Signs of Life—Yet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s mission goals is to assess Mars’ past environment to determine whether it could ever have harbored some form of life. The result, so far, appears to be yes. When it more closely resembled Earth’s conditions, Mars may have been hospitable to some form of life, if only single-celled organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists didn’t equip Curiosity to look for actual signs of life—just the water it might have lived in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, NASA plans to launch its next mission to the Red Planet, the Mars 2020 rover. It will bookend Curiosity’s mission by directly searching for the chemical residues left behind by any would-be Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, get ready for the next chapter in the Martian saga.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA's rover Curiosity has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848192,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":36,"wordCount":1349},"headData":{"title":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars | KQED","description":"NASA's rover Curiosity has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Curiosity Rover Finds Clues to a Watery Past on Mars","datePublished":"2019-10-28T13:01:55.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:56:32.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1949946/nasas-curiosity-rover-discovers-ancient-mud-cracks-that-may-tell-a-tale-of-mars-demise","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In its quest to find signs of water in the sediments of Mount Sharp, \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/mars-science-laboratory-curiosity-rover-msl/\">NASA’s rover Curiosity\u003c/a> has turned up some tantalizing clues to when and how the young, watery Mars began to dry up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Images of geologic formations and measurements of mineral residues collected over two years tell a tale of a watery world caught in the process of drying up, and maybe not giving up without a fight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A four-foot-wide patch of ancient mudstone called “Old Soaker,” encountered late in 2016 within Mars’ Gale Crater, may be a snapshot of the moment Mars began its transition from a wet and possibly lively planet to the cold, dry, apparently lifeless world we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949964\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949964\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg\" alt='Cracks in the mudstone slab called \"Old Soaker,\" whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. ' width=\"800\" height=\"714\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-800x714.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-160x143.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-768x686.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1020x911.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX-1200x1071.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/1568MR0079900010800216E01_DXXX.jpg 1344w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cracks in the mudstone slab called “Old Soaker,” whose formation dates back more than 3 billion years, may have formed in drying mud, as Mars experienced a global transition to a drying climate. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Bearing \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=pia21261\">a network of cracks\u003c/a> that may have formed in drying mud, Old Soaker shows that even as water was becoming scarce on Mars, it persisted in seeps, trickling streams and shallow desert lakes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The moment captured in the Old Soaker mudstone over three billion years ago is one picture in a larger album that Curiosity has been assembling since it landed in 2012. Its compendium of Martian climatic history has captivated our imaginations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Quest For Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Did liquid water ever exist on Mars? When, and how much? Was the environment ever capable of supporting life?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These are the big questions Curiosity went forth to tackle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1950007\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 755px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1950007\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg\" alt=\"A "selfie" taken by NASA's Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \" width=\"755\" height=\"1000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1.jpg 755w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA23378_hires-1-160x212.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A “selfie” taken by NASA’s Curiosity rover on Oct 11, 2019 at a place nicknamed Glen Etive. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>So far, Curiosity’s confirmed that \u003ca href=\"https://eos.org/articles/history-of-marss-water-seen-through-the-lens-of-gale-crater\">liquid water once flowed\u003c/a> into and pooled within Gale Crater, from very early in its history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Imagery of geologic formations Curiosity captured in its earlier travels tell a captivating story of the young Gale Crater Lake. Sedimentary layering, lakebed mudstone, and aggregations of river pebbles and stones found in the oldest, lowest formations of Mount Sharp reveal that a wide deep lake, fed by rivers and streams, may have persisted in Gale Crater for many millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949972\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949972\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars' more Earthlike youth. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500-768x480.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Simulation of what the ancient Gale Crater lake may have looked like during Mars’ more Earthlike youth. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Taking Gale Crater and its ancient lake as an indicator of Mars’ global environment, we know the atmosphere had to be much warmer and thicker than it is today. It almost certainly supported a water cycle of precipitation, runoff, pooling in lakes and seas, and evaporation similar to Earth’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Reading the Pages of Geologic History\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater is an \u003ca href=\"https://themis.asu.edu/feature/22\">ideal location to investigate Mars’s climate history\u003c/a>. Piled over three miles high within the crater is Mount Sharp, a mega-mound of sedimentary rock whose stacked layers scientists can read like the pages of geological history book.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949967\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949967\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg\" alt=\"Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars' Gale Crater. \" width=\"800\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-800x366.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-160x73.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-768x351.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1020x466.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1200x549.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/mtsharp-nasajplcaltechmsss2-1920x878.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long view looking up the slopes of Mount Sharp, the 3.5 mile tall mound of sedimentary rock sitting inside Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The crater formed 3.8-3.5 billion years ago when an asteroid hit Mars. It gradually filled though wind and water action with layer upon layer of sediments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In more recent times after Mars dried up, wind eroded some of the infill, sculpting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292.html\">multi-layered mountain\u003c/a> Curiosity is doggedly crawling up today. As it visits each formation of sedimentary rock on its uphill climb, Curiosity is reading the pages of Mars’s history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Death Throes of a Drying World?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now seven years into its mission, Curiosity has climbed to higher points on Mount Sharp, analyzing layers of rock that formed at different times and under different climatic conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story told by Old Soaker’s mudstone cracks may be a page in a saga of tumultuous environmental change. Mars’ environment dried up, became wet again, then swung back to dry in repeating cycles. Wetter periods preceded and followed the dry episode that formed this specimen, based on what Curiosity found at adjacent rock layers in the Mount Sharp stack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity has also found \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/salt-lake-gale-crater-mars/\">mineralogical evidence\u003c/a> to corroborate the Old Soaker’s tale of a drying world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949973\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 537px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1949973\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg\" alt=\"A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA's Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water's of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \" width=\"537\" height=\"546\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537.jpg 537w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/20130312_gale_crism_map_cropped_f537-160x163.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A mineral map of the slopes of Mount Sharp being explored by NASA’s Curiosity rover, made from data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter’s CRISM instrument. A cross marks the original 2012 landing site of the Curiosity rover. Green indicates clay minerals that may have been deposited in the deep water’s of the lake, while blue and magenta indicate sulfates formed when lake waters were drying up. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL/JHUAPL/Ralph Milliken)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Early in its mission Curiosity detected an abundance of clay minerals in the oldest layers of lake bed sediment. They indicated that those layers were deposited when lake waters were deep and plentiful. Freshwater conditions on Earth formed similar clays.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Higher on the mountain’s slopes, the rover found chloride and sulfate salts in younger sediments, dated to about 3.5 billion years. Such mineral salts are known byproducts of bodies of water undergoing evaporation, like a lake drying up during a shift to a more arid climate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Take a Walk Through a Mars-like Past—on Earth\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’ve been to a place like \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/deva/index.htm\">Death Valley National Park\u003c/a>, you may have witnessed evidence of long-gone water in that dry and desolate landscape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mineral salts, once dissolved in the waters of an ancient lake that filled today’s Death Valley, now cover huge areas of the valley floor in thick, white crystalline deposits. When the drying climate east of the Sierra Nevada mountains reduced the 70-mile-long, 600-foot-deep Lake Manly to a salt-lined desert valley, it left behind the briny residue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1949974\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1949974\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/10/800px-BADWATER_DEATH_VALLEY-768x519.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At the lowest point in the continental US, Badwater, in Death Valley National Park, sits at the edge of a great pan of salt minerals left behind when the paleo-lake Manly, which filled the valley only 10,000 years ago, dried up under changing climate conditions. A shallow pool of briny water can be found here, maybe not unlike ponds and puddles evidence is showing existed on the drying Mars in the distant past. \u003ccite>(Jerrye and Roy Klotz, MD)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It’s still possible to see, and even walk upon, ancient shorelines carved into the side of Shoreline Butte by the action of lapping waves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some side canyons of Death Valley are mudstone formations bearing the petrified imprints of ripples formed in the lake floor mud, now preserved in stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few briny “springs” still issue seasonal seepage and offer a watery habitat for \u003ca href=\"https://www.visitcalifornia.com/attraction/desert-pupfish\">pupfish\u003c/a>, the surviving descendants of that paleolake’s fishy inhabitants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But for all the signs of deep waters, flowing streams, and a once- thriving ecosystem, Lake Manly dried up thousands of years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity is prospecting the Martian desert and turning up similar evidence of Mars’s ancient waters. It’s looking back three or more billion years, not just a few millennia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>No Signs of Life—Yet\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of Curiosity’s mission goals is to assess Mars’ past environment to determine whether it could ever have harbored some form of life. The result, so far, appears to be yes. When it more closely resembled Earth’s conditions, Mars may have been hospitable to some form of life, if only single-celled organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists didn’t equip Curiosity to look for actual signs of life—just the water it might have lived in.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next year, NASA plans to launch its next mission to the Red Planet, the Mars 2020 rover. It will bookend Curiosity’s mission by directly searching for the chemical residues left behind by any would-be Martian life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, get ready for the next chapter in the Martian saga.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1949946/nasas-curiosity-rover-discovers-ancient-mud-cracks-that-may-tell-a-tale-of-mars-demise","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_332","science_5179","science_333","science_5175","science_420","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1949965","label":"source_science_1949946"},"science_1940706":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1940706","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1940706","score":null,"sort":[1556559950000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-curiosity-rover-reaches-a-new-height-and-milestone","title":"Curiosity Drills Into Mars and Strikes Clay","publishDate":1556559950,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Curiosity Drills Into Mars and Strikes Clay | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>While prospecting the slopes of Mount Sharp for evidence of Mars’ past watery climates, NASA’s Curiosity rover struck clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this doesn’t sound as worthy of a “Eureka!” as hitting the golden mother-lode, consider that, to scientists studying Mars’ past climates, clay is as good as gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940722\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-800x393.jpg\" alt=\"Mosaic of the "clay-bearing unit" that NASA's Curiosity rover arrived at in February. The edge of Vera Rubin Ridge, Curiosity's previous exploration site, can be seen at the top of the picture. \" width=\"800\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-800x393.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-160x79.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-768x377.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-1020x501.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-1200x590.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic of the “clay-bearing unit” that NASA’s Curiosity rover arrived at in February. The edge of Vera Rubin Ridge, Curiosity’s previous exploration site, can be seen at the top of the picture. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clay is a treasure to researchers because the minerals it contains are known to have formed in the presence of water. So, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/research-on-clay-formation-could-have-implications-for-how-to-search-for-life-on-mars/\">analyzing Martian clays\u003c/a> is a means of exploring what role water has played in Mars’ past climates. Mars’ once wetter, possibly more Earth-like, and maybe even life-friendly environment has long since dried up, but clues to it persist in the rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7376\">drilled the April 6 clay sample\u003c/a> from a patch of exposed bedrock, nicknamed “Aberlady,” within a region of Mount Sharp called the “clay-bearing unit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Saga of Mars’ History Written in Stone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292.html\">Mount Sharp\u003c/a> is a 3-mile-high mound of sedimentary rock sitting in the middle of 90-mile-wide Gale Crater, which we know once contained deep lakes that repeatedly formed and dried up in cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/10125640jpg\">sediments were laid down\u003c/a> at different times in the past two billion years, and each layer represents a page in the climate history of Mars. Erosion by wind action has opened up these pages for Curiosity to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Quest for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Sharp’s “clay-bearing unit” was \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/mars/clay-bearing-unit-map.html\">discovered from orbit\u003c/a> by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in the years prior to Curiosity’s 2012 landing. That detection is \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/features/mars/110311/\">one of the main reasons\u003c/a> that Gale Crater, and particularly Mount Sharp, were chosen for Curiosity’s expedition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity can bore into hard rock to get samples, with a hammering rock drill on its long robotic arm. The drill’s jack-hammer action was needed to penetrate earlier hard mudstones, but the April 6 clay tasting was of soft rock and required only rotary action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drilled rock samples are delivered by the robotic arm to Curiosity’s internal laboratory instruments for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity started detecting clay minerals in \u003ca href=\"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/179797/scientists-analysing-martian-mudstones-reveal-chemistry/\">mudstone samples\u003c/a> shortly after landing, discoveries that only continued along its uphill trail. These lower mudstones are believed to have formed when rivers carrying sediments flowed into ancient lakes, where the sediments settled out on the lake bottom near the inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940712\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940712\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-800x584.jpg\" alt=\"Fine sediment layers along Mount Sharp's lower slopes typical of lake bottom sediments deposited by the waters of river inflow. Picture taken in 2014 by the Curiosity rover.\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-800x584.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-768x561.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-1020x745.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-1200x877.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1.jpg 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fine sediment layers along Mount Sharp’s lower slopes typical of lake bottom sediments deposited by the waters of river inflow. Picture taken in 2014 by the Curiosity rover.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While scientists await results of Curiosity’s analysis of the Aberlady sample, they are surveying the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2197638-curiosity-is-entering-what-may-be-the-best-area-to-find-life-on-mars/\">unexplored territory\u003c/a> surrounding the rover — maybe like kids in a candy shop. Several intriguing geological features beckon with promises of discovery. There’s a lot to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Progress and Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the recent headlines grabbed by new and upcoming Mars missions —\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/overview/\"> InSight\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> rover namely — plus 2018’s loss of the veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-record-setting-opportunity-rover-mission-on-mars-comes-to-end\">Opportunity rover\u003c/a>, Curiosity’s dogged and determined uphill progress may have been overshadowed by these robots of past, present, and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Curiosity weathered last year’s major global dust storm without a hitch — the same dust storm that ended Opportunity’s 15-year Martian marathon. Indeed, Curiosity has fed us regular reports of mineralogical paleo-water-sightings for many months now, making the truly remarkable findings almost a routine event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940709\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940709\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Google Earth image showing Curiosity's 2012 landing site and its present location in the Clay-Bearing Unit above Vera Rubin Ridge. The summit of Mount Sharp is at the upper right, and the distant rim of Gale Crater is shown in the background. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google Earth image showing Curiosity’s 2012 landing site and its present location in the Clay-Bearing Unit above Vera Rubin Ridge. The summit of Mount Sharp is at the upper right, and the distant rim of Gale Crater is shown in the background. \u003ccite>(NASA/Google Earth)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But with this new rung of Mount Sharp’s sedimentary ladder now climbed, Curiosity’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\">progress up the 3-mile-high mountain\u003c/a> can be appreciated. Though it has only climbed a vertical distance of about 1,000 feet in seven years, and in the bigger picture is still much closer to Mount Sharp’s foot than its summit, no other interplanetary rover in history can come close to boasting such a mountain-climbing record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will Curiosity encounter in this new phase of is exploration, and \u003ca href=\"https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/22882/does-the-curiosity-rover-really-have-a-chance-of-driving-to-the-top-of-mt-sharp?rq=1\">how much higher will it climb\u003c/a> before it joins Opportunity in the history books?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The presence of clay on Mars is giving researchers clues to the planet's former climate.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704848714,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":804},"headData":{"title":"Curiosity Drills Into Mars and Strikes Clay | KQED","description":"The presence of clay on Mars is giving researchers clues to the planet's former climate.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Curiosity Drills Into Mars and Strikes Clay","datePublished":"2019-04-29T17:45:50.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T01:05:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1940706/nasas-curiosity-rover-reaches-a-new-height-and-milestone","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>While prospecting the slopes of Mount Sharp for evidence of Mars’ past watery climates, NASA’s Curiosity rover struck clay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this doesn’t sound as worthy of a “Eureka!” as hitting the golden mother-lode, consider that, to scientists studying Mars’ past climates, clay is as good as gold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940722\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940722\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-800x393.jpg\" alt=\"Mosaic of the "clay-bearing unit" that NASA's Curiosity rover arrived at in February. The edge of Vera Rubin Ridge, Curiosity's previous exploration site, can be seen at the top of the picture. \" width=\"800\" height=\"393\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-800x393.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-160x79.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-768x377.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-1020x501.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x-1200x590.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/22405_PIA23139-1280x.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Mosaic of the “clay-bearing unit” that NASA’s Curiosity rover arrived at in February. The edge of Vera Rubin Ridge, Curiosity’s previous exploration site, can be seen at the top of the picture. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Clay is a treasure to researchers because the minerals it contains are known to have formed in the presence of water. So, \u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/research-on-clay-formation-could-have-implications-for-how-to-search-for-life-on-mars/\">analyzing Martian clays\u003c/a> is a means of exploring what role water has played in Mars’ past climates. Mars’ once wetter, possibly more Earth-like, and maybe even life-friendly environment has long since dried up, but clues to it persist in the rocks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity \u003ca href=\"https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7376\">drilled the April 6 clay sample\u003c/a> from a patch of exposed bedrock, nicknamed “Aberlady,” within a region of Mount Sharp called the “clay-bearing unit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Saga of Mars’ History Written in Stone\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/multimedia/pia15292.html\">Mount Sharp\u003c/a> is a 3-mile-high mound of sedimentary rock sitting in the middle of 90-mile-wide Gale Crater, which we know once contained deep lakes that repeatedly formed and dried up in cycles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/10125640jpg\">sediments were laid down\u003c/a> at different times in the past two billion years, and each layer represents a page in the climate history of Mars. Erosion by wind action has opened up these pages for Curiosity to read.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Quest for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mount Sharp’s “clay-bearing unit” was \u003ca href=\"http://www.planetary.org/multimedia/space-images/mars/clay-bearing-unit-map.html\">discovered from orbit\u003c/a> by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in the years prior to Curiosity’s 2012 landing. That detection is \u003ca href=\"https://www.lpi.usra.edu/features/mars/110311/\">one of the main reasons\u003c/a> that Gale Crater, and particularly Mount Sharp, were chosen for Curiosity’s expedition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity can bore into hard rock to get samples, with a hammering rock drill on its long robotic arm. The drill’s jack-hammer action was needed to penetrate earlier hard mudstones, but the April 6 clay tasting was of soft rock and required only rotary action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drilled rock samples are delivered by the robotic arm to Curiosity’s internal laboratory instruments for analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity started detecting clay minerals in \u003ca href=\"https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/179797/scientists-analysing-martian-mudstones-reveal-chemistry/\">mudstone samples\u003c/a> shortly after landing, discoveries that only continued along its uphill trail. These lower mudstones are believed to have formed when rivers carrying sediments flowed into ancient lakes, where the sediments settled out on the lake bottom near the inlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940712\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940712\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-800x584.jpg\" alt=\"Fine sediment layers along Mount Sharp's lower slopes typical of lake bottom sediments deposited by the waters of river inflow. Picture taken in 2014 by the Curiosity rover.\" width=\"800\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-800x584.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-768x561.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-1020x745.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1-1200x877.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/2014-lakefloorsediment1.jpg 1588w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fine sediment layers along Mount Sharp’s lower slopes typical of lake bottom sediments deposited by the waters of river inflow. Picture taken in 2014 by the Curiosity rover.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While scientists await results of Curiosity’s analysis of the Aberlady sample, they are surveying the \u003ca href=\"https://www.newscientist.com/article/2197638-curiosity-is-entering-what-may-be-the-best-area-to-find-life-on-mars/\">unexplored territory\u003c/a> surrounding the rover — maybe like kids in a candy shop. Several intriguing geological features beckon with promises of discovery. There’s a lot to look forward to.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Curiosity’s Progress and Future\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the recent headlines grabbed by new and upcoming Mars missions —\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/insight/mission/overview/\"> InSight\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/\">Mars 2020\u003c/a> rover namely — plus 2018’s loss of the veteran \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasas-record-setting-opportunity-rover-mission-on-mars-comes-to-end\">Opportunity rover\u003c/a>, Curiosity’s dogged and determined uphill progress may have been overshadowed by these robots of past, present, and future.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, Curiosity weathered last year’s major global dust storm without a hitch — the same dust storm that ended Opportunity’s 15-year Martian marathon. Indeed, Curiosity has fed us regular reports of mineralogical paleo-water-sightings for many months now, making the truly remarkable findings almost a routine event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1940709\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1940709\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-800x450.jpg\" alt=\"Google Earth image showing Curiosity's 2012 landing site and its present location in the Clay-Bearing Unit above Vera Rubin Ridge. The summit of Mount Sharp is at the upper right, and the distant rim of Gale Crater is shown in the background. \" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/04/GE-MarsCuriosityLocation.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Google Earth image showing Curiosity’s 2012 landing site and its present location in the Clay-Bearing Unit above Vera Rubin Ridge. The summit of Mount Sharp is at the upper right, and the distant rim of Gale Crater is shown in the background. \u003ccite>(NASA/Google Earth)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But with this new rung of Mount Sharp’s sedimentary ladder now climbed, Curiosity’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/whereistherovernow/\">progress up the 3-mile-high mountain\u003c/a> can be appreciated. Though it has only climbed a vertical distance of about 1,000 feet in seven years, and in the bigger picture is still much closer to Mount Sharp’s foot than its summit, no other interplanetary rover in history can come close to boasting such a mountain-climbing record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What will Curiosity encounter in this new phase of is exploration, and \u003ca href=\"https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/22882/does-the-curiosity-rover-really-have-a-chance-of-driving-to-the-top-of-mt-sharp?rq=1\">how much higher will it climb\u003c/a> before it joins Opportunity in the history books?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More to come.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1940706/nasas-curiosity-rover-reaches-a-new-height-and-milestone","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_3370","science_3832","science_3834","science_332","science_5179","science_333","science_5175","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1940710","label":"source_science_1940706"},"science_1621183":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1621183","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1621183","score":null,"sort":[1494603096000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-curiosity-delivers-a-great-puzzle-for-scientists","title":"NASA's Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists","publishDate":1494603096,"format":"standard","headTitle":"NASA’s Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/overview/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, the rover Curiosity, has dug up a surprise from the rocks of Mars, one that poses a vexing puzzle to scientists. A conspicuous \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-curiosity-rover-sharpens-paradox-of-ancient-mars\">lack of carbonate\u003c/a> minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars’ early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity "selfie" taken at the site "John Klein" in Mars' Gale Crater.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity “selfie” taken at the site “John Klein” in Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, Mars’ atmosphere is too thin for water to exist in a liquid state for long. Atmospheric pressure at Mars’ surface is only a hundredth that of Earth, making Mars a cold, dry desert. Wind-swept landscapes streaked by dust-devils and punctuated by a seasonal global dust storm constitute most of the action to be found on Mars today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quest for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is in this desolate setting that Curiosity landed in August 2012, lowered to the floor of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/timeline/prelaunch/landingsiteselection/aboutgalecrater/\">Gale Crater\u003c/a> by a rocket-propelled winch system. Its mission goal was simple: to investigate whether Mars’ environment ever supported liquid surface water, a vital ingredient for the formation of life as we understand it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater was chosen as a good site for the rover to search for evidence of that warmer, wetter past. Not only was the 96-mile wide impact basin a possible ancient lake bed, but a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia19839/strata-at-base-of-mount-sharp\">mountain of sediment\u003c/a> at its center—Mount Sharp–presented an accessible index of Mars’ past, its sedimentary layers like the pages of a book spanning billions of years of Mars’ geologic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity's CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x442.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x586.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x678.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x552.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x138.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x216.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x299.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech.jpg 1708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity’s CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the nearly 5 years since landing in the bottom-lands of the dry lake bed, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/2017/curiositys-traverse-map-through-sol-1686\">Curiosity has driven over 10.1 miles\u003c/a> and climbed a vertical distance of about 600 feet. Along the way, it has found ample signs of the existence of the ancient lake, including water-formed minerals, stream beds, dry deltas, and layer upon layer of sediments from the lake’s muddy floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Explaining a Wetter Past\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/new-evidence-wet-mars\">abundance of evidence\u003c/a> from numerous missions to Mars tell us that in its youth Mars possessed a thicker atmosphere and a robust water cycle, perhaps not unlike Earth’s, with precipitation, vast river networks, lakes, and seas. But coming up with an explanation for how Mars was warm enough to support liquid water has been a challenge for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars' past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x325.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars’ past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adding to the challenge, billions of years ago when the planet’s waters were flowing, the young sun did not burn so brightly, shedding only two-thirds the solar energy that it does today. So, it may not be enough merely that Mars’ atmosphere was once thicker. Some other factor had to be involved to keep the waters from freezing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading theory has been that the early Martian atmosphere contained a lot of carbon dioxide, the “greenhouse gas” responsible for heating Venus’ atmosphere to oven-like temperatures and\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-08-ice-age-greenhouse-gas-factor.html\"> saving Earth from total glaciation\u003c/a>. A greenhouse gas traps solar energy in the form of heat, acting like an insulating blanket for a planet that would otherwise be colder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, Problem Solved?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not quite, according to measurements made by the Curiosity rover’s “\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>” instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An abundance of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere, interacting with other chemicals in the Martian waters, would have produced carbonate minerals, which should have been deposited in the sediments of bodies of water like the lake bed of Gale Crater. Curiosity has been looking for those carbonates, but turned up nil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of detection of carbonates implies that there was at best a trace of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere. To thaw Mars’ water ice, there would need to have been at least a hundred times that amount, which would have produced ample quantities of carbonates for Curiosity’s CheMin to detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other theories exist, such as that the waters of the lake in Gale Crater were once topped with a layer of ice. But so far evidence of an ice cover has not been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars has always posed great mysteries to human curiosity and science, and continues to deliver them even today. Certainly, the apparent mismatch of evidence between a wet Mars with a robust water cycle and a Mars too cold to support it is compelling scientists to seek other explanations. Further exploration may help solve this puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Curiosity is showing signs of wear and tear from its mountain climbing endeavor, such as holes in the thin tread of its aluminum wheels, the mission continues to roll onward and upward. As Curiosity reaches ever higher and younger sediments, a clearer picture of Mars’ watery past should develop.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A conspicuous lack of carbonate minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars' early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928757,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":849},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists | KQED","description":"A conspicuous lack of carbonate minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars' early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Curiosity Delivers a Great Puzzle For Scientists","datePublished":"2017-05-12T15:31:36.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:19:17.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1621183/nasas-curiosity-delivers-a-great-puzzle-for-scientists","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>NASA’s \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/overview/\">Mars Science Laboratory\u003c/a>, the rover Curiosity, has dug up a surprise from the rocks of Mars, one that poses a vexing puzzle to scientists. A conspicuous \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasas-curiosity-rover-sharpens-paradox-of-ancient-mars\">lack of carbonate\u003c/a> minerals in the sedimentary rocks of Gale Crater is challenging modern theories for how Mars’ early environment could have been warm enough to support liquid water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621304\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621304\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg\" alt=\"Curiosity "selfie" taken at the site "John Klein" in Mars' Gale Crater.\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS-520x347.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/Curiosity-PIA16937_rsz-1600x1067-c_NASA_JPL-Caltech_MSSS.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Curiosity “selfie” taken at the site “John Klein” in Mars’ Gale Crater. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Today, Mars’ atmosphere is too thin for water to exist in a liquid state for long. Atmospheric pressure at Mars’ surface is only a hundredth that of Earth, making Mars a cold, dry desert. Wind-swept landscapes streaked by dust-devils and punctuated by a seasonal global dust storm constitute most of the action to be found on Mars today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Quest for Water\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It is in this desolate setting that Curiosity landed in August 2012, lowered to the floor of \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/timeline/prelaunch/landingsiteselection/aboutgalecrater/\">Gale Crater\u003c/a> by a rocket-propelled winch system. Its mission goal was simple: to investigate whether Mars’ environment ever supported liquid surface water, a vital ingredient for the formation of life as we understand it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gale Crater was chosen as a good site for the rover to search for evidence of that warmer, wetter past. Not only was the 96-mile wide impact basin a possible ancient lake bed, but a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/jpl/pia19839/strata-at-base-of-mount-sharp\">mountain of sediment\u003c/a> at its center—Mount Sharp–presented an accessible index of Mars’ past, its sedimentary layers like the pages of a book spanning billions of years of Mars’ geologic history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621301\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621301\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg\" alt=\"A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity's CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \" width=\"800\" height=\"460\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x460.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x92.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x442.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x586.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x678.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x552.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x138.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x216.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x299.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/CheMin-mudstone-mineralogy-PIA21146-NASA_JPL-Caltech.jpg 1708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A profile of the mineralogical analysis results of Curiosity’s CheMin instrument at different locations along its route from the floor of Gale Crater up the slopes of Mount Sharp. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the nearly 5 years since landing in the bottom-lands of the dry lake bed, \u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/2017/curiositys-traverse-map-through-sol-1686\">Curiosity has driven over 10.1 miles\u003c/a> and climbed a vertical distance of about 600 feet. Along the way, it has found ample signs of the existence of the ancient lake, including water-formed minerals, stream beds, dry deltas, and layer upon layer of sediments from the lake’s muddy floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Explaining a Wetter Past\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/new-evidence-wet-mars\">abundance of evidence\u003c/a> from numerous missions to Mars tell us that in its youth Mars possessed a thicker atmosphere and a robust water cycle, perhaps not unlike Earth’s, with precipitation, vast river networks, lakes, and seas. But coming up with an explanation for how Mars was warm enough to support liquid water has been a challenge for scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1621302\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1621302\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg\" alt=\"Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars' past. \" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-160x100.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-768x480.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1020x638.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1920x1200.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-240x150.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-375x234.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/05/PIA19080-NASA_JPL-Caltech-520x325.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist illustration of the ancient lake in Gale Crater, billions of years in Mars’ past. \u003ccite>(NASA/JPL-CalTech)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Adding to the challenge, billions of years ago when the planet’s waters were flowing, the young sun did not burn so brightly, shedding only two-thirds the solar energy that it does today. So, it may not be enough merely that Mars’ atmosphere was once thicker. Some other factor had to be involved to keep the waters from freezing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A leading theory has been that the early Martian atmosphere contained a lot of carbon dioxide, the “greenhouse gas” responsible for heating Venus’ atmosphere to oven-like temperatures and\u003ca href=\"https://phys.org/news/2015-08-ice-age-greenhouse-gas-factor.html\"> saving Earth from total glaciation\u003c/a>. A greenhouse gas traps solar energy in the form of heat, acting like an insulating blanket for a planet that would otherwise be colder.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So, Problem Solved?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not quite, according to measurements made by the Curiosity rover’s “\u003ca href=\"https://mars.nasa.gov/msl/mission/instruments/spectrometers/chemin/\">CheMin\u003c/a>” instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>An abundance of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere, interacting with other chemicals in the Martian waters, would have produced carbonate minerals, which should have been deposited in the sediments of bodies of water like the lake bed of Gale Crater. Curiosity has been looking for those carbonates, but turned up nil.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lack of detection of carbonates implies that there was at best a trace of carbon dioxide in Mars’ early atmosphere. To thaw Mars’ water ice, there would need to have been at least a hundred times that amount, which would have produced ample quantities of carbonates for Curiosity’s CheMin to detect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other theories exist, such as that the waters of the lake in Gale Crater were once topped with a layer of ice. But so far evidence of an ice cover has not been found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mars has always posed great mysteries to human curiosity and science, and continues to deliver them even today. Certainly, the apparent mismatch of evidence between a wet Mars with a robust water cycle and a Mars too cold to support it is compelling scientists to seek other explanations. Further exploration may help solve this puzzle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Curiosity is showing signs of wear and tear from its mountain climbing endeavor, such as holes in the thin tread of its aluminum wheels, the mission continues to roll onward and upward. As Curiosity reaches ever higher and younger sediments, a clearer picture of Mars’ watery past should develop.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1621183/nasas-curiosity-delivers-a-great-puzzle-for-scientists","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_330","science_332","science_5179","science_333","science_5175","science_309","science_201"],"featImg":"science_1621299","label":"science"},"science_301931":{"type":"posts","id":"science_301931","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"301931","score":null,"sort":[1445000408000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"ancient-lake-on-mars-tells-a-story","title":"Ancient Lake on Mars Tells a Story","publishDate":1445000408,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Ancient Lake on Mars Tells a Story | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Recently, scientists using data from NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory mission confirmed something that has been suspected for some time: the floor of Mars’ Gale Crater and the foundations of the mound of sediments that sits within it—Mount Sharp—were long ago the bottom of a lake of water that may have been present for as long as 500 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Curiosity landed in Gale Crater, near the foot of Mount Sharp, three years ago. After prospecting the geology of the crater floor for almost two years, the robot began making its way up the lower slopes of the mountain, sampling the chemistry and morphology of its sedimentary rock layers and building a picture of the crater’s early—and now verifiably watery—history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting Signs That Water Flowed in the Past \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last year Curiosity has encountered \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rock formations that suggest the past action of flowing water\u003c/a>: large-grain gravel deposits that indicate fast-flowing streams or rivers, and other formations that suggest locales where streams emptied into pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_302004\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 483px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-302004\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Three-dimensional model of Mars' Gale Crater, and the central mound of sediment named Mount Sharp, currently being explored by NASA's Curiosity rover. \" width=\"483\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three-dimensional model of Mars’ Gale Crater, and the central mound of sediment named Mount Sharp, currently being explored by NASA’s Curiosity rover. \u003ccite>(ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/G. Neukum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These signs of past flowing water sent mission scientists looking downstream, where common sense promised we might find a lake formation, an accumulation of fine-grained silts and muds built up over time at a lake bottom. Gale Crater, after all, was a deep impact basin, with no outlets through which water flowing into it might escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s just what Curiosity has found, in the form of mudstone. One prospecting site along Curiosity’s path, called the “Kimberley” formation, shown in the picture at the top of this post, is a beautiful example of these mudstone layers, the telltale geological legacy of a long-enduring body of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story told by the lower level mudstone strata is that between 3.8 and 3.3 billion years ago the 90-mile-wide impact basin hosted a lake, either continuously or in repeating cycles of wet and dry climate. The water may have been supplied by the inflow of rivers and streams, or the runoff of melting snow from surrounding highlands, or a combination of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the crater basin filled in with deep layers of sediment, which were later sculpted by erosion to form the central mound of Mount Sharp, Curiosity’s current digging grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Did Mars Start to Dry Up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements of Mount Sharp’s higher slopes, whose layers represent more recent sedimentation, show no signs of past association with liquid water, and might be explained as wind-deposited material. This dramatic change tells us something we already knew: that the wet conditions of Mars’ youth eventually dried up. As Curiosity climbs toward these higher, historically drier layers, we may learn more about when and how Mars began to change into the world we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps Mars has not dried up completely… .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water On Mars Today?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news of Gale Crater’s ancient lake bed followed closely \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s recent announcement \u003c/a>confirming the action of liquid water on Mars at present. NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter detected hydrated mineral salts in transient dark streaks observed running down the inner slopes of low- and mid-latitude crater and canyon walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_302005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 434px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-302005\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-400x250.jpg\" alt=\"Recurring slope lineae (dark streaks) running down the slopes of the Martian canyon, Coprates Chasma. \" width=\"434\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma.jpg 1638w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recurring slope lineae (dark streaks) running down the slopes of the Martian canyon, Coprates Chasma. \u003ccite>(ASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These streaks, called recurring slope lineae, have been observed from orbit over the past few years, appearing during the warm seasons in Mars’ northern and southern hemispheres, and disappearing in the cooler seasons. The spectroscopic data from the orbiter confirms what was suspected: that the dark streaks are most likely caused by flows of briny liquid water, on or just under the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could Curiosity’s Wheels Get Stuck In The Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could Curiosity’s wheels, now treading over the dry mudstones of Gale Crater’s paleo lake bed, ever encounter actual wet mud? Are there any recurring slope lineae in the vicinity that NASA could send the rover on a spin through?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been scrutinizing high-resolution imagery of the slopes around Gale Crater \u003ca href=\"http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/2327.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking for activity\u003c/a>. So far, researchers have seen no strong candidates, although they have spotted transient darkenings that match some characteristics of the brine flows—the most promising of these only about 30 miles east of Curiosity’s present location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity’s operators could, I suspect they probably would consider making a detour to examine slope lineae up close. Imagine what we might find… .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 30 miles is a long haul even for the capable Curiosity—even if the rover could traverse whatever terrain lies between it and a candidate site. Added to the challenge is that the briny streaks are found running down fairly steep slopes, and they may be inaccessible to this robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the investigation of the environment around these transitory water seeps is probably the subject of a future mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, we can expect more fascinating reports from Curiosity as it climbs above the mudstone layers of Gale Crater’s ancient lakebed, and sleuths out what may have happened to a once much more Earth-like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Recently, scientists using data from NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission confirmed something that has been speculated on for some time: the floor of Gale Crater and the foundations of mound of sediments that sits within it—Mount Sharp—were long ago the bottom of a lake of water that may have been present for as long as 500 million years.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931180,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":23,"wordCount":922},"headData":{"title":"Ancient Lake on Mars Tells a Story | KQED","description":"Recently, scientists using data from NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission confirmed something that has been speculated on for some time: the floor of Gale Crater and the foundations of mound of sediments that sits within it—Mount Sharp—were long ago the bottom of a lake of water that may have been present for as long as 500 million years.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Ancient Lake on Mars Tells a Story","datePublished":"2015-10-16T13:00:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:59:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/301931/ancient-lake-on-mars-tells-a-story","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Recently, scientists using data from NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory mission confirmed something that has been suspected for some time: the floor of Mars’ Gale Crater and the foundations of the mound of sediments that sits within it—Mount Sharp—were long ago the bottom of a lake of water that may have been present for as long as 500 million years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rover Curiosity landed in Gale Crater, near the foot of Mount Sharp, three years ago. After prospecting the geology of the crater floor for almost two years, the robot began making its way up the lower slopes of the mountain, sampling the chemistry and morphology of its sedimentary rock layers and building a picture of the crater’s early—and now verifiably watery—history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mounting Signs That Water Flowed in the Past \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the last year Curiosity has encountered \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4398\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rock formations that suggest the past action of flowing water\u003c/a>: large-grain gravel deposits that indicate fast-flowing streams or rivers, and other formations that suggest locales where streams emptied into pools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_302004\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 483px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-302004\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-400x225.jpg\" alt=\"Three-dimensional model of Mars' Gale Crater, and the central mound of sediment named Mount Sharp, currently being explored by NASA's Curiosity rover. \" width=\"483\" height=\"272\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/Gale_Crater_3d1_H-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 483px) 100vw, 483px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Three-dimensional model of Mars’ Gale Crater, and the central mound of sediment named Mount Sharp, currently being explored by NASA’s Curiosity rover. \u003ccite>(ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/G. Neukum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These signs of past flowing water sent mission scientists looking downstream, where common sense promised we might find a lake formation, an accumulation of fine-grained silts and muds built up over time at a lake bottom. Gale Crater, after all, was a deep impact basin, with no outlets through which water flowing into it might escape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that’s just what Curiosity has found, in the form of mudstone. One prospecting site along Curiosity’s path, called the “Kimberley” formation, shown in the picture at the top of this post, is a beautiful example of these mudstone layers, the telltale geological legacy of a long-enduring body of water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The story told by the lower level mudstone strata is that between 3.8 and 3.3 billion years ago the 90-mile-wide impact basin hosted a lake, either continuously or in repeating cycles of wet and dry climate. The water may have been supplied by the inflow of rivers and streams, or the runoff of melting snow from surrounding highlands, or a combination of these.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eventually, the crater basin filled in with deep layers of sediment, which were later sculpted by erosion to form the central mound of Mount Sharp, Curiosity’s current digging grounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When Did Mars Start to Dry Up?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Measurements of Mount Sharp’s higher slopes, whose layers represent more recent sedimentation, show no signs of past association with liquid water, and might be explained as wind-deposited material. This dramatic change tells us something we already knew: that the wet conditions of Mars’ youth eventually dried up. As Curiosity climbs toward these higher, historically drier layers, we may learn more about when and how Mars began to change into the world we know today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But perhaps Mars has not dried up completely… .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Water On Mars Today?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The news of Gale Crater’s ancient lake bed followed closely \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4722\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NASA’s recent announcement \u003c/a>confirming the action of liquid water on Mars at present. NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter detected hydrated mineral salts in transient dark streaks observed running down the inner slopes of low- and mid-latitude crater and canyon walls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_302005\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 434px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-302005\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-400x250.jpg\" alt=\"Recurring slope lineae (dark streaks) running down the slopes of the Martian canyon, Coprates Chasma. \" width=\"434\" height=\"271\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-400x250.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-800x500.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-1440x900.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-1180x738.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma-960x600.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/10/mro-rsl-coprates_chasma.jpg 1638w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 434px) 100vw, 434px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Recurring slope lineae (dark streaks) running down the slopes of the Martian canyon, Coprates Chasma. \u003ccite>(ASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These streaks, called recurring slope lineae, have been observed from orbit over the past few years, appearing during the warm seasons in Mars’ northern and southern hemispheres, and disappearing in the cooler seasons. The spectroscopic data from the orbiter confirms what was suspected: that the dark streaks are most likely caused by flows of briny liquid water, on or just under the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Could Curiosity’s Wheels Get Stuck In The Mud?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Could Curiosity’s wheels, now treading over the dry mudstones of Gale Crater’s paleo lake bed, ever encounter actual wet mud? Are there any recurring slope lineae in the vicinity that NASA could send the rover on a spin through?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have been scrutinizing high-resolution imagery of the slopes around Gale Crater \u003ca href=\"http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/2327.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">looking for activity\u003c/a>. So far, researchers have seen no strong candidates, although they have spotted transient darkenings that match some characteristics of the brine flows—the most promising of these only about 30 miles east of Curiosity’s present location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If Curiosity’s operators could, I suspect they probably would consider making a detour to examine slope lineae up close. Imagine what we might find… .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But 30 miles is a long haul even for the capable Curiosity—even if the rover could traverse whatever terrain lies between it and a candidate site. Added to the challenge is that the briny streaks are found running down fairly steep slopes, and they may be inaccessible to this robot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So the investigation of the environment around these transitory water seeps is probably the subject of a future mission to Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, we can expect more fascinating reports from Curiosity as it climbs above the mudstone layers of Gale Crater’s ancient lakebed, and sleuths out what may have happened to a once much more Earth-like Mars.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/301931/ancient-lake-on-mars-tells-a-story","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_332","science_5179","science_364","science_333","science_420","science_309","science_201"],"featImg":"science_301932","label":"science"},"science_24828":{"type":"posts","id":"science_24828","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"24828","score":null,"sort":[1418392827000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-evidence-of-possible-long-term-water-on-mars","title":"NASA's Curiosity Rover Finds Evidence of Possible Long-Term Water on Mars","publishDate":1418392827,"format":"aside","headTitle":"NASA’s Curiosity Rover Finds Evidence of Possible Long-Term Water on Mars | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/murray_formation_gale_crater.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/murray_formation_gale_crater.jpg\" alt=\"An outcrop of lake bed deposits captured by Curiosity's MastCam in August, 2014\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An outcrop of lake bed deposits captured by Curiosity’s MastCam in August, 2014 (MSL/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday, NASA announced some surprising results from its exploration of Gale Crater on Mars by the Mars Science Laboratory rover \u003ca title=\"NASA/Curiosity\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a>. The crater was once the site of a vast lake—and not merely a fleeting puddle of moisture that came and went early in Mars’ history, but a lake that appears to have filled Gale Crater, dried up and filled it again, repeatedly over a much longer period than wet conditions were believed to have persisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24834\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/gale_crater_mount_sharp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24834\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/gale_crater_mount_sharp.jpg\" alt=\"Gale Crater and its central mound of sedimentary rock, Mount Sharp\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gale Crater and its central mound of sedimentary rock, Mount Sharp (MSL/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not long after Curiosity began exploring the rubble-filled bottom-lands at the floor of Gale Crater, it began to find \u003ca title=\"Washington Post\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nasa-curiosity-rover-discovers-evidence-of-fresh-water-mars-lake/2013/12/09/a1658518-60d9-11e3-bf45-61f69f54fc5f_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clues that liquid water was present\u003c/a> there at some time in the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recently, Curiosity has investigated a 500-foot-high section of exposed sedimentary rock at the base of the mountain–called the Murray Formation–the rover’s first peak into the layered geologic history of the crater. The layers of sediment appear to have been laid down by alternating river, lake, and wind deposition, indicating a cycling between wet and dry conditions in at least the local climate that repeated many times over perhaps tens of millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this interpretation of the geologic evidence is correct, during wet periods water entered the crater in rivers flowing down the crater walls, possibly supplied by thawing ice or snow accumulations in the surrounding higher ground. The inflow carried large amounts of silt and sand and deposited it on the crater floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the climate changed and the lake waters dried up, leaving the lake bottom bare and dry and exposed to deposition of dust and sand by wind action, adding a layer on the water-deposited bed. Then, another wet period arrived, the lake filled again, and more water sediments were laid down. And so on, many times, over a long period.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Were the conditions at Gale Crater driven by cycles of global climate that formed similar environments elsewhere on the planet?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>What this implies about other regions of Mars is not yet clear. Were the conditions at Gale Crater driven by cycles of global climate that formed similar environments elsewhere on the planet? Other missions have found evidence of past liquid water on Mars, but were not able to tell us how long it lasted or if it came and went cyclically, as Curiosity’s investigations have revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prospect that liquid water was present and stable on Mars’ surface over long periods of time also enhances the conversation about the possibility that life could have appeared there at some point. We have not found evidence of life on Mars so far–but how cool would it be to find a fossil in one of those layers of rock?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Curiosity climbs up the slopes of Mount Sharp, it will encounter higher formations of sediment laid down at later times in Mars’ history, giving us a more comprehensive profile of the changing climate than those represented by the rocks at the rover’s current digs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient lake that once filled Gale Crater must have been a fantastic sight. If you’ve ever seen Crater Lake in Oregon and were impressed by its size—well, Crater Lake is only five miles wide. Gale Crater, as it is today, is 96 miles across!\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"NASA announced that Mars' Gale Crater was once the site of a vast lake that appears to have filled up, dried out and filled up again repeatedly over a much longer period than wet conditions were believed to have persisted.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932522,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":590},"headData":{"title":"NASA's Curiosity Rover Finds Evidence of Possible Long-Term Water on Mars | KQED","description":"NASA announced that Mars' Gale Crater was once the site of a vast lake that appears to have filled up, dried out and filled up again repeatedly over a much longer period than wet conditions were believed to have persisted.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"NASA's Curiosity Rover Finds Evidence of Possible Long-Term Water on Mars","datePublished":"2014-12-12T14:00:27.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:22:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/24828/nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-evidence-of-possible-long-term-water-on-mars","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24832\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/murray_formation_gale_crater.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24832\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/murray_formation_gale_crater.jpg\" alt=\"An outcrop of lake bed deposits captured by Curiosity's MastCam in August, 2014\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An outcrop of lake bed deposits captured by Curiosity’s MastCam in August, 2014 (MSL/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Monday, NASA announced some surprising results from its exploration of Gale Crater on Mars by the Mars Science Laboratory rover \u003ca title=\"NASA/Curiosity\" href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curiosity\u003c/a>. The crater was once the site of a vast lake—and not merely a fleeting puddle of moisture that came and went early in Mars’ history, but a lake that appears to have filled Gale Crater, dried up and filled it again, repeatedly over a much longer period than wet conditions were believed to have persisted.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_24834\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/gale_crater_mount_sharp.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-24834\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/gale_crater_mount_sharp.jpg\" alt=\"Gale Crater and its central mound of sedimentary rock, Mount Sharp\" width=\"400\" height=\"225\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gale Crater and its central mound of sedimentary rock, Mount Sharp (MSL/NASA)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Not long after Curiosity began exploring the rubble-filled bottom-lands at the floor of Gale Crater, it began to find \u003ca title=\"Washington Post\" href=\"http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/nasa-curiosity-rover-discovers-evidence-of-fresh-water-mars-lake/2013/12/09/a1658518-60d9-11e3-bf45-61f69f54fc5f_story.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">clues that liquid water was present\u003c/a> there at some time in the distant past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most recently, Curiosity has investigated a 500-foot-high section of exposed sedimentary rock at the base of the mountain–called the Murray Formation–the rover’s first peak into the layered geologic history of the crater. The layers of sediment appear to have been laid down by alternating river, lake, and wind deposition, indicating a cycling between wet and dry conditions in at least the local climate that repeated many times over perhaps tens of millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this interpretation of the geologic evidence is correct, during wet periods water entered the crater in rivers flowing down the crater walls, possibly supplied by thawing ice or snow accumulations in the surrounding higher ground. The inflow carried large amounts of silt and sand and deposited it on the crater floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, the climate changed and the lake waters dried up, leaving the lake bottom bare and dry and exposed to deposition of dust and sand by wind action, adding a layer on the water-deposited bed. Then, another wet period arrived, the lake filled again, and more water sediments were laid down. And so on, many times, over a long period.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Were the conditions at Gale Crater driven by cycles of global climate that formed similar environments elsewhere on the planet?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>What this implies about other regions of Mars is not yet clear. Were the conditions at Gale Crater driven by cycles of global climate that formed similar environments elsewhere on the planet? Other missions have found evidence of past liquid water on Mars, but were not able to tell us how long it lasted or if it came and went cyclically, as Curiosity’s investigations have revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prospect that liquid water was present and stable on Mars’ surface over long periods of time also enhances the conversation about the possibility that life could have appeared there at some point. We have not found evidence of life on Mars so far–but how cool would it be to find a fossil in one of those layers of rock?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Curiosity climbs up the slopes of Mount Sharp, it will encounter higher formations of sediment laid down at later times in Mars’ history, giving us a more comprehensive profile of the changing climate than those represented by the rocks at the rover’s current digs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ancient lake that once filled Gale Crater must have been a fantastic sight. If you’ve ever seen Crater Lake in Oregon and were impressed by its size—well, Crater Lake is only five miles wide. Gale Crater, as it is today, is 96 miles across!\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/24828/nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-evidence-of-possible-long-term-water-on-mars","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28"],"tags":["science_330","science_332","science_5179","science_333","science_5175","science_201"],"featImg":"science_24832","label":"science"},"science_4346":{"type":"posts","id":"science_4346","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"4346","score":null,"sort":[1371225218000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"curiosity-prepares-to-set-forth-from-base-camp-at-last","title":"Curiosity Prepares to Set Forth From Base Camp At Last","publishDate":1371225218,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Curiosity Prepares to Set Forth From Base Camp At Last | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4352\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/curiosity-and-mount-sharp.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4352\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/curiosity-and-mount-sharp.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Curiosity Rover and Mount Sharp\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4352\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Curiosity Rover and Mount Sharp\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The exploration of Mars is not like your parents’ science fiction adventure movie, where would-be explorers hit the ground with wheels spinning, flinging up red rooster tails of dust as they motocross their way over the Martian terrain in search of a game-changing plot complication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not like that at all — well, except for the part about the game-changing plot complication, which is the entire thrust of the mission of NASA’s Curiosity rover. The game-changer–assessing if conditions on Mars were ever suitable for the formation of life–is in fact a much desired complication, something we’ve been hoping to determine since we started studying Mars with robotic probes almost 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as an action adventure goes, Curiosity’s activities since landing on Mars ten months ago might be called conservative. It’s traveled less than half a mile from its landing spot and poked about the rocks and soil in one small area, while what we might assume is the beginning of its true adventure lies five miles and maybe a year or more away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/\" title=\"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">primary mission\u003c/a> is to study the geology of the layers of sediment that make up Mount Sharp, a large mountain at the center of the vast Gale Crater. Gale is an ancient impact crater believed to have filled with sediment over billions of years of erosion and deposition, some of it probably by water action. Like an open book of the geologic history of Mars, its story written in pages of sediment, Curiosity has yet to climb up its slopes to read the conditions of the past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While I am as anxious as the next Mars geek to see the gravel and stone of Mount Sharp up close (and, I admit, my own sense of the fantastic yearns for Curiosity to find something like, oh, say, fossils), it’s worth mentioning that Curiosity’s work at its “base camp” (an area of crater floor alluvium dubbed “Glenelg”) has proven to be a huge down payment on that game-changer we’re looking for. Three different types of geology converge in this area, which has given Curiosity a variety to sample sources to drill, scoop, and analyze. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in its exploration Curiosity discovered a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/\" title=\"A River Ran Through It\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pebbly matrix\u003c/a> that strongly resembles formations on Earth that are known to have been laid down by past streams of water, hinting at liquid water flowing over the Martian terrain long ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using its \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/\" title=\"Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drill\u003c/a>, Curiosity has probed deeper into Martian geology than ever in the past—2.6 inches—revealing beneath the weathered, rusty orange outer surface of its target rocks (\u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/05/22/curiosity-drills-a-second-hole-on-mars/\" title=\"NASA's Curiosity drills into Martian rock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“John Klein” and “Cumberland”\u003c/a>) the blue-gray face of a hidden Mars. Analysis of the John Klein rock samples revealed a number of chemical elements found in life on Earth, including sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past surface water. The chemicals that comprise Earth-life. Game-changing findings. Not bad for what amount to warm-up exercises at the foot of a mountain that promises to tell us so much more about Mars’ past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Curiosity is preparing to shift gears and enter a long-distance travel mode to reach the foot of Mount Sharp in the coming months. Mission scientists can’t say when it will reach the mountain, because there is always the possibility that Curiosity will happen upon something so interesting that we must stop to take a closer look, but that’s how exploration goes: often it is along the journey, and not what we find at the destination, that we discover the biggest game-changers.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"After ten months of studying a small patch of Mars half a mile from its landing point, NASA's Curiosity rover pulls up stakes, packs its bags and prepares to set forth on a trek to reach the base of Mount Sharp, a layered mound of Martian geologic history with secrets just waiting to be discovered. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935623,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":11,"wordCount":638},"headData":{"title":"Curiosity Prepares to Set Forth From Base Camp At Last | KQED","description":"After ten months of studying a small patch of Mars half a mile from its landing point, NASA's Curiosity rover pulls up stakes, packs its bags and prepares to set forth on a trek to reach the base of Mount Sharp, a layered mound of Martian geologic history with secrets just waiting to be discovered. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Curiosity Prepares to Set Forth From Base Camp At Last","datePublished":"2013-06-14T15:53:38.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:13:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/4346/curiosity-prepares-to-set-forth-from-base-camp-at-last","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_4352\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/curiosity-and-mount-sharp.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-4352\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/curiosity-and-mount-sharp.jpg\" alt=\"NASA's Curiosity Rover and Mount Sharp\" width=\"630\" height=\"360\" class=\"size-full wp-image-4352\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Curiosity Rover and Mount Sharp\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The exploration of Mars is not like your parents’ science fiction adventure movie, where would-be explorers hit the ground with wheels spinning, flinging up red rooster tails of dust as they motocross their way over the Martian terrain in search of a game-changing plot complication.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not like that at all — well, except for the part about the game-changing plot complication, which is the entire thrust of the mission of NASA’s Curiosity rover. The game-changer–assessing if conditions on Mars were ever suitable for the formation of life–is in fact a much desired complication, something we’ve been hoping to determine since we started studying Mars with robotic probes almost 50 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As far as an action adventure goes, Curiosity’s activities since landing on Mars ten months ago might be called conservative. It’s traveled less than half a mile from its landing spot and poked about the rocks and soil in one small area, while what we might assume is the beginning of its true adventure lies five miles and maybe a year or more away. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Curiosity’s \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/01/25/mars-mountainclimbing-mashup/\" title=\"Mars Mountain Climbing Mashup\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">primary mission\u003c/a> is to study the geology of the layers of sediment that make up Mount Sharp, a large mountain at the center of the vast Gale Crater. Gale is an ancient impact crater believed to have filled with sediment over billions of years of erosion and deposition, some of it probably by water action. Like an open book of the geologic history of Mars, its story written in pages of sediment, Curiosity has yet to climb up its slopes to read the conditions of the past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While I am as anxious as the next Mars geek to see the gravel and stone of Mount Sharp up close (and, I admit, my own sense of the fantastic yearns for Curiosity to find something like, oh, say, fossils), it’s worth mentioning that Curiosity’s work at its “base camp” (an area of crater floor alluvium dubbed “Glenelg”) has proven to be a huge down payment on that game-changer we’re looking for. Three different types of geology converge in this area, which has given Curiosity a variety to sample sources to drill, scoop, and analyze. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Early in its exploration Curiosity discovered a \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2012/10/05/news-from-mars-a-river-ran-through-it/\" title=\"A River Ran Through It\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pebbly matrix\u003c/a> that strongly resembles formations on Earth that are known to have been laid down by past streams of water, hinting at liquid water flowing over the Martian terrain long ago. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using its \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/2013/02/22/mars-rovercuriosity-digs-a-little-deeper/\" title=\"Curiosity Digs a Little Deeper\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">drill\u003c/a>, Curiosity has probed deeper into Martian geology than ever in the past—2.6 inches—revealing beneath the weathered, rusty orange outer surface of its target rocks (\u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2013/05/22/curiosity-drills-a-second-hole-on-mars/\" title=\"NASA's Curiosity drills into Martian rock\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">“John Klein” and “Cumberland”\u003c/a>) the blue-gray face of a hidden Mars. Analysis of the John Klein rock samples revealed a number of chemical elements found in life on Earth, including sulfur, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and carbon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Past surface water. The chemicals that comprise Earth-life. Game-changing findings. Not bad for what amount to warm-up exercises at the foot of a mountain that promises to tell us so much more about Mars’ past. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Curiosity is preparing to shift gears and enter a long-distance travel mode to reach the foot of Mount Sharp in the coming months. Mission scientists can’t say when it will reach the mountain, because there is always the possibility that Curiosity will happen upon something so interesting that we must stop to take a closer look, but that’s how exploration goes: often it is along the journey, and not what we find at the destination, that we discover the biggest game-changers.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/4346/curiosity-prepares-to-set-forth-from-base-camp-at-last","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_38"],"tags":["science_332","science_5179","science_333","science_5175","science_309"],"featImg":"science_4352","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. 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You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. 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