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"disqusTitle": "Beyond Abolishing the 'Personal Belief Exemption' To Raise Vaccination Rates",
"title": "Beyond Abolishing the 'Personal Belief Exemption' To Raise Vaccination Rates",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-15266\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-640x452.jpg\" alt=\"Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday in Sacramento, a MoveOn.org member is expected to \u003ca title=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" href=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" target=\"_blank\">deliver a petition \u003c/a>with 21,000 signatures calling on the state's government to abolish the personal belief exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"Focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counter-productive backlash.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She will be holding a press conference with Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), who announced a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" target=\"_blank\">bill earlier this mont\u003c/a>h to do just that. When he made the announcement, Pan repeatedly spoke of wanting to increase vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds so good: Just wipe out the option to refuse vaccines, and vaccination rates will improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is abolishing the personal belief exemption -- a choice that permits parents to lawfully send their children to school unvaccinated -- the best way to accomplish that goal?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counterproductive backlash,\" Professor Brendan Nyhan told me in an interview. He's a political scientist at Dartmouth whose research focuses on misperceptions in politics and health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's pretty easy to imagine that people who are ardently opposed to vaccinating their children are also going to be ardently opposed to a law that removes their personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tightening Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than eliminating choice,\" Nyhan says, \"we alter the administrative procedures to reflect the cost that going unvaccinated affects the community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those administrative procedures have to do with tightening the rules around how people can obtain an exemption from vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backing up for a moment, \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California is one of 20 states\u003c/a> that permits a philosophical exemption from vaccines. In addition, all states, except two, permit a religious exemption. Only West Virginia and Mississippi require all children to be vaccinated, except those who cannot be immunized for a medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this school year, it was easier in California to opt out of vaccines than it was to vaccinate your children. While it's state law that all kindergartners be vaccinated to attend any school statewide -- public, private or religious -- parents could opt out simply by writing a short statement declaring that they opposed vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this school year, parents now must meet first with a health care provider, who must attest that the parents have been provided with information about vaccines and vaccine-preventable illness. Right away, the rate of personal belief exemptions \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" target=\"_blank\">dropped by 19 percent statewide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The educational requirement can be a significant step in getting people to choose to have their children vaccinated,\" Ross Silverman, a professor of public health law at Indiana University, told me. \"The decision to have these exemptions at all is a purely political one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public health agencies have the power to require vaccination, he said, \"you want to strike the balance with protecting the public's health against being seen as too forceful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca title=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" href=\"//jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" target=\"_blank\">wrote recently in JAMA\u003c/a> about different legislative tools to limit non-medical vaccine exemptions, including options that California has not pursued:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Requiring annual renewal of the personal belief exemption. Right now, parents need only file at kindergarten and seventh grade\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require notarization to file the personal belief exemption form\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For religious exemptions, require a religious leader within the organization to submit a letter on your behalf\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The state with the best \"evidence-driven structure\" for a philosophical exemption, Silverman said, is Arkansas, which has all three policies above in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkansas' exemption rate in the 2013-2014 school year was 1.2 percent, versus California's 3.3 percent that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon has only a religious exemption, and its rate in 2013-2014 was 7.1 percent. That's among the highest exemption rates in the country, Silverman says, \"and they don't even have a philosophical exemption.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to strict rules about obtaining an exemption, the other opportunity to increase vaccination has to do with messaging around vaccines. Simply spreading straightforward public health information is not effective -- and may even be counterproductive -- for some people already hesitant about vaccines, Nyhan reported in \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" target=\"_blank\">a famous study last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he recommends other approaches to improving vaccination rates. He cited a campaign in a community in Western Australia that focuses on values, not science, shared by community members. \u003ca title=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" href=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" target=\"_blank\">One photo shows a dad, \"Andrew,\"\u003c/a> carrying a baby in a sling, with the message \"I use cloth nappies, I eat whole foods, and I immunise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a powerful message, and it \"communicate(s) that you share the values and backgrounds of the people exempting,\" Nyhan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" target=\"_blank\">also worries \u003c/a>that the media focus on people who refuse vaccines may create a false impression that those views are mainstream. Even in California, measles outbreak and all, only 2.5 percent of kindergartners this year had a non-medical exemption. Put a different way, more than 97 percent of California parents vaccinate their kids.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15266\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-e1380559925587.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-15266\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/09/149948672-640x452.jpg\" alt=\"Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"452\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students leaving a vaccine clinic after being vaccinated against whooping cough at a middle school in Los Angeles. (Kevork Djansezian/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On Wednesday in Sacramento, a MoveOn.org member is expected to \u003ca title=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" href=\"http://petitions.moveon.org/sign/make-vaccines-mandatory\" target=\"_blank\">deliver a petition \u003c/a>with 21,000 signatures calling on the state's government to abolish the personal belief exemption.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">\"Focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counter-productive backlash.\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>She will be holding a press conference with Sen. Richard Pan (D-Sacramento), who announced a \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/02/04/new-vaccination-bill-would-end-exemptions-for-personal-religious-beliefs/\" target=\"_blank\">bill earlier this mont\u003c/a>h to do just that. When he made the announcement, Pan repeatedly spoke of wanting to increase vaccination rates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It sounds so good: Just wipe out the option to refuse vaccines, and vaccination rates will improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is abolishing the personal belief exemption -- a choice that permits parents to lawfully send their children to school unvaccinated -- the best way to accomplish that goal?\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think focusing on the parental-choice issue risks provoking a counterproductive backlash,\" Professor Brendan Nyhan told me in an interview. He's a political scientist at Dartmouth whose research focuses on misperceptions in politics and health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's pretty easy to imagine that people who are ardently opposed to vaccinating their children are also going to be ardently opposed to a law that removes their personal choice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tightening Rules\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than eliminating choice,\" Nyhan says, \"we alter the administrative procedures to reflect the cost that going unvaccinated affects the community.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Those administrative procedures have to do with tightening the rules around how people can obtain an exemption from vaccination.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Backing up for a moment, \u003ca title=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" href=\"http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/school-immunization-exemption-state-laws.aspx\" target=\"_blank\">California is one of 20 states\u003c/a> that permits a philosophical exemption from vaccines. In addition, all states, except two, permit a religious exemption. Only West Virginia and Mississippi require all children to be vaccinated, except those who cannot be immunized for a medical reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Until this school year, it was easier in California to opt out of vaccines than it was to vaccinate your children. While it's state law that all kindergartners be vaccinated to attend any school statewide -- public, private or religious -- parents could opt out simply by writing a short statement declaring that they opposed vaccines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With this school year, parents now must meet first with a health care provider, who must attest that the parents have been provided with information about vaccines and vaccine-preventable illness. Right away, the rate of personal belief exemptions \u003ca title=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/2015/01/30/vaccine-opt-out-rate-drops-first-time-since-1998-look-up-your-calif-school/\" target=\"_blank\">dropped by 19 percent statewide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The educational requirement can be a significant step in getting people to choose to have their children vaccinated,\" Ross Silverman, a professor of public health law at Indiana University, told me. \"The decision to have these exemptions at all is a purely political one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While public health agencies have the power to require vaccination, he said, \"you want to strike the balance with protecting the public's health against being seen as too forceful.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He \u003ca title=\"http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" href=\"//jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2091313\" target=\"_blank\">wrote recently in JAMA\u003c/a> about different legislative tools to limit non-medical vaccine exemptions, including options that California has not pursued:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Requiring annual renewal of the personal belief exemption. Right now, parents need only file at kindergarten and seventh grade\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Require notarization to file the personal belief exemption form\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>For religious exemptions, require a religious leader within the organization to submit a letter on your behalf\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>The state with the best \"evidence-driven structure\" for a philosophical exemption, Silverman said, is Arkansas, which has all three policies above in place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Arkansas' exemption rate in the 2013-2014 school year was 1.2 percent, versus California's 3.3 percent that year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Oregon has only a religious exemption, and its rate in 2013-2014 was 7.1 percent. That's among the highest exemption rates in the country, Silverman says, \"and they don't even have a philosophical exemption.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In addition to strict rules about obtaining an exemption, the other opportunity to increase vaccination has to do with messaging around vaccines. Simply spreading straightforward public health information is not effective -- and may even be counterproductive -- for some people already hesitant about vaccines, Nyhan reported in \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/09/upshot/vaccine-opponents-can-be-immune-to-education.html\" target=\"_blank\">a famous study last year\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he recommends other approaches to improving vaccination rates. He cited a campaign in a community in Western Australia that focuses on values, not science, shared by community members. \u003ca title=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" href=\"http://immunise.org.au/andrew/\" target=\"_blank\">One photo shows a dad, \"Andrew,\"\u003c/a> carrying a baby in a sling, with the message \"I use cloth nappies, I eat whole foods, and I immunise.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a powerful message, and it \"communicate(s) that you share the values and backgrounds of the people exempting,\" Nyhan said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nyhan \u003ca title=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/03/upshot/spreading-along-with-measles-polarization-on-a-hot-button-issue.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=1\" target=\"_blank\">also worries \u003c/a>that the media focus on people who refuse vaccines may create a false impression that those views are mainstream. Even in California, measles outbreak and all, only 2.5 percent of kindergartners this year had a non-medical exemption. Put a different way, more than 97 percent of California parents vaccinate their kids.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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},
"radiolab": {
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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},
"science-friday": {
"id": "science-friday",
"title": "Science Friday",
"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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},
"snap-judgment": {
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