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"disqusTitle": "Study Finds Girls Entering Puberty Younger; Obesity Implicated",
"title": "Study Finds Girls Entering Puberty Younger; Obesity Implicated",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16054\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/50781677-2-e1383511143227.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16054\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/50781677-2-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"Retailer J.C. Penney features a Girls Plus clothing department tailored to overweight girls in this April, 2004 photo. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retailer J.C. Penney features a Girls Plus clothing department tailored to overweight girls. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Building on earlier research a major new study has found that girls are starting puberty at even younger ages. The most significant changes were seen in Caucasian girls and in girls who are overweight or obese. Still, girls who were not overweight were also entering puberty younger, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at three sites around the country -- including the San Francisco Bay Area -- followed 1,239 ethnically diverse girls from 2004 to 2011. They looked at breast development, a key marker for the start of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Girls who mature earlier are at risk for lower self-esteem and higher rates of depression.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Earlier studies had shown that African-American girls had reached this milestone at younger ages. \"Now it looks like it's happening earlier for Caucasian girls,\" said Dr. Louise Greenspan, a pediatric endocrinologist with Kaiser San Francisco and one of the authors of the study. \"Particularly, the overweight Caucasian girls are developing earlier than they have in the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at a number of factors, but the \"obesity epidemic appears to be a prime driver in the decrease in age at onset of breast development,\" the authors wrote. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers cannot say that being overweight or obese actually causes the earlier development, but there are biological reasons to suggest how body fat could contribute to the change. \"Fat makes hormones,\" Greenspan noted, \"and the hormones that are being made by the fat might also be generating high enough levels to make true breast development.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenspan specified \"true\" breast development, because their research was based on examining girls at least annually during the 7-year study period as opposed to other studies which had relied on observation. \"That's been a major criticism of prior studies,\" Greenspan said. \"Because when you look at a girl's chest, you can't tell whether there's fat tissue or true breast development, and our study was different because we examined the girls physically and were able to feel the difference between fat and real breast tissue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/future/132/6#MONTHLYFEATURE\" target=\"_blank\">Onset of Breast Development in a Longitudinal Cohort\u003c/a>, was published online Monday in the journal Pediatrics. It was funded by the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Differences noted by ethnicity and race\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://children.webmd.com/tc/growth-and-development-ages-11-to-14-years-what-to-expect\" target=\"_blank\">Common sources\u003c/a> for health information often list puberty as starting around age 11 for girls. But in 1997, a \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/99/4/505.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">landmark study \u003c/a>concluded that puberty was starting earlier, and African-American girls in particular were entering puberty younger than their peers. This study found average ages for the even-earlier breast development as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>8.76 years for African-American girls\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>9.23 years for Hispanic girls\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>9.62 years for Caucasian\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>9.92 years for Asian-American girls\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>This study is essentially the first to determine onset of puberty for Asian-American girls, although their study sample was still small. \"Previous studies have largely focused on the white/black difference,\" said Lawrence Kushi, Directory of Scientific Policy at Kaiser's Division of Research and the principal investigator for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cygnetstudy.com/component/content/category/8-about-cygnet\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco site\u003c/a> in this report. Hispanic girls have been somewhat more represented in prior studies than Asian-American girls, and Hispanic girls have \"shifted to somewhat younger ages,\" Kushi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big difference is in Caucasian girls. The average age of breast development for them was four months earlier than seen in the 1997 study, and that's \"a pretty significant reduction\" on a percentage basis, says Greenspan, since puberty only lasts two to three years. But that's the average. The more obese girls had a \"greater shift,\" Kushi said. Some of these heavier girls were entering puberty close to a year earlier than previously reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-American girls appeared to be \"holding steady\" compared to earlier studies, said Greenspan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's not clear from this study is if girls are also having their first period at a younger age. The research team has been following this group of girls since they were ages 6 to 8. Now they are 14 to 16. The researchers plan to analyze ages of the girls' first period once all the girls in the study have reached that milestone. \"One question we have,\" Greenspan said, \"is puberty starting earlier and ending earlier so there's an entire shift to an earlier age; or is puberty starting earlier and ending at the same time?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Psychological and physical health risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This earlier onset of puberty puts girls at risk for certain mental and physical health issues. From the study:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Girls with earlier maturation are at risk for lower self-esteem and higher rates of depression. They are more likely to be influenced by older peers and more deviant peers, and initiate intercourse, substance use and other norm-breaking behaviors at younger ages.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Many schools include classes about puberty and sexuality in 5th or 6th grade, Greenspan noted. But according to this new data, many girls are entering puberty in 3rd or 4th grade. This creates a \"real disconnect between the timing of girls' puberty and the timing of the education they receive about the puberty and their bodies in general.\" She argued for splitting the subject matter and teaching girls about puberty in the earlier grades and leaving sexuality for the later grades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Girls who enter puberty younger are at higher risk for developing certain cancers as adults, including breast cancer -- possibly because earlier puberty increases exposure to estrogen, a known breast cancer risk. Greenspan hopes that the researchers will continue to receive funding to follow the girls into adulthood, which could yield better understanding of breast cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also collected blood and urine samples from the girls at the beginning of the study and are analyzing certain chemicals to see what associations there may be between chemicals and breast development. They are looking at \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/archives/archive.php?thingId=141118712\" target=\"_blank\">Bisphenol A \u003c/a>(BPA), flame retardants, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Phthalates_FactSheet.html\" target=\"_blank\">phthalates\u003c/a>, heavy metals and chemicals used in nonstick cookware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karuna Jagger, executive director of Breast Cancer Action, a San Francisco-based advocacy group, called the study \"very important\" especially since causes of breast cancer are not fully understood, she said. She wants to know if chemical exposure means \"creating breasts that are susceptible to future insult and higher risk of breast cancer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Living with uncertainty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/future/132/6#COMMENTARIES\" target=\"_blank\">accompanying commentary\u003c/a> in Pediatrics, Marcia Herman-Giddens, lead researcher in the 1997 study, said that we may have to \"live with uncertainty\" for a long time, since the \"exact trigger for pubertal initiation is still unknown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herman-Giddens agreed that \"considerable research\" implicates obesity as a factor in the declining age of onset of puberty, but also points to other complex changes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Extensive interacting variables are known to be associated with earlier development in addition to weight and genetics: certain intrauterine conditions and exposures, preschool high-meat diets, dairy products, low fiber intake, isoflavones, high-stress families, absent fathers, certain endocrine disruptors, the microbiome as it influences weight, epigenetics, light exposure, hormone-laced hair products, insulin resistance, activity level, geographical location, and others.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>This study did not look at boys. Greenspan noted there's \"mixed data\" for them, some suggesting boys are going through puberty earlier, some not. Further investigation needs to be done on boys, she said. \"The issue is that the chemicals or even fat may have a different effect on boys' puberty because [boys] have a different set of hormones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated with additional information about the range in onset of puberty for Caucasian girls.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Building on earlier research a major new study has found that girls are starting puberty at even younger ages. The most significant changes were seen in Caucasian girls and in girls who are overweight or obese. Still, girls who were not overweight were also entering puberty younger, the study found.\r\n\r\nResearchers at three sites around the country -- including the San Francisco Bay Area -- followed 1,239 ethnically diverse girls from 2004 to 2011. They looked at breast development, a key marker for the start of puberty.",
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"description": "Building on earlier research a major new study has found that girls are starting puberty at even younger ages. The most significant changes were seen in Caucasian girls and in girls who are overweight or obese. Still, girls who were not overweight were also entering puberty younger, the study found.\r\n\r\nResearchers at three sites around the country -- including the San Francisco Bay Area -- followed 1,239 ethnically diverse girls from 2004 to 2011. They looked at breast development, a key marker for the start of puberty.",
"title": "Study Finds Girls Entering Puberty Younger; Obesity Implicated | KQED",
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"headline": "Study Finds Girls Entering Puberty Younger; Obesity Implicated",
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"slug": "study-girls-entering-puberty-younger-obesity-appears-major-factor-kaiser-san-francisco",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16054\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/50781677-2-e1383511143227.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-16054\" title=\"\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/stateofhealth/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2013/11/50781677-2-640x427.jpg\" alt=\"Retailer J.C. Penney features a Girls Plus clothing department tailored to overweight girls in this April, 2004 photo. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Retailer J.C. Penney features a Girls Plus clothing department tailored to overweight girls. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Building on earlier research a major new study has found that girls are starting puberty at even younger ages. The most significant changes were seen in Caucasian girls and in girls who are overweight or obese. Still, girls who were not overweight were also entering puberty younger, the study found.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers at three sites around the country -- including the San Francisco Bay Area -- followed 1,239 ethnically diverse girls from 2004 to 2011. They looked at breast development, a key marker for the start of puberty.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Girls who mature earlier are at risk for lower self-esteem and higher rates of depression.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Earlier studies had shown that African-American girls had reached this milestone at younger ages. \"Now it looks like it's happening earlier for Caucasian girls,\" said Dr. Louise Greenspan, a pediatric endocrinologist with Kaiser San Francisco and one of the authors of the study. \"Particularly, the overweight Caucasian girls are developing earlier than they have in the past.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers looked at a number of factors, but the \"obesity epidemic appears to be a prime driver in the decrease in age at onset of breast development,\" the authors wrote. \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers cannot say that being overweight or obese actually causes the earlier development, but there are biological reasons to suggest how body fat could contribute to the change. \"Fat makes hormones,\" Greenspan noted, \"and the hormones that are being made by the fat might also be generating high enough levels to make true breast development.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Greenspan specified \"true\" breast development, because their research was based on examining girls at least annually during the 7-year study period as opposed to other studies which had relied on observation. \"That's been a major criticism of prior studies,\" Greenspan said. \"Because when you look at a girl's chest, you can't tell whether there's fat tissue or true breast development, and our study was different because we examined the girls physically and were able to feel the difference between fat and real breast tissue.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study, \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/future/132/6#MONTHLYFEATURE\" target=\"_blank\">Onset of Breast Development in a Longitudinal Cohort\u003c/a>, was published online Monday in the journal Pediatrics. It was funded by the National Cancer Institute and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Differences noted by ethnicity and race\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://children.webmd.com/tc/growth-and-development-ages-11-to-14-years-what-to-expect\" target=\"_blank\">Common sources\u003c/a> for health information often list puberty as starting around age 11 for girls. But in 1997, a \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/99/4/505.abstract\" target=\"_blank\">landmark study \u003c/a>concluded that puberty was starting earlier, and African-American girls in particular were entering puberty younger than their peers. This study found average ages for the even-earlier breast development as follows:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>8.76 years for African-American girls\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>9.23 years for Hispanic girls\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>9.62 years for Caucasian\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>9.92 years for Asian-American girls\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>This study is essentially the first to determine onset of puberty for Asian-American girls, although their study sample was still small. \"Previous studies have largely focused on the white/black difference,\" said Lawrence Kushi, Directory of Scientific Policy at Kaiser's Division of Research and the principal investigator for the \u003ca href=\"https://www.cygnetstudy.com/component/content/category/8-about-cygnet\" target=\"_blank\">San Francisco site\u003c/a> in this report. Hispanic girls have been somewhat more represented in prior studies than Asian-American girls, and Hispanic girls have \"shifted to somewhat younger ages,\" Kushi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The big difference is in Caucasian girls. The average age of breast development for them was four months earlier than seen in the 1997 study, and that's \"a pretty significant reduction\" on a percentage basis, says Greenspan, since puberty only lasts two to three years. But that's the average. The more obese girls had a \"greater shift,\" Kushi said. Some of these heavier girls were entering puberty close to a year earlier than previously reported.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>African-American girls appeared to be \"holding steady\" compared to earlier studies, said Greenspan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's not clear from this study is if girls are also having their first period at a younger age. The research team has been following this group of girls since they were ages 6 to 8. Now they are 14 to 16. The researchers plan to analyze ages of the girls' first period once all the girls in the study have reached that milestone. \"One question we have,\" Greenspan said, \"is puberty starting earlier and ending earlier so there's an entire shift to an earlier age; or is puberty starting earlier and ending at the same time?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Psychological and physical health risks\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This earlier onset of puberty puts girls at risk for certain mental and physical health issues. From the study:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Girls with earlier maturation are at risk for lower self-esteem and higher rates of depression. They are more likely to be influenced by older peers and more deviant peers, and initiate intercourse, substance use and other norm-breaking behaviors at younger ages.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Many schools include classes about puberty and sexuality in 5th or 6th grade, Greenspan noted. But according to this new data, many girls are entering puberty in 3rd or 4th grade. This creates a \"real disconnect between the timing of girls' puberty and the timing of the education they receive about the puberty and their bodies in general.\" She argued for splitting the subject matter and teaching girls about puberty in the earlier grades and leaving sexuality for the later grades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Girls who enter puberty younger are at higher risk for developing certain cancers as adults, including breast cancer -- possibly because earlier puberty increases exposure to estrogen, a known breast cancer risk. Greenspan hopes that the researchers will continue to receive funding to follow the girls into adulthood, which could yield better understanding of breast cancer risk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers also collected blood and urine samples from the girls at the beginning of the study and are analyzing certain chemicals to see what associations there may be between chemicals and breast development. They are looking at \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/archives/archive.php?thingId=141118712\" target=\"_blank\">Bisphenol A \u003c/a>(BPA), flame retardants, \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/Phthalates_FactSheet.html\" target=\"_blank\">phthalates\u003c/a>, heavy metals and chemicals used in nonstick cookware.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Karuna Jagger, executive director of Breast Cancer Action, a San Francisco-based advocacy group, called the study \"very important\" especially since causes of breast cancer are not fully understood, she said. She wants to know if chemical exposure means \"creating breasts that are susceptible to future insult and higher risk of breast cancer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Living with uncertainty\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an \u003ca href=\"http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/future/132/6#COMMENTARIES\" target=\"_blank\">accompanying commentary\u003c/a> in Pediatrics, Marcia Herman-Giddens, lead researcher in the 1997 study, said that we may have to \"live with uncertainty\" for a long time, since the \"exact trigger for pubertal initiation is still unknown.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Herman-Giddens agreed that \"considerable research\" implicates obesity as a factor in the declining age of onset of puberty, but also points to other complex changes:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Extensive interacting variables are known to be associated with earlier development in addition to weight and genetics: certain intrauterine conditions and exposures, preschool high-meat diets, dairy products, low fiber intake, isoflavones, high-stress families, absent fathers, certain endocrine disruptors, the microbiome as it influences weight, epigenetics, light exposure, hormone-laced hair products, insulin resistance, activity level, geographical location, and others.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>This study did not look at boys. Greenspan noted there's \"mixed data\" for them, some suggesting boys are going through puberty earlier, some not. Further investigation needs to be done on boys, she said. \"The issue is that the chemicals or even fat may have a different effect on boys' puberty because [boys] have a different set of hormones.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This post has been updated with additional information about the range in onset of puberty for Caucasian girls.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"perspectives": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
"airtime": "SAT 4pm-5pm",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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