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"slug": "cornell-7-case-puts-spotlight-on-stanfords-move-to-halt-sexual-violence-resistance-training",
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"content": "\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u003cem>Editor’s note, Oct. 21: Stanford University said last week it would reinstate the Flip the Script sexual violence prevention program, and confirmed that it would be funded for the next three years. For more updates on this story, listen to the audio featured above.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/stanford-university\">Stanford University\u003c/a>’s decision to pause a sexual violence resistance program — one of the very few that research shows significantly decreases the risk of campus sexual assault — has drawn new scrutiny from students after an investigation into an alleged gang rape at a fraternity house at Cornell University. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act Sexual Assault Resistance Education program, also known as “Flip the Script,” teaches young women to identify and respond to risks, dissect relationships and learn the basics of physical defense. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cornell introduced the program last year, a year after the alleged assault inside the school’s Chi Phi fraternity house. Stanford has piloted and run the same training program in different formats since 2018, but officials put it on hold before fall quarter began last month, telling student workers that the decision was due to budget constraints. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“It was halfway through the summer that we got an email from our boss basically saying, ‘I’m really sorry, this is what’s happening around budget cuts, and for this reason the program will no longer be offered,’” said senior Kirsten Lees, who worked as a facilitator of the program last year. The university said in a statement that the pause was not primarily a budget decision.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104120\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Students and professors who had fought to bring the program to campus were shocked and devastated. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then in September, the Cornell accuser, identified as “Jane Doe” in legal documents, sued the New York university and seven men who she alleges coerced her into taking ketamine and raped her in October 2024.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shocking allegations thrust conversations about campus sexual violence and schools’ responses to it into the national spotlight — and compounded the Stanford students’ concerns.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“I think the main question that a lot of people are wondering is … could this happen here? Is our culture and our fraternities any different?” said Pelagia Martin, a 21-year-old Stanford senior.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104117\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stanford senior Pelagia Martin poses for a portrait at the Chanel Miller Contemplative Garden on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until recently, Martin worked in the school’s Title IX and Title VI Office, known by the acronym SHARE for Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Education. She said her resignation has a lot “to do with Flip the Script being cut.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The program, she said, “changed the way that people thought about sexual violence and taught them actionable skills.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“In a perfect world, it wouldn’t be on the survivor to protect themselves,” she told KQED. “But we don’t live in that kind of world, and it is a shame that we lost a program that allowed people to actually protect themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flip the Script’s origins\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2015, Chanel Miller’s assault outside a Stanford fraternity party spurred a nationwide reckoning around campus sexual violence.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That year, the university conducted an independent climate survey asking students about their experiences with prohibited sexual conduct, and found that just 1.9% of participants had experiences meeting Stanford’s definition of sexual assault. It caused \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2016/05/31/students-alumni-faculty-pressure-stanford-to-revisit-campus-climate-survey/\">widespread outrage\u003c/a> from students and faculty who said the results underrepresented students’ experiences because of the language of questions and narrow definition of assault. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2019, Stanford participated in an Association of American Universities climate survey that found \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2019/10/aau-2019-survey-sexual-assault-harassment-stanford\">38.5% of undergraduate women\u003c/a> in their fourth year had experienced some form of sexual violence since entering college. A similar study in 2024 found that figure was only slightly lower, \u003ca href=\"https://irds.stanford.edu/sexual-assault-surveys/2024\">at 32.3%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104119\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Chanel Miller Contemplative Garden on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“It’s heartbreaking,” said Stanford professor Michele Dauber, who was instrumental in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11673193/total-recall-judge-aaron-persky-voted-out\">successful recall\u003c/a> of Superior Court Judge Aaron Persky, who presided over the trial of Miller’s attacker, Brock Turner. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dauber began advocating to implement Flip the Script after seeing results from its first randomized control trial in 2015, which found that the 12-hour informational and resistance training course geared toward college women reduced instances of rape by almost 50% and attempted sexual assaults by more than 60% among participants.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those outcomes were “unheard of,” according to Dr. Clea Sarnquist, who researches gender-based violence intervention at Stanford Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“There’s really no other programming that has that level of evidence,” she told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2018, Stanford introduced Flip the Script as a research project. During the first year, 81 students completed the training.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Researchers intended to roll out a larger trial the following year, but that effort was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104116\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Chanel Miller Contemplative Garden on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It’s been offered intermittently since. Sarnquist said the program returned to campus in the fall of 2022 as part of a multi-site trial, but that effort was defunded in late 2023 due to “changing funder priorities.” In the fall of 2025, Stanford’s SHARE Office reinstated Flip the Script as an optional training available to students.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lees said at first, it was difficult to get the reinstated program off the ground. It had just four participants that fall, according to the university.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But after increasing outreach and introducing a for-credit class option, five enrolled in the winter and 14 completed the training in the spring.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“We had a motto toward the end of the year of just keeping our foot on the gas,” she said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“We had a lot of plans around how to bring Flip the Script to other aspects of campus, whether that be having dorm-led sessions, bringing it to sororities as part of their onboarding training, having the Women’s Community Center host workshops,” she continued. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then, while Lees was completing her thesis in Cape Town over the summer, she got the email that the program would no longer be offered. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘We pleaded with her’\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the years since Miller’s assault on campus, Dauber has remained a leading critic of Stanford’s efforts to prevent sexual violence. In 2024, before retiring, she urged the campus to expand Flip the Script. She and a colleague met with Provost Jenny Martinez to share the details of the program and research showing its efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“We pleaded with her,” Dauber said.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While Martinez didn’t tell the professors that she planned to expand Flip the Script, according to Dauber, she did indicate at that meeting that she would retain it as an optional program. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Stanford Daily issue published on Oct. 9, 2026, on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dauber said she found out last week, through \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2026/10/01/sexual-assault-awareness-program-cut/\">reporting by the \u003cem>Stanford Daily\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, that it had been cut.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“She never suggested that she would eliminate it, ever,” Dauber said. “Had she suggested that she would eliminate it, I think faculty and students would have reacted very strongly to that, and possibly applied enough pressure to prevent the cancellation.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Stanford spokesperson said that the program was paused because of last year’s low enrollment. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“Given those numbers, we are reassessing how the program fits within Stanford’s broader portfolio of trainings and whether changes would help impact more students,” Angie Davis said via email. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She also said that students have felt that a program geared toward women “places the burden in the wrong place.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“We recognize the importance of awareness and self-defense skills and want students to have access to them, but it shouldn’t be the sole focus of our prevention work,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But Dauber said that no one has found an evidence-backed way to do that yet.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“Meanwhile, 32% of women at Stanford are being assaulted, and we have it in our power to prevent half of that,” she said. “Are we supposed to wait and just let all that assault continue year after year until someone invents a way to train men not to assault that has an equally strong success rate validated by research?”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flip the Script does require some investment: Lees had to complete a two-week training over the summer to become a facilitator, student participants are required to make a 12-hour commitment, and according to estimates from the Canada-based Sexual Assault Resistance Education Centre, which facilitates Flip the Script, training 160 women would \u003ca href=\"https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/programs/1032999999/eaaa-enhanced-assess-acknowledge-act-sexual-assault-resistance-education/\">cost about $39,000 in total\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But Dauber said it isn’t difficult to scale, especially given the return on investment.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“Stanford is one of the richest educational institutions on earth, and it absolutely can do this,” she said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Current programs\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to Flip the Script, Stanford canceled a program called “Beyond Sex Ed,” which was a mandatory part of new student orientation, last spring. The programming included Stanford students speaking to freshmen about their experiences with relationships, consent, sex and sexuality throughout college. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“This was a really great equalizer for all incoming frosh to get exposure to talking about sex and positive sexuality and consent,” Martin said. “Now that we’ve lost that program, we don’t have a replacement and students continue to lack this sort of education at the very worst times. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“Right after orientation, you have your first parties, your first hanging out with people in the dorm, and violence happens quickly,” she continued.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104115\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stanford’s Title IX office inside the Kingscote Gardens office building on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Davis said the Title IX and VI Office is focused on “holistic education,” including mandatory Title IX training for all incoming students. It also introduced a new 90-minute upstander training course to students and student groups by request this fall, and the office has hired an assistant director for culture and connection, who will develop “additional programming” and is holding drop-in hours at residence halls, sororities and fraternities.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sarnquist said that the new upstander training “is a great supplement,” but she doesn’t think it is sufficient as comprehensive sexual violence prevention programming.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“We’re an R1 institution,” she said, referring to the highest tier of research universities in the U.S. “We expect our students and our faculty and our staff to meet these incredibly high levels of scholarship and rigor. And so I think we probably owe it to our community to have health and wellbeing programming that meets similarly highly evidence-based [standards].”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stanford also has a Confidential Support Team for students affected by sexual assault and relationship violence, and offers consent and communication workshops through the Office of Substance Use Programs Education and Resources (SUPER).\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-32-KQED-662d5581.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104121\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-32-KQED-662d5581.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-32-KQED-662d5581-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-32-KQED-662d5581-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In fall of 2025, a year after Jane Doe’s alleged rape occurred, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.actompkins.org/evidence-based-sexual-violence-intervention-program-returns-to-cornell/\">Advocacy Center of Tompkins County\u003c/a> announced that Cornell would pilot Flip the Script for campus sorority members, along with a parallel program for fraternities. Student leaders \u003ca href=\"https://health.cornell.edu/sites/health/files/docs/Matt%20Klein%20award/2026-MKleinerAward-EmilyLui-AnyaGowda.pdf\">completed two training cohorts in the spring\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like Stanford, the school had previously piloted the program before COVID-19, but hadn’t reinstated it after the pandemic until last year.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“What the Cornell case really shows is the economic inefficiency and the moral insufficiency of canceling the one program that actually prevents rape on campus,” Dauber said. “From a fiscal perspective, Cornell and Stanford would be way better off preventing these assaults than trying to address the costs after they occur. From a moral perspective, it’s indefensible.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note, Oct. 21: Stanford University said last week it would reinstate the Flip the Script sexual violence prevention program, and confirmed that it would be funded for the next three years. For more updates on this story, listen to the audio featured above.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Editor’s note, Oct. 21: Stanford University said last week it would reinstate the Flip the Script sexual violence prevention program, and confirmed that it would be funded for the next three years. For more updates on this story, listen to the audio featured above.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/stanford-university\">Stanford University\u003c/a>’s decision to pause a sexual violence resistance program — one of the very few that research shows significantly decreases the risk of campus sexual assault — has drawn new scrutiny from students after an investigation into an alleged gang rape at a fraternity house at Cornell University. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/stanford-university\">Stanford University\u003c/a>’s decision to pause a sexual violence resistance program — one of the very few that research shows significantly decreases the risk of campus sexual assault — has drawn new scrutiny from students after an investigation into an alleged gang rape at a fraternity house at Cornell University. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act Sexual Assault Resistance Education program, also known as “Flip the Script,” teaches young women to identify and respond to risks, dissect relationships and learn the basics of physical defense. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>The Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act Sexual Assault Resistance Education program, also known as “Flip the Script,” teaches young women to identify and respond to risks, dissect relationships and learn the basics of physical defense. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Cornell introduced the program last year, a year after the alleged assault inside the school’s Chi Phi fraternity house. Stanford has piloted and run the same training program in different formats since 2018, but officials put it on hold before fall quarter began last month, telling student workers that the decision was due to budget constraints. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Cornell introduced the program last year, a year after the alleged assault inside the school’s Chi Phi fraternity house. Stanford has piloted and run the same training program in different formats since 2018, but officials put it on hold before fall quarter began last month, telling student workers that the decision was due to budget constraints. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“It was halfway through the summer that we got an email from our boss basically saying, ‘I’m really sorry, this is what’s happening around budget cuts, and for this reason the program will no longer be offered,’” said senior Kirsten Lees, who worked as a facilitator of the program last year. The university said in a statement that the pause was not primarily a budget decision.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“It was halfway through the summer that we got an email from our boss basically saying, ‘I’m really sorry, this is what’s happening around budget cuts, and for this reason the program will no longer be offered,’” said senior Kirsten Lees, who worked as a facilitator of the program last year. The university said in a statement that the pause was not primarily a budget decision.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104120\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\"/>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104120\"/>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Students and professors who had fought to bring the program to campus were shocked and devastated. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Students and professors who had fought to bring the program to campus were shocked and devastated. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Then in September, the Cornell accuser, identified as “Jane Doe” in legal documents, sued the New York university and seven men who she alleges coerced her into taking ketamine and raped her in October 2024.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Then in September, the Cornell accuser, identified as “Jane Doe” in legal documents, sued the New York university and seven men who she alleges coerced her into taking ketamine and raped her in October 2024.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The shocking allegations thrust conversations about campus sexual violence and schools’ responses to it into the national spotlight — and compounded the Stanford students’ concerns.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>The shocking allegations thrust conversations about campus sexual violence and schools’ responses to it into the national spotlight — and compounded the Stanford students’ concerns.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“I think the main question that a lot of people are wondering is … could this happen here? Is our culture and our fraternities any different?” said Pelagia Martin, a 21-year-old Stanford senior.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“I think the main question that a lot of people are wondering is … could this happen here? Is our culture and our fraternities any different?” said Pelagia Martin, a 21-year-old Stanford senior.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104117\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\"/>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stanford senior Pelagia Martin poses for a portrait at the Chanel Miller Contemplative Garden on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104117\"/>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stanford senior Pelagia Martin poses for a portrait at the Chanel Miller Contemplative Garden on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Until recently, Martin worked in the school’s Title IX and Title VI Office, known by the acronym SHARE for Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Education. She said her resignation has a lot “to do with Flip the Script being cut.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Until recently, Martin worked in the school’s Title IX and Title VI Office, known by the acronym SHARE for Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Education. She said her resignation has a lot “to do with Flip the Script being cut.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The program, she said, “changed the way that people thought about sexual violence and taught them actionable skills.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>The program, she said, “changed the way that people thought about sexual violence and taught them actionable skills.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“In a perfect world, it wouldn’t be on the survivor to protect themselves,” she told KQED. “But we don’t live in that kind of world, and it is a shame that we lost a program that allowed people to actually protect themselves.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“In a perfect world, it wouldn’t be on the survivor to protect themselves,” she told KQED. “But we don’t live in that kind of world, and it is a shame that we lost a program that allowed people to actually protect themselves.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"text": "Flip the Script’s origins",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In 2015, Chanel Miller’s assault outside a Stanford fraternity party spurred a nationwide reckoning around campus sexual violence.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>That year, the university conducted an independent climate survey asking students about their experiences with prohibited sexual conduct, and found that just 1.9% of participants had experiences meeting Stanford’s definition of sexual assault. It caused \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2016/05/31/students-alumni-faculty-pressure-stanford-to-revisit-campus-climate-survey/\">widespread outrage\u003c/a> from students and faculty who said the results underrepresented students’ experiences because of the language of questions and narrow definition of assault. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>That year, the university conducted an independent climate survey asking students about their experiences with prohibited sexual conduct, and found that just 1.9% of participants had experiences meeting Stanford’s definition of sexual assault. It caused \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2016/05/31/students-alumni-faculty-pressure-stanford-to-revisit-campus-climate-survey/\">widespread outrage\u003c/a> from students and faculty who said the results underrepresented students’ experiences because of the language of questions and narrow definition of assault. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In 2019, Stanford participated in an Association of American Universities climate survey that found \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2019/10/aau-2019-survey-sexual-assault-harassment-stanford\">38.5% of undergraduate women\u003c/a> in their fourth year had experienced some form of sexual violence since entering college. A similar study in 2024 found that figure was only slightly lower, \u003ca href=\"https://irds.stanford.edu/sexual-assault-surveys/2024\">at 32.3%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104119\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\"/>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Chanel Miller Contemplative Garden on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“It’s heartbreaking,” said Stanford professor Michele Dauber, who was instrumental in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11673193/total-recall-judge-aaron-persky-voted-out\">successful recall\u003c/a> of Superior Court Judge Aaron Persky, who presided over the trial of Miller’s attacker, Brock Turner. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Dauber began advocating to implement Flip the Script after seeing results from its first randomized control trial in 2015, which found that the 12-hour informational and resistance training course geared toward college women reduced instances of rape by almost 50% and attempted sexual assaults by more than 60% among participants.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Dauber began advocating to implement Flip the Script after seeing results from its first randomized control trial in 2015, which found that the 12-hour informational and resistance training course geared toward college women reduced instances of rape by almost 50% and attempted sexual assaults by more than 60% among participants.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Those outcomes were “unheard of,” according to Dr. Clea Sarnquist, who researches gender-based violence intervention at Stanford Medicine.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“There’s really no other programming that has that level of evidence,” she told KQED.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In 2018, Stanford introduced Flip the Script as a research project. During the first year, 81 students completed the training.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Researchers intended to roll out a larger trial the following year, but that effort was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104116\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\"/>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Chanel Miller Contemplative Garden on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>It’s been offered intermittently since. Sarnquist said the program returned to campus in the fall of 2022 as part of a multi-site trial, but that effort was defunded in late 2023 due to “changing funder priorities.” In the fall of 2025, Stanford’s SHARE Office reinstated Flip the Script as an optional training available to students.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Lees said at first, it was difficult to get the reinstated program off the ground. It had just four participants that fall, according to the university.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>But after increasing outreach and introducing a for-credit class option, five enrolled in the winter and 14 completed the training in the spring.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“We had a motto toward the end of the year of just keeping our foot on the gas,” she said. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“We had a lot of plans around how to bring Flip the Script to other aspects of campus, whether that be having dorm-led sessions, bringing it to sororities as part of their onboarding training, having the Women’s Community Center host workshops,” she continued. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Then, while Lees was completing her thesis in Cape Town over the summer, she got the email that the program would no longer be offered. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In the years since Miller’s assault on campus, Dauber has remained a leading critic of Stanford’s efforts to prevent sexual violence. In 2024, before retiring, she urged the campus to expand Flip the Script. She and a colleague met with Provost Jenny Martinez to share the details of the program and research showing its efficacy.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>While Martinez didn’t tell the professors that she planned to expand Flip the Script, according to Dauber, she did indicate at that meeting that she would retain it as an optional program. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\"/>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Stanford Daily issue published on Oct. 9, 2026, on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Dauber said she found out last week, through \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2026/10/01/sexual-assault-awareness-program-cut/\">reporting by the \u003cem>Stanford Daily\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, that it had been cut.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“She never suggested that she would eliminate it, ever,” Dauber said. “Had she suggested that she would eliminate it, I think faculty and students would have reacted very strongly to that, and possibly applied enough pressure to prevent the cancellation.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>A Stanford spokesperson said that the program was paused because of last year’s low enrollment. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“Given those numbers, we are reassessing how the program fits within Stanford’s broader portfolio of trainings and whether changes would help impact more students,” Angie Davis said via email. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“We recognize the importance of awareness and self-defense skills and want students to have access to them, but it shouldn’t be the sole focus of our prevention work,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>But Dauber said that no one has found an evidence-backed way to do that yet.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“Meanwhile, 32% of women at Stanford are being assaulted, and we have it in our power to prevent half of that,” she said. “Are we supposed to wait and just let all that assault continue year after year until someone invents a way to train men not to assault that has an equally strong success rate validated by research?”\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Flip the Script does require some investment: Lees had to complete a two-week training over the summer to become a facilitator, student participants are required to make a 12-hour commitment, and according to estimates from the Canada-based Sexual Assault Resistance Education Centre, which facilitates Flip the Script, training 160 women would \u003ca href=\"https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/programs/1032999999/eaaa-enhanced-assess-acknowledge-act-sexual-assault-resistance-education/\">cost about $39,000 in total\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>But Dauber said it isn’t difficult to scale, especially given the return on investment.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“Stanford is one of the richest educational institutions on earth, and it absolutely can do this,” she said. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In addition to Flip the Script, Stanford canceled a program called “Beyond Sex Ed,” which was a mandatory part of new student orientation, last spring. The programming included Stanford students speaking to freshmen about their experiences with relationships, consent, sex and sexuality throughout college. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>In addition to Flip the Script, Stanford canceled a program called “Beyond Sex Ed,” which was a mandatory part of new student orientation, last spring. The programming included Stanford students speaking to freshmen about their experiences with relationships, consent, sex and sexuality throughout college. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“This was a really great equalizer for all incoming frosh to get exposure to talking about sex and positive sexuality and consent,” Martin said. “Now that we’ve lost that program, we don’t have a replacement and students continue to lack this sort of education at the very worst times. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“This was a really great equalizer for all incoming frosh to get exposure to talking about sex and positive sexuality and consent,” Martin said. “Now that we’ve lost that program, we don’t have a replacement and students continue to lack this sort of education at the very worst times. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“Right after orientation, you have your first parties, your first hanging out with people in the dorm, and violence happens quickly,” she continued.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“Right after orientation, you have your first parties, your first hanging out with people in the dorm, and violence happens quickly,” she continued.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104115\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\"/>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stanford’s Title IX office inside the Kingscote Gardens office building on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104115\"/>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stanford’s Title IX office inside the Kingscote Gardens office building on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Davis said the Title IX and VI Office is focused on “holistic education,” including mandatory Title IX training for all incoming students. It also introduced a new 90-minute upstander training course to students and student groups by request this fall, and the office has hired an assistant director for culture and connection, who will develop “additional programming” and is holding drop-in hours at residence halls, sororities and fraternities.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Davis said the Title IX and VI Office is focused on “holistic education,” including mandatory Title IX training for all incoming students. It also introduced a new 90-minute upstander training course to students and student groups by request this fall, and the office has hired an assistant director for culture and connection, who will develop “additional programming” and is holding drop-in hours at residence halls, sororities and fraternities.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Sarnquist said that the new upstander training “is a great supplement,” but she doesn’t think it is sufficient as comprehensive sexual violence prevention programming.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Sarnquist said that the new upstander training “is a great supplement,” but she doesn’t think it is sufficient as comprehensive sexual violence prevention programming.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“We’re an R1 institution,” she said, referring to the highest tier of research universities in the U.S. “We expect our students and our faculty and our staff to meet these incredibly high levels of scholarship and rigor. And so I think we probably owe it to our community to have health and wellbeing programming that meets similarly highly evidence-based [standards].”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“We’re an R1 institution,” she said, referring to the highest tier of research universities in the U.S. “We expect our students and our faculty and our staff to meet these incredibly high levels of scholarship and rigor. And so I think we probably owe it to our community to have health and wellbeing programming that meets similarly highly evidence-based [standards].”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Stanford also has a Confidential Support Team for students affected by sexual assault and relationship violence, and offers consent and communication workshops through the Office of Substance Use Programs Education and Resources (SUPER).\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In fall of 2025, a year after Jane Doe’s alleged rape occurred, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.actompkins.org/evidence-based-sexual-violence-intervention-program-returns-to-cornell/\">Advocacy Center of Tompkins County\u003c/a> announced that Cornell would pilot Flip the Script for campus sorority members, along with a parallel program for fraternities. Student leaders \u003ca href=\"https://health.cornell.edu/sites/health/files/docs/Matt%20Klein%20award/2026-MKleinerAward-EmilyLui-AnyaGowda.pdf\">completed two training cohorts in the spring\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>In fall of 2025, a year after Jane Doe’s alleged rape occurred, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.actompkins.org/evidence-based-sexual-violence-intervention-program-returns-to-cornell/\">Advocacy Center of Tompkins County\u003c/a> announced that Cornell would pilot Flip the Script for campus sorority members, along with a parallel program for fraternities. Student leaders \u003ca href=\"https://health.cornell.edu/sites/health/files/docs/Matt%20Klein%20award/2026-MKleinerAward-EmilyLui-AnyaGowda.pdf\">completed two training cohorts in the spring\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Like Stanford, the school had previously piloted the program before COVID-19, but hadn’t reinstated it after the pandemic until last year.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“What the Cornell case really shows is the economic inefficiency and the moral insufficiency of canceling the one program that actually prevents rape on campus,” Dauber said. “From a fiscal perspective, Cornell and Stanford would be way better off preventing these assaults than trying to address the costs after they occur. From a moral perspective, it’s indefensible.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The Flip the Script program is one of the few shown to significantly decrease the risk of campus sexual assault among participants. Those who fought to bring it to Stanford were shocked when it was put on hold.",
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"title": "‘Cornell 7’ Case Puts Spotlight on Stanford’s Move to Halt Sexual Violence Resistance Training | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u003cem>Editor’s note, Oct. 21: Stanford University said last week it would reinstate the Flip the Script sexual violence prevention program, and confirmed that it would be funded for the next three years. For more updates on this story, listen to the audio featured above.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/stanford-university\">Stanford University\u003c/a>’s decision to pause a sexual violence resistance program — one of the very few that research shows significantly decreases the risk of campus sexual assault — has drawn new scrutiny from students after an investigation into an alleged gang rape at a fraternity house at Cornell University. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act Sexual Assault Resistance Education program, also known as “Flip the Script,” teaches young women to identify and respond to risks, dissect relationships and learn the basics of physical defense. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cornell introduced the program last year, a year after the alleged assault inside the school’s Chi Phi fraternity house. Stanford has piloted and run the same training program in different formats since 2018, but officials put it on hold before fall quarter began last month, telling student workers that the decision was due to budget constraints. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“It was halfway through the summer that we got an email from our boss basically saying, ‘I’m really sorry, this is what’s happening around budget cuts, and for this reason the program will no longer be offered,’” said senior Kirsten Lees, who worked as a facilitator of the program last year. The university said in a statement that the pause was not primarily a budget decision.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104120\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-29-KQED-f52865f8-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Students and professors who had fought to bring the program to campus were shocked and devastated. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then in September, the Cornell accuser, identified as “Jane Doe” in legal documents, sued the New York university and seven men who she alleges coerced her into taking ketamine and raped her in October 2024.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The shocking allegations thrust conversations about campus sexual violence and schools’ responses to it into the national spotlight — and compounded the Stanford students’ concerns.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“I think the main question that a lot of people are wondering is … could this happen here? Is our culture and our fraternities any different?” said Pelagia Martin, a 21-year-old Stanford senior.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104117\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-19-KQED-30ff3d77-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stanford senior Pelagia Martin poses for a portrait at the Chanel Miller Contemplative Garden on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Until recently, Martin worked in the school’s Title IX and Title VI Office, known by the acronym SHARE for Sexual Harassment/Assault Response & Education. She said her resignation has a lot “to do with Flip the Script being cut.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The program, she said, “changed the way that people thought about sexual violence and taught them actionable skills.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“In a perfect world, it wouldn’t be on the survivor to protect themselves,” she told KQED. “But we don’t live in that kind of world, and it is a shame that we lost a program that allowed people to actually protect themselves.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Flip the Script’s origins\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2015, Chanel Miller’s assault outside a Stanford fraternity party spurred a nationwide reckoning around campus sexual violence.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That year, the university conducted an independent climate survey asking students about their experiences with prohibited sexual conduct, and found that just 1.9% of participants had experiences meeting Stanford’s definition of sexual assault. It caused \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2016/05/31/students-alumni-faculty-pressure-stanford-to-revisit-campus-climate-survey/\">widespread outrage\u003c/a> from students and faculty who said the results underrepresented students’ experiences because of the language of questions and narrow definition of assault. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2019, Stanford participated in an Association of American Universities climate survey that found \u003ca href=\"https://news.stanford.edu/stories/2019/10/aau-2019-survey-sexual-assault-harassment-stanford\">38.5% of undergraduate women\u003c/a> in their fourth year had experienced some form of sexual violence since entering college. A similar study in 2024 found that figure was only slightly lower, \u003ca href=\"https://irds.stanford.edu/sexual-assault-surveys/2024\">at 32.3%\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104119\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-23-KQED-83778d3d-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Chanel Miller Contemplative Garden on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“It’s heartbreaking,” said Stanford professor Michele Dauber, who was instrumental in the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11673193/total-recall-judge-aaron-persky-voted-out\">successful recall\u003c/a> of Superior Court Judge Aaron Persky, who presided over the trial of Miller’s attacker, Brock Turner. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dauber began advocating to implement Flip the Script after seeing results from its first randomized control trial in 2015, which found that the 12-hour informational and resistance training course geared toward college women reduced instances of rape by almost 50% and attempted sexual assaults by more than 60% among participants.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Those outcomes were “unheard of,” according to Dr. Clea Sarnquist, who researches gender-based violence intervention at Stanford Medicine.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“There’s really no other programming that has that level of evidence,” she told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 2018, Stanford introduced Flip the Script as a research project. During the first year, 81 students completed the training.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Researchers intended to roll out a larger trial the following year, but that effort was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104116\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-12-KQED-b8cd0da6-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Chanel Miller Contemplative Garden on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It’s been offered intermittently since. Sarnquist said the program returned to campus in the fall of 2022 as part of a multi-site trial, but that effort was defunded in late 2023 due to “changing funder priorities.” In the fall of 2025, Stanford’s SHARE Office reinstated Flip the Script as an optional training available to students.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Lees said at first, it was difficult to get the reinstated program off the ground. It had just four participants that fall, according to the university.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But after increasing outreach and introducing a for-credit class option, five enrolled in the winter and 14 completed the training in the spring.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“We had a motto toward the end of the year of just keeping our foot on the gas,” she said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“We had a lot of plans around how to bring Flip the Script to other aspects of campus, whether that be having dorm-led sessions, bringing it to sororities as part of their onboarding training, having the Women’s Community Center host workshops,” she continued. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then, while Lees was completing her thesis in Cape Town over the summer, she got the email that the program would no longer be offered. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘We pleaded with her’\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the years since Miller’s assault on campus, Dauber has remained a leading critic of Stanford’s efforts to prevent sexual violence. In 2024, before retiring, she urged the campus to expand Flip the Script. She and a colleague met with Provost Jenny Martinez to share the details of the program and research showing its efficacy.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“We pleaded with her,” Dauber said.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While Martinez didn’t tell the professors that she planned to expand Flip the Script, according to Dauber, she did indicate at that meeting that she would retain it as an optional program. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104122\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-36-KQED-223af1c4-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Stanford Daily issue published on Oct. 9, 2026, on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Dauber said she found out last week, through \u003ca href=\"https://stanforddaily.com/2026/10/01/sexual-assault-awareness-program-cut/\">reporting by the \u003cem>Stanford Daily\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, that it had been cut.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“She never suggested that she would eliminate it, ever,” Dauber said. “Had she suggested that she would eliminate it, I think faculty and students would have reacted very strongly to that, and possibly applied enough pressure to prevent the cancellation.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A Stanford spokesperson said that the program was paused because of last year’s low enrollment. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“Given those numbers, we are reassessing how the program fits within Stanford’s broader portfolio of trainings and whether changes would help impact more students,” Angie Davis said via email. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">She also said that students have felt that a program geared toward women “places the burden in the wrong place.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“We recognize the importance of awareness and self-defense skills and want students to have access to them, but it shouldn’t be the sole focus of our prevention work,” she wrote.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But Dauber said that no one has found an evidence-backed way to do that yet.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“Meanwhile, 32% of women at Stanford are being assaulted, and we have it in our power to prevent half of that,” she said. “Are we supposed to wait and just let all that assault continue year after year until someone invents a way to train men not to assault that has an equally strong success rate validated by research?”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Flip the Script does require some investment: Lees had to complete a two-week training over the summer to become a facilitator, student participants are required to make a 12-hour commitment, and according to estimates from the Canada-based Sexual Assault Resistance Education Centre, which facilitates Flip the Script, training 160 women would \u003ca href=\"https://www.blueprintsprograms.org/programs/1032999999/eaaa-enhanced-assess-acknowledge-act-sexual-assault-resistance-education/\">cost about $39,000 in total\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But Dauber said it isn’t difficult to scale, especially given the return on investment.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“Stanford is one of the richest educational institutions on earth, and it absolutely can do this,” she said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Current programs\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In addition to Flip the Script, Stanford canceled a program called “Beyond Sex Ed,” which was a mandatory part of new student orientation, last spring. The programming included Stanford students speaking to freshmen about their experiences with relationships, consent, sex and sexuality throughout college. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“This was a really great equalizer for all incoming frosh to get exposure to talking about sex and positive sexuality and consent,” Martin said. “Now that we’ve lost that program, we don’t have a replacement and students continue to lack this sort of education at the very worst times. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“Right after orientation, you have your first parties, your first hanging out with people in the dorm, and violence happens quickly,” she continued.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104115\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-4-KQED-c6bb3c39-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Stanford’s Title IX office inside the Kingscote Gardens office building on the campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Davis said the Title IX and VI Office is focused on “holistic education,” including mandatory Title IX training for all incoming students. It also introduced a new 90-minute upstander training course to students and student groups by request this fall, and the office has hired an assistant director for culture and connection, who will develop “additional programming” and is holding drop-in hours at residence halls, sororities and fraternities.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sarnquist said that the new upstander training “is a great supplement,” but she doesn’t think it is sufficient as comprehensive sexual violence prevention programming.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“We’re an R1 institution,” she said, referring to the highest tier of research universities in the U.S. “We expect our students and our faculty and our staff to meet these incredibly high levels of scholarship and rigor. And so I think we probably owe it to our community to have health and wellbeing programming that meets similarly highly evidence-based [standards].”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stanford also has a Confidential Support Team for students affected by sexual assault and relationship violence, and offers consent and communication workshops through the Office of Substance Use Programs Education and Resources (SUPER).\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-32-KQED-662d5581.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12104121\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-32-KQED-662d5581.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-32-KQED-662d5581-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/10/261012-StanfordReax-NG-32-KQED-662d5581-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The campus of Stanford University in Stanford on Oct. 12, 2026. (Nina Glick/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In fall of 2025, a year after Jane Doe’s alleged rape occurred, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.actompkins.org/evidence-based-sexual-violence-intervention-program-returns-to-cornell/\">Advocacy Center of Tompkins County\u003c/a> announced that Cornell would pilot Flip the Script for campus sorority members, along with a parallel program for fraternities. Student leaders \u003ca href=\"https://health.cornell.edu/sites/health/files/docs/Matt%20Klein%20award/2026-MKleinerAward-EmilyLui-AnyaGowda.pdf\">completed two training cohorts in the spring\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Like Stanford, the school had previously piloted the program before COVID-19, but hadn’t reinstated it after the pandemic until last year.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">“What the Cornell case really shows is the economic inefficiency and the moral insufficiency of canceling the one program that actually prevents rape on campus,” Dauber said. “From a fiscal perspective, Cornell and Stanford would be way better off preventing these assaults than trying to address the costs after they occur. From a moral perspective, it’s indefensible.”\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "california-wants-to-ban-child-marriage-these-civil-rights-groups-are-trying-to-stop-it",
"title": "California Wants to Ban Child Marriage. These Civil Rights Groups Are Trying to Stop It",
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"headTitle": "California Wants to Ban Child Marriage. These Civil Rights Groups Are Trying to Stop It | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\">CalMatters\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/subscribe-to-calmatters/\">Sign up\u003c/a> for their newsletters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was March when a group of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/california\">California\u003c/a> lawmakers decided they’d broach a sticky topic: child marriage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next three months, Democrats would devise a plan to persuade reluctant colleagues to finally outlaw the practice and contend with special interest groups that might work against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what might come as a surprise, it’s legal for anyone \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2023/06/child-marriage-california/\">younger than 18\u003c/a> to get married in California, so long as a parent and judge approve. Perhaps even more surprising, two influential groups in Democratic politics — the American Civil Liberties Union and Planned Parenthood — have historically staunchly supported the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children have a right to marry, the ACLU argues, and stripping them of that right would take away a pathway to their emancipation and independent healthcare decisions. For Planned Parenthood, the freedom for children to marry is about allowing people reproductive choice and bodily autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two other states — New Mexico and Mississippi — have no minimum age to wed. And while minors can marry at any age in California, advocates say it’s hard to hire a divorce attorney before 18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 9,000 children are married each year in California, the vast majority of them girls marrying adult men, according to the nonprofit advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://unchainedatlast.org/\">Unchained at Last\u003c/a>. Because the age of consent for sexual activity is 18, advocates say marriages between children under 18 and adults implicitly legalize a sexual relationship that would otherwise be considered statutory rape under state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11953900\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11953900\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01.jpg\" alt=\"Protestors in white wedding gowns and lacey veils walk toward California's Capitol Building. Some have black tape over their mouths in an X shape. Each individual also wears a red stop sign on their chest that reads, "Stop Child Marriage in CA."\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01-1536x1023.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forced and child marriage survivors arrive at a protest, organized to support a ban on child marriage, at the state Capitol in Sacramento on June 22, 2023. \u003ccite>(Rahul Lal/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The organization has worked for the past decade to push for bans in New York, Oklahoma, Washington and a dozen other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their efforts have repeatedly failed in California, where Planned Parenthood and the ACLU have lobbied hard against restricting child marriage, although those groups have largely stayed silent on the issue in other Democratic-controlled states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can partially be explained by their outsize influence in California politics. Planned Parenthood advocates on behalf of some of the most cherished liberal causes and has donated at least $2.7 million to Democratic lawmakers since 2002, according to \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/organizations/-9294\">CalMatters’ Digital Democracy\u003c/a> database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Democrats faced different circumstances with the organization, prompting Democratic lawmakers in June to introduce \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/bills/ca_202520260ab1267\">Assembly Bill 1267\u003c/a> to finally bar children from marrying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblymember \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/legislators/gail-pellerin-149519\">Gail Pellerin\u003c/a> authored the bill through what’s called a “gut-and-amend” when lawmakers strip the language of an unrelated bill to fast-track a new one after the deadline to introduce bills the typical way had passed. Democrats missed the deadline because they wanted to make sure Planned Parenthood wouldn’t get in the way, according to advocates.[aside postID=news_12100528 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/ImmigrationCourtSFGetty.jpg']While the ACLU again opposed the legislation this year, there were no lobbyists to be found advocating for minors’ right to marry in committee hearings this summer, and Planned Parenthood stayed “neutral” on the bill, declining to take a position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even as some Democrats expressed hesitation about not allowing two teenagers in love to tie the knot, the ban passed the Legislature with near-unanimous support in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make it clear that girls, despite their perceived maturity, are children,” Pellerin said in an interview. “Children don’t have unprotected freedom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly a decade of failed attempts to outlaw child marriage, the bill now awaits Gov. Gavin Newsom’s signature or veto. He has until Sept. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ACLU spokesperson Carmen King declined to respond to questions about why the group opposes the bill and did not make anyone available for an interview with CalMatters for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a June opposition letter, the organization wrote, “Prohibiting minors from marrying in every case is a departure from California’s longstanding commitment to honoring minors’ ability to make important personal decisions for themselves, particularly in the realm of reproductive autonomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planned Parenthood did not say anything official about the bill and spokesperson Shelby McMichael declined to make anyone available for an interview with CalMatters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, McMichael said the group “takes positions on a bill-by-bill basis each session. Given the ‘defund’ of Planned Parenthood health centers this past year, we made the decision to prioritize issues related to the Trump administration and congressional Republicans’ ongoing attacks on health care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Planned Parenthood’s voice matters’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Its abortion care services at more than 100 clinics across the state have made Planned Parenthood a symbol of reproductive freedom in California for decades, though the group notes that abortion services make up only a fraction of its services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its enmeshment with Democrats politics has only accelerated during the first and second Trump administrations as party leaders worked overtime to stave off federal defunding efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, California lawmakers approved \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/health/2025/10/california-gives-planned-parenthood-140-million-boost-to-keep-clinics-open/\">$140 million in emergency funding\u003c/a> for the group to offset federal cuts. And on its website, Planned Parenthood keeps a \u003ca href=\"https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/uploads/filer_public/88/50/8850755d-bb8a-405e-bc9a-6799147c4cf0/ppac_legislative_scorecard_2025.pdf\">scorecard\u003c/a> of how often legislators vote in agreement with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its 2025 scorecard, all but one Democrat had a score of 100%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12086554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12086554\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/PlannedParenthoodSF.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/PlannedParenthoodSF.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/PlannedParenthoodSF-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/PlannedParenthoodSF-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Planned Parenthood Northern California health center in San Francisco, California, on Sept. 30, 2025. \u003ccite>(Smith Collection/Gado via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Irvine Assemblymember \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/legislators/cottie-petrie-norris-165040\">Cottie Petrie-Norris\u003c/a>, a Democrat, introduced Assembly Bill 2924 to ban minors from marrying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblymember \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/legislators/ash-kalra-100938\">Ash Kalra\u003c/a> told advocates that Planned Parenthood had to drop its opposition before lawmakers could consider voting on the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Jose Democrat, who chairs the Assembly Judiciary Committee, said banning minors from marriage would threaten their right to an abortion, which he said California hadn’t yet codified into law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters enshrined the right to an abortion in 2022, two years before the 2024 bill was introduced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers were also skeptical about whether the data on child marriages was accurate, Kalra said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He never gave the bill a hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that absolutely was one of the factors, certainly,” Kalra said of Planned Parenthood’s opposition and his decision to kill the legislation. “Planned Parenthood’s voice matters in that, and in other issues that come before us in the Capitol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12047163\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12047163\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/07/011_KQED_CrisisPregnancyCenter_11042022_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/07/011_KQED_CrisisPregnancyCenter_11042022_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/07/011_KQED_CrisisPregnancyCenter_11042022_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/07/011_KQED_CrisisPregnancyCenter_11042022_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two women speak outside of a Planned Parenthood clinic in Napa on Nov. 4, 2022, about the dangers of abortion and birth control. She distributes pamphlets and refers people to the Napa Women’s Center, a facility next door opened by faith-based non-profit Napa Valley Culture of LIfe. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This reasoning harkened to earlier failed attempts, including in 2017 when Democrats killed another bill to change the state’s child marriage laws over similar reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then-Sen. \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/people/66\">Jerry Hill\u003c/a> said he sought an outright ban on the practice after he learned of a 13-year-old girl in his district who was engaged to a 38-year-old man from another country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought, ‘Who could oppose that? Who could say that it was wrong?’” Hill said of the bill he introduced to ban child marriage. But he was left perplexed that what he thought was a commonsense policy proposal evolved into a larger debate about cultural differences, childhood freedom and bodily autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some cultures it’s acceptable for girls to be wedded to older men or be placed into arranged marriages, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/#status\">United Nations report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers in recent years have proposed measures to clamp down on forced marriages, which are already a crime. Kalra is among them, this year authoring \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/bills/ca_202520260ab2534\">Assembly Bill 2534\u003c/a> which would allow victims to file a restraining order against anyone coercing them into a marriage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra and women’s rights groups say it would be the first policy of its kind in the country if enacted into law. Planned Parenthood supports it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12041588\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12041588\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Planned Parenthood-East Los Angeles Health Center in East Los Angeles on Aug. 8th, 2022. \u003ccite>(Raquel Natalicchio for CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the 2017 child marriage legislation, the ACLU and Planned Parenthood were staunch opponents, and then-Assemblymember \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/people/53\">Lorena Gonzalez\u003c/a>, a Democratic labor leader who chaired the Assembly Appropriations Committee at the time, told Hill she wouldn’t let a ban move forward unless it was amended to lower the minimum age to 16- or 17-year-olds instead of 18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That bill was eventually weakened to become current law: Any young person can get married if a parent and the courts sign off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill said his attempt and others were killed by special interest groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re so powerful, these interest groups in Sacramento. They have a lot of say and sway over what comes out of the Legislature,” said Hill, who represented Silicon Valley for 12 years. “Politics trumps policy about 80% of the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gonzalez recalled it differently. While it’s true she refused to let an outright ban pass, she said, she doesn’t remember Planned Parenthood opposing the bill or considering it in her decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said when older teenage girls in her district got pregnant, it was common for some Latino families to encourage them to marry the father if he was the same or of similar age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had girls where they were telling me this is the best choice,” Gonzalez told CalMatters. She said the difference in age between partners seemed to matter more than the marriage itself. “At the time, it seemed very classist” to impose an outright ban, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘At least we’re here now’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>President Donald Trump’s push to \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/health/2025/07/planned-parenthood-california-defunded/\">defund Planned Parenthood\u003c/a> clinics put more political pressure on the group than usual in recent years and made the organization more reliant on state funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things were made worse last November, when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/01/opinion/child-marriage-us.html?unlocked_article_code=1.x08.m5zB.NnTZyMPzpl2G&smid=url-share\">New York Times opinion\u003c/a> piece criticized the ACLU and Planned Parenthood for their roles in blocking legislation against child marriage while Republican-controlled states such as Arkansas and Louisiana imposed tighter restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For survivor and advocate Sara Tasneem, California’s failure to act for several decades allowed her to be forcibly married at 15 to a 28-year-old man by her father, who she said was part of a Northern California “Sufi cult” that orchestrated it. When her father learned Tasneem was dating a high school classmate, he found someone for her to marry, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11312440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11312440\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_5616-e1486854590713.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eva Muntean, right, protests in front of the Planned Parenthood clinic in San Francisco as part of a nationwide effort to get the federal government to cut off funding to the program. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I was handed over to this complete stranger who I just met,” she said. She dropped out of school and was repeatedly raped, feeling trapped and unable to leave before she turned 18 because she couldn’t hire an attorney as a minor. Tasneem said she had two kids with her rapist, who she left in 2003, at age 23, taking her children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking back and realizing she “didn’t grow up with a lot of power,” Tasneem turned to advocacy more than a decade later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most advocates are hopeful Newsom will sign the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Should it have happened a decade earlier? Yes, it should have,” said Unchained at Last executive director Fraidy Reiss, who at 19 was forced to marry an older man in her New York Orthodox Jewish community. “But at least we’re here now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2026/09/california-child-marriage/\">originally published on CalMatters\u003c/a> and was republished under the \u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives\u003c/a> license.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "It’s legal for anyone under 18 in California to get married. That may change with a bill on Gov. Newsom’s desk, despite efforts by the ACLU and Planned Parenthood to protect the practice.",
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"title": "California Wants to Ban Child Marriage. These Civil Rights Groups Are Trying to Stop It | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ -->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/\">CalMatters\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/subscribe-to-calmatters/\">Sign up\u003c/a> for their newsletters.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was March when a group of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/california\">California\u003c/a> lawmakers decided they’d broach a sticky topic: child marriage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the next three months, Democrats would devise a plan to persuade reluctant colleagues to finally outlaw the practice and contend with special interest groups that might work against them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In what might come as a surprise, it’s legal for anyone \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2023/06/child-marriage-california/\">younger than 18\u003c/a> to get married in California, so long as a parent and judge approve. Perhaps even more surprising, two influential groups in Democratic politics — the American Civil Liberties Union and Planned Parenthood — have historically staunchly supported the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children have a right to marry, the ACLU argues, and stripping them of that right would take away a pathway to their emancipation and independent healthcare decisions. For Planned Parenthood, the freedom for children to marry is about allowing people reproductive choice and bodily autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two other states — New Mexico and Mississippi — have no minimum age to wed. And while minors can marry at any age in California, advocates say it’s hard to hire a divorce attorney before 18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 9,000 children are married each year in California, the vast majority of them girls marrying adult men, according to the nonprofit advocacy group \u003ca href=\"https://unchainedatlast.org/\">Unchained at Last\u003c/a>. Because the age of consent for sexual activity is 18, advocates say marriages between children under 18 and adults implicitly legalize a sexual relationship that would otherwise be considered statutory rape under state law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11953900\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11953900\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01.jpg\" alt=\"Protestors in white wedding gowns and lacey veils walk toward California's Capitol Building. Some have black tape over their mouths in an X shape. Each individual also wears a red stop sign on their chest that reads, "Stop Child Marriage in CA."\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/06/ChildBridesCM01-1536x1023.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Forced and child marriage survivors arrive at a protest, organized to support a ban on child marriage, at the state Capitol in Sacramento on June 22, 2023. \u003ccite>(Rahul Lal/CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The organization has worked for the past decade to push for bans in New York, Oklahoma, Washington and a dozen other states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But their efforts have repeatedly failed in California, where Planned Parenthood and the ACLU have lobbied hard against restricting child marriage, although those groups have largely stayed silent on the issue in other Democratic-controlled states.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That can partially be explained by their outsize influence in California politics. Planned Parenthood advocates on behalf of some of the most cherished liberal causes and has donated at least $2.7 million to Democratic lawmakers since 2002, according to \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/organizations/-9294\">CalMatters’ Digital Democracy\u003c/a> database.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Democrats faced different circumstances with the organization, prompting Democratic lawmakers in June to introduce \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/bills/ca_202520260ab1267\">Assembly Bill 1267\u003c/a> to finally bar children from marrying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblymember \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/legislators/gail-pellerin-149519\">Gail Pellerin\u003c/a> authored the bill through what’s called a “gut-and-amend” when lawmakers strip the language of an unrelated bill to fast-track a new one after the deadline to introduce bills the typical way had passed. Democrats missed the deadline because they wanted to make sure Planned Parenthood wouldn’t get in the way, according to advocates.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>While the ACLU again opposed the legislation this year, there were no lobbyists to be found advocating for minors’ right to marry in committee hearings this summer, and Planned Parenthood stayed “neutral” on the bill, declining to take a position.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And even as some Democrats expressed hesitation about not allowing two teenagers in love to tie the knot, the ban passed the Legislature with near-unanimous support in August.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to make it clear that girls, despite their perceived maturity, are children,” Pellerin said in an interview. “Children don’t have unprotected freedom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After nearly a decade of failed attempts to outlaw child marriage, the bill now awaits Gov. Gavin Newsom’s signature or veto. He has until Sept. 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ACLU spokesperson Carmen King declined to respond to questions about why the group opposes the bill and did not make anyone available for an interview with CalMatters for this story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a June opposition letter, the organization wrote, “Prohibiting minors from marrying in every case is a departure from California’s longstanding commitment to honoring minors’ ability to make important personal decisions for themselves, particularly in the realm of reproductive autonomy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planned Parenthood did not say anything official about the bill and spokesperson Shelby McMichael declined to make anyone available for an interview with CalMatters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an emailed statement, McMichael said the group “takes positions on a bill-by-bill basis each session. Given the ‘defund’ of Planned Parenthood health centers this past year, we made the decision to prioritize issues related to the Trump administration and congressional Republicans’ ongoing attacks on health care.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Planned Parenthood’s voice matters’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Its abortion care services at more than 100 clinics across the state have made Planned Parenthood a symbol of reproductive freedom in California for decades, though the group notes that abortion services make up only a fraction of its services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Its enmeshment with Democrats politics has only accelerated during the first and second Trump administrations as party leaders worked overtime to stave off federal defunding efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, California lawmakers approved \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/health/2025/10/california-gives-planned-parenthood-140-million-boost-to-keep-clinics-open/\">$140 million in emergency funding\u003c/a> for the group to offset federal cuts. And on its website, Planned Parenthood keeps a \u003ca href=\"https://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org/uploads/filer_public/88/50/8850755d-bb8a-405e-bc9a-6799147c4cf0/ppac_legislative_scorecard_2025.pdf\">scorecard\u003c/a> of how often legislators vote in agreement with it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On its 2025 scorecard, all but one Democrat had a score of 100%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12086554\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12086554\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/PlannedParenthoodSF.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/PlannedParenthoodSF.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/PlannedParenthoodSF-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/PlannedParenthoodSF-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Planned Parenthood Northern California health center in San Francisco, California, on Sept. 30, 2025. \u003ccite>(Smith Collection/Gado via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Two years ago, Irvine Assemblymember \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/legislators/cottie-petrie-norris-165040\">Cottie Petrie-Norris\u003c/a>, a Democrat, introduced Assembly Bill 2924 to ban minors from marrying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Assemblymember \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/legislators/ash-kalra-100938\">Ash Kalra\u003c/a> told advocates that Planned Parenthood had to drop its opposition before lawmakers could consider voting on the legislation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Jose Democrat, who chairs the Assembly Judiciary Committee, said banning minors from marriage would threaten their right to an abortion, which he said California hadn’t yet codified into law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Voters enshrined the right to an abortion in 2022, two years before the 2024 bill was introduced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers were also skeptical about whether the data on child marriages was accurate, Kalra said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He never gave the bill a hearing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that absolutely was one of the factors, certainly,” Kalra said of Planned Parenthood’s opposition and his decision to kill the legislation. “Planned Parenthood’s voice matters in that, and in other issues that come before us in the Capitol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12047163\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12047163\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/07/011_KQED_CrisisPregnancyCenter_11042022_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/07/011_KQED_CrisisPregnancyCenter_11042022_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/07/011_KQED_CrisisPregnancyCenter_11042022_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/07/011_KQED_CrisisPregnancyCenter_11042022_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Two women speak outside of a Planned Parenthood clinic in Napa on Nov. 4, 2022, about the dangers of abortion and birth control. She distributes pamphlets and refers people to the Napa Women’s Center, a facility next door opened by faith-based non-profit Napa Valley Culture of LIfe. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>This reasoning harkened to earlier failed attempts, including in 2017 when Democrats killed another bill to change the state’s child marriage laws over similar reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then-Sen. \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/people/66\">Jerry Hill\u003c/a> said he sought an outright ban on the practice after he learned of a 13-year-old girl in his district who was engaged to a 38-year-old man from another country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I thought, ‘Who could oppose that? Who could say that it was wrong?’” Hill said of the bill he introduced to ban child marriage. But he was left perplexed that what he thought was a commonsense policy proposal evolved into a larger debate about cultural differences, childhood freedom and bodily autonomy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some cultures it’s acceptable for girls to be wedded to older men or be placed into arranged marriages, according to a \u003ca href=\"https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/#status\">United Nations report\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawmakers in recent years have proposed measures to clamp down on forced marriages, which are already a crime. Kalra is among them, this year authoring \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/bills/ca_202520260ab2534\">Assembly Bill 2534\u003c/a> which would allow victims to file a restraining order against anyone coercing them into a marriage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kalra and women’s rights groups say it would be the first policy of its kind in the country if enacted into law. Planned Parenthood supports it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12041588\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12041588\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1331\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy-800x532.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy-1020x679.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy-1536x1022.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/080822-LA-Planned-Parenthood-RN-CM-05-copy-1920x1278.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Planned Parenthood-East Los Angeles Health Center in East Los Angeles on Aug. 8th, 2022. \u003ccite>(Raquel Natalicchio for CalMatters)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the 2017 child marriage legislation, the ACLU and Planned Parenthood were staunch opponents, and then-Assemblymember \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.digitaldemocracy.org/people/53\">Lorena Gonzalez\u003c/a>, a Democratic labor leader who chaired the Assembly Appropriations Committee at the time, told Hill she wouldn’t let a ban move forward unless it was amended to lower the minimum age to 16- or 17-year-olds instead of 18.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That bill was eventually weakened to become current law: Any young person can get married if a parent and the courts sign off.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hill said his attempt and others were killed by special interest groups.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re so powerful, these interest groups in Sacramento. They have a lot of say and sway over what comes out of the Legislature,” said Hill, who represented Silicon Valley for 12 years. “Politics trumps policy about 80% of the time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gonzalez recalled it differently. While it’s true she refused to let an outright ban pass, she said, she doesn’t remember Planned Parenthood opposing the bill or considering it in her decision-making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said when older teenage girls in her district got pregnant, it was common for some Latino families to encourage them to marry the father if he was the same or of similar age.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had girls where they were telling me this is the best choice,” Gonzalez told CalMatters. She said the difference in age between partners seemed to matter more than the marriage itself. “At the time, it seemed very classist” to impose an outright ban, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘At least we’re here now’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>President Donald Trump’s push to \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/health/2025/07/planned-parenthood-california-defunded/\">defund Planned Parenthood\u003c/a> clinics put more political pressure on the group than usual in recent years and made the organization more reliant on state funding.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Things were made worse last November, when a \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/01/opinion/child-marriage-us.html?unlocked_article_code=1.x08.m5zB.NnTZyMPzpl2G&smid=url-share\">New York Times opinion\u003c/a> piece criticized the ACLU and Planned Parenthood for their roles in blocking legislation against child marriage while Republican-controlled states such as Arkansas and Louisiana imposed tighter restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For survivor and advocate Sara Tasneem, California’s failure to act for several decades allowed her to be forcibly married at 15 to a 28-year-old man by her father, who she said was part of a Northern California “Sufi cult” that orchestrated it. When her father learned Tasneem was dating a high school classmate, he found someone for her to marry, she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11312440\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11312440\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/IMG_5616-e1486854590713.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1440\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Eva Muntean, right, protests in front of the Planned Parenthood clinic in San Francisco as part of a nationwide effort to get the federal government to cut off funding to the program. \u003ccite>(April Dembosky/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I was handed over to this complete stranger who I just met,” she said. She dropped out of school and was repeatedly raped, feeling trapped and unable to leave before she turned 18 because she couldn’t hire an attorney as a minor. Tasneem said she had two kids with her rapist, who she left in 2003, at age 23, taking her children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Looking back and realizing she “didn’t grow up with a lot of power,” Tasneem turned to advocacy more than a decade later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most advocates are hopeful Newsom will sign the bill.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Should it have happened a decade earlier? Yes, it should have,” said Unchained at Last executive director Fraidy Reiss, who at 19 was forced to marry an older man in her New York Orthodox Jewish community. “But at least we’re here now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/politics/2026/09/california-child-marriage/\">originally published on CalMatters\u003c/a> and was republished under the \u003ca href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives\u003c/a> license.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "how-to-show-up-for-your-community-this-hispanic-heritage-month",
"title": "How to Show Up for Your Community This Hispanic Heritage Month",
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"headTitle": "How to Show Up for Your Community This Hispanic Heritage Month | KQED",
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"content": "\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported for K Onda KQED, a monthly newsletter focused on the Bay Area’s Latinx community. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/newsletters/k-onda\">\u003cem>Click here to subscribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Tucked inside a compact shop near the corner of 25th and Mission streets in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-francisco\">San Francisco\u003c/a>, Mission Lotería is evolving from promoting local businesses into a small business of its own.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The organization, which started in 2019, plans to open its first storefront on Sept. 10 at 2884 Mission St., selling giftable items such as hand-painted clay coffee mugs, purses designed by a Colombian artist, clothing, and stationery and cards designed by Bay Area artists. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“What began years ago as a creative campaign celebrating the Mission, supporting neighborhood businesses, and bringing our community together has grown into more than we could have imagined,” said Luis Quiroz, founder of Mission Lotería. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The store’s opening coincides with the start of Hispanic Heritage Month, which spans from Sept. 15 to Oct. 15.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“I intentionally planned the store opening just before Hispanic Heritage Month so that we could lean into the festivities that were to come and be able to highlight the Latino voices and the Latino artists that are going to be featured here.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-01-BL.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12098318\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-01-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-01-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-01-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lotería art at Mission Lotería’s new storefront in San Francisco on Sept. 3, 2026. The space will serve as a home for community events, workshops and local art. (Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Mission Lotería takes inspiration from Lotería, a beloved bingo-style board game from Mexico known for iconic images such as a cactus plant, a woman in a small boat on Lake Chapala, a man carrying a large globe on his back and a radiant sun. Quiroz, 36, created the marketing platform to support local artists and small businesses by organizing community events and neighborhood tours. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“I want people to visit Mission Lotería and then venture into a cafe shop or a taqueria or a restaurant or another brick-and-mortar store,” Quiroz said. “It’s the starting point to bring them to the other parts of the Mission.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The organization provides a template for how to support Latino businesses with intention and thoughtfulness, especially at a time when the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12087915/bay-area-cities-ask-us-judge-to-block-trump-from-cutting-funds-over-dei-immigration\">vigorously attacks diversity initiatives\u003c/a> and has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12097313/northern-california-ice-arrests-surged-this-summer\">launched a deportation apparatus\u003c/a> that has largely targeted Latino immigrants and hurts Latine communities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“To be sitting here and about to open a storefront in the Mission, in the Latino cultural district of San Francisco,” said Quiroz, who was previously undocumented. “It’s my way of resisting. They’re not going to hold me down. They’re not going to hold us down. We’re here, we’re here to stay, and we’re out here. We’re thriving.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003cp>This year’s Hispanic Heritage Month presents an opportunity for Latinos to support businesses, organizations and community members who have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12096833/how-immigration-raids-are-affecting-children-in-los-angeles\">felt the toll\u003c/a> of the administration’s anti-immigration policies that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913621/the-psychological-toll-of-trumps-immigration-policies-on-bay-area-latinos\">have had a chilling effect\u003c/a>, with immigrants staying home, shopping less, attending fewer public events and even being afraid to speak Spanish in public. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>This has also been a challenging year for many Latinx-owned businesses between the fear immigrants are feeling and higher costs of doing business, said Alicia Villanueva, owner and founder of Hayward-based Alicia’s Tamales Los Mayas.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Seeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12073728/us-citizen-army-veteran-detained-by-ice-sues-for-damages-in-federal-court\">hardworking people\u003c/a> picked up off the street, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12094994/detained-at-green-card-interview-how-a-bay-area-family-is-healing-from-sudden-separation?utm_medium=email&utm_source=engagingnetworks&utm_campaign=20260814_NewsDaily_Newsletter_SponsorBlock&utm_content=20260814_NewsDaily_Newsletter_SponsorBlock+8642121190\">families being separated\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12028303/ice-arrest-left-bay-area-man-hospitalized-struggling-breathe-attorney-says\">parents being detained\u003c/a> and leaving children behind is demoralizing, she said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“I am a citizen now, since last year, and I still feel this trauma,” she said. “Like when I’m driving, and I see the police or something — it scares me.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>For many food vendors, Hispanic Heritage Month is one of the busiest times of the year, Villanueva said, but this year is different because the community needs a morale boost.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“We really celebrate our cultures, our cuisine and all these traditions that we bring from our countries,” she said. “To keep our traditions alive is one of the responsibilities that we have for future generations.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-06-BL.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12098323\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-06-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-06-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-06-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Concha candles and mugs for sale at Mission Lotería’s new storefront in San Francisco on Sept. 3, 2026. The space will serve as a home for community events, workshops and local art. (Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Villanueva said it pains her to see immigrants living in fear and suffering, especially since she understands the desire to come to the United States to work and advance. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>She started her company in 2010 after selling tamales door to door. She joined a business incubator program for entrepreneurs at San Francisco-based La Cocina that helped her establish a wholesale and catering business and secure capital to grow. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Sixteen years later, Villanueva employs 21 workers who cater events, sell food to retail stores, provide passenger meals for Alaska Airlines and make school lunches for students throughout Northern California. Her next goal is national distribution, the 65-year-old said. She embodies an ethos of permanent optimism that many immigrants espouse. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“The time is really hard,” Villanueva said. “But if you have your passion, your dreams, no matter what, just keep going. Don’t be afraid.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Still, for many Latines, Hispanic Heritage Month can come off as cringe. Corporations use it as a time to pander to Latinos and perform solidarity with clichés such as adding pictures of tacos to non-food-related content or putting the Spanish letter ñ where it doesn’t belong. So it’s no wonder why many people tend to snub their noses at seasonal, tone-deaf marketing. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>What I can appreciate about Hispanic Heritage Month is the opportunity to unapologetically lean into the beauty, strength and value of Latino culture. Lately, I have been hearing the phrase, “Solo el pueblo salva al pueblo” (Only the community will save the community), which reminds me that celebrating Hispanic Heritage Month might include sharing our culture with others — but it’s most important to show up for ourselves. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“We think about Latinx heritage 365 days a year,” said Josiah Alderete, co-owner of Medicine for Nightmares in San Francisco. The bookstore is Black- and Latino-owned and has made a point to stock books written by and about people of color from its inception five years ago — not just for affinity months. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“I’m always thrilled people celebrate Hispanic Heritage Month, but the truth is, we are always celebrating it,” he said. “You can come in here and see yourself 12 months of the year.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practical ways to show up this Hispanic Heritage Month: \u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Attend Hispanic Heritage Month events \u003c/h3>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Cities and organizations across the Bay Area are planning festivities to honor and celebrate Latine residents and culture, which has turned into an act of resistance. (Check out K Onda’s comprehensive guide.) \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Over the last year, several event organizers have said they were advised against holding large public gatherings like festivals for fear of ICE showing up and detaining people. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>But most organizers decided that offering joy, reinforcing culture and coming together was more important than giving in to fear. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12030084\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dolls for sale at Luz de Luna, a gift store on 24th Street in San Francisco, on March 5, 2025. Owner Denise Gonzales says about 70% of the products sold in store are imported from Mexico. (Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prioritize shopping at Latino-owned businesses, especially small ones\u003c/h3>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>I covered retail and consumer issues many years ago, and the biggest lesson I learned was that consumers have way more power than they know. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Every dollar people spend fuels someone’s bottom line, so choose where you shop wisely, because our spending power picks winners and losers every day. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>That’s why I don’t feel bad buying an artisan or locally made item such as soaps, honey, produce from a farmer’s market or a handmade gift, even if I could have found something cheaper at a big-box store. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>When I buy a cup of fruit from a street vendor, I feel good about buying a healthy snack and supporting someone who is often depending on that day’s sales to survive. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Read more books about Latin American identity and history by Latino authors\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>For a dose of cultural criticism and an exploration of how personal histories intersect with mainstream culture, I recommend \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/704670/magicalrealism-by-vanessa-angelica-villarreal/\">\u003cem>Magical/Realism: Essays on Music, Memory, Fantasy, and Borders\u003c/em> by Vanessa Angélica Villarreal\u003c/a>, which I recently read and found evocative. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Other books to check out: \u003ca href=\"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Migrant-Heart/Reyna-Grande/9781668055274\">\u003cem>Migrant Heart\u003c/em> by Reyna Grande\u003c/a>, a true gem of a writer who makes her home in Northern California, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Keeper-of-My-Kin/Ada-Ferrer/9781668025659\">\u003cem>Keeper of My Kin: Memoir of an Immigrant Daughter\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by Ada Ferrer, who appeared \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913858/a-family-divided-by-cubas-revolution\">on Forum earlier this year\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>And, here are some recommendations from Alderete, of Medicine for Nightmares: the young adult novel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/products/estela-undrowning-rene-pena-govea\">\u003cem>Estela, Undrowning\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by San Francisco writer and educator \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913189/local-ya-novels-tell-san-francisco-stories\">René Peña-Govea\u003c/a>; the poetry collection \u003ca href=\"https://unpress.nevada.edu/9781647792183/where-heaven-sinks/\">\u003cem>When Heaven Sinks\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by María Esquinca (who coincidently is a former KQED colleague); the nonfiction book \u003ca href=\"https://wwnorton.com/books/9781324004370\">\u003cem>Bad Mexicans: Race, Empire & Revolution in the Borderlands\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by Kelly Lytle Hernández; and the memoir \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/803724/terrestre-spanish-edition-by-cristina-rivera-garza/\">\u003cem>Terrestre\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by Pulitzer Prize-winning writer and scholar Cristina Rivera Garza.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported for K Onda KQED, a monthly newsletter focused on the Bay Area’s Latinx community. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/newsletters/k-onda\">\u003cem>Click here to subscribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Tucked inside a compact shop near the corner of 25th and Mission streets in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-francisco\">San Francisco\u003c/a>, Mission Lotería is evolving from promoting local businesses into a small business of its own.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Tucked inside a compact shop near the corner of 25th and Mission streets in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-francisco\">San Francisco\u003c/a>, Mission Lotería is evolving from promoting local businesses into a small business of its own.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The organization, which started in 2019, plans to open its first storefront on Sept. 10 at 2884 Mission St., selling giftable items such as hand-painted clay coffee mugs, purses designed by a Colombian artist, clothing, and stationery and cards designed by Bay Area artists. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>The organization, which started in 2019, plans to open its first storefront on Sept. 10 at 2884 Mission St., selling giftable items such as hand-painted clay coffee mugs, purses designed by a Colombian artist, clothing, and stationery and cards designed by Bay Area artists. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“What began years ago as a creative campaign celebrating the Mission, supporting neighborhood businesses, and bringing our community together has grown into more than we could have imagined,” said Luis Quiroz, founder of Mission Lotería. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“What began years ago as a creative campaign celebrating the Mission, supporting neighborhood businesses, and bringing our community together has grown into more than we could have imagined,” said Luis Quiroz, founder of Mission Lotería. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The store’s opening coincides with the start of Hispanic Heritage Month, which spans from Sept. 15 to Oct. 15.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>The store’s opening coincides with the start of Hispanic Heritage Month, which spans from Sept. 15 to Oct. 15.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“I intentionally planned the store opening just before Hispanic Heritage Month so that we could lean into the festivities that were to come and be able to highlight the Latino voices and the Latino artists that are going to be featured here.” \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“I intentionally planned the store opening just before Hispanic Heritage Month so that we could lean into the festivities that were to come and be able to highlight the Latino voices and the Latino artists that are going to be featured here.” \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Mission Lotería takes inspiration from Lotería, a beloved bingo-style board game from Mexico known for iconic images such as a cactus plant, a woman in a small boat on Lake Chapala, a man carrying a large globe on his back and a radiant sun. Quiroz, 36, created the marketing platform to support local artists and small businesses by organizing community events and neighborhood tours. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“I want people to visit Mission Lotería and then venture into a cafe shop or a taqueria or a restaurant or another brick-and-mortar store,” Quiroz said. “It’s the starting point to bring them to the other parts of the Mission.” \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The organization provides a template for how to support Latino businesses with intention and thoughtfulness, especially at a time when the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12087915/bay-area-cities-ask-us-judge-to-block-trump-from-cutting-funds-over-dei-immigration\">vigorously attacks diversity initiatives\u003c/a> and has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12097313/northern-california-ice-arrests-surged-this-summer\">launched a deportation apparatus\u003c/a> that has largely targeted Latino immigrants and hurts Latine communities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>The organization provides a template for how to support Latino businesses with intention and thoughtfulness, especially at a time when the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12087915/bay-area-cities-ask-us-judge-to-block-trump-from-cutting-funds-over-dei-immigration\">vigorously attacks diversity initiatives\u003c/a> and has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12097313/northern-california-ice-arrests-surged-this-summer\">launched a deportation apparatus\u003c/a> that has largely targeted Latino immigrants and hurts Latine communities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“To be sitting here and about to open a storefront in the Mission, in the Latino cultural district of San Francisco,” said Quiroz, who was previously undocumented. “It’s my way of resisting. They’re not going to hold me down. They’re not going to hold us down. We’re here, we’re here to stay, and we’re out here. We’re thriving.” \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>This year’s Hispanic Heritage Month presents an opportunity for Latinos to support businesses, organizations and community members who have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12096833/how-immigration-raids-are-affecting-children-in-los-angeles\">felt the toll\u003c/a> of the administration’s anti-immigration policies that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913621/the-psychological-toll-of-trumps-immigration-policies-on-bay-area-latinos\">have had a chilling effect\u003c/a>, with immigrants staying home, shopping less, attending fewer public events and even being afraid to speak Spanish in public. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>This year’s Hispanic Heritage Month presents an opportunity for Latinos to support businesses, organizations and community members who have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12096833/how-immigration-raids-are-affecting-children-in-los-angeles\">felt the toll\u003c/a> of the administration’s anti-immigration policies that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913621/the-psychological-toll-of-trumps-immigration-policies-on-bay-area-latinos\">have had a chilling effect\u003c/a>, with immigrants staying home, shopping less, attending fewer public events and even being afraid to speak Spanish in public. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>This has also been a challenging year for many Latinx-owned businesses between the fear immigrants are feeling and higher costs of doing business, said Alicia Villanueva, owner and founder of Hayward-based Alicia’s Tamales Los Mayas.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>This has also been a challenging year for many Latinx-owned businesses between the fear immigrants are feeling and higher costs of doing business, said Alicia Villanueva, owner and founder of Hayward-based Alicia’s Tamales Los Mayas.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Seeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12073728/us-citizen-army-veteran-detained-by-ice-sues-for-damages-in-federal-court\">hardworking people\u003c/a> picked up off the street, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12094994/detained-at-green-card-interview-how-a-bay-area-family-is-healing-from-sudden-separation?utm_medium=email&utm_source=engagingnetworks&utm_campaign=20260814_NewsDaily_Newsletter_SponsorBlock&utm_content=20260814_NewsDaily_Newsletter_SponsorBlock+8642121190\">families being separated\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12028303/ice-arrest-left-bay-area-man-hospitalized-struggling-breathe-attorney-says\">parents being detained\u003c/a> and leaving children behind is demoralizing, she said. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Seeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12073728/us-citizen-army-veteran-detained-by-ice-sues-for-damages-in-federal-court\">hardworking people\u003c/a> picked up off the street, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12094994/detained-at-green-card-interview-how-a-bay-area-family-is-healing-from-sudden-separation?utm_medium=email&utm_source=engagingnetworks&utm_campaign=20260814_NewsDaily_Newsletter_SponsorBlock&utm_content=20260814_NewsDaily_Newsletter_SponsorBlock+8642121190\">families being separated\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12028303/ice-arrest-left-bay-area-man-hospitalized-struggling-breathe-attorney-says\">parents being detained\u003c/a> and leaving children behind is demoralizing, she said. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“I am a citizen now, since last year, and I still feel this trauma,” she said. “Like when I’m driving, and I see the police or something — it scares me.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“I am a citizen now, since last year, and I still feel this trauma,” she said. “Like when I’m driving, and I see the police or something — it scares me.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>For many food vendors, Hispanic Heritage Month is one of the busiest times of the year, Villanueva said, but this year is different because the community needs a morale boost.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>For many food vendors, Hispanic Heritage Month is one of the busiest times of the year, Villanueva said, but this year is different because the community needs a morale boost.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“We really celebrate our cultures, our cuisine and all these traditions that we bring from our countries,” she said. “To keep our traditions alive is one of the responsibilities that we have for future generations.” \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“We really celebrate our cultures, our cuisine and all these traditions that we bring from our countries,” she said. “To keep our traditions alive is one of the responsibilities that we have for future generations.” \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Villanueva said it pains her to see immigrants living in fear and suffering, especially since she understands the desire to come to the United States to work and advance. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>She started her company in 2010 after selling tamales door to door. She joined a business incubator program for entrepreneurs at San Francisco-based La Cocina that helped her establish a wholesale and catering business and secure capital to grow. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>She started her company in 2010 after selling tamales door to door. She joined a business incubator program for entrepreneurs at San Francisco-based La Cocina that helped her establish a wholesale and catering business and secure capital to grow. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Sixteen years later, Villanueva employs 21 workers who cater events, sell food to retail stores, provide passenger meals for Alaska Airlines and make school lunches for students throughout Northern California. Her next goal is national distribution, the 65-year-old said. She embodies an ethos of permanent optimism that many immigrants espouse. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Sixteen years later, Villanueva employs 21 workers who cater events, sell food to retail stores, provide passenger meals for Alaska Airlines and make school lunches for students throughout Northern California. Her next goal is national distribution, the 65-year-old said. She embodies an ethos of permanent optimism that many immigrants espouse. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“The time is really hard,” Villanueva said. “But if you have your passion, your dreams, no matter what, just keep going. Don’t be afraid.” \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Still, for many Latines, Hispanic Heritage Month can come off as cringe. Corporations use it as a time to pander to Latinos and perform solidarity with clichés such as adding pictures of tacos to non-food-related content or putting the Spanish letter ñ where it doesn’t belong. So it’s no wonder why many people tend to snub their noses at seasonal, tone-deaf marketing. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Still, for many Latines, Hispanic Heritage Month can come off as cringe. Corporations use it as a time to pander to Latinos and perform solidarity with clichés such as adding pictures of tacos to non-food-related content or putting the Spanish letter ñ where it doesn’t belong. So it’s no wonder why many people tend to snub their noses at seasonal, tone-deaf marketing. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>What I can appreciate about Hispanic Heritage Month is the opportunity to unapologetically lean into the beauty, strength and value of Latino culture. Lately, I have been hearing the phrase, “Solo el pueblo salva al pueblo” (Only the community will save the community), which reminds me that celebrating Hispanic Heritage Month might include sharing our culture with others — but it’s most important to show up for ourselves. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>What I can appreciate about Hispanic Heritage Month is the opportunity to unapologetically lean into the beauty, strength and value of Latino culture. Lately, I have been hearing the phrase, “Solo el pueblo salva al pueblo” (Only the community will save the community), which reminds me that celebrating Hispanic Heritage Month might include sharing our culture with others — but it’s most important to show up for ourselves. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“We think about Latinx heritage 365 days a year,” said Josiah Alderete, co-owner of Medicine for Nightmares in San Francisco. The bookstore is Black- and Latino-owned and has made a point to stock books written by and about people of color from its inception five years ago — not just for affinity months. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“We think about Latinx heritage 365 days a year,” said Josiah Alderete, co-owner of Medicine for Nightmares in San Francisco. The bookstore is Black- and Latino-owned and has made a point to stock books written by and about people of color from its inception five years ago — not just for affinity months. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“I’m always thrilled people celebrate Hispanic Heritage Month, but the truth is, we are always celebrating it,” he said. “You can come in here and see yourself 12 months of the year.” \u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>“I’m always thrilled people celebrate Hispanic Heritage Month, but the truth is, we are always celebrating it,” he said. “You can come in here and see yourself 12 months of the year.” \u003c/p>\n"
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"text": "Practical ways to show up this Hispanic Heritage Month: ",
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"text": "Attend Hispanic Heritage Month events "
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Attend Hispanic Heritage Month events \u003c/h3>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Cities and organizations across the Bay Area are planning festivities to honor and celebrate Latine residents and culture, which has turned into an act of resistance. (Check out K Onda’s comprehensive guide.) \u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>Cities and organizations across the Bay Area are planning festivities to honor and celebrate Latine residents and culture, which has turned into an act of resistance. (Check out K Onda’s comprehensive guide.) \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Over the last year, several event organizers have said they were advised against holding large public gatherings like festivals for fear of ICE showing up and detaining people. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Over the last year, several event organizers have said they were advised against holding large public gatherings like festivals for fear of ICE showing up and detaining people. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>But most organizers decided that offering joy, reinforcing culture and coming together was more important than giving in to fear. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12030084\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dolls for sale at Luz de Luna, a gift store on 24th Street in San Francisco, on March 5, 2025. Owner Denise Gonzales says about 70% of the products sold in store are imported from Mexico.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12030084\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dolls for sale at Luz de Luna, a gift store on 24th Street in San Francisco, on March 5, 2025. Owner Denise Gonzales says about 70% of the products sold in store are imported from Mexico.\u003ccite class=\"wp-inline-image-credit\"> (Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"text": "Prioritize shopping at Latino-owned businesses, especially small ones"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>I covered retail and consumer issues many years ago, and the biggest lesson I learned was that consumers have way more power than they know. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>I covered retail and consumer issues many years ago, and the biggest lesson I learned was that consumers have way more power than they know. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Every dollar people spend fuels someone’s bottom line, so choose where you shop wisely, because our spending power picks winners and losers every day. \u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>Every dollar people spend fuels someone’s bottom line, so choose where you shop wisely, because our spending power picks winners and losers every day. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>That’s why I don’t feel bad buying an artisan or locally made item such as soaps, honey, produce from a farmer’s market or a handmade gift, even if I could have found something cheaper at a big-box store. \u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>That’s why I don’t feel bad buying an artisan or locally made item such as soaps, honey, produce from a farmer’s market or a handmade gift, even if I could have found something cheaper at a big-box store. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>When I buy a cup of fruit from a street vendor, I feel good about buying a healthy snack and supporting someone who is often depending on that day’s sales to survive. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>When I buy a cup of fruit from a street vendor, I feel good about buying a healthy snack and supporting someone who is often depending on that day’s sales to survive. \u003c/p>\n"
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"text": "Read more books about Latin American identity and history by Latino authors "
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>For a dose of cultural criticism and an exploration of how personal histories intersect with mainstream culture, I recommend \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/704670/magicalrealism-by-vanessa-angelica-villarreal/\">\u003cem>Magical/Realism: Essays on Music, Memory, Fantasy, and Borders\u003c/em> by Vanessa Angélica Villarreal\u003c/a>, which I recently read and found evocative. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>For a dose of cultural criticism and an exploration of how personal histories intersect with mainstream culture, I recommend \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/704670/magicalrealism-by-vanessa-angelica-villarreal/\">\u003cem>Magical/Realism: Essays on Music, Memory, Fantasy, and Borders\u003c/em> by Vanessa Angélica Villarreal\u003c/a>, which I recently read and found evocative. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Other books to check out: \u003ca href=\"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Migrant-Heart/Reyna-Grande/9781668055274\">\u003cem>Migrant Heart\u003c/em> by Reyna Grande\u003c/a>, a true gem of a writer who makes her home in Northern California, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Keeper-of-My-Kin/Ada-Ferrer/9781668025659\">\u003cem>Keeper of My Kin: Memoir of an Immigrant Daughter\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by Ada Ferrer, who appeared \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913858/a-family-divided-by-cubas-revolution\">on Forum earlier this year\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Other books to check out: \u003ca href=\"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Migrant-Heart/Reyna-Grande/9781668055274\">\u003cem>Migrant Heart\u003c/em> by Reyna Grande\u003c/a>, a true gem of a writer who makes her home in Northern California, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Keeper-of-My-Kin/Ada-Ferrer/9781668025659\">\u003cem>Keeper of My Kin: Memoir of an Immigrant Daughter\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by Ada Ferrer, who appeared \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913858/a-family-divided-by-cubas-revolution\">on Forum earlier this year\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>And, here are some recommendations from Alderete, of Medicine for Nightmares: the young adult novel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/products/estela-undrowning-rene-pena-govea\">\u003cem>Estela, Undrowning\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by San Francisco writer and educator \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913189/local-ya-novels-tell-san-francisco-stories\">René Peña-Govea\u003c/a>; the poetry collection \u003ca href=\"https://unpress.nevada.edu/9781647792183/where-heaven-sinks/\">\u003cem>When Heaven Sinks\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by María Esquinca (who coincidently is a former KQED colleague); the nonfiction book \u003ca href=\"https://wwnorton.com/books/9781324004370\">\u003cem>Bad Mexicans: Race, Empire & Revolution in the Borderlands\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by Kelly Lytle Hernández; and the memoir \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/803724/terrestre-spanish-edition-by-cristina-rivera-garza/\">\u003cem>Terrestre\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by Pulitzer Prize-winning writer and scholar Cristina Rivera Garza.\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "This Hispanic Heritage Month, support your community with intention and thoughtfulness. \n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported for K Onda KQED, a monthly newsletter focused on the Bay Area’s Latinx community. \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/newsletters/k-onda\">\u003cem>Click here to subscribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Tucked inside a compact shop near the corner of 25th and Mission streets in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-francisco\">San Francisco\u003c/a>, Mission Lotería is evolving from promoting local businesses into a small business of its own.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The organization, which started in 2019, plans to open its first storefront on Sept. 10 at 2884 Mission St., selling giftable items such as hand-painted clay coffee mugs, purses designed by a Colombian artist, clothing, and stationery and cards designed by Bay Area artists. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“What began years ago as a creative campaign celebrating the Mission, supporting neighborhood businesses, and bringing our community together has grown into more than we could have imagined,” said Luis Quiroz, founder of Mission Lotería. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The store’s opening coincides with the start of Hispanic Heritage Month, which spans from Sept. 15 to Oct. 15.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“I intentionally planned the store opening just before Hispanic Heritage Month so that we could lean into the festivities that were to come and be able to highlight the Latino voices and the Latino artists that are going to be featured here.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-01-BL.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12098318\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-01-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-01-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-01-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Lotería art at Mission Lotería’s new storefront in San Francisco on Sept. 3, 2026. The space will serve as a home for community events, workshops and local art. (Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Mission Lotería takes inspiration from Lotería, a beloved bingo-style board game from Mexico known for iconic images such as a cactus plant, a woman in a small boat on Lake Chapala, a man carrying a large globe on his back and a radiant sun. Quiroz, 36, created the marketing platform to support local artists and small businesses by organizing community events and neighborhood tours. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“I want people to visit Mission Lotería and then venture into a cafe shop or a taqueria or a restaurant or another brick-and-mortar store,” Quiroz said. “It’s the starting point to bring them to the other parts of the Mission.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The organization provides a template for how to support Latino businesses with intention and thoughtfulness, especially at a time when the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12087915/bay-area-cities-ask-us-judge-to-block-trump-from-cutting-funds-over-dei-immigration\">vigorously attacks diversity initiatives\u003c/a> and has \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12097313/northern-california-ice-arrests-surged-this-summer\">launched a deportation apparatus\u003c/a> that has largely targeted Latino immigrants and hurts Latine communities nationwide.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“To be sitting here and about to open a storefront in the Mission, in the Latino cultural district of San Francisco,” said Quiroz, who was previously undocumented. “It’s my way of resisting. They’re not going to hold me down. They’re not going to hold us down. We’re here, we’re here to stay, and we’re out here. We’re thriving.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003cp>This year’s Hispanic Heritage Month presents an opportunity for Latinos to support businesses, organizations and community members who have \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12096833/how-immigration-raids-are-affecting-children-in-los-angeles\">felt the toll\u003c/a> of the administration’s anti-immigration policies that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913621/the-psychological-toll-of-trumps-immigration-policies-on-bay-area-latinos\">have had a chilling effect\u003c/a>, with immigrants staying home, shopping less, attending fewer public events and even being afraid to speak Spanish in public. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>This has also been a challenging year for many Latinx-owned businesses between the fear immigrants are feeling and higher costs of doing business, said Alicia Villanueva, owner and founder of Hayward-based Alicia’s Tamales Los Mayas.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Seeing \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12073728/us-citizen-army-veteran-detained-by-ice-sues-for-damages-in-federal-court\">hardworking people\u003c/a> picked up off the street, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12094994/detained-at-green-card-interview-how-a-bay-area-family-is-healing-from-sudden-separation?utm_medium=email&utm_source=engagingnetworks&utm_campaign=20260814_NewsDaily_Newsletter_SponsorBlock&utm_content=20260814_NewsDaily_Newsletter_SponsorBlock+8642121190\">families being separated\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12028303/ice-arrest-left-bay-area-man-hospitalized-struggling-breathe-attorney-says\">parents being detained\u003c/a> and leaving children behind is demoralizing, she said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“I am a citizen now, since last year, and I still feel this trauma,” she said. “Like when I’m driving, and I see the police or something — it scares me.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>For many food vendors, Hispanic Heritage Month is one of the busiest times of the year, Villanueva said, but this year is different because the community needs a morale boost.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“We really celebrate our cultures, our cuisine and all these traditions that we bring from our countries,” she said. “To keep our traditions alive is one of the responsibilities that we have for future generations.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-06-BL.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12098323\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-06-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-06-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/09/260903-KOndaSeptember-06-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Concha candles and mugs for sale at Mission Lotería’s new storefront in San Francisco on Sept. 3, 2026. The space will serve as a home for community events, workshops and local art. (Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Villanueva said it pains her to see immigrants living in fear and suffering, especially since she understands the desire to come to the United States to work and advance. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>She started her company in 2010 after selling tamales door to door. She joined a business incubator program for entrepreneurs at San Francisco-based La Cocina that helped her establish a wholesale and catering business and secure capital to grow. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Sixteen years later, Villanueva employs 21 workers who cater events, sell food to retail stores, provide passenger meals for Alaska Airlines and make school lunches for students throughout Northern California. Her next goal is national distribution, the 65-year-old said. She embodies an ethos of permanent optimism that many immigrants espouse. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“The time is really hard,” Villanueva said. “But if you have your passion, your dreams, no matter what, just keep going. Don’t be afraid.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Still, for many Latines, Hispanic Heritage Month can come off as cringe. Corporations use it as a time to pander to Latinos and perform solidarity with clichés such as adding pictures of tacos to non-food-related content or putting the Spanish letter ñ where it doesn’t belong. So it’s no wonder why many people tend to snub their noses at seasonal, tone-deaf marketing. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>What I can appreciate about Hispanic Heritage Month is the opportunity to unapologetically lean into the beauty, strength and value of Latino culture. Lately, I have been hearing the phrase, “Solo el pueblo salva al pueblo” (Only the community will save the community), which reminds me that celebrating Hispanic Heritage Month might include sharing our culture with others — but it’s most important to show up for ourselves. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“We think about Latinx heritage 365 days a year,” said Josiah Alderete, co-owner of Medicine for Nightmares in San Francisco. The bookstore is Black- and Latino-owned and has made a point to stock books written by and about people of color from its inception five years ago — not just for affinity months. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“I’m always thrilled people celebrate Hispanic Heritage Month, but the truth is, we are always celebrating it,” he said. “You can come in here and see yourself 12 months of the year.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practical ways to show up this Hispanic Heritage Month: \u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Attend Hispanic Heritage Month events \u003c/h3>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Cities and organizations across the Bay Area are planning festivities to honor and celebrate Latine residents and culture, which has turned into an act of resistance. (Check out K Onda’s comprehensive guide.) \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Over the last year, several event organizers have said they were advised against holding large public gatherings like festivals for fear of ICE showing up and detaining people. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>But most organizers decided that offering joy, reinforcing culture and coming together was more important than giving in to fear. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12030084\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/03/20250305_TariffsImpact_GC-10_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Dolls for sale at Luz de Luna, a gift store on 24th Street in San Francisco, on March 5, 2025. Owner Denise Gonzales says about 70% of the products sold in store are imported from Mexico. (Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prioritize shopping at Latino-owned businesses, especially small ones\u003c/h3>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>I covered retail and consumer issues many years ago, and the biggest lesson I learned was that consumers have way more power than they know. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Every dollar people spend fuels someone’s bottom line, so choose where you shop wisely, because our spending power picks winners and losers every day. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>That’s why I don’t feel bad buying an artisan or locally made item such as soaps, honey, produce from a farmer’s market or a handmade gift, even if I could have found something cheaper at a big-box store. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>When I buy a cup of fruit from a street vendor, I feel good about buying a healthy snack and supporting someone who is often depending on that day’s sales to survive. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Read more books about Latin American identity and history by Latino authors\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>For a dose of cultural criticism and an exploration of how personal histories intersect with mainstream culture, I recommend \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/704670/magicalrealism-by-vanessa-angelica-villarreal/\">\u003cem>Magical/Realism: Essays on Music, Memory, Fantasy, and Borders\u003c/em> by Vanessa Angélica Villarreal\u003c/a>, which I recently read and found evocative. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Other books to check out: \u003ca href=\"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Migrant-Heart/Reyna-Grande/9781668055274\">\u003cem>Migrant Heart\u003c/em> by Reyna Grande\u003c/a>, a true gem of a writer who makes her home in Northern California, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Keeper-of-My-Kin/Ada-Ferrer/9781668025659\">\u003cem>Keeper of My Kin: Memoir of an Immigrant Daughter\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by Ada Ferrer, who appeared \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913858/a-family-divided-by-cubas-revolution\">on Forum earlier this year\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>And, here are some recommendations from Alderete, of Medicine for Nightmares: the young adult novel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.harpercollins.com/products/estela-undrowning-rene-pena-govea\">\u003cem>Estela, Undrowning\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by San Francisco writer and educator \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101913189/local-ya-novels-tell-san-francisco-stories\">René Peña-Govea\u003c/a>; the poetry collection \u003ca href=\"https://unpress.nevada.edu/9781647792183/where-heaven-sinks/\">\u003cem>When Heaven Sinks\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by María Esquinca (who coincidently is a former KQED colleague); the nonfiction book \u003ca href=\"https://wwnorton.com/books/9781324004370\">\u003cem>Bad Mexicans: Race, Empire & Revolution in the Borderlands\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by Kelly Lytle Hernández; and the memoir \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/803724/terrestre-spanish-edition-by-cristina-rivera-garza/\">\u003cem>Terrestre\u003c/em>\u003c/a> by Pulitzer Prize-winning writer and scholar Cristina Rivera Garza.\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "chinese-immigrants-led-the-first-mass-resistance-to-americas-deportation-system",
"title": "Chinese Immigrants Led the First Mass Resistance to America's Deportation System",
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"content": "\u003cp>Connie Young Yu thought she knew a lot about her beloved \u003cem>gung gung\u003c/em>. As a young girl, she would listen as her grandfather, Yung Wah Gok, recounted what it was like living through America’s Chinese Exclusion era of the late 19th century. She had heard many stories, like how, as a young boy in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-jose\">San José\u003c/a> Chinatown, he’d have to sprint home while white residents hurled rocks at him.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until 1972, when Yu was an adult active in Asian American organizing and scholarship, that her mother shared a surprising piece of his history with her. From the family’s large carved camphor chest in her bedroom, her mother pulled out a neatly folded parchment: It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/copy-of-upload-a-certificate?pgid=m68xajc7-a512c26d-b87a-443c-883e-98cc622e3d31\">her grandfather’s \u003cem>chak chee\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a certificate of residence that all Chinese people in the U.S. were required to carry, as mandated by the 1892 Geary Act, the successor to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/chinese-exclusion-act\">1882 Chinese Exclusion Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Stamped across the top of the document was the word “LABORER.” Below it were his occupation — “cook,” his height — just over 5 feet, 3 inches and identifying marks — “scar on left forearm.” And in the lower left corner was a striking portrait photo of her grandfather at the age of 25.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096096\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu’s collection of certificates of residence includes her own grandfather’s document. Yung Wah Gok and other Chinese residents initially resisted the Geary Act requirement to carry the certificates with them at all times under the threat of deportation. (Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>“I just thought, ‘Gee … that doesn’t look like my \u003cem>gung gung\u003c/em>,’” said Yu, now 85, who had known her grandfather as a dignified man who wore suits. “But actually, I really liked that picture in many ways because he looks very determined. Like a young rebel.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The certificate was issued in May 1894, two years after the passage of the Geary Act, revealing that her grandfather had been one of the tens of thousands of Chinese residents across the country who had resisted the federal government’s demands to register — forming one of the largest campaigns of civil disobedience in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 1892-93, Chinese immigrants refused to comply with the requirement to register with their local internal revenue offices. If they were caught without a certificate, they faced arrest, detention and deportation as stipulated by the Geary Act, which historians and legal theorists say helped shape today’s U.S. immigration system. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>While Chinese immigrants are remembered for constitutional victories, including rulings that established \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12088125/as-america-turns-250-san-franciscos-role-in-defining-citizenship-endures\">birthright citizenship\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12050233/how-a-chinese-laundryman-shaped-us-civil-rights-from-san-francisco\">strengthened equal protection\u003c/a>, they have another legacy: they led a nationwide campaign against the federal government’s expansion of immigration powers. And though they ultimately failed to overturn the Geary Act in court, their resistance challenged the adoption of now-routine practices — calling them “cruel and unjust,” and incompatible with the nation’s constitutional ideals. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095828\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu stands for a portrait in her home in Los Altos, California, on Thursday, July 30, 2026. Yu’s paternal grandfather, Yung Wah Gok, arrived in the U.S.as an 11-year-old laborer in 1881, a year before the Chinese Exclusion Act. (Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>Those sentiments are echoed today by immigrant communities across the country, as the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12078084/agents-of-chaos-border-patrols-year-of-unchecked-force\">continues\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12092697/bay-area-immigrant-advocates-warn-noncitizens-to-avoid-air-travel-after-ice-arrests\">double down\u003c/a> on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12085159/immigration-courts-are-using-a-new-tactic-to-speed-up-deportations\">deportation efforts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Yu, a longtime local historian and author, argues the resistance of early Chinese immigrants like her grandfather should be more well known. She co-founded \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/\">The Geary Act Project\u003c/a> two years ago and is now on a mission to collect more certificates — to lay a paper trail of evidence linking the racism experienced by her ancestors to the current administration’s immigration crackdown.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“Our society is under threat, we’re under attack,” she said. “We’re trying to show that the Chinese Exclusion Act was actually a foundation for ICE and the harassment of people of color and immigration detention and deportation.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When Chinese exclusion wasn’t enough\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Yu said it’s by luck that she was born in the United States. Her grandfather arrived in 1881, at age 11 — just one year before the Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from entering the U.S. for a decade.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“My parents always said, ‘If he had waited until he was 12, you wouldn’t be here,’” Yu said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>When Chinese people began arriving in the U.S. in the late 1840s, there was no federal immigration system. States, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10429550/boomtown-history-2b\">California\u003c/a>, passed laws targeting Chinese immigrants as anti-Chinese sentiment grew, fueled by the narrative that they threatened the nation’s economic well-being.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1459\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095866\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED-1536x1121.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A Chinese butcher and grocery store, with meat hanging from hooks with vegetables and other fresh produce displayed in crates at the front of the store in the Chinatown neighborhood of San Francisco, California, circa 1885. (Bettmann Archive/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>But Reconstruction — the post-Civil War era when constitutional protections were expanded for newly freed Black Americans — changed the landscape. The 14th Amendment ensured due process and equal protection to everyone, giving Chinese immigrants new grounds to challenge discriminatory state laws.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Several Supreme Court justices, along with others who wished to continue excluding Chinese immigrants, pushed for the federal government to take up immigration control, according to Kelly Lytle Hernández, an author and professor of history at UCLA.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“I understand our federal immigration system as being the creation of an effort to skirt the 14th Amendment, to skirt the growth of a multiracial democracy,” she said. ”Reconstruction and Chinese Exclusion are all part of the same story.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>In 1875, the Supreme Court ruled in \u003ca href=\"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/275/\">\u003cem>Chy Lung v. Freeman\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that immigration was a federal responsibility, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/safr/blogs/chinese-women-immigration-and-the-first-u-s-exclusion-law-the-page-act-of-1875.htm\">the Page Act\u003c/a> established one of the first major federal restrictions on immigration, targeting Chinese and other Asian women. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"754\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096097\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Second Market Street Chinatown burned down in an arson fire in 1887. There were no recorded casualties, but the entire Chinese community in San José was displaced. (Courtesy of History San José)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>Seven years later came the Chinese Exclusion Act. Despite the passage of the landmark law, thousands of Chinese laborers and immigrants still arrived. They filed legal challenges to their exclusion, inundating federal courts in San Francisco and frustrating white politicians and residents who wanted to see Chinese immigration come to an end.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>As the Chinese Exclusion Act was set to expire in 1892, the federal government realized it needed a way to plug the loopholes of the act, especially as anti-Chinese violence intensified.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp> “As soon as [white residents] saw that their goals weren’t being met by this experiment in diplomatic control, this is why we see the most violent anti-Chinese incidents happening between ’85 and ’88, not before 1882,” said Alexander Jin, a historian at Dartmouth University.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Vigilante mobs seized Chinese businesses and homes, and rural Chinatowns along the West Coast were set on fire, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11891987/chinese-immigrants-were-forced-out-of-eureka-in-1885-heres-how-locals-are-making-that-history-known\">Eureka\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101886267/california-cities-apologize-for-historical-wrongs-against-chinese-community\">Antioch\u003c/a>, Napa and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11877801/san-jose-had-5-chinatowns-why-did-they-vanish\">San José\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Yu’s grandfather was a pioneer of San José’s Chinatown, and she said he shared details of how his community was destroyed in 1887: “The newspaper always said ‘mysterious fire’ … but my grandfather always said the fire was set to drive us out … [they should’ve] asked the Chinese themselves how they felt,” Yu said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘The Dog Tag Law’\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Months before the Chinese Exclusion Act was set to lapse, Santa Rosa lawyer and U.S. House Representative \u003ca href=\"https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/13702\">Thomas J. Geary\u003c/a> introduced legislation that addressed a question the original act had a hard time answering: how could the government not only restrict newcomers but remove Chinese people who were already living in the country?\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The Geary Act became law, extending the Chinese Exclusion Act by a decade and imposing remarkable provisions on Chinese laborers living in the U.S. They had to register with the federal government and obtain a certificate of residence that they had to carry with them at all times or risk up to one year of hard labor in prison and deportation unless they could prove their immigration status with the testimony of two white witnesses. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-9 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"803\" height=\"772\" data-id=\"12095847\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-02-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095847\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-02-KQED.jpg 803w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-02-KQED-160x154.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">When faced with the prospect of deportation, early Chinese immigrants organized across the country to resist the 1892 Geary Act, forming one of the largest civil disobedience campaigns in U.S. history. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"859\" height=\"797\" data-id=\"12095849\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-04-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095849\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-04-KQED.jpg 859w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-04-KQED-160x148.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 859px) 100vw, 859px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Most of the certificates are marked as “laborer” while others, notably children, were categorized as “persons other than laborer.” (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-10 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"853\" height=\"797\" data-id=\"12095850\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-05-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095850\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-05-KQED.jpg 853w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-05-KQED-160x149.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 853px) 100vw, 853px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Geary Act Project, launched by Connie Young Yu and Barre Fong, has collected about 300 certificates since launching about two years ago. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"803\" height=\"772\" data-id=\"12095848\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-03-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095848\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-03-KQED.jpg 803w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-03-KQED-160x154.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">“This is how they describe somebody born in the United States. They describe him, this 8-year-old boy, ‘persons other than laborer.’ They do not say ‘American,’ they do not say ‘citizen.’ I want people to know this.” — Janice Tong, San Francisco resident. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>In other words, the Geary Act provided the U.S. government a way to deport longtime Chinese residents who had entered the U.S. legally. Historians say the law became the precursor to green cards, visas and other forms of surveillance and identification that the federal government uses today.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Though the act was signed into law, it garnered strongly worded protests within Congress, including from Robert R. Hitt, a representative from Illinois. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“Never before in a free country was there such a system of tagging a man like a dog to be caught by the police and examined, and if his tag or collar is not all right, taken to the pound or drowned or shot … Never before was it applied by a free people to a human being with the exception (which we can never refer to with pride) of the sad days of slavery.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘Un-American, barbarous and inhuman’\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>For the Chinese immigrant community, the law was unthinkable and unjust, and the response was swift. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The San Francisco-based Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, or the Chinese Six Companies, a powerful coalition that had financed earlier \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12015449/a-129-year-old-san-francisco-lawsuit-could-stop-trump-from-ending-birthright-citizenship\">legal victories\u003c/a>, asked Chinese residents to each contribute a dollar towards a legal campaign against the law. Meanwhile, in New York, the Chinese Equal Rights League was formed with the sole purpose of overturning the Geary Act.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>In addition to applying political pressure and organizing petition drives, the groups organized Chinese residents to challenge the Geary Act through mass noncompliance. The Six Companies distributed leaflets in Chinese communities throughout the country, declaring that “The Geary Act is an unjust law and no Chinese should obey it … They have disregarded our rights and paid no attention to their promise, and made a law to suit themselves, no matter how unjust to us … Let us stand together.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096098\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in San Francisco’s Chinatown neighborhood on July 31, 2025. (Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>Russell Jeung, a professor of Asian American studies at San Francisco State University, remarked that spreading these messages across the country was an amazing feat, and demonstrated just how tight-knit and organized the Chinese immigrant population was: “The Chinese networks are in a better position to [raise awareness to] the Chinese community than the American government was … clearly there were networks and newspapers and communication among the community.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Chinese residents found allyship with different faith communities, particularly Christians. Some white Americans were compelled, in part, by the efforts of people like Jee Gam, a community leader and the first Chinese congregational pastor in America. Gam wrote essays in English for publications, most notably one titled \u003ca href=\"https://www.whobuiltamerica.org/item/the-geary-act-from-the-standpoint-of-a-christian-chinese\">“The Geary Act: From the Standpoint of a Christian Chinese\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp> “This Act withdraws some sacred rights such as in the Declaration of Independence are declared to be inalienable,” he wrote. “The right to a free, untrammelled pursuit of happiness, the right of habeas corpus, the right to be adjudged innocent until proven guilty … it is un-American, barbarous and inhuman.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The call to participate in the civil disobedience campaign was an extraordinary success. Only about 13,000 of the approximately 100,000 Chinese residents in the country registered during the initial registration period. That left the federal government with the challenge of arresting and deporting over 85% of the nation’s Chinese population — something they weren’t prepared or resourced to do. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“Getting 100,000 people to do a thing is hard in itself, but I think the biggest success is making plain the weakness of the federal government,” Jin said. “Through the process of not registering and seeing how much power that had, they were able to find the weaknesses of the system and continue to exploit it throughout the exclusion era.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The search for the Geary Act’s paper trail\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>On a dining room table in her Los Altos home, Yu fanned out the \u003cem>chak chee’s\u003c/em> that she’s been collecting, along with her grandfather’s. Since launching The Geary Act Project, Yu and documentary filmmaker Barre Fong have received and digitized \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/thecollection\">almost 300 certificates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“Tens of thousands of people were part of the civil disobedience, including my grandfather. They complied, and they felt unity; there was a community because everybody’s behind it,” Yu said, as she carefully picked up the documents. Most of them are men, marked as “laborers,” but there are also ones for women and children.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Almost all of the certificates collected by the project were issued a couple of years after the Geary Act became law. Chinese immigrants only registered after the Supreme Court upheld the law in its ruling on \u003ca href=\"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep149/usrep149698/usrep149698.pdf\">\u003cem>Fong Yue Ting v. United States\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a case carefully orchestrated by the Six Companies. They had raised enough money to hire prominent attorneys and chose three unregistered laundrymen in New York to surrender themselves for arrest. The men were ordered to be deported in accordance with the Geary Act, and a lawsuit was initiated claiming the legislation was discriminatory and violated constitutional protections, including the 14th Amendment. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095826\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu speaks to KQED in her home in Los Altos, California, on Thursday, July 30, 2026. A longtime historian, Yu is the co-founder of the Geary Act Project, which is collecting and digitizing certificates of residence that may still be in the possession of Chinese American families. (Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>In May 1893, the court announced a 5-3 decision: the Geary Act was constitutional. The ruling extended the federal government’s power to exclude Chinese immigrants and gave it the ability to deport those already living in the U.S. The decision helped cement \u003ca href=\"https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C18-8-7-1/ALDE_00001261/\">the plenary power doctrine\u003c/a>, which gives the federal government almost unlimited discretion on all aspects of immigration policy and remains a key tenet of U.S. immigration law today. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“Things that seem normal today were actually created at a certain moment in time and for a very specific purpose: to keep Chinese immigrants, or as many as possible, out of the country,” Lytle Hernández said. “ What does it mean that the logic and the language and the rhetoric and the spirit of Chinese exclusion remains written into our precedent and our legal landscape of the immigration regime?”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>In \u003cem>Strangers in the Land\u003c/em>, author Michael Luo wrote about the news of the Geary Act ruling reaching the San Francisco headquarters of the Six Companies: “In the afternoon, a reporter from the \u003cem>Call\u003c/em> found Gee Chong Tone, the secretary of the Six Companies, inside his office surrounded by stacks of telegrams from concerned immigrants across the state and country … he was shocked by the decision. ‘It’s like a man feeling safe being hit between the eyes in the dark,’ he said.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-11 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"738\" data-id=\"12095851\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-06-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095851\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-06-KQED.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-06-KQED-160x148.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">When faced with the prospect of deportation, early Chinese immigrants organized across the country to resist the 1892 Geary Act, forming one of the largest civil disobedience campaigns in U.S. history. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"871\" height=\"797\" data-id=\"12095852\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-07-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095852\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-07-KQED.jpg 871w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-07-KQED-160x146.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 871px) 100vw, 871px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chinese immigrants are remembered for constitutional victories, including rulings that established birthright citizenship and strengthened equal protection. But they have another legacy: they led a nationwide campaign against the federal government’s expansion of immigration powers. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-12 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"869\" height=\"797\" data-id=\"12095853\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-08-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-08-KQED.jpg 869w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-08-KQED-160x147.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 869px) 100vw, 869px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Most of the certificates collected by the Geary Act Project were issued in 1894, two years after the passage of the Geary Act, because Chinese residents refused to comply with the requirements of the law. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"874\" height=\"797\" data-id=\"12095854\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-10-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095854\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-10-KQED.jpg 874w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-10-KQED-160x146.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">“Exclusion is kind of a nebulous idea, but then you look at the faces [on the certificates], and you’re like, ‘Oh, those are real people’ … and they were trying to have a dream of what they wanted to do, and they’re trying to survive.” — Barre Fong, documentary filmmaker. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>After the ruling, Geary added more teeth to the law, notably requiring the certificates of residence to include photographs.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“You can not make a verbal description of a Chinaman such as you can make of a white man … All Chinamen look alike, all dress alike, all have the same kind of eyes …” Geary said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Yu acknowledges the cruelty of the requirement, but as a historian, she also understands the value of having such detailed documentation of the country’s earliest Chinese residents. You know where each person lived and their physical traits, as detailed as “gold filling in upper teeth” or “large wart on nose right side.” There were also portraits of their faces, some of which show indisputable evidence of their hard labor and the stresses of surviving exclusion: the tanned skin from working outside, the wrinkles on their foreheads, the bags under their eyes. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The idea to collect the documents came from a conversation with Yu during a community event, Fong said, shortly after Trump won his second presidential election. There was a “general sense of fear and dread” about the threat facing immigrants, he said, and it felt like the right time to tell a counter-narrative about some of the country’s earliest immigrants. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"812\" height=\"797\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-01-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095845\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-01-KQED.jpg 812w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-01-KQED-160x157.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Transcontinental railroad worker Jow Kee’s original certificate of residence. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>“Exclusion is kind of a nebulous idea, but then you look at the faces [on the certificates], and you’re like ‘oh those are real people’ … and they were trying to have a dream of what they wanted to do, and they’re trying to survive,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The preservation of the Geary Act certificates offers a tangible record of the government’s efforts to define and categorize Chinese immigrants. Yu and Fong say it’s a slow, manual, volunteer-run effort. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>In addition to tapping into collections from different historical organizations, they’re depending on submissions from families that have held onto the documents as keepsakes for generations. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Some are stored at the National Archives in San Bruno, which announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12088904/exclusive-the-bay-areas-national-archives-office-is-closing-researchers-are-worried\">its impending closure\u003c/a> earlier this year. Documents could be dispersed across the country, Fong said, which would make the search far more difficult.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Among the most striking certificates collected by the Geary Act Project came from San Francisco resident Janice Tong, including those belonging to her great-grandfather, great-grandmother and her grandfather when he was just a young boy. It was the child’s certificate that struck Yu as particularly “cold-blooded.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“This is how they describe somebody born in the United States. They describe him, this 8-year-old boy, ‘persons other than laborer.’ They do not say ‘American,’ they do not say ‘citizen.’ I want people to know this.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Among the most prized certificates they have uncovered was one belonging to Jow Kee, a transcontinental railroad worker. It is the only portrait that has been found of one of the roughly 12,000 Chinese men who helped build the railroad. It had been sitting in a box under a bed in a descendant’s home for years. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Fong said the collection of certificates could open up some critical conversations in the Chinese American community: “The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12021919/bay-area-japanese-americans-draw-on-wwii-trauma-resist-deportation-threats\">Japanese American community’s incarcerated survivors\u003c/a> [from World War II] are really great at talking about intergenerational trauma. The Chinese American community is not great at that … I think we should be better at talking about it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the work of the Geary Act Project is not just a labor of love, Yu said. She believes it’s her “destiny” and that the current moment demands it. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>As she carefully slipped the certificates back into their protective plastic sleeves, Yu shared a message to her community.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“The call to action is ‘stand up, Chinese Americans.’ Stand up for your people and the people in your community … because your ancestors have gone through this turmoil and struggle that so many immigrants are going through … show solidarity. Show empathy.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>She also hopes more Chinese American families will search their closets, attics and archives for more certificates — \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/upload-a-certificate\">and share them\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And bring proof of your ancestors’ lives,” she said, with a small smile. “They struggled to be here.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Connie Young Yu thought she knew a lot about her beloved \u003cem>gung gung\u003c/em>. As a young girl, she would listen as her grandfather, Yung Wah Gok, recounted what it was like living through America’s Chinese Exclusion era of the late 19th century. She had heard many stories, like how, as a young boy in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-jose\">San José\u003c/a> Chinatown, he’d have to sprint home while white residents hurled rocks at him.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until 1972, when Yu was an adult active in Asian American organizing and scholarship, that her mother shared a surprising piece of his history with her. From the family’s large carved camphor chest in her bedroom, her mother pulled out a neatly folded parchment: It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/copy-of-upload-a-certificate?pgid=m68xajc7-a512c26d-b87a-443c-883e-98cc622e3d31\">her grandfather’s \u003cem>chak chee\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a certificate of residence that all Chinese people in the U.S. were required to carry, as mandated by the 1892 Geary Act, the successor to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/chinese-exclusion-act\">1882 Chinese Exclusion Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until 1972, when Yu was an adult active in Asian American organizing and scholarship, that her mother shared a surprising piece of his history with her. From the family’s large carved camphor chest in her bedroom, her mother pulled out a neatly folded parchment: It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/copy-of-upload-a-certificate?pgid=m68xajc7-a512c26d-b87a-443c-883e-98cc622e3d31\">her grandfather’s \u003cem>chak chee\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a certificate of residence that all Chinese people in the U.S. were required to carry, as mandated by the 1892 Geary Act, the successor to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/chinese-exclusion-act\">1882 Chinese Exclusion Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Stamped across the top of the document was the word “LABORER.” Below it were his occupation — “cook,” his height — just over 5 feet, 3 inches and identifying marks — “scar on left forearm.” And in the lower left corner was a striking portrait photo of her grandfather at the age of 25.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Stamped across the top of the document was the word “LABORER.” Below it were his occupation — “cook,” his height — just over 5 feet, 3 inches and identifying marks — “scar on left forearm.” And in the lower left corner was a striking portrait photo of her grandfather at the age of 25.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096096\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu’s collection of certificates of residence includes her own grandfather’s document. Yung Wah Gok and other Chinese residents initially resisted the Geary Act requirement to carry the certificates with them at all times under the threat of deportation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096096\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu’s collection of certificates of residence includes her own grandfather’s document. Yung Wah Gok and other Chinese residents initially resisted the Geary Act requirement to carry the certificates with them at all times under the threat of deportation.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“I just thought, ‘Gee … that doesn’t look like my \u003cem>gung gung\u003c/em>,’” said Yu, now 85, who had known her grandfather as a dignified man who wore suits. “But actually, I really liked that picture in many ways because he looks very determined. Like a young rebel.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“I just thought, ‘Gee … that doesn’t look like my \u003cem>gung gung\u003c/em>,’” said Yu, now 85, who had known her grandfather as a dignified man who wore suits. “But actually, I really liked that picture in many ways because he looks very determined. Like a young rebel.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The certificate was issued in May 1894, two years after the passage of the Geary Act, revealing that her grandfather had been one of the tens of thousands of Chinese residents across the country who had resisted the federal government’s demands to register — forming one of the largest campaigns of civil disobedience in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>The certificate was issued in May 1894, two years after the passage of the Geary Act, revealing that her grandfather had been one of the tens of thousands of Chinese residents across the country who had resisted the federal government’s demands to register — forming one of the largest campaigns of civil disobedience in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>From 1892-93, Chinese immigrants refused to comply with the requirement to register with their local internal revenue offices. If they were caught without a certificate, they faced arrest, detention and deportation as stipulated by the Geary Act, which historians and legal theorists say helped shape today’s U.S. immigration system. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>From 1892-93, Chinese immigrants refused to comply with the requirement to register with their local internal revenue offices. If they were caught without a certificate, they faced arrest, detention and deportation as stipulated by the Geary Act, which historians and legal theorists say helped shape today’s U.S. immigration system. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>While Chinese immigrants are remembered for constitutional victories, including rulings that established \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12088125/as-america-turns-250-san-franciscos-role-in-defining-citizenship-endures\">birthright citizenship\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12050233/how-a-chinese-laundryman-shaped-us-civil-rights-from-san-francisco\">strengthened equal protection\u003c/a>, they have another legacy: they led a nationwide campaign against the federal government’s expansion of immigration powers. And though they ultimately failed to overturn the Geary Act in court, their resistance challenged the adoption of now-routine practices — calling them “cruel and unjust,” and incompatible with the nation’s constitutional ideals. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>While Chinese immigrants are remembered for constitutional victories, including rulings that established \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12088125/as-america-turns-250-san-franciscos-role-in-defining-citizenship-endures\">birthright citizenship\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12050233/how-a-chinese-laundryman-shaped-us-civil-rights-from-san-francisco\">strengthened equal protection\u003c/a>, they have another legacy: they led a nationwide campaign against the federal government’s expansion of immigration powers. And though they ultimately failed to overturn the Geary Act in court, their resistance challenged the adoption of now-routine practices — calling them “cruel and unjust,” and incompatible with the nation’s constitutional ideals. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095828\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu stands for a portrait in her home in Los Altos, California, on Thursday, July 30, 2026. Yu’s paternal grandfather, Yung Wah Gok, arrived in the U.S.as an 11-year-old laborer in 1881, a year before the Chinese Exclusion Act. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095828\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu stands for a portrait in her home in Los Altos, California, on Thursday, July 30, 2026. Yu’s paternal grandfather, Yung Wah Gok, arrived in the U.S.as an 11-year-old laborer in 1881, a year before the Chinese Exclusion Act. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Those sentiments are echoed today by immigrant communities across the country, as the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12078084/agents-of-chaos-border-patrols-year-of-unchecked-force\">continues\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12092697/bay-area-immigrant-advocates-warn-noncitizens-to-avoid-air-travel-after-ice-arrests\">double down\u003c/a> on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12085159/immigration-courts-are-using-a-new-tactic-to-speed-up-deportations\">deportation efforts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Those sentiments are echoed today by immigrant communities across the country, as the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12078084/agents-of-chaos-border-patrols-year-of-unchecked-force\">continues\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12092697/bay-area-immigrant-advocates-warn-noncitizens-to-avoid-air-travel-after-ice-arrests\">double down\u003c/a> on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12085159/immigration-courts-are-using-a-new-tactic-to-speed-up-deportations\">deportation efforts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Yu, a longtime local historian and author, argues the resistance of early Chinese immigrants like her grandfather should be more well known. She co-founded \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/\">The Geary Act Project\u003c/a> two years ago and is now on a mission to collect more certificates — to lay a paper trail of evidence linking the racism experienced by her ancestors to the current administration’s immigration crackdown.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Yu, a longtime local historian and author, argues the resistance of early Chinese immigrants like her grandfather should be more well known. She co-founded \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/\">The Geary Act Project\u003c/a> two years ago and is now on a mission to collect more certificates — to lay a paper trail of evidence linking the racism experienced by her ancestors to the current administration’s immigration crackdown.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“Our society is under threat, we’re under attack,” she said. “We’re trying to show that the Chinese Exclusion Act was actually a foundation for ICE and the harassment of people of color and immigration detention and deportation.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“Our society is under threat, we’re under attack,” she said. “We’re trying to show that the Chinese Exclusion Act was actually a foundation for ICE and the harassment of people of color and immigration detention and deportation.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When Chinese exclusion wasn’t enough\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n",
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"\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When Chinese exclusion wasn’t enough\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Yu said it’s by luck that she was born in the United States. Her grandfather arrived in 1881, at age 11 — just one year before the Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from entering the U.S. for a decade.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Yu said it’s by luck that she was born in the United States. Her grandfather arrived in 1881, at age 11 — just one year before the Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from entering the U.S. for a decade.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“My parents always said, ‘If he had waited until he was 12, you wouldn’t be here,’” Yu said. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“My parents always said, ‘If he had waited until he was 12, you wouldn’t be here,’” Yu said. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>When Chinese people began arriving in the U.S. in the late 1840s, there was no federal immigration system. States, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10429550/boomtown-history-2b\">California\u003c/a>, passed laws targeting Chinese immigrants as anti-Chinese sentiment grew, fueled by the narrative that they threatened the nation’s economic well-being.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>When Chinese people began arriving in the U.S. in the late 1840s, there was no federal immigration system. States, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10429550/boomtown-history-2b\">California\u003c/a>, passed laws targeting Chinese immigrants as anti-Chinese sentiment grew, fueled by the narrative that they threatened the nation’s economic well-being.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095866\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED-1536x1121.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A Chinese butcher and grocery store, with meat hanging from hooks with vegetables and other fresh produce displayed in crates at the front of the store in the Chinatown neighborhood of San Francisco, California, circa 1885. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095866\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A Chinese butcher and grocery store, with meat hanging from hooks with vegetables and other fresh produce displayed in crates at the front of the store in the Chinatown neighborhood of San Francisco, California, circa 1885. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>But Reconstruction — the post-Civil War era when constitutional protections were expanded for newly freed Black Americans — changed the landscape. The 14th Amendment ensured due process and equal protection to everyone, giving Chinese immigrants new grounds to challenge discriminatory state laws.\u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>But Reconstruction — the post-Civil War era when constitutional protections were expanded for newly freed Black Americans — changed the landscape. The 14th Amendment ensured due process and equal protection to everyone, giving Chinese immigrants new grounds to challenge discriminatory state laws.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Several Supreme Court justices, along with others who wished to continue excluding Chinese immigrants, pushed for the federal government to take up immigration control, according to Kelly Lytle Hernández, an author and professor of history at UCLA.\u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>Several Supreme Court justices, along with others who wished to continue excluding Chinese immigrants, pushed for the federal government to take up immigration control, according to Kelly Lytle Hernández, an author and professor of history at UCLA.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“I understand our federal immigration system as being the creation of an effort to skirt the 14th Amendment, to skirt the growth of a multiracial democracy,” she said. ”Reconstruction and Chinese Exclusion are all part of the same story.”\u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>“I understand our federal immigration system as being the creation of an effort to skirt the 14th Amendment, to skirt the growth of a multiracial democracy,” she said. ”Reconstruction and Chinese Exclusion are all part of the same story.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In 1875, the Supreme Court ruled in \u003ca href=\"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/275/\">\u003cem>Chy Lung v. Freeman\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that immigration was a federal responsibility, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/safr/blogs/chinese-women-immigration-and-the-first-u-s-exclusion-law-the-page-act-of-1875.htm\">the Page Act\u003c/a> established one of the first major federal restrictions on immigration, targeting Chinese and other Asian women. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>In 1875, the Supreme Court ruled in \u003ca href=\"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/275/\">\u003cem>Chy Lung v. Freeman\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that immigration was a federal responsibility, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/safr/blogs/chinese-women-immigration-and-the-first-u-s-exclusion-law-the-page-act-of-1875.htm\">the Page Act\u003c/a> established one of the first major federal restrictions on immigration, targeting Chinese and other Asian women. \u003c/p>\n"
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"imageCredit": "Courtesy of History San José",
"srcset": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01-160x118.jpg 160w",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096097\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Second Market Street Chinatown burned down in an arson fire in 1887. There were no recorded casualties, but the entire Chinese community in San José was displaced. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096097\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Second Market Street Chinatown burned down in an arson fire in 1887. There were no recorded casualties, but the entire Chinese community in San José was displaced. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Seven years later came the Chinese Exclusion Act. Despite the passage of the landmark law, thousands of Chinese laborers and immigrants still arrived. They filed legal challenges to their exclusion, inundating federal courts in San Francisco and frustrating white politicians and residents who wanted to see Chinese immigration come to an end.\u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>Seven years later came the Chinese Exclusion Act. Despite the passage of the landmark law, thousands of Chinese laborers and immigrants still arrived. They filed legal challenges to their exclusion, inundating federal courts in San Francisco and frustrating white politicians and residents who wanted to see Chinese immigration come to an end.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>As the Chinese Exclusion Act was set to expire in 1892, the federal government realized it needed a way to plug the loopholes of the act, especially as anti-Chinese violence intensified.\u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>As the Chinese Exclusion Act was set to expire in 1892, the federal government realized it needed a way to plug the loopholes of the act, especially as anti-Chinese violence intensified.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp> “As soon as [white residents] saw that their goals weren’t being met by this experiment in diplomatic control, this is why we see the most violent anti-Chinese incidents happening between ’85 and ’88, not before 1882,” said Alexander Jin, a historian at Dartmouth University.\u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp> “As soon as [white residents] saw that their goals weren’t being met by this experiment in diplomatic control, this is why we see the most violent anti-Chinese incidents happening between ’85 and ’88, not before 1882,” said Alexander Jin, a historian at Dartmouth University.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Vigilante mobs seized Chinese businesses and homes, and rural Chinatowns along the West Coast were set on fire, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11891987/chinese-immigrants-were-forced-out-of-eureka-in-1885-heres-how-locals-are-making-that-history-known\">Eureka\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101886267/california-cities-apologize-for-historical-wrongs-against-chinese-community\">Antioch\u003c/a>, Napa and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11877801/san-jose-had-5-chinatowns-why-did-they-vanish\">San José\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>Vigilante mobs seized Chinese businesses and homes, and rural Chinatowns along the West Coast were set on fire, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11891987/chinese-immigrants-were-forced-out-of-eureka-in-1885-heres-how-locals-are-making-that-history-known\">Eureka\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101886267/california-cities-apologize-for-historical-wrongs-against-chinese-community\">Antioch\u003c/a>, Napa and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11877801/san-jose-had-5-chinatowns-why-did-they-vanish\">San José\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Yu’s grandfather was a pioneer of San José’s Chinatown, and she said he shared details of how his community was destroyed in 1887: “The newspaper always said ‘mysterious fire’ … but my grandfather always said the fire was set to drive us out … [they should’ve] asked the Chinese themselves how they felt,” Yu said. \u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>Yu’s grandfather was a pioneer of San José’s Chinatown, and she said he shared details of how his community was destroyed in 1887: “The newspaper always said ‘mysterious fire’ … but my grandfather always said the fire was set to drive us out … [they should’ve] asked the Chinese themselves how they felt,” Yu said. \u003c/p>\n"
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{
"blockName": "core/heading",
"attrs": {
"text": "‘The Dog Tag Law’",
"level": 2
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘The Dog Tag Law’\u003c/h2>\n",
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"\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘The Dog Tag Law’\u003c/h2>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Months before the Chinese Exclusion Act was set to lapse, Santa Rosa lawyer and U.S. House Representative \u003ca href=\"https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/13702\">Thomas J. Geary\u003c/a> introduced legislation that addressed a question the original act had a hard time answering: how could the government not only restrict newcomers but remove Chinese people who were already living in the country?\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Months before the Chinese Exclusion Act was set to lapse, Santa Rosa lawyer and U.S. House Representative \u003ca href=\"https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/13702\">Thomas J. Geary\u003c/a> introduced legislation that addressed a question the original act had a hard time answering: how could the government not only restrict newcomers but remove Chinese people who were already living in the country?\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The Geary Act became law, extending the Chinese Exclusion Act by a decade and imposing remarkable provisions on Chinese laborers living in the U.S. They had to register with the federal government and obtain a certificate of residence that they had to carry with them at all times or risk up to one year of hard labor in prison and deportation unless they could prove their immigration status with the testimony of two white witnesses. \u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>The Geary Act became law, extending the Chinese Exclusion Act by a decade and imposing remarkable provisions on Chinese laborers living in the U.S. They had to register with the federal government and obtain a certificate of residence that they had to carry with them at all times or risk up to one year of hard labor in prison and deportation unless they could prove their immigration status with the testimony of two white witnesses. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped\">\n\n\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped\">",
null,
"\n\n",
null,
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-02-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095847\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">When faced with the prospect of deportation, early Chinese immigrants organized across the country to resist the 1892 Geary Act, forming one of the largest civil disobedience campaigns in U.S. history.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-02-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095847\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">When faced with the prospect of deportation, early Chinese immigrants organized across the country to resist the 1892 Geary Act, forming one of the largest civil disobedience campaigns in U.S. history.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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{
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-04-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095849\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Most of the certificates are marked as “laborer” while others, notably children, were categorized as “persons other than laborer.”\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-04-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095849\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Most of the certificates are marked as “laborer” while others, notably children, were categorized as “persons other than laborer.”\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped\">",
null,
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null,
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-05-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095850\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Geary Act Project, launched by Connie Young Yu and Barre Fong, has collected about 300 certificates since launching about two years ago. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-05-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095850\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Geary Act Project, launched by Connie Young Yu and Barre Fong, has collected about 300 certificates since launching about two years ago. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-03-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095848\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">“This is how they describe somebody born in the United States. They describe him, this 8-year-old boy, ‘persons other than laborer.’ They do not say ‘American,’ they do not say ‘citizen.’ I want people to know this.” — Janice Tong, San Francisco resident.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-03-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095848\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">“This is how they describe somebody born in the United States. They describe him, this 8-year-old boy, ‘persons other than laborer.’ They do not say ‘American,’ they do not say ‘citizen.’ I want people to know this.” — Janice Tong, San Francisco resident.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In other words, the Geary Act provided the U.S. government a way to deport longtime Chinese residents who had entered the U.S. legally. Historians say the law became the precursor to green cards, visas and other forms of surveillance and identification that the federal government uses today.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>In other words, the Geary Act provided the U.S. government a way to deport longtime Chinese residents who had entered the U.S. legally. Historians say the law became the precursor to green cards, visas and other forms of surveillance and identification that the federal government uses today.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Though the act was signed into law, it garnered strongly worded protests within Congress, including from Robert R. Hitt, a representative from Illinois. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Though the act was signed into law, it garnered strongly worded protests within Congress, including from Robert R. Hitt, a representative from Illinois. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“Never before in a free country was there such a system of tagging a man like a dog to be caught by the police and examined, and if his tag or collar is not all right, taken to the pound or drowned or shot … Never before was it applied by a free people to a human being with the exception (which we can never refer to with pride) of the sad days of slavery.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“Never before in a free country was there such a system of tagging a man like a dog to be caught by the police and examined, and if his tag or collar is not all right, taken to the pound or drowned or shot … Never before was it applied by a free people to a human being with the exception (which we can never refer to with pride) of the sad days of slavery.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"blockName": "core/heading",
"attrs": {
"text": "‘Un-American, barbarous and inhuman’",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘Un-American, barbarous and inhuman’\u003c/h2>\n",
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"\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘Un-American, barbarous and inhuman’\u003c/h2>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>For the Chinese immigrant community, the law was unthinkable and unjust, and the response was swift. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>For the Chinese immigrant community, the law was unthinkable and unjust, and the response was swift. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The San Francisco-based Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, or the Chinese Six Companies, a powerful coalition that had financed earlier \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12015449/a-129-year-old-san-francisco-lawsuit-could-stop-trump-from-ending-birthright-citizenship\">legal victories\u003c/a>, asked Chinese residents to each contribute a dollar towards a legal campaign against the law. Meanwhile, in New York, the Chinese Equal Rights League was formed with the sole purpose of overturning the Geary Act.\u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>The San Francisco-based Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, or the Chinese Six Companies, a powerful coalition that had financed earlier \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12015449/a-129-year-old-san-francisco-lawsuit-could-stop-trump-from-ending-birthright-citizenship\">legal victories\u003c/a>, asked Chinese residents to each contribute a dollar towards a legal campaign against the law. Meanwhile, in New York, the Chinese Equal Rights League was formed with the sole purpose of overturning the Geary Act.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In addition to applying political pressure and organizing petition drives, the groups organized Chinese residents to challenge the Geary Act through mass noncompliance. The Six Companies distributed leaflets in Chinese communities throughout the country, declaring that “The Geary Act is an unjust law and no Chinese should obey it … They have disregarded our rights and paid no attention to their promise, and made a law to suit themselves, no matter how unjust to us … Let us stand together.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>In addition to applying political pressure and organizing petition drives, the groups organized Chinese residents to challenge the Geary Act through mass noncompliance. The Six Companies distributed leaflets in Chinese communities throughout the country, declaring that “The Geary Act is an unjust law and no Chinese should obey it … They have disregarded our rights and paid no attention to their promise, and made a law to suit themselves, no matter how unjust to us … Let us stand together.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096098\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in San Francisco’s Chinatown neighborhood on July 31, 2025.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096098\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in San Francisco’s Chinatown neighborhood on July 31, 2025.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Russell Jeung, a professor of Asian American studies at San Francisco State University, remarked that spreading these messages across the country was an amazing feat, and demonstrated just how tight-knit and organized the Chinese immigrant population was: “The Chinese networks are in a better position to [raise awareness to] the Chinese community than the American government was … clearly there were networks and newspapers and communication among the community.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Russell Jeung, a professor of Asian American studies at San Francisco State University, remarked that spreading these messages across the country was an amazing feat, and demonstrated just how tight-knit and organized the Chinese immigrant population was: “The Chinese networks are in a better position to [raise awareness to] the Chinese community than the American government was … clearly there were networks and newspapers and communication among the community.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Chinese residents found allyship with different faith communities, particularly Christians. Some white Americans were compelled, in part, by the efforts of people like Jee Gam, a community leader and the first Chinese congregational pastor in America. Gam wrote essays in English for publications, most notably one titled \u003ca href=\"https://www.whobuiltamerica.org/item/the-geary-act-from-the-standpoint-of-a-christian-chinese\">“The Geary Act: From the Standpoint of a Christian Chinese\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Chinese residents found allyship with different faith communities, particularly Christians. Some white Americans were compelled, in part, by the efforts of people like Jee Gam, a community leader and the first Chinese congregational pastor in America. Gam wrote essays in English for publications, most notably one titled \u003ca href=\"https://www.whobuiltamerica.org/item/the-geary-act-from-the-standpoint-of-a-christian-chinese\">“The Geary Act: From the Standpoint of a Christian Chinese\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp> “This Act withdraws some sacred rights such as in the Declaration of Independence are declared to be inalienable,” he wrote. “The right to a free, untrammelled pursuit of happiness, the right of habeas corpus, the right to be adjudged innocent until proven guilty … it is un-American, barbarous and inhuman.” \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp> “This Act withdraws some sacred rights such as in the Declaration of Independence are declared to be inalienable,” he wrote. “The right to a free, untrammelled pursuit of happiness, the right of habeas corpus, the right to be adjudged innocent until proven guilty … it is un-American, barbarous and inhuman.” \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The call to participate in the civil disobedience campaign was an extraordinary success. Only about 13,000 of the approximately 100,000 Chinese residents in the country registered during the initial registration period. That left the federal government with the challenge of arresting and deporting over 85% of the nation’s Chinese population — something they weren’t prepared or resourced to do. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>The call to participate in the civil disobedience campaign was an extraordinary success. Only about 13,000 of the approximately 100,000 Chinese residents in the country registered during the initial registration period. That left the federal government with the challenge of arresting and deporting over 85% of the nation’s Chinese population — something they weren’t prepared or resourced to do. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“Getting 100,000 people to do a thing is hard in itself, but I think the biggest success is making plain the weakness of the federal government,” Jin said. “Through the process of not registering and seeing how much power that had, they were able to find the weaknesses of the system and continue to exploit it throughout the exclusion era.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“Getting 100,000 people to do a thing is hard in itself, but I think the biggest success is making plain the weakness of the federal government,” Jin said. “Through the process of not registering and seeing how much power that had, they were able to find the weaknesses of the system and continue to exploit it throughout the exclusion era.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"text": "The search for the Geary Act’s paper trail",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The search for the Geary Act’s paper trail\u003c/h2>\n",
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"\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The search for the Geary Act’s paper trail\u003c/h2>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>On a dining room table in her Los Altos home, Yu fanned out the \u003cem>chak chee’s\u003c/em> that she’s been collecting, along with her grandfather’s. Since launching The Geary Act Project, Yu and documentary filmmaker Barre Fong have received and digitized \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/thecollection\">almost 300 certificates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>On a dining room table in her Los Altos home, Yu fanned out the \u003cem>chak chee’s\u003c/em> that she’s been collecting, along with her grandfather’s. Since launching The Geary Act Project, Yu and documentary filmmaker Barre Fong have received and digitized \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/thecollection\">almost 300 certificates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“Tens of thousands of people were part of the civil disobedience, including my grandfather. They complied, and they felt unity; there was a community because everybody’s behind it,” Yu said, as she carefully picked up the documents. Most of them are men, marked as “laborers,” but there are also ones for women and children.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“Tens of thousands of people were part of the civil disobedience, including my grandfather. They complied, and they felt unity; there was a community because everybody’s behind it,” Yu said, as she carefully picked up the documents. Most of them are men, marked as “laborers,” but there are also ones for women and children.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Almost all of the certificates collected by the project were issued a couple of years after the Geary Act became law. Chinese immigrants only registered after the Supreme Court upheld the law in its ruling on \u003ca href=\"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep149/usrep149698/usrep149698.pdf\">\u003cem>Fong Yue Ting v. United States\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a case carefully orchestrated by the Six Companies. They had raised enough money to hire prominent attorneys and chose three unregistered laundrymen in New York to surrender themselves for arrest. The men were ordered to be deported in accordance with the Geary Act, and a lawsuit was initiated claiming the legislation was discriminatory and violated constitutional protections, including the 14th Amendment. \u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>Almost all of the certificates collected by the project were issued a couple of years after the Geary Act became law. Chinese immigrants only registered after the Supreme Court upheld the law in its ruling on \u003ca href=\"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep149/usrep149698/usrep149698.pdf\">\u003cem>Fong Yue Ting v. United States\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a case carefully orchestrated by the Six Companies. They had raised enough money to hire prominent attorneys and chose three unregistered laundrymen in New York to surrender themselves for arrest. The men were ordered to be deported in accordance with the Geary Act, and a lawsuit was initiated claiming the legislation was discriminatory and violated constitutional protections, including the 14th Amendment. \u003c/p>\n"
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"srcset": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w",
"sizes": "(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095826\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu speaks to KQED in her home in Los Altos, California, on Thursday, July 30, 2026. A longtime historian, Yu is the co-founder of the Geary Act Project, which is collecting and digitizing certificates of residence that may still be in the possession of Chinese American families. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095826\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu speaks to KQED in her home in Los Altos, California, on Thursday, July 30, 2026. A longtime historian, Yu is the co-founder of the Geary Act Project, which is collecting and digitizing certificates of residence that may still be in the possession of Chinese American families. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In May 1893, the court announced a 5-3 decision: the Geary Act was constitutional. The ruling extended the federal government’s power to exclude Chinese immigrants and gave it the ability to deport those already living in the U.S. The decision helped cement \u003ca href=\"https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C18-8-7-1/ALDE_00001261/\">the plenary power doctrine\u003c/a>, which gives the federal government almost unlimited discretion on all aspects of immigration policy and remains a key tenet of U.S. immigration law today. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>In May 1893, the court announced a 5-3 decision: the Geary Act was constitutional. The ruling extended the federal government’s power to exclude Chinese immigrants and gave it the ability to deport those already living in the U.S. The decision helped cement \u003ca href=\"https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C18-8-7-1/ALDE_00001261/\">the plenary power doctrine\u003c/a>, which gives the federal government almost unlimited discretion on all aspects of immigration policy and remains a key tenet of U.S. immigration law today. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“Things that seem normal today were actually created at a certain moment in time and for a very specific purpose: to keep Chinese immigrants, or as many as possible, out of the country,” Lytle Hernández said. “ What does it mean that the logic and the language and the rhetoric and the spirit of Chinese exclusion remains written into our precedent and our legal landscape of the immigration regime?”\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“Things that seem normal today were actually created at a certain moment in time and for a very specific purpose: to keep Chinese immigrants, or as many as possible, out of the country,” Lytle Hernández said. “ What does it mean that the logic and the language and the rhetoric and the spirit of Chinese exclusion remains written into our precedent and our legal landscape of the immigration regime?”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In \u003cem>Strangers in the Land\u003c/em>, author Michael Luo wrote about the news of the Geary Act ruling reaching the San Francisco headquarters of the Six Companies: “In the afternoon, a reporter from the \u003cem>Call\u003c/em> found Gee Chong Tone, the secretary of the Six Companies, inside his office surrounded by stacks of telegrams from concerned immigrants across the state and country … he was shocked by the decision. ‘It’s like a man feeling safe being hit between the eyes in the dark,’ he said.”\u003c/p>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cp>In \u003cem>Strangers in the Land\u003c/em>, author Michael Luo wrote about the news of the Geary Act ruling reaching the San Francisco headquarters of the Six Companies: “In the afternoon, a reporter from the \u003cem>Call\u003c/em> found Gee Chong Tone, the secretary of the Six Companies, inside his office surrounded by stacks of telegrams from concerned immigrants across the state and country … he was shocked by the decision. ‘It’s like a man feeling safe being hit between the eyes in the dark,’ he said.”\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped\">\n\n\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped\">",
null,
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-06-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095851\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">When faced with the prospect of deportation, early Chinese immigrants organized across the country to resist the 1892 Geary Act, forming one of the largest civil disobedience campaigns in U.S. history.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-06-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095851\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">When faced with the prospect of deportation, early Chinese immigrants organized across the country to resist the 1892 Geary Act, forming one of the largest civil disobedience campaigns in U.S. history.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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{
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-07-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095852\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chinese immigrants are remembered for constitutional victories, including rulings that established birthright citizenship and strengthened equal protection. But they have another legacy: they led a nationwide campaign against the federal government’s expansion of immigration powers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-07-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095852\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chinese immigrants are remembered for constitutional victories, including rulings that established birthright citizenship and strengthened equal protection. But they have another legacy: they led a nationwide campaign against the federal government’s expansion of immigration powers.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-08-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095853\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Most of the certificates collected by the Geary Act Project were issued in 1894, two years after the passage of the Geary Act, because Chinese residents refused to comply with the requirements of the law. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
"innerContent": [
"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-08-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095853\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Most of the certificates collected by the Geary Act Project were issued in 1894, two years after the passage of the Geary Act, because Chinese residents refused to comply with the requirements of the law. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-10-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095854\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> “Exclusion is kind of a nebulous idea, but then you look at the faces [on the certificates], and you’re like, ‘Oh, those are real people’ … and they were trying to have a dream of what they wanted to do, and they’re trying to survive.” — Barre Fong, documentary filmmaker.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-10-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095854\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"> “Exclusion is kind of a nebulous idea, but then you look at the faces [on the certificates], and you’re like, ‘Oh, those are real people’ … and they were trying to have a dream of what they wanted to do, and they’re trying to survive.” — Barre Fong, documentary filmmaker.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>After the ruling, Geary added more teeth to the law, notably requiring the certificates of residence to include photographs.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“You can not make a verbal description of a Chinaman such as you can make of a white man … All Chinamen look alike, all dress alike, all have the same kind of eyes …” Geary said. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“You can not make a verbal description of a Chinaman such as you can make of a white man … All Chinamen look alike, all dress alike, all have the same kind of eyes …” Geary said. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Yu acknowledges the cruelty of the requirement, but as a historian, she also understands the value of having such detailed documentation of the country’s earliest Chinese residents. You know where each person lived and their physical traits, as detailed as “gold filling in upper teeth” or “large wart on nose right side.” There were also portraits of their faces, some of which show indisputable evidence of their hard labor and the stresses of surviving exclusion: the tanned skin from working outside, the wrinkles on their foreheads, the bags under their eyes. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Yu acknowledges the cruelty of the requirement, but as a historian, she also understands the value of having such detailed documentation of the country’s earliest Chinese residents. You know where each person lived and their physical traits, as detailed as “gold filling in upper teeth” or “large wart on nose right side.” There were also portraits of their faces, some of which show indisputable evidence of their hard labor and the stresses of surviving exclusion: the tanned skin from working outside, the wrinkles on their foreheads, the bags under their eyes. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The idea to collect the documents came from a conversation with Yu during a community event, Fong said, shortly after Trump won his second presidential election. There was a “general sense of fear and dread” about the threat facing immigrants, he said, and it felt like the right time to tell a counter-narrative about some of the country’s earliest immigrants. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>The idea to collect the documents came from a conversation with Yu during a community event, Fong said, shortly after Trump won his second presidential election. There was a “general sense of fear and dread” about the threat facing immigrants, he said, and it felt like the right time to tell a counter-narrative about some of the country’s earliest immigrants. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full\">\u003cimg src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-01-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095845\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-01-KQED.jpg 812w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-01-KQED-160x157.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 992px) min(100vw, 1536px), (min-width: 768px) min(100vw, 1280px), min(100vw, 1020px)\" />\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Transcontinental railroad worker Jow Kee’s original certificate of residence. \u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“Exclusion is kind of a nebulous idea, but then you look at the faces [on the certificates], and you’re like ‘oh those are real people’ … and they were trying to have a dream of what they wanted to do, and they’re trying to survive,” he said.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>“Exclusion is kind of a nebulous idea, but then you look at the faces [on the certificates], and you’re like ‘oh those are real people’ … and they were trying to have a dream of what they wanted to do, and they’re trying to survive,” he said.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>The preservation of the Geary Act certificates offers a tangible record of the government’s efforts to define and categorize Chinese immigrants. Yu and Fong say it’s a slow, manual, volunteer-run effort. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>The preservation of the Geary Act certificates offers a tangible record of the government’s efforts to define and categorize Chinese immigrants. Yu and Fong say it’s a slow, manual, volunteer-run effort. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>In addition to tapping into collections from different historical organizations, they’re depending on submissions from families that have held onto the documents as keepsakes for generations. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Some are stored at the National Archives in San Bruno, which announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12088904/exclusive-the-bay-areas-national-archives-office-is-closing-researchers-are-worried\">its impending closure\u003c/a> earlier this year. Documents could be dispersed across the country, Fong said, which would make the search far more difficult.\u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Some are stored at the National Archives in San Bruno, which announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12088904/exclusive-the-bay-areas-national-archives-office-is-closing-researchers-are-worried\">its impending closure\u003c/a> earlier this year. Documents could be dispersed across the country, Fong said, which would make the search far more difficult.\u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Among the most striking certificates collected by the Geary Act Project came from San Francisco resident Janice Tong, including those belonging to her great-grandfather, great-grandmother and her grandfather when he was just a young boy. It was the child’s certificate that struck Yu as particularly “cold-blooded.” \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Among the most striking certificates collected by the Geary Act Project came from San Francisco resident Janice Tong, including those belonging to her great-grandfather, great-grandmother and her grandfather when he was just a young boy. It was the child’s certificate that struck Yu as particularly “cold-blooded.” \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“This is how they describe somebody born in the United States. They describe him, this 8-year-old boy, ‘persons other than laborer.’ They do not say ‘American,’ they do not say ‘citizen.’ I want people to know this.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Among the most prized certificates they have uncovered was one belonging to Jow Kee, a transcontinental railroad worker. It is the only portrait that has been found of one of the roughly 12,000 Chinese men who helped build the railroad. It had been sitting in a box under a bed in a descendant’s home for years. \u003c/p>\n",
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"\n\u003cp>Among the most prized certificates they have uncovered was one belonging to Jow Kee, a transcontinental railroad worker. It is the only portrait that has been found of one of the roughly 12,000 Chinese men who helped build the railroad. It had been sitting in a box under a bed in a descendant’s home for years. \u003c/p>\n"
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Fong said the collection of certificates could open up some critical conversations in the Chinese American community: “The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12021919/bay-area-japanese-americans-draw-on-wwii-trauma-resist-deportation-threats\">Japanese American community’s incarcerated survivors\u003c/a> [from World War II] are really great at talking about intergenerational trauma. The Chinese American community is not great at that … I think we should be better at talking about it.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the work of the Geary Act Project is not just a labor of love, Yu said. She believes it’s her “destiny” and that the current moment demands it. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>As she carefully slipped the certificates back into their protective plastic sleeves, Yu shared a message to her community.\u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“The call to action is ‘stand up, Chinese Americans.’ Stand up for your people and the people in your community … because your ancestors have gone through this turmoil and struggle that so many immigrants are going through … show solidarity. Show empathy.” \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>She also hopes more Chinese American families will search their closets, attics and archives for more certificates — \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/upload-a-certificate\">and share them\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n",
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"innerHTML": "\n\u003cp>“And bring proof of your ancestors’ lives,” she said, with a small smile. “They struggled to be here.”\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Long before immigration raids and deportations became political flashpoints, Chinese immigrants defied the federal government’s expansion of immigration powers in the late 19th century.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Connie Young Yu thought she knew a lot about her beloved \u003cem>gung gung\u003c/em>. As a young girl, she would listen as her grandfather, Yung Wah Gok, recounted what it was like living through America’s Chinese Exclusion era of the late 19th century. She had heard many stories, like how, as a young boy in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-jose\">San José\u003c/a> Chinatown, he’d have to sprint home while white residents hurled rocks at him.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>It wasn’t until 1972, when Yu was an adult active in Asian American organizing and scholarship, that her mother shared a surprising piece of his history with her. From the family’s large carved camphor chest in her bedroom, her mother pulled out a neatly folded parchment: It was \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/copy-of-upload-a-certificate?pgid=m68xajc7-a512c26d-b87a-443c-883e-98cc622e3d31\">her grandfather’s \u003cem>chak chee\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a certificate of residence that all Chinese people in the U.S. were required to carry, as mandated by the 1892 Geary Act, the successor to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/chinese-exclusion-act\">1882 Chinese Exclusion Act\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Stamped across the top of the document was the word “LABORER.” Below it were his occupation — “cook,” his height — just over 5 feet, 3 inches and identifying marks — “scar on left forearm.” And in the lower left corner was a striking portrait photo of her grandfather at the age of 25.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096096\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-ConnieYu-JY-11_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu’s collection of certificates of residence includes her own grandfather’s document. Yung Wah Gok and other Chinese residents initially resisted the Geary Act requirement to carry the certificates with them at all times under the threat of deportation. (Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>“I just thought, ‘Gee … that doesn’t look like my \u003cem>gung gung\u003c/em>,’” said Yu, now 85, who had known her grandfather as a dignified man who wore suits. “But actually, I really liked that picture in many ways because he looks very determined. Like a young rebel.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The certificate was issued in May 1894, two years after the passage of the Geary Act, revealing that her grandfather had been one of the tens of thousands of Chinese residents across the country who had resisted the federal government’s demands to register — forming one of the largest campaigns of civil disobedience in U.S. history.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From 1892-93, Chinese immigrants refused to comply with the requirement to register with their local internal revenue offices. If they were caught without a certificate, they faced arrest, detention and deportation as stipulated by the Geary Act, which historians and legal theorists say helped shape today’s U.S. immigration system. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>While Chinese immigrants are remembered for constitutional victories, including rulings that established \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12088125/as-america-turns-250-san-franciscos-role-in-defining-citizenship-endures\">birthright citizenship\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12050233/how-a-chinese-laundryman-shaped-us-civil-rights-from-san-francisco\">strengthened equal protection\u003c/a>, they have another legacy: they led a nationwide campaign against the federal government’s expansion of immigration powers. And though they ultimately failed to overturn the Geary Act in court, their resistance challenged the adoption of now-routine practices — calling them “cruel and unjust,” and incompatible with the nation’s constitutional ideals. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095828\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-13-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu stands for a portrait in her home in Los Altos, California, on Thursday, July 30, 2026. Yu’s paternal grandfather, Yung Wah Gok, arrived in the U.S.as an 11-year-old laborer in 1881, a year before the Chinese Exclusion Act. (Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>Those sentiments are echoed today by immigrant communities across the country, as the Trump administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12078084/agents-of-chaos-border-patrols-year-of-unchecked-force\">continues\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12092697/bay-area-immigrant-advocates-warn-noncitizens-to-avoid-air-travel-after-ice-arrests\">double down\u003c/a> on its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12085159/immigration-courts-are-using-a-new-tactic-to-speed-up-deportations\">deportation efforts\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Yu, a longtime local historian and author, argues the resistance of early Chinese immigrants like her grandfather should be more well known. She co-founded \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/\">The Geary Act Project\u003c/a> two years ago and is now on a mission to collect more certificates — to lay a paper trail of evidence linking the racism experienced by her ancestors to the current administration’s immigration crackdown.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“Our society is under threat, we’re under attack,” she said. “We’re trying to show that the Chinese Exclusion Act was actually a foundation for ICE and the harassment of people of color and immigration detention and deportation.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When Chinese exclusion wasn’t enough\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Yu said it’s by luck that she was born in the United States. Her grandfather arrived in 1881, at age 11 — just one year before the Chinese Exclusion Act banned Chinese laborers from entering the U.S. for a decade.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“My parents always said, ‘If he had waited until he was 12, you wouldn’t be here,’” Yu said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>When Chinese people began arriving in the U.S. in the late 1840s, there was no federal immigration system. States, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10429550/boomtown-history-2b\">California\u003c/a>, passed laws targeting Chinese immigrants as anti-Chinese sentiment grew, fueled by the narrative that they threatened the nation’s economic well-being.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1459\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095866\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED-160x117.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/GETTYIMAGES-1311093098-KQED-1536x1121.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A Chinese butcher and grocery store, with meat hanging from hooks with vegetables and other fresh produce displayed in crates at the front of the store in the Chinatown neighborhood of San Francisco, California, circa 1885. (Bettmann Archive/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>But Reconstruction — the post-Civil War era when constitutional protections were expanded for newly freed Black Americans — changed the landscape. The 14th Amendment ensured due process and equal protection to everyone, giving Chinese immigrants new grounds to challenge discriminatory state laws.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Several Supreme Court justices, along with others who wished to continue excluding Chinese immigrants, pushed for the federal government to take up immigration control, according to Kelly Lytle Hernández, an author and professor of history at UCLA.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“I understand our federal immigration system as being the creation of an effort to skirt the 14th Amendment, to skirt the growth of a multiracial democracy,” she said. ”Reconstruction and Chinese Exclusion are all part of the same story.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>In 1875, the Supreme Court ruled in \u003ca href=\"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/92/275/\">\u003cem>Chy Lung v. Freeman\u003c/em>\u003c/a> that immigration was a federal responsibility, while \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/safr/blogs/chinese-women-immigration-and-the-first-u-s-exclusion-law-the-page-act-of-1875.htm\">the Page Act\u003c/a> established one of the first major federal restrictions on immigration, targeting Chinese and other Asian women. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"754\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096097\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260820-ChinatownActivism-01-160x118.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Second Market Street Chinatown burned down in an arson fire in 1887. There were no recorded casualties, but the entire Chinese community in San José was displaced. (Courtesy of History San José)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>Seven years later came the Chinese Exclusion Act. Despite the passage of the landmark law, thousands of Chinese laborers and immigrants still arrived. They filed legal challenges to their exclusion, inundating federal courts in San Francisco and frustrating white politicians and residents who wanted to see Chinese immigration come to an end.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>As the Chinese Exclusion Act was set to expire in 1892, the federal government realized it needed a way to plug the loopholes of the act, especially as anti-Chinese violence intensified.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp> “As soon as [white residents] saw that their goals weren’t being met by this experiment in diplomatic control, this is why we see the most violent anti-Chinese incidents happening between ’85 and ’88, not before 1882,” said Alexander Jin, a historian at Dartmouth University.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Vigilante mobs seized Chinese businesses and homes, and rural Chinatowns along the West Coast were set on fire, including \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11891987/chinese-immigrants-were-forced-out-of-eureka-in-1885-heres-how-locals-are-making-that-history-known\">Eureka\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101886267/california-cities-apologize-for-historical-wrongs-against-chinese-community\">Antioch\u003c/a>, Napa and \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11877801/san-jose-had-5-chinatowns-why-did-they-vanish\">San José\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Yu’s grandfather was a pioneer of San José’s Chinatown, and she said he shared details of how his community was destroyed in 1887: “The newspaper always said ‘mysterious fire’ … but my grandfather always said the fire was set to drive us out … [they should’ve] asked the Chinese themselves how they felt,” Yu said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘The Dog Tag Law’\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Months before the Chinese Exclusion Act was set to lapse, Santa Rosa lawyer and U.S. House Representative \u003ca href=\"https://history.house.gov/People/Detail/13702\">Thomas J. Geary\u003c/a> introduced legislation that addressed a question the original act had a hard time answering: how could the government not only restrict newcomers but remove Chinese people who were already living in the country?\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The Geary Act became law, extending the Chinese Exclusion Act by a decade and imposing remarkable provisions on Chinese laborers living in the U.S. They had to register with the federal government and obtain a certificate of residence that they had to carry with them at all times or risk up to one year of hard labor in prison and deportation unless they could prove their immigration status with the testimony of two white witnesses. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-9 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"803\" height=\"772\" data-id=\"12095847\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-02-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095847\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-02-KQED.jpg 803w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-02-KQED-160x154.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">When faced with the prospect of deportation, early Chinese immigrants organized across the country to resist the 1892 Geary Act, forming one of the largest civil disobedience campaigns in U.S. history. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"859\" height=\"797\" data-id=\"12095849\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-04-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095849\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-04-KQED.jpg 859w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-04-KQED-160x148.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 859px) 100vw, 859px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Most of the certificates are marked as “laborer” while others, notably children, were categorized as “persons other than laborer.” (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-10 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"853\" height=\"797\" data-id=\"12095850\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-05-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095850\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-05-KQED.jpg 853w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-05-KQED-160x149.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 853px) 100vw, 853px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Geary Act Project, launched by Connie Young Yu and Barre Fong, has collected about 300 certificates since launching about two years ago. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"803\" height=\"772\" data-id=\"12095848\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-03-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095848\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-03-KQED.jpg 803w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-03-KQED-160x154.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 803px) 100vw, 803px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">“This is how they describe somebody born in the United States. They describe him, this 8-year-old boy, ‘persons other than laborer.’ They do not say ‘American,’ they do not say ‘citizen.’ I want people to know this.” — Janice Tong, San Francisco resident. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>In other words, the Geary Act provided the U.S. government a way to deport longtime Chinese residents who had entered the U.S. legally. Historians say the law became the precursor to green cards, visas and other forms of surveillance and identification that the federal government uses today.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Though the act was signed into law, it garnered strongly worded protests within Congress, including from Robert R. Hitt, a representative from Illinois. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“Never before in a free country was there such a system of tagging a man like a dog to be caught by the police and examined, and if his tag or collar is not all right, taken to the pound or drowned or shot … Never before was it applied by a free people to a human being with the exception (which we can never refer to with pride) of the sad days of slavery.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">‘Un-American, barbarous and inhuman’\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>For the Chinese immigrant community, the law was unthinkable and unjust, and the response was swift. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The San Francisco-based Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, or the Chinese Six Companies, a powerful coalition that had financed earlier \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12015449/a-129-year-old-san-francisco-lawsuit-could-stop-trump-from-ending-birthright-citizenship\">legal victories\u003c/a>, asked Chinese residents to each contribute a dollar towards a legal campaign against the law. Meanwhile, in New York, the Chinese Equal Rights League was formed with the sole purpose of overturning the Geary Act.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>In addition to applying political pressure and organizing petition drives, the groups organized Chinese residents to challenge the Geary Act through mass noncompliance. The Six Companies distributed leaflets in Chinese communities throughout the country, declaring that “The Geary Act is an unjust law and no Chinese should obey it … They have disregarded our rights and paid no attention to their promise, and made a law to suit themselves, no matter how unjust to us … Let us stand together.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12096098\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/250731-YICKWOCIVILRIGHTS-05-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association in San Francisco’s Chinatown neighborhood on July 31, 2025. (Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>Russell Jeung, a professor of Asian American studies at San Francisco State University, remarked that spreading these messages across the country was an amazing feat, and demonstrated just how tight-knit and organized the Chinese immigrant population was: “The Chinese networks are in a better position to [raise awareness to] the Chinese community than the American government was … clearly there were networks and newspapers and communication among the community.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Chinese residents found allyship with different faith communities, particularly Christians. Some white Americans were compelled, in part, by the efforts of people like Jee Gam, a community leader and the first Chinese congregational pastor in America. Gam wrote essays in English for publications, most notably one titled \u003ca href=\"https://www.whobuiltamerica.org/item/the-geary-act-from-the-standpoint-of-a-christian-chinese\">“The Geary Act: From the Standpoint of a Christian Chinese\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp> “This Act withdraws some sacred rights such as in the Declaration of Independence are declared to be inalienable,” he wrote. “The right to a free, untrammelled pursuit of happiness, the right of habeas corpus, the right to be adjudged innocent until proven guilty … it is un-American, barbarous and inhuman.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The call to participate in the civil disobedience campaign was an extraordinary success. Only about 13,000 of the approximately 100,000 Chinese residents in the country registered during the initial registration period. That left the federal government with the challenge of arresting and deporting over 85% of the nation’s Chinese population — something they weren’t prepared or resourced to do. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“Getting 100,000 people to do a thing is hard in itself, but I think the biggest success is making plain the weakness of the federal government,” Jin said. “Through the process of not registering and seeing how much power that had, they were able to find the weaknesses of the system and continue to exploit it throughout the exclusion era.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003ch2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The search for the Geary Act’s paper trail\u003c/h2>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>On a dining room table in her Los Altos home, Yu fanned out the \u003cem>chak chee’s\u003c/em> that she’s been collecting, along with her grandfather’s. Since launching The Geary Act Project, Yu and documentary filmmaker Barre Fong have received and digitized \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/thecollection\">almost 300 certificates\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“Tens of thousands of people were part of the civil disobedience, including my grandfather. They complied, and they felt unity; there was a community because everybody’s behind it,” Yu said, as she carefully picked up the documents. Most of them are men, marked as “laborers,” but there are also ones for women and children.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Almost all of the certificates collected by the project were issued a couple of years after the Geary Act became law. Chinese immigrants only registered after the Supreme Court upheld the law in its ruling on \u003ca href=\"https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/usrep/usrep149/usrep149698/usrep149698.pdf\">\u003cem>Fong Yue Ting v. United States\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a case carefully orchestrated by the Six Companies. They had raised enough money to hire prominent attorneys and chose three unregistered laundrymen in New York to surrender themselves for arrest. The men were ordered to be deported in accordance with the Geary Act, and a lawsuit was initiated claiming the legislation was discriminatory and violated constitutional protections, including the 14th Amendment. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"aligncenter size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095826\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260730-CONNIEYU-JY-09-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Historian Connie Young Yu speaks to KQED in her home in Los Altos, California, on Thursday, July 30, 2026. A longtime historian, Yu is the co-founder of the Geary Act Project, which is collecting and digitizing certificates of residence that may still be in the possession of Chinese American families. (Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>In May 1893, the court announced a 5-3 decision: the Geary Act was constitutional. The ruling extended the federal government’s power to exclude Chinese immigrants and gave it the ability to deport those already living in the U.S. The decision helped cement \u003ca href=\"https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI-S8-C18-8-7-1/ALDE_00001261/\">the plenary power doctrine\u003c/a>, which gives the federal government almost unlimited discretion on all aspects of immigration policy and remains a key tenet of U.S. immigration law today. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“Things that seem normal today were actually created at a certain moment in time and for a very specific purpose: to keep Chinese immigrants, or as many as possible, out of the country,” Lytle Hernández said. “ What does it mean that the logic and the language and the rhetoric and the spirit of Chinese exclusion remains written into our precedent and our legal landscape of the immigration regime?”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>In \u003cem>Strangers in the Land\u003c/em>, author Michael Luo wrote about the news of the Geary Act ruling reaching the San Francisco headquarters of the Six Companies: “In the afternoon, a reporter from the \u003cem>Call\u003c/em> found Gee Chong Tone, the secretary of the Six Companies, inside his office surrounded by stacks of telegrams from concerned immigrants across the state and country … he was shocked by the decision. ‘It’s like a man feeling safe being hit between the eyes in the dark,’ he said.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-11 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"738\" data-id=\"12095851\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-06-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095851\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-06-KQED.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-06-KQED-160x148.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">When faced with the prospect of deportation, early Chinese immigrants organized across the country to resist the 1892 Geary Act, forming one of the largest civil disobedience campaigns in U.S. history. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"871\" height=\"797\" data-id=\"12095852\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-07-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095852\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-07-KQED.jpg 871w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-07-KQED-160x146.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 871px) 100vw, 871px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Chinese immigrants are remembered for constitutional victories, including rulings that established birthright citizenship and strengthened equal protection. But they have another legacy: they led a nationwide campaign against the federal government’s expansion of immigration powers. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped wp-block-gallery-12 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"869\" height=\"797\" data-id=\"12095853\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-08-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095853\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-08-KQED.jpg 869w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-08-KQED-160x147.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 869px) 100vw, 869px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Most of the certificates collected by the Geary Act Project were issued in 1894, two years after the passage of the Geary Act, because Chinese residents refused to comply with the requirements of the law. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cfigure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"874\" height=\"797\" data-id=\"12095854\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-10-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095854\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-10-KQED.jpg 874w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-10-KQED-160x146.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 874px) 100vw, 874px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">“Exclusion is kind of a nebulous idea, but then you look at the faces [on the certificates], and you’re like, ‘Oh, those are real people’ … and they were trying to have a dream of what they wanted to do, and they’re trying to survive.” — Barre Fong, documentary filmmaker. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/figure>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>After the ruling, Geary added more teeth to the law, notably requiring the certificates of residence to include photographs.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“You can not make a verbal description of a Chinaman such as you can make of a white man … All Chinamen look alike, all dress alike, all have the same kind of eyes …” Geary said. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Yu acknowledges the cruelty of the requirement, but as a historian, she also understands the value of having such detailed documentation of the country’s earliest Chinese residents. You know where each person lived and their physical traits, as detailed as “gold filling in upper teeth” or “large wart on nose right side.” There were also portraits of their faces, some of which show indisputable evidence of their hard labor and the stresses of surviving exclusion: the tanned skin from working outside, the wrinkles on their foreheads, the bags under their eyes. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The idea to collect the documents came from a conversation with Yu during a community event, Fong said, shortly after Trump won his second presidential election. There was a “general sense of fear and dread” about the threat facing immigrants, he said, and it felt like the right time to tell a counter-narrative about some of the country’s earliest immigrants. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\u003cdiv class=\"wp-block-image\">\n\u003cfigure class=\"alignleft size-full\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"812\" height=\"797\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-01-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-12095845\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-01-KQED.jpg 812w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/08/260818-FIGHTING-THE-GEARY-ACT-01-KQED-160x157.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Transcontinental railroad worker Jow Kee’s original certificate of residence. (Courtesy of the Geary Act Project)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\n\u003cp>“Exclusion is kind of a nebulous idea, but then you look at the faces [on the certificates], and you’re like ‘oh those are real people’ … and they were trying to have a dream of what they wanted to do, and they’re trying to survive,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>The preservation of the Geary Act certificates offers a tangible record of the government’s efforts to define and categorize Chinese immigrants. Yu and Fong say it’s a slow, manual, volunteer-run effort. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>In addition to tapping into collections from different historical organizations, they’re depending on submissions from families that have held onto the documents as keepsakes for generations. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Some are stored at the National Archives in San Bruno, which announced \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12088904/exclusive-the-bay-areas-national-archives-office-is-closing-researchers-are-worried\">its impending closure\u003c/a> earlier this year. Documents could be dispersed across the country, Fong said, which would make the search far more difficult.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Among the most striking certificates collected by the Geary Act Project came from San Francisco resident Janice Tong, including those belonging to her great-grandfather, great-grandmother and her grandfather when he was just a young boy. It was the child’s certificate that struck Yu as particularly “cold-blooded.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“This is how they describe somebody born in the United States. They describe him, this 8-year-old boy, ‘persons other than laborer.’ They do not say ‘American,’ they do not say ‘citizen.’ I want people to know this.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Among the most prized certificates they have uncovered was one belonging to Jow Kee, a transcontinental railroad worker. It is the only portrait that has been found of one of the roughly 12,000 Chinese men who helped build the railroad. It had been sitting in a box under a bed in a descendant’s home for years. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Fong said the collection of certificates could open up some critical conversations in the Chinese American community: “The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12021919/bay-area-japanese-americans-draw-on-wwii-trauma-resist-deportation-threats\">Japanese American community’s incarcerated survivors\u003c/a> [from World War II] are really great at talking about intergenerational trauma. The Chinese American community is not great at that … I think we should be better at talking about it.”\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the work of the Geary Act Project is not just a labor of love, Yu said. She believes it’s her “destiny” and that the current moment demands it. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>As she carefully slipped the certificates back into their protective plastic sleeves, Yu shared a message to her community.\u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>“The call to action is ‘stand up, Chinese Americans.’ Stand up for your people and the people in your community … because your ancestors have gone through this turmoil and struggle that so many immigrants are going through … show solidarity. Show empathy.” \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>She also hopes more Chinese American families will search their closets, attics and archives for more certificates — \u003ca href=\"https://www.thegearyactproject.com/upload-a-certificate\">and share them\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\n\n\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And bring proof of your ancestors’ lives,” she said, with a small smile. “They struggled to be here.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Want to hear what the next generation thinks about the future of our region?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every year, students from \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-francisco-state-university\">San Francisco State University\u003c/a> pick up audio recording kits in search of stories that not only matter to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/bay-area\">Bay Area\u003c/a> but matter to them. They immerse themselves in communities across the area, capturing stories that reflect the people, challenges and ideas shaping our region.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From women-focused gyms to alternative therapies to prediction markets to nightlife, students uncover stories that might otherwise go unheard in this special report, “The Future of the Bay.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The collaboration between KQED and SF State, now in its fifth episode, shares stories produced by journalism and broadcast students at SF State.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Not long after my dad’s death in January of 1999, I was tasked with the inventorying and selling of his vast and varied collection of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10559298/at-cupertinos-electronics-flea-market-yesterdays-high-tech-is-todays-treasure\">audio equipment\u003c/a>. While in a state of shock — he was only 59, I was only 29 — I surveyed his former audio domain: a garage studio that still smelled of his cigars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the age of synthesizers, and a huge mixing board dominated the room. Below it, an array of equipment racks blinked at me. Above, two black speakers the size of file drawers perched like sentinels of the advancing era of digital music production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My father, Fred Myrow, was a talented composer following in the footsteps of multiple generations of talented musicians. He wrote avant-garde music. He was briefly the composer-in-residence at the New York Philharmonic (\u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@rmyrow20/ashes-ashes-we-all-fall-down-ddf305a74003\">until he met my mom\u003c/a> and blew a deadline by failing to finish a composition for which posters had already been put up around the city).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, he wrote\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdVb9jC_El0\"> soundtracks\u003c/a> for movies like\u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079714/\"> \u003cem>Phantasm\u003c/em>\u003c/a> and\u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070723/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1\"> \u003cem>Soylent Green\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. (I know, I know: “Soylent Green is people!”) He also wrote music for the theater; my favorites were his collaborations with the adventurous — and also gone-from-us-too-soon —\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Abdoh\"> Reza Abdoh\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My father’s four-decade career spanned multiple technologies. Some he borrowed, like the foot-pedal-powered\u003ca href=\"blank\"> Movieolas\u003c/a> that Hollywood studios lent him to support his soundtrack writing. When I was a small girl in the early 1970s, he would call me over to watch a silent scene with him on a Movieola’s tiny screen, singing out a melody in falsetto before marking the notes on score paper with colored pencils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12041340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12041340\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A 1950s era West German radio features a wood cabinet and grille.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1999, KQED’s Rachael Myrow discovered her father’s Telefunken Opus 7. She wiped off decades of dust and plugged it in. After a slight delay, an orchestra filled the room with a warm, rich sound that took her breath away. Seconds later, the radio died and the air filled with the smell of burning dust. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the years passed, he bought other machines — and inevitably stored them as they became obsolete, including three \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/12198994/how-bing-crosby-and-silicon-valley-revolutionized-radio-and-tv\">reel-to-reel tape machines\u003c/a> widely used for high-fidelity audio work from the 1940s through the end of the 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used them myself at the beginning of my career in public radio at \u003cem>Marketplace\u003c/em>. Why he needed three of them, I’ll never know. Obviously, he had a hoarding problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But of all the machines I found in that overstuffed garage, the most marvelous was a 1957 tabletop Telefunken Opus 7, a vintage radio covered in thick dust and buried in the back of a loft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like so many radios in the mid-20th century, it was housed in a handsomely crafted wooden cabinet, with a gorgeous grille above a glass panel featuring gold-painted tuning options — AM and FM, of course, but also shortwave, with helpful markers for Munich, Stuttgart, New York, Paris, Rome, even\u003ca href=\"https://www.vaticannews.va/en.html\"> Vatican Radio\u003c/a>.[aside postID=news_12043312 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/06/CLAIRE-SCHWARTZ-L-AND-NINA-RAJ-WITH-A-CHILD_S-DRAWING-RECOVERED-BY-RAJ-AFTER-THE-EATON-FIRE-KQED-1020x765.jpg']I hauled the Opus 7 down, wiped off the surface dust and plugged it in. The lights behind its panel glowed softly and yellow. After a slight delay, an orchestra filled the room with a warm, rich sound. It took my breath away. Seconds later, the sound faded, followed by a crackle — and then the air filled with the smell of burning dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I opened the back of the Opus 7 and stared at the dust-covered metallic innards. I was a radio reporter, but I’d never seen the inside of a radio. To my untrained eye, the vacuum tubes looked burned out. So I’d need to replace them? I put them in a little box, but I didn’t have the vaguest idea where to find new tubes — nor the money or time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is to say, I had a lot to deal with after my dad died. Each time I moved in the years that followed — and I moved many times — I’d haul the radio with me, thinking, “I really should get this thing fixed.” The radio became a psychologically fraught loose end, one of many gathering dust in the recesses of my subconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years after his death, my career brought me from Los Angeles, where I grew up, to the San Francisco Bay Area. The radio sat in storage until I moved into a home with more space. So much time had passed — 16 years! — I’d forgotten all about it. Perched silently on top of a bureau, the radio seemed to rebuke me: “When will you fix me? When will my sound fill a room again?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12041347\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12041347\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A museum display of vacuum tubes from the 20th century.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the early days of radio, vacuum tubes, like these on display at the California Historical Radio Society in Alameda, California, amplified weak electromagnetic signals picked up by the antenna. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the recommendation of colleagues at KQED, I found the repair directory for the\u003ca href=\"https://californiahistoricalradio.com/repair-directory/\"> California Historical Radio Society\u003c/a> and got in touch with\u003ca href=\"https://www.simonsvintagerepair.com\"> Simon Favre\u003c/a>. I visited the retired Silicon Valley engineer in his Milpitas living room, which was filled with cabinet radios in various stages of repair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like the style of the early-to-mid-20th-century radios,” he told me. “I guess it’s kind of nostalgia. There was a certain style to that era, you know, the 20s up to the 50s. It’s kind of my sweet spot for fixing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 72-year-old Favre, who worked in various roles for Silicon Valley companies, has been a “hardware guy” and a “tinkerer” since childhood. He diagnosed the problems with my Opus 7 and, for $200, replaced some capacitors, mended a plastic tuning wheel with super glue and baking soda, and yes, replaced the vacuum tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I plugged the radio in at home, there was a pause, then a rush of static. I turned the dial slightly, and orchestral strings once again filled the air. I jumped up and down with delight. If only Dad could see it — and hear it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12041341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12041341\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A framed photograph of a young, smiling man.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fred Myrow as a young man, full of hope and confidence for his life and career. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was surprisingly easy to restore the physical radio. But the radio’s backstory remained a mystery. Did my father purchase it when he studied in the early 1960s at the\u003ca href=\"http://www.santacecilia.it/en/chi_siamo/accademia/storia.html\"> Santa Cecilia Academy of Music\u003c/a> in Rome? Was it a gift to him from my grandparents? A nostalgic find bought from a secondhand store?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time tears at the wiring that connects us to the people who fix us in space and time. As we age and those around us die, the connections and the stories burn out, one by one. Just a handful of people who knew my dad are still around — people, I thought, who just might know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I texted a photo of the radio to my godfather, the magnificent composer and arranger\u003ca href=\"https://flypaper.soundfly.com/discover/inimitable-legacy-van-dyke-parks-journey-song/\"> Van Dyke Parks\u003c/a>. He and my dad were like two peas in a pod, similar in talent and outlook. Van Dyke texted back to remind me that he didn’t meet my dad until 1967 or ’68. But remarkably, Van Dyke had bought that exact radio model in 1957 when he was a boy, while acting in a \u003cem>Heidi\u003c/em> film for RKO in Munich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dyke rang me on the phone, his mind racing with memories. “You hit the heartstrings with that particular picture. So beautiful to behold,” he said. While he didn’t know the particulars of my dad’s radio or how he acquired it, Van Dyke recalled what the Opus 7 meant in a time before satellites and the internet accustomed us to tinny, compressed music on demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12041346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12041346\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"The insides of a 1957 radio feature dust covered speakers above a dust covered chassis of other radio parts.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view inside the unrepaired Telefunken Opus 7. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This was a big deal, shortwave,” he sighed, thinking back to happy hours spent listening to great European conductors like\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/arts/music/otto-klemperer-conductor.html\"> Otto Klemperer\u003c/a>. Then, being the strings specialist he is, Van Dyke praised the way tube amps make partials (higher-frequency vibrations) that you get from a rosin bow “really available.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know what he means, even without having his classical training. In that brief moment back in 1999, when my dad’s radio surged to life, I responded most to the harmonic thrum of the string instruments. A quarter-century later, the memory of that sound rushed back, twinned with grief and nostalgia for my father and his music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internet has afforded my father some posthumous appreciation, especially in the comments sections on YouTube clips of his soundtracks. I wish he were alive to read them, given how much he struggled when alive for his music to be heard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the people we love die before we do, leaving us \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13824126/the-dead-will-talk-to-you-now-or-at-least-listen-in-santa-cruz\">helplessly nostalgic\u003c/a>. My own nostalgia comes attached to the music my father left as his legacy, along with the equipment that fostered his creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I still have a number of microcassette tapes on which my dad recorded many notes to himself. A quarter-century later, it’s still too painful for me to listen to the sound of his voice, especially from the last years of his life. The white-hot grief I felt in 1999 comes rushing up, and I have to hit the stop button. The tapes sit in a box on a high shelf in my own home studio now, gathering their own dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when I turn on that Telefunken Opus 7, with the dial set to the Bay Area’s classical station, KDFC, the panel glows with that warm, yellow light, the vacuum tubes engage, and an orchestra fills my room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My heart grows full as the music swells, and I can feel my dad wink at me from across an otherwise unbreachable expanse of space and time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Not long after my dad’s death in January of 1999, I was tasked with the inventorying and selling of his vast and varied collection of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/10559298/at-cupertinos-electronics-flea-market-yesterdays-high-tech-is-todays-treasure\">audio equipment\u003c/a>. While in a state of shock — he was only 59, I was only 29 — I surveyed his former audio domain: a garage studio that still smelled of his cigars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the age of synthesizers, and a huge mixing board dominated the room. Below it, an array of equipment racks blinked at me. Above, two black speakers the size of file drawers perched like sentinels of the advancing era of digital music production.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My father, Fred Myrow, was a talented composer following in the footsteps of multiple generations of talented musicians. He wrote avant-garde music. He was briefly the composer-in-residence at the New York Philharmonic (\u003ca href=\"https://medium.com/@rmyrow20/ashes-ashes-we-all-fall-down-ddf305a74003\">until he met my mom\u003c/a> and blew a deadline by failing to finish a composition for which posters had already been put up around the city).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Later, he wrote\u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sdVb9jC_El0\"> soundtracks\u003c/a> for movies like\u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079714/\"> \u003cem>Phantasm\u003c/em>\u003c/a> and\u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070723/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1\"> \u003cem>Soylent Green\u003c/em>\u003c/a>. (I know, I know: “Soylent Green is people!”) He also wrote music for the theater; my favorites were his collaborations with the adventurous — and also gone-from-us-too-soon —\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza_Abdoh\"> Reza Abdoh\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My father’s four-decade career spanned multiple technologies. Some he borrowed, like the foot-pedal-powered\u003ca href=\"blank\"> Movieolas\u003c/a> that Hollywood studios lent him to support his soundtrack writing. When I was a small girl in the early 1970s, he would call me over to watch a silent scene with him on a Movieola’s tiny screen, singing out a melody in falsetto before marking the notes on score paper with colored pencils.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12041340\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12041340\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A 1950s era West German radio features a wood cabinet and grille.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-02-KQED-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In 1999, KQED’s Rachael Myrow discovered her father’s Telefunken Opus 7. She wiped off decades of dust and plugged it in. After a slight delay, an orchestra filled the room with a warm, rich sound that took her breath away. Seconds later, the radio died and the air filled with the smell of burning dust. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>As the years passed, he bought other machines — and inevitably stored them as they became obsolete, including three \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/12198994/how-bing-crosby-and-silicon-valley-revolutionized-radio-and-tv\">reel-to-reel tape machines\u003c/a> widely used for high-fidelity audio work from the 1940s through the end of the 20th century.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I used them myself at the beginning of my career in public radio at \u003cem>Marketplace\u003c/em>. Why he needed three of them, I’ll never know. Obviously, he had a hoarding problem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But of all the machines I found in that overstuffed garage, the most marvelous was a 1957 tabletop Telefunken Opus 7, a vintage radio covered in thick dust and buried in the back of a loft.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like so many radios in the mid-20th century, it was housed in a handsomely crafted wooden cabinet, with a gorgeous grille above a glass panel featuring gold-painted tuning options — AM and FM, of course, but also shortwave, with helpful markers for Munich, Stuttgart, New York, Paris, Rome, even\u003ca href=\"https://www.vaticannews.va/en.html\"> Vatican Radio\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>I hauled the Opus 7 down, wiped off the surface dust and plugged it in. The lights behind its panel glowed softly and yellow. After a slight delay, an orchestra filled the room with a warm, rich sound. It took my breath away. Seconds later, the sound faded, followed by a crackle — and then the air filled with the smell of burning dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whoops.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I opened the back of the Opus 7 and stared at the dust-covered metallic innards. I was a radio reporter, but I’d never seen the inside of a radio. To my untrained eye, the vacuum tubes looked burned out. So I’d need to replace them? I put them in a little box, but I didn’t have the vaguest idea where to find new tubes — nor the money or time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is to say, I had a lot to deal with after my dad died. Each time I moved in the years that followed — and I moved many times — I’d haul the radio with me, thinking, “I really should get this thing fixed.” The radio became a psychologically fraught loose end, one of many gathering dust in the recesses of my subconscious.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seven years after his death, my career brought me from Los Angeles, where I grew up, to the San Francisco Bay Area. The radio sat in storage until I moved into a home with more space. So much time had passed — 16 years! — I’d forgotten all about it. Perched silently on top of a bureau, the radio seemed to rebuke me: “When will you fix me? When will my sound fill a room again?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12041347\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12041347\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A museum display of vacuum tubes from the 20th century.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-09-KQED-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">In the early days of radio, vacuum tubes, like these on display at the California Historical Radio Society in Alameda, California, amplified weak electromagnetic signals picked up by the antenna. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>On the recommendation of colleagues at KQED, I found the repair directory for the\u003ca href=\"https://californiahistoricalradio.com/repair-directory/\"> California Historical Radio Society\u003c/a> and got in touch with\u003ca href=\"https://www.simonsvintagerepair.com\"> Simon Favre\u003c/a>. I visited the retired Silicon Valley engineer in his Milpitas living room, which was filled with cabinet radios in various stages of repair.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like the style of the early-to-mid-20th-century radios,” he told me. “I guess it’s kind of nostalgia. There was a certain style to that era, you know, the 20s up to the 50s. It’s kind of my sweet spot for fixing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The 72-year-old Favre, who worked in various roles for Silicon Valley companies, has been a “hardware guy” and a “tinkerer” since childhood. He diagnosed the problems with my Opus 7 and, for $200, replaced some capacitors, mended a plastic tuning wheel with super glue and baking soda, and yes, replaced the vacuum tubes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I plugged the radio in at home, there was a pause, then a rush of static. I turned the dial slightly, and orchestral strings once again filled the air. I jumped up and down with delight. If only Dad could see it — and hear it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12041341\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12041341\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"A framed photograph of a young, smiling man.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-03-KQED-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fred Myrow as a young man, full of hope and confidence for his life and career. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It was surprisingly easy to restore the physical radio. But the radio’s backstory remained a mystery. Did my father purchase it when he studied in the early 1960s at the\u003ca href=\"http://www.santacecilia.it/en/chi_siamo/accademia/storia.html\"> Santa Cecilia Academy of Music\u003c/a> in Rome? Was it a gift to him from my grandparents? A nostalgic find bought from a secondhand store?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Time tears at the wiring that connects us to the people who fix us in space and time. As we age and those around us die, the connections and the stories burn out, one by one. Just a handful of people who knew my dad are still around — people, I thought, who just might know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I texted a photo of the radio to my godfather, the magnificent composer and arranger\u003ca href=\"https://flypaper.soundfly.com/discover/inimitable-legacy-van-dyke-parks-journey-song/\"> Van Dyke Parks\u003c/a>. He and my dad were like two peas in a pod, similar in talent and outlook. Van Dyke texted back to remind me that he didn’t meet my dad until 1967 or ’68. But remarkably, Van Dyke had bought that exact radio model in 1957 when he was a boy, while acting in a \u003cem>Heidi\u003c/em> film for RKO in Munich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Van Dyke rang me on the phone, his mind racing with memories. “You hit the heartstrings with that particular picture. So beautiful to behold,” he said. While he didn’t know the particulars of my dad’s radio or how he acquired it, Van Dyke recalled what the Opus 7 meant in a time before satellites and the internet accustomed us to tinny, compressed music on demand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12041346\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12041346\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"The insides of a 1957 radio feature dust covered speakers above a dust covered chassis of other radio parts.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1500\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/05/250522-RADIO-RADIO-RM-08-KQED-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A view inside the unrepaired Telefunken Opus 7. \u003ccite>(Rachael Myrow/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This was a big deal, shortwave,” he sighed, thinking back to happy hours spent listening to great European conductors like\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/03/arts/music/otto-klemperer-conductor.html\"> Otto Klemperer\u003c/a>. Then, being the strings specialist he is, Van Dyke praised the way tube amps make partials (higher-frequency vibrations) that you get from a rosin bow “really available.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I know what he means, even without having his classical training. In that brief moment back in 1999, when my dad’s radio surged to life, I responded most to the harmonic thrum of the string instruments. A quarter-century later, the memory of that sound rushed back, twinned with grief and nostalgia for my father and his music.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The internet has afforded my father some posthumous appreciation, especially in the comments sections on YouTube clips of his soundtracks. I wish he were alive to read them, given how much he struggled when alive for his music to be heard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many of the people we love die before we do, leaving us \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13824126/the-dead-will-talk-to-you-now-or-at-least-listen-in-santa-cruz\">helplessly nostalgic\u003c/a>. My own nostalgia comes attached to the music my father left as his legacy, along with the equipment that fostered his creativity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I still have a number of microcassette tapes on which my dad recorded many notes to himself. A quarter-century later, it’s still too painful for me to listen to the sound of his voice, especially from the last years of his life. The white-hot grief I felt in 1999 comes rushing up, and I have to hit the stop button. The tapes sit in a box on a high shelf in my own home studio now, gathering their own dust.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when I turn on that Telefunken Opus 7, with the dial set to the Bay Area’s classical station, KDFC, the panel glows with that warm, yellow light, the vacuum tubes engage, and an orchestra fills my room.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My heart grows full as the music swells, and I can feel my dad wink at me from across an otherwise unbreachable expanse of space and time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "What Does Repair Look Like Today? Voices From an Oakland Juneteenth Celebration",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/juneteenth\">Juneteenth\u003c/a> commemorates the day in 1865 when enslaved Black Americans in Texas finally learned they were free — more than two years after the Emancipation Proclamation. It is a celebration of freedom, but also a reminder that freedom delayed is freedom denied, and that the legacy of slavery did not end with emancipation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when some political leaders and institutions are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12034699/racial-justice-advocates-stay-course-dei-faces-mounting-attacks\">seeking to narrow\u003c/a> how slavery, racism and the contributions of Black Americans are discussed in public life, Juneteenth stands as a reminder that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11941469/the-reasons-for-reparations-and-why-theyre-necessary-to-achieve-equity\">understanding history\u003c/a> is essential to understanding the present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past four years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">KQED’s Reparations Desk\u003c/a> has reported on the people, policies and communities grappling with that legacy. Our journalism has explored how \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12049197/alameda-county-moves-ahead-with-reparations-plan-for-displaced-russell-city-residents\">historic injustices\u003c/a> continue to shape \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12036599/wall-war-vet-fight-land-one-familys-50-year-battle-livermore\">housing\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12044638/california-reparations-bills-definition-12-million-explainer\">wealth\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12050844/where-past-meets-possible-black-futures-ball-illuminates-dreams-in-oakland\">education and opportunity\u003c/a>, while documenting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12060403/reparations-bills-establish-foundation-to-turn-californias-vision-into-reality\">growing movement\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12008246/i-would-have-been-a-great-mom-california-finally-pays-reparations-to-woman-it-sterilized\">address those harms\u003c/a> through reparations and other forms of redress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this work is about more than policy. It is about repair. What does it mean to repair damage that accumulated across generations? What does accountability look like when the effects of discrimination remain visible in neighborhoods, schools and family histories? \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12021914/rise-east-unlocks-100-million-to-reimagine-east-oakland\">And how are communities already working to rebuild what was taken\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of Juneteenth celebrations at the Oakland Museum of California, we asked attendees a simple question: Juneteenth marks the end of slavery. What does repair look like today? Their answers reflect a range of perspectives, experiences and hopes for the future. Together, they offer a snapshot of how people are thinking about freedom, justice and the unfinished work of freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Raylene Ezike and son, Chinua Ezike\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088268 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-3.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-3-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-3-1536x1181.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raylene Ezike and son, Chinua Ezike. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Repair means honoring the history and taking the time to learn the history and making a commitment not to repeat the mistakes of the past,” Raylene said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Chinua added: “Removing the barriers that were previously in people’s places to succeed in life particularly for younger people because they don’t have the same history and outlook on life and providing them with the same opportunities as everyone else so that they don’t have to have the same history of struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Maxwell Drati\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12088275\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-15.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-15.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-15-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-15-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maxwell Drati. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Going beyond the money I want to see concentrated efforts by the government to repair the damage they’ve systemically done to our communities. I want to see pipeline being built for students who graduate from HBCU’s and colleges to full-time jobs. I want to see Black banks, businesses, hospitals, law offices. To me, reparations means giving us the ability to stand not just on one leg, but on two legs, to be able to compete in the race because it’s not fair that we were set back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2> Jess Bailey\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088272\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088272 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-9.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-9.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-9-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-9-1536x1044.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jess Bailey. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think some of what it means is taking responsibility for the economic conditions today that are directly responsible coming from slavery. I also would love for white people to get really clear about the ways that racism has been created on this land to disenfranchise everyone and the micro interactions that they have, even walking down the street, like when is your body tense around somebody who is Black, Latino, queer. To dig in and do the excavation of that work would be an excellent start.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Jimi Ray and Asa Jean\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088269\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088269 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-5.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-5-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-5-1536x1038.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jimi Ray and Asa Jean. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To sum it up, there’s a saying that my grandmother said, ‘Don’t be surprised when you start tripping over the stuff that you keep sweeping under the rug,’ and I feel like we keep sweeping all of the sins of this country under the rug and getting shocked and surprised when it constantly comes back to biting us,” said Ray, Asa Jean’s nanny. “I think the first thing we need to do is actually start to address the problems instead of pretending that there aren’t any and that’s all I gotta say.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Azayza Jimenez\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088270 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1305\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-6.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-6-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-6-1536x1002.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Azayza Jimenez. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Repair is taking every opportunity we can to be in joyous relationships with one another, especially in 2026. And just given the history of the United States, it is political to live in that good feeling and it is political to say that life is good. And for us to come together and to honor good life, it’s pushing against all of the forces that we don’t f— with right now. And it matters to be in community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cameron Joy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088273\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1867px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088273 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-12.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1867\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-12.jpg 1867w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-12-160x171.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-12-1434x1536.jpg 1434w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1867px) 100vw, 1867px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameron Joy. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I feel like just everybody coming together no matter what race, just coming together and having a good time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Marc Philpart\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088276 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-21.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-21-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-21-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marc Philpart. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Repair is justice. It is a freedom from poverty, brutality, violence and freedom from all of the injustices that continue to enshackle people to this day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Kendi Only and Maya Barnes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088267\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088267 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1547\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-2.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-2-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-2-1536x1188.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maya Barnes and Kendi Only. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Paying Black people what they deserve. You say you support it, —pay us,” Barnes said. “We suffered for so long and so many other people have gotten reparations, but we’ve never gotten anything and we’re still fighting just to be recognized in a lot of different places so I think just more of that all over every city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Demolish the highway. Connect West Oakland to the rest of Oakland,” Only said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/otaylor\">Otis R. Taylor Jr.\u003c/a> and Gustavo Hernandez contributed to this story\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Does Repair Look Like? Start Here.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>What does reparations actually mean? Who is pursuing it? What policies are moving forward, and which remain symbolic? As conversations about repair grow across the country, understanding the facts has never been more important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subscribe to \u003ca href=\"https://airtable.com/appYRab8nOv1F5DoN/pag8qdExQMOokhv5S/form\">\u003cem>A Declaration of Repair\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a weekly newsletter from KQED that follows the people, policies and ideas shaping the reparations movement. Through reporting, accountability tracking and analysis, we help readers understand how past harms continue to shape the present — and explore what efforts to repair them look like today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://airtable.com/appYRab8nOv1F5DoN/pag8qdExQMOokhv5S/form\">SUBSCRIBE HERE\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/juneteenth\">Juneteenth\u003c/a> commemorates the day in 1865 when enslaved Black Americans in Texas finally learned they were free — more than two years after the Emancipation Proclamation. It is a celebration of freedom, but also a reminder that freedom delayed is freedom denied, and that the legacy of slavery did not end with emancipation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a time when some political leaders and institutions are \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12034699/racial-justice-advocates-stay-course-dei-faces-mounting-attacks\">seeking to narrow\u003c/a> how slavery, racism and the contributions of Black Americans are discussed in public life, Juneteenth stands as a reminder that \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11941469/the-reasons-for-reparations-and-why-theyre-necessary-to-achieve-equity\">understanding history\u003c/a> is essential to understanding the present.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the past four years, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/reparations\">KQED’s Reparations Desk\u003c/a> has reported on the people, policies and communities grappling with that legacy. Our journalism has explored how \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12049197/alameda-county-moves-ahead-with-reparations-plan-for-displaced-russell-city-residents\">historic injustices\u003c/a> continue to shape \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12036599/wall-war-vet-fight-land-one-familys-50-year-battle-livermore\">housing\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12044638/california-reparations-bills-definition-12-million-explainer\">wealth\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12050844/where-past-meets-possible-black-futures-ball-illuminates-dreams-in-oakland\">education and opportunity\u003c/a>, while documenting the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12060403/reparations-bills-establish-foundation-to-turn-californias-vision-into-reality\">growing movement\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12008246/i-would-have-been-a-great-mom-california-finally-pays-reparations-to-woman-it-sterilized\">address those harms\u003c/a> through reparations and other forms of redress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this work is about more than policy. It is about repair. What does it mean to repair damage that accumulated across generations? What does accountability look like when the effects of discrimination remain visible in neighborhoods, schools and family histories? \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12021914/rise-east-unlocks-100-million-to-reimagine-east-oakland\">And how are communities already working to rebuild what was taken\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of Juneteenth celebrations at the Oakland Museum of California, we asked attendees a simple question: Juneteenth marks the end of slavery. What does repair look like today? Their answers reflect a range of perspectives, experiences and hopes for the future. Together, they offer a snapshot of how people are thinking about freedom, justice and the unfinished work of freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Raylene Ezike and son, Chinua Ezike\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088268\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088268 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1538\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-3.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-3-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-3-1536x1181.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Raylene Ezike and son, Chinua Ezike. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">“Repair means honoring the history and taking the time to learn the history and making a commitment not to repeat the mistakes of the past,” Raylene said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"p1\">Chinua added: “Removing the barriers that were previously in people’s places to succeed in life particularly for younger people because they don’t have the same history and outlook on life and providing them with the same opportunities as everyone else so that they don’t have to have the same history of struggle.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Maxwell Drati\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088275\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12088275\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-15.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-15.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-15-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-15-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maxwell Drati. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Going beyond the money I want to see concentrated efforts by the government to repair the damage they’ve systemically done to our communities. I want to see pipeline being built for students who graduate from HBCU’s and colleges to full-time jobs. I want to see Black banks, businesses, hospitals, law offices. To me, reparations means giving us the ability to stand not just on one leg, but on two legs, to be able to compete in the race because it’s not fair that we were set back.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2> Jess Bailey\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088272\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088272 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-9.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-9.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-9-160x109.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-9-1536x1044.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jess Bailey. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I think some of what it means is taking responsibility for the economic conditions today that are directly responsible coming from slavery. I also would love for white people to get really clear about the ways that racism has been created on this land to disenfranchise everyone and the micro interactions that they have, even walking down the street, like when is your body tense around somebody who is Black, Latino, queer. To dig in and do the excavation of that work would be an excellent start.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Jimi Ray and Asa Jean\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088269\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088269 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1352\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-5.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-5-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-5-1536x1038.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jimi Ray and Asa Jean. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“To sum it up, there’s a saying that my grandmother said, ‘Don’t be surprised when you start tripping over the stuff that you keep sweeping under the rug,’ and I feel like we keep sweeping all of the sins of this country under the rug and getting shocked and surprised when it constantly comes back to biting us,” said Ray, Asa Jean’s nanny. “I think the first thing we need to do is actually start to address the problems instead of pretending that there aren’t any and that’s all I gotta say.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Azayza Jimenez\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088270\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088270 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1305\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-6.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-6-160x104.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-6-1536x1002.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Azayza Jimenez. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Repair is taking every opportunity we can to be in joyous relationships with one another, especially in 2026. And just given the history of the United States, it is political to live in that good feeling and it is political to say that life is good. And for us to come together and to honor good life, it’s pushing against all of the forces that we don’t f— with right now. And it matters to be in community.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cameron Joy\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088273\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1867px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088273 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-12.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1867\" height=\"2000\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-12.jpg 1867w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-12-160x171.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-12-1434x1536.jpg 1434w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1867px) 100vw, 1867px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cameron Joy. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I feel like just everybody coming together no matter what race, just coming together and having a good time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Marc Philpart\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088276\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088276 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-21.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-21.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-21-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-21-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Marc Philpart. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Repair is justice. It is a freedom from poverty, brutality, violence and freedom from all of the injustices that continue to enshackle people to this day.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Kendi Only and Maya Barnes\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12088267\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12088267 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1547\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-2.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-2-160x124.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/06/20260619_Juneteenth_GC-2-1536x1188.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Maya Barnes and Kendi Only. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Paying Black people what they deserve. You say you support it, —pay us,” Barnes said. “We suffered for so long and so many other people have gotten reparations, but we’ve never gotten anything and we’re still fighting just to be recognized in a lot of different places so I think just more of that all over every city.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Demolish the highway. Connect West Oakland to the rest of Oakland,” Only said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/author/otaylor\">Otis R. Taylor Jr.\u003c/a> and Gustavo Hernandez contributed to this story\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What Does Repair Look Like? Start Here.\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>What does reparations actually mean? Who is pursuing it? What policies are moving forward, and which remain symbolic? As conversations about repair grow across the country, understanding the facts has never been more important.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Subscribe to \u003ca href=\"https://airtable.com/appYRab8nOv1F5DoN/pag8qdExQMOokhv5S/form\">\u003cem>A Declaration of Repair\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, a weekly newsletter from KQED that follows the people, policies and ideas shaping the reparations movement. Through reporting, accountability tracking and analysis, we help readers understand how past harms continue to shape the present — and explore what efforts to repair them look like today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://airtable.com/appYRab8nOv1F5DoN/pag8qdExQMOokhv5S/form\">SUBSCRIBE HERE\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "ucla-just-launched-a-massive-aapi-textbook-for-the-tiktok-generation-and-its-free",
"title": "UCLA Just Launched a Massive AAPI Textbook for the TikTok Generation. And It's Free",
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"headTitle": "UCLA Just Launched a Massive AAPI Textbook for the TikTok Generation. And It’s Free | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://laist.com/\">LAist.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rich trove of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/aapi\">Asian American and Pacific Islander\u003c/a> history lives in academic journals and university library stacks that many students don’t know how to tap into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new multimedia textbook developed out of UCLA’s Asian American Studies Center is trying to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called \u003ca href=\"https://www.foundationsandfutures.org/\" data-cms-ai=\"0\">\u003cem>Foundations and Futures\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the online platform combines written chapters, archival documents and artwork with videos and podcast clips, geared at students in high school and up, along with their teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the largest collection of Asian American and Pacific Islander histories in one location — free and open access for anyone with an Internet connection,” said Karen Umemoto, director of the UCLA center and one of the project’s co-editors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12051530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12051530\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/08/UCLAAP.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1337\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/08/UCLAAP.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/08/UCLAAP-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/08/UCLAAP-1536x1027.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students walk past Royce Hall at the University of California, Los Angeles, campus in Los Angeles, on Aug. 15, 2024. \u003ccite>(Damian Dovarganes/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The textbook officially launched this month — Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month — after some six years of development with contributions from more than 100 authors and curriculum developers from across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designed with the TikTok generation in mind, the platform is optimized for phones and tablets for easy scrolling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of young people, of course, are really into TikTok videos and Instagram posts,” Umemoto said. “So we thought, ‘Let’s leverage that.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Responding to invisibility\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The project was seeded in 2020 when Umemoto and co-editor and fellow UCLA professor Kelly Fong began drafting proposals chapter by chapter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, California was moving toward implementing an \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/gavin-newsom-san-francisco-california-graduation-bills-f80ea6c0efc1a37c88b83c9fef63109c\">ethnic studies graduation requirement\u003c/a>. The professors worried AAPI histories could still be sidelined without dedicated resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12084634\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1974px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12084634\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/36.03.IMG_.017_MNK.PlanningExplorationOfKahoolawe.1979.FrancoSalmoiraghi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1974\" height=\"1313\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/36.03.IMG_.017_MNK.PlanningExplorationOfKahoolawe.1979.FrancoSalmoiraghi.jpg 1974w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/36.03.IMG_.017_MNK.PlanningExplorationOfKahoolawe.1979.FrancoSalmoiraghi-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/36.03.IMG_.017_MNK.PlanningExplorationOfKahoolawe.1979.FrancoSalmoiraghi-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1974px) 100vw, 1974px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grassroots activists prepare to survey Kahoʻolawe in 1976. Thanks in part to Mink’s advocacy, Congress finally voted to return the sacred land back to Hawaiʻi and end military testing there in 1993 after decades of sustained resistance. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Hawaiʻi Public Radio/Foundations and Futures)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then came the COVID-19 pandemic and a surge in anti-Asian hate incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so many people who have no idea who we are, where we come from, how we got here,” Umemoto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The textbook grew into a $12 million project, supported through a mix of state funding, grants and private donations.[aside postID=news_12083091 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/20260511-YICKWOCOMMEMORATION-JY-08-KQED.jpg']A major boost came in 2022, when the California Asian Pacific Islander Legislative Caucus \u003ca href=\"https://aapilegcaucus.legislature.ca.gov/products/california-aapi-legislative-caucus-committed-teaching-aapi-history\">helped secure a $10 million state allocation.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the textbook does focus on AAPI history in California, like the Filipino farmworker movement and Vietnamese refugee communities in Orange County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other modules cover Chinese immigrant garment workers in New York and Asian American communities in the South.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting into schools\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Umemoto said the textbook is for anyone to use as needed, but a major goal is helping educators incorporate AAPI perspectives into existing courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re so woefully invisible and underrepresented in educational curricula,” she said, noting that there are few teachers to instruct from lived experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/clr/public-school-teachers?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">2% of public school teachers \u003c/a>in the U.S. are AAPI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to offer everything from two-day in-person teacher workshops to national webinars in partnership with teachers unions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12083333\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12083333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/20260511-YICKWOCOMMEMORATION-JY-07-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/20260511-YICKWOCOMMEMORATION-JY-07-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/20260511-YICKWOCOMMEMORATION-JY-07-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/20260511-YICKWOCOMMEMORATION-JY-07-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Christman of San Francisco Heritage holds a print of landmark Supreme Court case Yick Wo v. Hopkins during a press conference at the parking lot on 3rd and Harrison streets to commemorate the case’s 140th anniversary in San Francisco on Monday, May 11, 2026. \u003ccite>(Juliana Yamada for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with the project’s launch, organizers say their work continues with raising funds for teacher training, as well as outreach and operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team is seeking another $5 million for the next three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a professor not trained in doing startups or ed tech projects, and so I didn’t realize how much it would take just to keep the lights on,” Umemoto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the while, the team is building the textbook to 50 chapters. It’s currently at 42.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Learning amid polarization\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The project arrives amid charged political debates over how race and identity are taught in schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Umemoto acknowledged that some critics view ethnic studies as divisive, but she said the goal of the textbook is the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to learn about each other’s history so that we can build an inclusive society,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Umemoto, the work is deeply personal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12084641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1980px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12084641\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/GettyImages-2188531316.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1980\" height=\"1332\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/GettyImages-2188531316.jpg 1980w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/GettyImages-2188531316-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/GettyImages-2188531316-1536x1033.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1980px) 100vw, 1980px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 as U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Lady Bird Johnson, Muriel Humphrey, Senator Edward Kennedy Senator Robert Kennedy, and others look on, Liberty Island, New York City, New York. \u003ccite>(Yoichi Okamoto/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She said she grew up knowing her parents and grandparents had been forced into camps during World War II, but did not fully understand the broader history behind the incarceration of Japanese Americans until later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I grew up thinking everybody was in camp,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, she hopes the textbook helps students better understand both themselves and one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all my years of teaching, there has not been a student who has left the classroom unchanged,” Umemoto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we want to deal with the problems of polarization, we need to start in the classroom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published by \u003ca href=\"https://laist.com/\">LAist.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A rich trove of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/aapi\">Asian American and Pacific Islander\u003c/a> history lives in academic journals and university library stacks that many students don’t know how to tap into.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A new multimedia textbook developed out of UCLA’s Asian American Studies Center is trying to change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Called \u003ca href=\"https://www.foundationsandfutures.org/\" data-cms-ai=\"0\">\u003cem>Foundations and Futures\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, the online platform combines written chapters, archival documents and artwork with videos and podcast clips, geared at students in high school and up, along with their teachers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the largest collection of Asian American and Pacific Islander histories in one location — free and open access for anyone with an Internet connection,” said Karen Umemoto, director of the UCLA center and one of the project’s co-editors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12051530\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12051530\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/08/UCLAAP.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1337\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/08/UCLAAP.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/08/UCLAAP-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/08/UCLAAP-1536x1027.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Students walk past Royce Hall at the University of California, Los Angeles, campus in Los Angeles, on Aug. 15, 2024. \u003ccite>(Damian Dovarganes/AP Photo)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The textbook officially launched this month — Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage Month — after some six years of development with contributions from more than 100 authors and curriculum developers from across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Designed with the TikTok generation in mind, the platform is optimized for phones and tablets for easy scrolling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of young people, of course, are really into TikTok videos and Instagram posts,” Umemoto said. “So we thought, ‘Let’s leverage that.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Responding to invisibility\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The project was seeded in 2020 when Umemoto and co-editor and fellow UCLA professor Kelly Fong began drafting proposals chapter by chapter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, California was moving toward implementing an \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/gavin-newsom-san-francisco-california-graduation-bills-f80ea6c0efc1a37c88b83c9fef63109c\">ethnic studies graduation requirement\u003c/a>. The professors worried AAPI histories could still be sidelined without dedicated resources.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12084634\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1974px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12084634\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/36.03.IMG_.017_MNK.PlanningExplorationOfKahoolawe.1979.FrancoSalmoiraghi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1974\" height=\"1313\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/36.03.IMG_.017_MNK.PlanningExplorationOfKahoolawe.1979.FrancoSalmoiraghi.jpg 1974w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/36.03.IMG_.017_MNK.PlanningExplorationOfKahoolawe.1979.FrancoSalmoiraghi-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/36.03.IMG_.017_MNK.PlanningExplorationOfKahoolawe.1979.FrancoSalmoiraghi-1536x1022.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1974px) 100vw, 1974px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Grassroots activists prepare to survey Kahoʻolawe in 1976. Thanks in part to Mink’s advocacy, Congress finally voted to return the sacred land back to Hawaiʻi and end military testing there in 1993 after decades of sustained resistance. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Hawaiʻi Public Radio/Foundations and Futures)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Then came the COVID-19 pandemic and a surge in anti-Asian hate incidents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s so many people who have no idea who we are, where we come from, how we got here,” Umemoto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The textbook grew into a $12 million project, supported through a mix of state funding, grants and private donations.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A major boost came in 2022, when the California Asian Pacific Islander Legislative Caucus \u003ca href=\"https://aapilegcaucus.legislature.ca.gov/products/california-aapi-legislative-caucus-committed-teaching-aapi-history\">helped secure a $10 million state allocation.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Much of the textbook does focus on AAPI history in California, like the Filipino farmworker movement and Vietnamese refugee communities in Orange County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But other modules cover Chinese immigrant garment workers in New York and Asian American communities in the South.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Getting into schools\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Umemoto said the textbook is for anyone to use as needed, but a major goal is helping educators incorporate AAPI perspectives into existing courses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re so woefully invisible and underrepresented in educational curricula,” she said, noting that there are few teachers to instruct from lived experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just \u003ca href=\"https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator/clr/public-school-teachers?utm_source=chatgpt.com\">2% of public school teachers \u003c/a>in the U.S. are AAPI.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plan is to offer everything from two-day in-person teacher workshops to national webinars in partnership with teachers unions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12083333\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12083333\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/20260511-YICKWOCOMMEMORATION-JY-07-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/20260511-YICKWOCOMMEMORATION-JY-07-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/20260511-YICKWOCOMMEMORATION-JY-07-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/20260511-YICKWOCOMMEMORATION-JY-07-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Michael Christman of San Francisco Heritage holds a print of landmark Supreme Court case Yick Wo v. Hopkins during a press conference at the parking lot on 3rd and Harrison streets to commemorate the case’s 140th anniversary in San Francisco on Monday, May 11, 2026. \u003ccite>(Juliana Yamada for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Even with the project’s launch, organizers say their work continues with raising funds for teacher training, as well as outreach and operations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team is seeking another $5 million for the next three years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m a professor not trained in doing startups or ed tech projects, and so I didn’t realize how much it would take just to keep the lights on,” Umemoto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All the while, the team is building the textbook to 50 chapters. It’s currently at 42.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Learning amid polarization\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The project arrives amid charged political debates over how race and identity are taught in schools.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Umemoto acknowledged that some critics view ethnic studies as divisive, but she said the goal of the textbook is the opposite.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We need to learn about each other’s history so that we can build an inclusive society,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Umemoto, the work is deeply personal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12084641\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1980px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12084641\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/GettyImages-2188531316.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1980\" height=\"1332\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/GettyImages-2188531316.jpg 1980w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/GettyImages-2188531316-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/GettyImages-2188531316-1536x1033.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1980px) 100vw, 1980px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 as U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Lady Bird Johnson, Muriel Humphrey, Senator Edward Kennedy Senator Robert Kennedy, and others look on, Liberty Island, New York City, New York. \u003ccite>(Yoichi Okamoto/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>She said she grew up knowing her parents and grandparents had been forced into camps during World War II, but did not fully understand the broader history behind the incarceration of Japanese Americans until later in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I grew up thinking everybody was in camp,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ultimately, she hopes the textbook helps students better understand both themselves and one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In all my years of teaching, there has not been a student who has left the classroom unchanged,” Umemoto said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we want to deal with the problems of polarization, we need to start in the classroom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Bay Area Gamers Rally Against Electronic Arts’ $55 Billion Acquisition",
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"content": "\u003cp>A coalition protested on Monday outside of video game company Electronic Arts’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/redwood-city\">Redwood City \u003c/a>headquarters, slamming the industry titan for agreeing to a $55 billion acquisition by private financiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the Players Alliance, dressed as characters from the video game \u003cem>The Sims\u003c/em>, delivered a \u003ca href=\"https://playersalliancehq.org/block-ea-deal-petition/\">petition \u003c/a>with over 70,000 signatures asking EA to reconsider the deal, in which an investor consortium with ties to the Saudi Arabian government and President Donald Trump’s son-in-law, Jared Kushner, will acquire the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group said the deal would result in the aggressive monetization of EA games, layoffs at the company and ultimately, a lower quality product for gamers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ With the economic climate, there’s so much pressure on people,” Players Alliance member Otis East said. “You need to be able to decompress somewhere, and if the gaming space is also a place of pressure, where do you go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East said EA is already in the practice of installing “loot boxes” in its games, in which players can pay money for the prospect of winning special in-game prizes — a practice East compared to gambling, and which he expected to worsen if the deal went through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12083181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12083181\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-05-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-05-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-05-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-05-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators gather outside the headquarters of Electronic Arts in Redwood City on May 11, 2026, to protest a proposed $55 billion buyout led by Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“ A lot of these games are built to appeal to children, so you’re normalizing gambling to a very young demographic,” East said. And that, he added, “Could be a very slippery slope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EA declined to comment on Monday’s action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company first announced in September 2025 that it agreed to be acquired by the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia, the global technology investment firm Silver Lake, and the investment firm Affinity Partners, which was founded by Kushner in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the company \u003ca href=\"https://investors.ea.com/press-releases/press-release-details/2025/EA-Announces-Agreement-to-be-Acquired-by-PIF-Silver-Lake-and-Affinity-Partners-for-55-Billion/default.aspx?utm_source\">said \u003c/a>the transaction represented the largest all-cash sponsor take-private investment in history, and that EA would remain headquartered in Redwood City and continue to be led by Wilson.[aside postID=news_12081721 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/Stalkerware_webimg.png']“Our creative and passionate teams at EA have delivered extraordinary experiences for hundreds of millions of fans, built some of the world’s most iconic IP, and created significant value for our business,” Andrew Wilson, chairman & CEO of Electronic Arts, said in a September 2025 press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the potential deal “a powerful recognition of their remarkable work,” and added that “Looking ahead, we will continue to push the boundaries of entertainment, sports and technology, unlocking new opportunities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the deal, EA is taking on $20 billion of debt financed by JPMorgan Chase Bank, which the Players Alliance argued will pressure the company to cut jobs, replace developers with AI and impose price hikes through more aggressive monetization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since 1982, when former Apple employee Trip Hawkins founded EA in the Bay Area, Electronic Arts has created some of the most iconic video game franchises, including Madden NFL, Battlefield and The Sims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Twitch streamer MivYard, who declined to give her name for safety reasons, games like The Sims have been an important outlet for members of the LGBTQ+ community like herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12083182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12083182\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-06-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-06-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-06-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-06-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators gather outside the headquarters of Electronic Arts in Redwood City on May 11, 2026, to protest a proposed $55 billion buyout led by Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a bisexual, there weren’t a lot of games where you could just have anybody romance anybody else,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.twitch.tv/mivyard\">MivYard\u003c/a> said. This game has a really special place in my heart, and the thought of it being taken over by people who might want to censor that aspect is really frightening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East said that gaming helped him with depression, and that he worried this deal would set off a domino effect in the gaming industry, where more publicly traded companies will be taken over by private equity firms — and a greater emphasis will be placed on profits as opposed to the quality of the games.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ I can personally say that gaming has saved my life,” East said. “Being able to play games and connect with people gave me a pathway to speak through what was bothering me, and without that, I don’t know if I would be here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EA said the transaction is expected to close this year, subject to regulatory approvals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A coalition protested on Monday outside of video game company Electronic Arts’ \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/redwood-city\">Redwood City \u003c/a>headquarters, slamming the industry titan for agreeing to a $55 billion acquisition by private financiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Members of the Players Alliance, dressed as characters from the video game \u003cem>The Sims\u003c/em>, delivered a \u003ca href=\"https://playersalliancehq.org/block-ea-deal-petition/\">petition \u003c/a>with over 70,000 signatures asking EA to reconsider the deal, in which an investor consortium with ties to the Saudi Arabian government and President Donald Trump’s son-in-law, Jared Kushner, will acquire the company.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group said the deal would result in the aggressive monetization of EA games, layoffs at the company and ultimately, a lower quality product for gamers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ With the economic climate, there’s so much pressure on people,” Players Alliance member Otis East said. “You need to be able to decompress somewhere, and if the gaming space is also a place of pressure, where do you go?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East said EA is already in the practice of installing “loot boxes” in its games, in which players can pay money for the prospect of winning special in-game prizes — a practice East compared to gambling, and which he expected to worsen if the deal went through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12083181\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12083181\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-05-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-05-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-05-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-05-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators gather outside the headquarters of Electronic Arts in Redwood City on May 11, 2026, to protest a proposed $55 billion buyout led by Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“ A lot of these games are built to appeal to children, so you’re normalizing gambling to a very young demographic,” East said. And that, he added, “Could be a very slippery slope.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EA declined to comment on Monday’s action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company first announced in September 2025 that it agreed to be acquired by the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia, the global technology investment firm Silver Lake, and the investment firm Affinity Partners, which was founded by Kushner in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, the company \u003ca href=\"https://investors.ea.com/press-releases/press-release-details/2025/EA-Announces-Agreement-to-be-Acquired-by-PIF-Silver-Lake-and-Affinity-Partners-for-55-Billion/default.aspx?utm_source\">said \u003c/a>the transaction represented the largest all-cash sponsor take-private investment in history, and that EA would remain headquartered in Redwood City and continue to be led by Wilson.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Our creative and passionate teams at EA have delivered extraordinary experiences for hundreds of millions of fans, built some of the world’s most iconic IP, and created significant value for our business,” Andrew Wilson, chairman & CEO of Electronic Arts, said in a September 2025 press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the potential deal “a powerful recognition of their remarkable work,” and added that “Looking ahead, we will continue to push the boundaries of entertainment, sports and technology, unlocking new opportunities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As part of the deal, EA is taking on $20 billion of debt financed by JPMorgan Chase Bank, which the Players Alliance argued will pressure the company to cut jobs, replace developers with AI and impose price hikes through more aggressive monetization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ever since 1982, when former Apple employee Trip Hawkins founded EA in the Bay Area, Electronic Arts has created some of the most iconic video game franchises, including Madden NFL, Battlefield and The Sims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Twitch streamer MivYard, who declined to give her name for safety reasons, games like The Sims have been an important outlet for members of the LGBTQ+ community like herself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12083182\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12083182\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-06-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-06-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-06-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/260511-GAMERSPROTEST-06-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Demonstrators gather outside the headquarters of Electronic Arts in Redwood City on May 11, 2026, to protest a proposed $55 billion buyout led by Saudi Arabia’s Public Investment Fund. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“As a bisexual, there weren’t a lot of games where you could just have anybody romance anybody else,” \u003ca href=\"https://www.twitch.tv/mivyard\">MivYard\u003c/a> said. This game has a really special place in my heart, and the thought of it being taken over by people who might want to censor that aspect is really frightening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>East said that gaming helped him with depression, and that he worried this deal would set off a domino effect in the gaming industry, where more publicly traded companies will be taken over by private equity firms — and a greater emphasis will be placed on profits as opposed to the quality of the games.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“ I can personally say that gaming has saved my life,” East said. “Being able to play games and connect with people gave me a pathway to speak through what was bothering me, and without that, I don’t know if I would be here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>EA said the transaction is expected to close this year, subject to regulatory approvals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported for K Onda KQED, a monthly newsletter focused on the Bay Area’s Latinx community. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/newsletters/k-onda\">Click here to subscribe\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fabian Ramirez remembers going to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/carnaval\">Carnaval San Francisco\u003c/a> while growing up in the Mission District. He watched musicians perform throughout the festival and wanted to be just like them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez is now the lead singer of Grupo 415, a regional Mexican music quartet that is among the 60 musical artists performing this year at Carnaval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being from San Francisco, being from the Mission, performing at Carnaval means a lot,” the 19-year-old told me. “It’s an honor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personal connections like Ramirez’s illustrate why Carnaval embodies the Bay Area. The concept originated in Latin America, but it has taken on distinctly San Franciscan attributes by showcasing local talent and highlighting the many countries of origin that make up the region’s Latine community, all while building on a global tradition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ethos is even more relevant this year as the federal government has targeted and terrorized immigrant communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been through economic upturns and downturns, gentrification, the pandemic. We’ve gone through these types of anti-immigration policies in the ‘90s in California,” said Rodrigo Durán, executive director of Carnaval San Francisco. “Carnaval was always there, and we’ll still be there to support, to provide a space where people feel protected. And so we’re ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12083187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12083187\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/240526-Carnaval-090-BL_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/240526-Carnaval-090-BL_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/240526-Carnaval-090-BL_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/240526-Carnaval-090-BL_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Loco Bloco dancers perform during the Carnaval Grand Parade in San Francisco’s Mission District on May 26, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carnaval draws about 500,000 people to the Mission each Memorial Day weekend for two days of music, food and arts. The festival, slated for 11 a.m.-6 p.m. May 23-24, will take over 17 city blocks and include a parade, five stages, a kid zone, 300 exhibitors and vendors, and a soccer pavilion to celebrate this year’s theme, “La Copa del Pueblo — The People’s Cup” in alignment with the upcoming World Cup.[aside postID=news_12072776 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/01/DULCETRICOLOR-10-JL-012526-KQED.jpg']The festival, now in its 48th year, is a celebration of Latino culture and immigrants who have infused the Bay Area with rich traditions, food and music. It’s the third-largest annual festival in San Francisco, following Pride and Lunar New Year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s headliner is Su Majestad Mi Banda El Mexicano de Casimiro, a group that popularized the “electrobanda” style of music in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Selfishly, I’m reliving my childhood memories,” Durán said. “And then there’s this new generation that’s tapping into this vintage music and enjoying that rhythm that’s so energetic and that’s nostalgic at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mi Banda El Mexicano’s music blended various genres into danceable party bangers that I grew up listening to and still hit hard today. Songs include \u003cem>La Bota\u003c/em> (\u003cem>The Boot\u003c/em>), \u003cem>Feliz, Feliz\u003c/em> (\u003cem>Happy, Happy\u003c/em>) and \u003cem>Mambo Lupita\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were avant-garde for challenging social norms of the time and unapologetically pushing risqué dance styles such as “quebradita” and “caballito.” Their biggest hit is \u003cem>No Bailes de Caballito\u003c/em> (\u003cem>Don’t Dance to Caballito\u003c/em>), which includes the lyrics: “The king commands and orders you to dance the caballito — even if your mom gets mad!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banda El Mexicano “will give us a sense of liberty, a sense of freedom to breathe, to reflect, to enjoy, to have joy in a moment when we’re feeling so distressed and so antagonized,” Durán said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11987826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11987826\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL.jpg\" alt=\"Two women dressed in decorative attire for a parade look at each other outside.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alma Mejia (left) and Sandra Sandoval, from the group Xiuhcoatl Danza Azteca, talk before the 2024 Carnaval Grand Parade in San Francisco’s Mission District. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carnaval’s roots stretch deep into Latin America and Europe. The idea was to throw a big party and use up excess food and energy before Lent, a religious season promoting fasting and spiritual growth preceding Easter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the 1970s, people found themselves realizing that there is this wealth of cultures that share similarities, but that have these distinct ways of expressing their traditions and their cultures,” Durán said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lent usually starts in February or March, which can be rainy in San Francisco, so early festival organizers decided Memorial Day weekend would be a better time of year, Durán said.[aside postID=news_12062734 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/11/231029_OAKDiadelosMuertosFestival_EG-38.jpg']Jose Carrasco, founder of San Francisco dance and arts organization Loco Bloco, started attending Carnaval as a spectator in the 1980s and organized his first parade performance in 1994. The festival brings back memories from his childhood growing up in Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My parents would take me and my siblings to the Mardi Gras parades in New Orleans,” he said. “Those were really astounding, especially as a child, to see these giant floats and the music that was playing and all the beads being thrown and the colors and the costumes. It left a lasting impression.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this year’s Carnaval, Loco Bloco has assembled about 150 dancers and performers, including a 12-piece band, 50 drummers and an elaborate float that will snake through 20 blocks in San Francisco’s Mission District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning for the parade starts almost as soon as the previous parade ends. It takes several months to craft a theme, choreography and music followed by rehearsals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carnaval is about “expressing art and expressing joy and bringing community together and bringing together a lot of people, who aren’t necessarily professional artists or musicians or dancers,” Carrasco said. “It’s a community ritual in which everyone can participate or watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11987839\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11987839\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL.jpg\" alt=\"Several women dressed in colorful clothing dance and walk down the street during a parade.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cathedral City High School Ballet Folklórico performs during the Carnaval Grand Parade in San Francisco’s Mission District on May 26, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loco Bloco’s parade theme this year is “Uprising,” drawing inspiration from the native people of Hawaii and volcanoes, Carrasco said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Uprising also represents what volcanoes do, and the magma exploding and the magma flowing underground is the lifeblood of the planet,” he said. “We’re trying to provide a vehicle to let the steam off as if it’s magma, the heat, the boiling blood. We’re going to channel it and feel joy and move in the street and feel our power, and say something super important while we’re moving our bodies and our hips, legs, hands and our butts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carrasco, the broader purpose of Carnaval is to preserve cultural identity, fight erasure and empower the community, especially young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly the case for Ramirez of Grupo 415, who started playing music at age 7. He connected with his bandmates via social media after the pandemic, when posting about music served as an outlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group, which plans to release its first album this summer, is performing at Carnaval for the second time this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was a dream for me: to perform at Carnaval, and then I thought, how am I going to get there?” Ramirez said. “I was like, ‘You know what? Let me reach out to Carnaval and see who I could get in touch with to make this happen,’ because that was always a goal for me and the band to get to perform on a big stage, especially for Carnaval.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was reported for K Onda KQED, a monthly newsletter focused on the Bay Area’s Latinx community. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/newsletters/k-onda\">Click here to subscribe\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fabian Ramirez remembers going to \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/carnaval\">Carnaval San Francisco\u003c/a> while growing up in the Mission District. He watched musicians perform throughout the festival and wanted to be just like them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ramirez is now the lead singer of Grupo 415, a regional Mexican music quartet that is among the 60 musical artists performing this year at Carnaval.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Being from San Francisco, being from the Mission, performing at Carnaval means a lot,” the 19-year-old told me. “It’s an honor.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Personal connections like Ramirez’s illustrate why Carnaval embodies the Bay Area. The concept originated in Latin America, but it has taken on distinctly San Franciscan attributes by showcasing local talent and highlighting the many countries of origin that make up the region’s Latine community, all while building on a global tradition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That ethos is even more relevant this year as the federal government has targeted and terrorized immigrant communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve been through economic upturns and downturns, gentrification, the pandemic. We’ve gone through these types of anti-immigration policies in the ‘90s in California,” said Rodrigo Durán, executive director of Carnaval San Francisco. “Carnaval was always there, and we’ll still be there to support, to provide a space where people feel protected. And so we’re ready.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12083187\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12083187\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/240526-Carnaval-090-BL_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/240526-Carnaval-090-BL_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/240526-Carnaval-090-BL_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/05/240526-Carnaval-090-BL_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Loco Bloco dancers perform during the Carnaval Grand Parade in San Francisco’s Mission District on May 26, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carnaval draws about 500,000 people to the Mission each Memorial Day weekend for two days of music, food and arts. The festival, slated for 11 a.m.-6 p.m. May 23-24, will take over 17 city blocks and include a parade, five stages, a kid zone, 300 exhibitors and vendors, and a soccer pavilion to celebrate this year’s theme, “La Copa del Pueblo — The People’s Cup” in alignment with the upcoming World Cup.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>The festival, now in its 48th year, is a celebration of Latino culture and immigrants who have infused the Bay Area with rich traditions, food and music. It’s the third-largest annual festival in San Francisco, following Pride and Lunar New Year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s headliner is Su Majestad Mi Banda El Mexicano de Casimiro, a group that popularized the “electrobanda” style of music in the 1990s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Selfishly, I’m reliving my childhood memories,” Durán said. “And then there’s this new generation that’s tapping into this vintage music and enjoying that rhythm that’s so energetic and that’s nostalgic at the same time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mi Banda El Mexicano’s music blended various genres into danceable party bangers that I grew up listening to and still hit hard today. Songs include \u003cem>La Bota\u003c/em> (\u003cem>The Boot\u003c/em>), \u003cem>Feliz, Feliz\u003c/em> (\u003cem>Happy, Happy\u003c/em>) and \u003cem>Mambo Lupita\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They were avant-garde for challenging social norms of the time and unapologetically pushing risqué dance styles such as “quebradita” and “caballito.” Their biggest hit is \u003cem>No Bailes de Caballito\u003c/em> (\u003cem>Don’t Dance to Caballito\u003c/em>), which includes the lyrics: “The king commands and orders you to dance the caballito — even if your mom gets mad!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Banda El Mexicano “will give us a sense of liberty, a sense of freedom to breathe, to reflect, to enjoy, to have joy in a moment when we’re feeling so distressed and so antagonized,” Durán said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11987826\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11987826\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL.jpg\" alt=\"Two women dressed in decorative attire for a parade look at each other outside.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-02-BL-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Alma Mejia (left) and Sandra Sandoval, from the group Xiuhcoatl Danza Azteca, talk before the 2024 Carnaval Grand Parade in San Francisco’s Mission District. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Carnaval’s roots stretch deep into Latin America and Europe. The idea was to throw a big party and use up excess food and energy before Lent, a religious season promoting fasting and spiritual growth preceding Easter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the 1970s, people found themselves realizing that there is this wealth of cultures that share similarities, but that have these distinct ways of expressing their traditions and their cultures,” Durán said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lent usually starts in February or March, which can be rainy in San Francisco, so early festival organizers decided Memorial Day weekend would be a better time of year, Durán said.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Jose Carrasco, founder of San Francisco dance and arts organization Loco Bloco, started attending Carnaval as a spectator in the 1980s and organized his first parade performance in 1994. The festival brings back memories from his childhood growing up in Louisiana.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My parents would take me and my siblings to the Mardi Gras parades in New Orleans,” he said. “Those were really astounding, especially as a child, to see these giant floats and the music that was playing and all the beads being thrown and the colors and the costumes. It left a lasting impression.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For this year’s Carnaval, Loco Bloco has assembled about 150 dancers and performers, including a 12-piece band, 50 drummers and an elaborate float that will snake through 20 blocks in San Francisco’s Mission District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Planning for the parade starts almost as soon as the previous parade ends. It takes several months to craft a theme, choreography and music followed by rehearsals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carnaval is about “expressing art and expressing joy and bringing community together and bringing together a lot of people, who aren’t necessarily professional artists or musicians or dancers,” Carrasco said. “It’s a community ritual in which everyone can participate or watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11987839\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11987839\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL.jpg\" alt=\"Several women dressed in colorful clothing dance and walk down the street during a parade.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/05/240526-CarnavalParade-33-BL-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cathedral City High School Ballet Folklórico performs during the Carnaval Grand Parade in San Francisco’s Mission District on May 26, 2024. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Loco Bloco’s parade theme this year is “Uprising,” drawing inspiration from the native people of Hawaii and volcanoes, Carrasco said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Uprising also represents what volcanoes do, and the magma exploding and the magma flowing underground is the lifeblood of the planet,” he said. “We’re trying to provide a vehicle to let the steam off as if it’s magma, the heat, the boiling blood. We’re going to channel it and feel joy and move in the street and feel our power, and say something super important while we’re moving our bodies and our hips, legs, hands and our butts.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Carrasco, the broader purpose of Carnaval is to preserve cultural identity, fight erasure and empower the community, especially young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That is certainly the case for Ramirez of Grupo 415, who started playing music at age 7. He connected with his bandmates via social media after the pandemic, when posting about music served as an outlet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The group, which plans to release its first album this summer, is performing at Carnaval for the second time this year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was a dream for me: to perform at Carnaval, and then I thought, how am I going to get there?” Ramirez said. “I was like, ‘You know what? Let me reach out to Carnaval and see who I could get in touch with to make this happen,’ because that was always a goal for me and the band to get to perform on a big stage, especially for Carnaval.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"slug": "from-anza-to-yorba-the-messy-history-behind-the-richmond-and-sunsets-street-names",
"title": "From Anza to Yorba: The Messy History Behind the Richmond's and Sunset’s Street Names",
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"headTitle": "From Anza to Yorba: The Messy History Behind the Richmond’s and Sunset’s Street Names | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\"> View the full episode transcript.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have gotten a lot of questions about street names in the western part of\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-francisco\"> San Francisco\u003c/a> — the Richmond and Sunset neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do the streets appear to follow an alphabetical pattern, only to break it often? Where do the names come from in the first place? Who chose them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answers are both more complicated (of course) and less logical than you might imagine. It all goes back — like so many things in San Francisco history — to the time right after the 1906 earthquake and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, the primary means of communication was the mail. But delivering the mail to the correct recipient was a challenge because there were many repetitive street names or ones that were easy to confuse in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there were four Church streets — basically, anytime someone built a church, they’d name the street adjacent “Church Street”. And three sections of the city were named with numerical values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were numbered avenues out in the Richmond and Sunset, numerical streets downtown, and back then, the Bayview also went by numerical avenues, with “South” appended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12079487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1602px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12079487\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/Balboa-24th.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1602\" height=\"1180\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/Balboa-24th.jpg 1602w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/Balboa-24th-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/Balboa-24th-1536x1131.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1602px) 100vw, 1602px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archival image of the Richmond District at Balboa and 32nd Avenue \u003ccite>(via Open SF History)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>ZIP codes had not been invented yet, so you can imagine the mess a mail carrier faced when trying to deliver a letter to 203 Church St. or 452 Fourth Ave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The post office was unhappy,” said John Freeman, an amateur historian and member of the Western Neighborhood Association. He wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.outsidelands.org/street-names.php\">several articles\u003c/a> about the history behind San Francisco street names. “We’re rebuilding a lot of San Francisco. There’s new streets. So, it’s the perfect time to go and attack a problem that had just grown since the 1850s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1909, city leaders appointed a commission to come up with new names for the numbered avenues in both the western neighborhoods and the Bayview.[aside postID=news_12074947 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/02/260221-SUNNYSIDECONSERVATORY00252_TV-KQED.jpg']In the Richmond and Sunset, the committee decided to honor the city’s Spanish heritage by naming streets after famous Spanish explorers or anyone who had an outsized influence in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They planned for the names to go alphabetically from First Avenue (what’s now Arguello) out to 26th Avenue. Then the alphabet would start over, but the following 26 streets would be named for saints. So, 27th Ave would have been San Antonio, 28th would become San Benito, etc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the proposal was put forward, outraged locals pushed back against the naming scheme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country had just fought the Spanish-American War in the Philippines, and some residents found the idea of naming streets after Spaniards unpatriotic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Suddenly it starts getting the ire of the locals who had community meetings and started saying, you know, we don’t want to be named after those lowlife Spaniards,” Freeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was so much opposition that the committee gave up the scheme. They settled on renaming “First Avenue” to “Arguello” and the street just before the beach “La Playa,” which means “the beach” in Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12079485\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12079485\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1290352821.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1124\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1290352821.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1290352821-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1290352821-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1290352821-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Richmond District and Ocean Beach in San Francisco, CA \u003ccite>(Jason Doiy/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They left the numbered avenues, but used the alphabetical Spanish explorer idea for streets running east and west, instead. For some reason, residents didn’t oppose this slightly different approach. That’s how we got names like Anza, Balboa, and Cabrillo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But of course, nothing is simple. Even though they had generally settled on an alphabetical scheme that would extend out into the Sunset, there were already problems. First, the committee didn’t want to change the names of streets that extended out from downtown — like Geary, California and Sacramento streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the alphabet starts mid-Richmond and goes south from there. “D Street” had already been renamed Fulton because it extended from downtown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Streets that would have been “E, F, and G” were taken up by Golden Gate Park, which had been developed but was still nascent. Once on the other side of the park, the pattern should have started up again with H street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You gotta realize this is 1909, and we’re celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln,” Freeman said. “So they’re naming all kinds of things after Abraham Lincoln.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12079492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1755px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12079492 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/1909-map_a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1755\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/1909-map_a.jpg 1755w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/1909-map_a-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/1909-map_a-1536x1118.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1755px) 100vw, 1755px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of San Francisco, circa 1909 \u003ccite>(Courtesy Carolyn Karis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>H street was a prominent boulevard edging Golden Gate Park, so they decided, “We’ll take out the H and will make it Lincoln. So already the game is getting changed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Sunset residents had convened their own committee to come up with more “patriotic” names for Sunset streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irving Street is named for \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving\">Washington Irving\u003c/a>, a writer. Judah Street is named for \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Judah\">Theodore Judah\u003c/a>, a civil engineer largely responsible for the design and construction of the transcontinental railroad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was the clever engineer, and nobody honored him for anything,” Freeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Mexican_War_Journal_and_Letters_of_R.html?id=UzaRMQEACAAJ\">Kirkham\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ware_Lawton\">Lawton \u003c/a>were military officers and thus deemed appropriate by the neighborhood groups. But after Lawton comes Moraga, named for \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Moraga\">José Joaquín Moraga\u003c/a>, a Spanish explorer. So, we’re back to the pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12079540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1980px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12079540\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1400903691.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1980\" height=\"987\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1400903691.jpg 1980w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1400903691-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1400903691-1536x766.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1980px) 100vw, 1980px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washington Irving, circa. 1860-1865. \u003ccite>(Photo by Heritage Art/Heritage Images/via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://www.outsidelands.org/parkside-district.php\"> big development company \u003c/a>was already using the Spanish explorer naming convention, so the neighbors gave up fighting to change those names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not many people lived that far out into the Sunset yet, anyway. Apart from the “Americanized” interlude from Lincoln to Kirkham, the pattern of Spanish explorers continued, with the exception of “X” and “Z.” X was going to be Xavier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the committee ended up skipping an X-named street altogether when people claimed no one would be able to pronounce Xavier. Z street became Sloat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Logic kind of falls to the side,” Freeman said of the whole naming fiasco. “But it’s a good story because what they were trying to do didn’t work real well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"episode-transcript\">\u003c/a>Episode transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> If you travel from north to south on the west side of San Francisco – through the Richmond District, across Golden Gate Park, all the way through the Sunset – you may notice the streets running east to west follow a naming convention.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Computerized voice: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anza. Balboa. Cabrillo. \u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A … B… C… And further south.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Computerized voice: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quintara. Rivera. Santiago. Taraval.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Q … R… S… T… They’re alphabetized! A to Z! Well, almost…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Carolyn Karis: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s no D and no E. There is a Fulton but then there’s no G or H. \u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> This is Carolyn Karras. (Care-as)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Carolyn Karis:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I live in Ingleside Terraces in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She’s a librarian and she’s into San Francisco history. So when a friend asked her about why a few of the letters are missing, she was frustrated when the answer didn’t turn up in some of the usual places she thought to look.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Carolyn Karis: \u003c/b>It just seems like the order should be complete once you start it, it should end up being complete. So what happened to those street names since it seemed to go from A to at least Y.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Here with some answers for Carolyn is Bay Curious editor and producer Katrina Schwartz. Hey, Katrina!\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hey, Olivia. I gotta say, I’m excited to answer this question because it’s my home turf. I grew up in the Richmond District and went to school in the Sunset and I’ve wondered about this naming situation too.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> OK, start at the beginning, when did San Francisco start naming it’s streets.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Always street names, but not always a lot of logic to the names. There were a lot of duplicates, which was confusing to people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can you give me some examples of the kind of things that were confusing?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Yeah, so there were 4 Church streets at one point. Any time there was a church, the locals would call the alley behind in Church Lane or Church way… you get the idea. But most confusing of all, there were three sets of ordinal numbered streets. Like today, there were the numbered Avenues out west, and the numbered streets downtown, but there were also numbered streets in the Bayview, those just had “South” appended to them. So, Bayview had 9th avenue South, for example.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It reminds me a lot of modern-day Washington D.C. If you get the cardinal direction wrong on the street name, you can wind up in the completely wrong place….\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And remember, this was a time when people primarily communicated by post. The mail came several times a day…and postal codes had not been invented yet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So confusing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then 1906 earthquake happens. Things are in shambles. But it’s also an opportunity to make some changes. I spoke to John Freeman about all this. He’s a retired high school teacher, amateur historian and life-long Richmond District resident. He says one group in particular was not happy with the street name situation in SF.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Freeman: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So the post office was unhappy. We’re rebuilding a lot of San Francisco. There’s new streets, there’s new widening of streets and all that kind of stuff. So the perfect time to go and attack a problem that had just grown like over, you know, since the 1850s.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Right, so in 1909 they put together a committee of folks to look at this naming issue. It’s got a couple Board of Supervisors on it, a historian and someone from the post office. Pretty small group. And they’ve got this idea to rename the Richmond District avenues to honor San Francisco’s history…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Freeman: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This of course, was a time when the whole thing of Spanish, that time period of the development of California was very romanticized.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">OK, so like Anza, Balboa, Cabrillo…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> All explorers with some degree of connection to SF. And The idea, was to actually name all the ordinal streets using this scheme. So, First Avenue would become Arguello, second Balboa, third Cabrillo, etc. They’d do that all the way out to 26th and then they’d start over alphabetically, but add San or Santa. So, 27th Ave would have been San Antonio, 28th would become San Benito, etc.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> That’s strange because the actual Anza, Balboa, Cabrillo streets run east west. And the avenues are still numbered even today. What happened.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">John says the committee started sharing their ideas with the press and when residents of the Richmond and Sunset districts heard about it, they were pissed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Feeman: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It starts getting the ire of the locals who had community meetings and started saying, you know, we don’t want to be named after those lowlife Spaniards.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s harsh.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yes, well, xenophobia was alive and well back then too. But also, you have to remember in 1909 the Spanish-American war had just ended 10 years before. Of course, that was actually fought in the Philippines. And as a west coast port, San Francisco had a big role in that war. People here would have known folks fighting…it felt like recent history to many people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So what happens with the whole naming conundrum then?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Basically, the committee backs off and says fine, we won’t change the names of the Avenues. To save face, they kept Arguello, which is basically First Avenue now. And they kept La Playa, the last name before the beach, which also means “beach” in Spanish. And then they used the Spanish name scheme going east west instead. Of course, they had to come up with a new A street because Arguello was already taken, so that’s how we got Anza.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Feeman: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anza of course, he is definitely here. He explores the whole coast. He actually goes out and, you know, the only way he’s going to get through it, he went along to the actual ocean beach and then he comes inland and he did see as much as he possibly could. So he’s a legitimate early explorer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But, as Carolyn points out, they didn’t really follow the pattern going east west either. Why not?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Basically local politics. So, it had been agreed that any streets that extended out west from Downtown would not be changed. So, streets like California and Sacramento stayed the same. Geary Boulevard was sacrosanct. So this naming starts south of Geary. We get A, B, C and then what would have been D is actually “Fulton street.” That’s because it was a street extending from downtown, so they didn’t want to change it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since they had an F, they just kept going, except G was basically Golden Gate Park, which had been established in 1870, but was still nascent. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That brings us to H street, which should have run next to the park on the south side. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Freeman: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And it’s supposed to go all the way out to Sloat in alphabetical pattern. Well, h then this is eight nine, and we’re celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln, so they’re naming all kinds of things after Abraham Lincoln. What a wonderful thing we’ll do away with those four little alleys down south of market that were named after Lincoln. And we’ll name this Grand Boulevard that is going to go alongside Golden Gate Park. We’ll take out the H and will make it Lincoln. So already the game is getting changed. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">OK…but Irving, Judah, Kirkum, Lawton…also not Spanish names.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Correct. This is where more local politics came into play. There was a very active group of residents in the inner Sunset who DID NOT want Spanish names. They wanted “American” names. So they lobbied hard for Irving…after washington Irving the writer. Judah…for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Judah\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Theodore Judah\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a civil engineer largely responsible for the design and construction of the transcontinental railroad.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Freeman:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> He was the clever engineer and nobody honored him for anything.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And then \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Mexican_War_Journal_and_Letters_of_R.html?id=UzaRMQEACAAJ\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kirkham\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ware_Lawton\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lawton \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">were military officers and thus deemed appropriate by the neighborhood groups. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But after Lawton comes Moraga, named for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Moraga\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">José Joaquín Moraga\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a Spanish explorer. So, we’re back to the pattern. What happened?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Development. The Parkside [Realty Company] owned a lot of land in the outer Sunset and they were developing plots to sell. They’d already started naming the streets in their section according to the proposed Spanish explorer scheme. So we basically have Spanish names all the way out to Y.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But there’s no X or Z street.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yep, more racism. X was supposed to Xavier Street, but the committee didn’t think anyone could pronounce it, so they just skipped it. And many of those other names aren’t actually Spanish explorers anyway. Taravel was a Native American guide who was part of the Anza expedition. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So we have alphabetical-ish, Spanish-ish street names.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Totally. And, they were trying to work fast because they had to have it all done by the end of 1909 when the mayoral administration changed. So, maps after 1910 show the new names.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> Our question asker Carolyn actually mentioned an old map she’d found… \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>Carolyn Karis: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">W\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">e have a couple of older maps that we were looking at and one of them is 1909 map that we picked up somewhere and that has the letters. So it says like ABC above the park and then below the park, it just has the letter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So presumably this was printed between the time when the plan for the alphabetical streets was made, and when the final names hadn’t been chosen yet. So, this is actually a very cool little piece of history.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah, a little time capsule window into the past. Thanks for all your reporting on this, Katrina.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">My pleasure.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thanks to Carolyn Karras for asking this week’s question. You selected it in one of our monthly voting rounds and hey – our April voting round is now up and has some good questions…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Question 1: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How many Bay food businesses are still in business after 10 years?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Question 2: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Why does the SF Parks and Recreation still manage properties outside of the city limits?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Question 3: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m curious about the history of Bay Area communal living and what makes things a communal living situation vs cult.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of those do you want to hear on the show? Cast your vote at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://baycurious.org\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">BayCurious.org\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. And while you’re there, sign up for our monthly newsletter where we answer even more listener questions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED. Our show is produced by… and me Olivia Allen-Price. With extra support from … and everyone on Team KQED. Some members of the KQED podcast team are represented by The Screen Actors Guild, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, San Francisco Northern California Local.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m Olivia Allen-Price. Have a good one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Streets on San Francisco’s west side appear to follow an alphabetical naming convention with Spanish names. But look closer, and there are some missing letters. Why?",
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"title": "From Anza to Yorba: The Messy History Behind the Richmond's and Sunset’s Street Names | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"#episode-transcript\"> View the full episode transcript.\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We have gotten a lot of questions about street names in the western part of\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/san-francisco\"> San Francisco\u003c/a> — the Richmond and Sunset neighborhoods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why do the streets appear to follow an alphabetical pattern, only to break it often? Where do the names come from in the first place? Who chose them?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The answers are both more complicated (of course) and less logical than you might imagine. It all goes back — like so many things in San Francisco history — to the time right after the 1906 earthquake and fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back then, the primary means of communication was the mail. But delivering the mail to the correct recipient was a challenge because there were many repetitive street names or ones that were easy to confuse in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, there were four Church streets — basically, anytime someone built a church, they’d name the street adjacent “Church Street”. And three sections of the city were named with numerical values.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were numbered avenues out in the Richmond and Sunset, numerical streets downtown, and back then, the Bayview also went by numerical avenues, with “South” appended.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12079487\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1602px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12079487\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/Balboa-24th.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1602\" height=\"1180\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/Balboa-24th.jpg 1602w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/Balboa-24th-160x118.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/Balboa-24th-1536x1131.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1602px) 100vw, 1602px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Archival image of the Richmond District at Balboa and 32nd Avenue \u003ccite>(via Open SF History)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>ZIP codes had not been invented yet, so you can imagine the mess a mail carrier faced when trying to deliver a letter to 203 Church St. or 452 Fourth Ave.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The post office was unhappy,” said John Freeman, an amateur historian and member of the Western Neighborhood Association. He wrote \u003ca href=\"https://www.outsidelands.org/street-names.php\">several articles\u003c/a> about the history behind San Francisco street names. “We’re rebuilding a lot of San Francisco. There’s new streets. So, it’s the perfect time to go and attack a problem that had just grown since the 1850s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1909, city leaders appointed a commission to come up with new names for the numbered avenues in both the western neighborhoods and the Bayview.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In the Richmond and Sunset, the committee decided to honor the city’s Spanish heritage by naming streets after famous Spanish explorers or anyone who had an outsized influence in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They planned for the names to go alphabetically from First Avenue (what’s now Arguello) out to 26th Avenue. Then the alphabet would start over, but the following 26 streets would be named for saints. So, 27th Ave would have been San Antonio, 28th would become San Benito, etc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But when the proposal was put forward, outraged locals pushed back against the naming scheme.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The country had just fought the Spanish-American War in the Philippines, and some residents found the idea of naming streets after Spaniards unpatriotic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Suddenly it starts getting the ire of the locals who had community meetings and started saying, you know, we don’t want to be named after those lowlife Spaniards,” Freeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There was so much opposition that the committee gave up the scheme. They settled on renaming “First Avenue” to “Arguello” and the street just before the beach “La Playa,” which means “the beach” in Spanish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12079485\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12079485\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1290352821.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1124\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1290352821.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1290352821-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1290352821-1536x863.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1290352821-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Richmond District and Ocean Beach in San Francisco, CA \u003ccite>(Jason Doiy/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>They left the numbered avenues, but used the alphabetical Spanish explorer idea for streets running east and west, instead. For some reason, residents didn’t oppose this slightly different approach. That’s how we got names like Anza, Balboa, and Cabrillo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But of course, nothing is simple. Even though they had generally settled on an alphabetical scheme that would extend out into the Sunset, there were already problems. First, the committee didn’t want to change the names of streets that extended out from downtown — like Geary, California and Sacramento streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why the alphabet starts mid-Richmond and goes south from there. “D Street” had already been renamed Fulton because it extended from downtown.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Streets that would have been “E, F, and G” were taken up by Golden Gate Park, which had been developed but was still nascent. Once on the other side of the park, the pattern should have started up again with H street.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You gotta realize this is 1909, and we’re celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln,” Freeman said. “So they’re naming all kinds of things after Abraham Lincoln.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12079492\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1755px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12079492 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/1909-map_a.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1755\" height=\"1277\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/1909-map_a.jpg 1755w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/1909-map_a-160x116.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/1909-map_a-1536x1118.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1755px) 100vw, 1755px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A map of San Francisco, circa 1909 \u003ccite>(Courtesy Carolyn Karis)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>H street was a prominent boulevard edging Golden Gate Park, so they decided, “We’ll take out the H and will make it Lincoln. So already the game is getting changed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the Sunset residents had convened their own committee to come up with more “patriotic” names for Sunset streets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Irving Street is named for \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Irving\">Washington Irving\u003c/a>, a writer. Judah Street is named for \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Judah\">Theodore Judah\u003c/a>, a civil engineer largely responsible for the design and construction of the transcontinental railroad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was the clever engineer, and nobody honored him for anything,” Freeman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Mexican_War_Journal_and_Letters_of_R.html?id=UzaRMQEACAAJ\">Kirkham\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ware_Lawton\">Lawton \u003c/a>were military officers and thus deemed appropriate by the neighborhood groups. But after Lawton comes Moraga, named for \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Moraga\">José Joaquín Moraga\u003c/a>, a Spanish explorer. So, we’re back to the pattern.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12079540\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1980px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12079540\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1400903691.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1980\" height=\"987\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1400903691.jpg 1980w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1400903691-160x80.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/04/GettyImages-1400903691-1536x766.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1980px) 100vw, 1980px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Washington Irving, circa. 1860-1865. \u003ccite>(Photo by Heritage Art/Heritage Images/via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A\u003ca href=\"https://www.outsidelands.org/parkside-district.php\"> big development company \u003c/a>was already using the Spanish explorer naming convention, so the neighbors gave up fighting to change those names.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Not many people lived that far out into the Sunset yet, anyway. Apart from the “Americanized” interlude from Lincoln to Kirkham, the pattern of Spanish explorers continued, with the exception of “X” and “Z.” X was going to be Xavier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the committee ended up skipping an X-named street altogether when people claimed no one would be able to pronounce Xavier. Z street became Sloat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Logic kind of falls to the side,” Freeman said of the whole naming fiasco. “But it’s a good story because what they were trying to do didn’t work real well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003ca id=\"episode-transcript\">\u003c/a>Episode transcript\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> If you travel from north to south on the west side of San Francisco – through the Richmond District, across Golden Gate Park, all the way through the Sunset – you may notice the streets running east to west follow a naming convention.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Computerized voice: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anza. Balboa. Cabrillo. \u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> A … B… C… And further south.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Computerized voice: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quintara. Rivera. Santiago. Taraval.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Q … R… S… T… They’re alphabetized! A to Z! Well, almost…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Carolyn Karis: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">There’s no D and no E. There is a Fulton but then there’s no G or H. \u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> This is Carolyn Karras. (Care-as)\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Carolyn Karis:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> I live in Ingleside Terraces in San Francisco. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">She’s a librarian and she’s into San Francisco history. So when a friend asked her about why a few of the letters are missing, she was frustrated when the answer didn’t turn up in some of the usual places she thought to look.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Carolyn Karis: \u003c/b>It just seems like the order should be complete once you start it, it should end up being complete. So what happened to those street names since it seemed to go from A to at least Y.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Here with some answers for Carolyn is Bay Curious editor and producer Katrina Schwartz. Hey, Katrina!\u003c/span>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Hey, Olivia. I gotta say, I’m excited to answer this question because it’s my home turf. I grew up in the Richmond District and went to school in the Sunset and I’ve wondered about this naming situation too.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> OK, start at the beginning, when did San Francisco start naming it’s streets.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Always street names, but not always a lot of logic to the names. There were a lot of duplicates, which was confusing to people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Can you give me some examples of the kind of things that were confusing?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Yeah, so there were 4 Church streets at one point. Any time there was a church, the locals would call the alley behind in Church Lane or Church way… you get the idea. But most confusing of all, there were three sets of ordinal numbered streets. Like today, there were the numbered Avenues out west, and the numbered streets downtown, but there were also numbered streets in the Bayview, those just had “South” appended to them. So, Bayview had 9th avenue South, for example.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> It reminds me a lot of modern-day Washington D.C. If you get the cardinal direction wrong on the street name, you can wind up in the completely wrong place….\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And remember, this was a time when people primarily communicated by post. The mail came several times a day…and postal codes had not been invented yet. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So confusing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Then 1906 earthquake happens. Things are in shambles. But it’s also an opportunity to make some changes. I spoke to John Freeman about all this. He’s a retired high school teacher, amateur historian and life-long Richmond District resident. He says one group in particular was not happy with the street name situation in SF.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Freeman: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">So the post office was unhappy. We’re rebuilding a lot of San Francisco. There’s new streets, there’s new widening of streets and all that kind of stuff. So the perfect time to go and attack a problem that had just grown like over, you know, since the 1850s.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Right, so in 1909 they put together a committee of folks to look at this naming issue. It’s got a couple Board of Supervisors on it, a historian and someone from the post office. Pretty small group. And they’ve got this idea to rename the Richmond District avenues to honor San Francisco’s history…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Freeman: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This of course, was a time when the whole thing of Spanish, that time period of the development of California was very romanticized.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">OK, so like Anza, Balboa, Cabrillo…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> All explorers with some degree of connection to SF. And The idea, was to actually name all the ordinal streets using this scheme. So, First Avenue would become Arguello, second Balboa, third Cabrillo, etc. They’d do that all the way out to 26th and then they’d start over alphabetically, but add San or Santa. So, 27th Ave would have been San Antonio, 28th would become San Benito, etc.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> That’s strange because the actual Anza, Balboa, Cabrillo streets run east west. And the avenues are still numbered even today. What happened.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">John says the committee started sharing their ideas with the press and when residents of the Richmond and Sunset districts heard about it, they were pissed.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Feeman: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It starts getting the ire of the locals who had community meetings and started saying, you know, we don’t want to be named after those lowlife Spaniards.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That’s harsh.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yes, well, xenophobia was alive and well back then too. But also, you have to remember in 1909 the Spanish-American war had just ended 10 years before. Of course, that was actually fought in the Philippines. And as a west coast port, San Francisco had a big role in that war. People here would have known folks fighting…it felt like recent history to many people.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So what happens with the whole naming conundrum then?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Basically, the committee backs off and says fine, we won’t change the names of the Avenues. To save face, they kept Arguello, which is basically First Avenue now. And they kept La Playa, the last name before the beach, which also means “beach” in Spanish. And then they used the Spanish name scheme going east west instead. Of course, they had to come up with a new A street because Arguello was already taken, so that’s how we got Anza.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Feeman: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Anza of course, he is definitely here. He explores the whole coast. He actually goes out and, you know, the only way he’s going to get through it, he went along to the actual ocean beach and then he comes inland and he did see as much as he possibly could. So he’s a legitimate early explorer.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But, as Carolyn points out, they didn’t really follow the pattern going east west either. Why not?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Basically local politics. So, it had been agreed that any streets that extended out west from Downtown would not be changed. So, streets like California and Sacramento stayed the same. Geary Boulevard was sacrosanct. So this naming starts south of Geary. We get A, B, C and then what would have been D is actually “Fulton street.” That’s because it was a street extending from downtown, so they didn’t want to change it. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Since they had an F, they just kept going, except G was basically Golden Gate Park, which had been established in 1870, but was still nascent. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">That brings us to H street, which should have run next to the park on the south side. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Freeman: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And it’s supposed to go all the way out to Sloat in alphabetical pattern. Well, h then this is eight nine, and we’re celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln, so they’re naming all kinds of things after Abraham Lincoln. What a wonderful thing we’ll do away with those four little alleys down south of market that were named after Lincoln. And we’ll name this Grand Boulevard that is going to go alongside Golden Gate Park. We’ll take out the H and will make it Lincoln. So already the game is getting changed. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">OK…but Irving, Judah, Kirkum, Lawton…also not Spanish names.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Correct. This is where more local politics came into play. There was a very active group of residents in the inner Sunset who DID NOT want Spanish names. They wanted “American” names. So they lobbied hard for Irving…after washington Irving the writer. Judah…for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Judah\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Theodore Judah\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a civil engineer largely responsible for the design and construction of the transcontinental railroad.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>John Freeman:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> He was the clever engineer and nobody honored him for anything.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">And then \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Mexican_War_Journal_and_Letters_of_R.html?id=UzaRMQEACAAJ\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Kirkham\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> and \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ware_Lawton\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lawton \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">were military officers and thus deemed appropriate by the neighborhood groups. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> But after Lawton comes Moraga, named for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Moraga\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">José Joaquín Moraga\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a Spanish explorer. So, we’re back to the pattern. What happened?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Development. The Parkside [Realty Company] owned a lot of land in the outer Sunset and they were developing plots to sell. They’d already started naming the streets in their section according to the proposed Spanish explorer scheme. So we basically have Spanish names all the way out to Y.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">But there’s no X or Z street.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb> Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yep, more racism. X was supposed to Xavier Street, but the committee didn’t think anyone could pronounce it, so they just skipped it. And many of those other names aren’t actually Spanish explorers anyway. Taravel was a Native American guide who was part of the Anza expedition. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So we have alphabetical-ish, Spanish-ish street names.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Totally. And, they were trying to work fast because they had to have it all done by the end of 1909 when the mayoral administration changed. So, maps after 1910 show the new names.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cstrong>Olivia Allen-Price:\u003c/strong> Our question asker Carolyn actually mentioned an old map she’d found… \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cbr>\n\u003c/span>\u003cb>Carolyn Karis: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">W\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">e have a couple of older maps that we were looking at and one of them is 1909 map that we picked up somewhere and that has the letters. So it says like ABC above the park and then below the park, it just has the letter. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz:\u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> So presumably this was printed between the time when the plan for the alphabetical streets was made, and when the final names hadn’t been chosen yet. So, this is actually a very cool little piece of history.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Yeah, a little time capsule window into the past. Thanks for all your reporting on this, Katrina.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Katrina Schwartz: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">My pleasure.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Thanks to Carolyn Karras for asking this week’s question. You selected it in one of our monthly voting rounds and hey – our April voting round is now up and has some good questions…\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Question 1: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">How many Bay food businesses are still in business after 10 years?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Question 2: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Why does the SF Parks and Recreation still manage properties outside of the city limits?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Question 3: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m curious about the history of Bay Area communal living and what makes things a communal living situation vs cult.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Olivia Allen-Price: \u003c/b>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Which of those do you want to hear on the show? Cast your vote at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"http://baycurious.org\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">BayCurious.org\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. And while you’re there, sign up for our monthly newsletter where we answer even more listener questions. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Bay Curious is made in San Francisco at member-supported KQED. Our show is produced by… and me Olivia Allen-Price. With extra support from … and everyone on Team KQED. Some members of the KQED podcast team are represented by The Screen Actors Guild, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, San Francisco Northern California Local.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">I’m Olivia Allen-Price. Have a good one.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>At a recent Sunday \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12073604/2026-ramadan-mubarak-where-to-find-iftar-suhoor-san-francisco-bay-area\">iftar in San Francisco\u003c/a>, Sarah Aamir was thrilled to announce that someone donated a whopping $5,000 to the charity of the evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thank you for thinking of the people of Sudan. One dollar is a lot in Sudan. 5K?” she said, addressing a crowd of 200 in a wide office space in the city’s Mission District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funds would help \u003ca href=\"https://sadagaat-usa.org/\">Sadagaat USA\u003c/a>, a humanitarian organization that supports community kitchens in Sudan — a nation dealing with \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pR57UUiMGDs\">a years-long civil war\u003c/a> and what the \u003ca href=\"https://www.emro.who.int/sdn/sudan-news/attacks-push-sudans-health-system-to-the-brink.html\">United Nations\u003c/a> has called the world’s largest humanitarian crisis, setting off widespread displacement, hunger and violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, the crowd applauded, giddy after breaking their Ramadan fast together over plates of chicken shawarma, gima, a savory minced meat dish, salad and rice. While the holy month is known for late-night meals and gatherings, another major component of this period is charity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot about people back home,” Aamir said. “I have this food, and they don’t, and it’s very easy to feel guilty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12075987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12075987\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00156_TV_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00156_TV_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00156_TV_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00156_TV_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sarah Aamir, from the Nafeer Collective, fundraises for humanitarian aid in Sudan during iftar, the second meal of the day during Ramadan, in San Francisco on March 1, 2026. Iftar dinners during Ramadan are used as a vehicle for charity and activism. \u003ccite>(Tâm Vũ/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it has helped her, this Ramadan, to “get some people moving, get some people interested in learning about Sudan.” The March 1 iftar ultimately raised over $140,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Muslims and community members across the Bay Area have attended iftar dinners for a range of causes, from \u003ca href=\"https://partiful.com/e/0K52xHUiJ5EKqcBV5x2J\">money for Gazans\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/DVIQRRfDlT3/\">clean water access in Pakistan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haneen Sidahmed, one of the presenters at the San Francisco “An Iftar In Sudan,” said the act of fasting can help foster community among Muslims and reflect more globally.[aside postID=news_12073604 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/02/RamadanGetty.jpg']“It’s almost like an equalizer,” Sidahmed said. “The ethos of Ramadan is usually, ‘How do we give back generosity,’ especially with folks who are affected by all kinds of calamities and crises. That’s really where the fundraising spirit comes through and why the Ramadan fundraisers are so powerful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ilham Abuanga, who was born in Sudan and now lives in Antioch, said she attended the San Francisco iftar to show support for her people. It’s been difficult to be away from her relatives during the ongoing war — a thought that she said keeps her up at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes, it feels like you are lost. Sometimes, it feels you’re disconnected,” said Abuanga, whose family runs \u003ca href=\"https://www.sarrascharity.org/\">a charity\u003c/a> for pregnant women in Sudan, in honor of her late sister. “The only thing we can do is pray and give dua and aid them financially. But it’s very sad, and it’s heartbreaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iftar dinners have also been a way for people of various faiths to break bread with each other and, as a result, get to know one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Palo Alto, St. Mark’s Episcopal Church recently hosted an interfaith iftar with the American Muslim Voice Foundation, an advocacy organization that has regularly hosted the event after Sept. 11, 2001, and the rise of anti-Muslim sentiment in the U.S. The event drew 180 people, according to the organizers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12075990\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12075990\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00580_TV_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00580_TV_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00580_TV_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00580_TV_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ilham Abuanga eats her iftar dinner, the second meal of the day during Ramadan, in San Francisco on March 1, 2026. \u003ccite>(Tâm Vũ/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I always encourage people … please sit with somebody you don’t know. That’s the whole idea, we are providing these experiences,” said Samina Sundas, one of the organizers, who has been hosting interfaith iftar dinners in her home since 2003. “Our mission is replacing a culture of fear, despair and division with a culture of hope, inclusion and peace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sunday iftar to gather people of all different backgrounds felt especially meaningful, since it was also the weekend the U.S. ordered strikes on Iran, leading to subsequent violence in the region, said Rev. Nancy Ross, the associate rector of St. Mark’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were so many people who were so happy to be together,” Ross said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12075083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12075083 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00457_TV-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00457_TV-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00457_TV-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00457_TV-KQED-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An attendee enjoys his iftar dinner, the second meal of the day during Ramadan, in San Francisco on March 1, 2026. \u003ccite>(Tâm Vũ/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the San Francisco Bay Area branch of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, Ramadan is an opportunity to educate people about their rights, particularly during a time of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/immigration\">increased immigration enforcement\u003c/a> by the Trump administration, Executive Director Zahra Billoo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, according to the advocacy group, it helped \u003ca href=\"https://ca.cair.com/press-release/cair-sfba-secures-release-of-client-after-federal-court-grants-habeas-petition-against-unlawful-ice-detention/\">release\u003c/a> a client who was taken into ICE detention and had a pending immigration court date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billoo said CAIR has seen an increase in requests for immigration-related support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12075082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12075082\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00383_TV-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00383_TV-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00383_TV-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00383_TV-KQED-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attendees pray Maghrib, an Islamic prayer done after sunset, before iftar, the second meal of the day during Ramadan, in San Francisco on March 1, 2026. \u003ccite>(Tâm Vũ/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the lead-up to Ramadan, she added, anxious questions began to arise from the Muslim community, including, “Is it safe to come to the mosque? What can individuals do to remain safe, and what can mosques do to protect themselves?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, during the holy month, Billoo and CAIR representatives have visited over 50 different mosques across the Bay Area during iftar and night prayers, about the services the group offers and how they can get help if they are “confronted with the civil rights violation or immigration enforcement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vicious way in which this administration has been attacking minority communities does contribute to the need to deepen our relationships and bonds across communities,” Billoo said. “In Ramadan, Muslims increase their worship, and so we increase our outreach to protect them as they do so and reach them as they congregate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>At a recent Sunday \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12073604/2026-ramadan-mubarak-where-to-find-iftar-suhoor-san-francisco-bay-area\">iftar in San Francisco\u003c/a>, Sarah Aamir was thrilled to announce that someone donated a whopping $5,000 to the charity of the evening.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Thank you for thinking of the people of Sudan. One dollar is a lot in Sudan. 5K?” she said, addressing a crowd of 200 in a wide office space in the city’s Mission District.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The funds would help \u003ca href=\"https://sadagaat-usa.org/\">Sadagaat USA\u003c/a>, a humanitarian organization that supports community kitchens in Sudan — a nation dealing with \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pR57UUiMGDs\">a years-long civil war\u003c/a> and what the \u003ca href=\"https://www.emro.who.int/sdn/sudan-news/attacks-push-sudans-health-system-to-the-brink.html\">United Nations\u003c/a> has called the world’s largest humanitarian crisis, setting off widespread displacement, hunger and violence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the Bay Area, the crowd applauded, giddy after breaking their Ramadan fast together over plates of chicken shawarma, gima, a savory minced meat dish, salad and rice. While the holy month is known for late-night meals and gatherings, another major component of this period is charity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think a lot about people back home,” Aamir said. “I have this food, and they don’t, and it’s very easy to feel guilty.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12075987\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12075987\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00156_TV_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00156_TV_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00156_TV_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00156_TV_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sarah Aamir, from the Nafeer Collective, fundraises for humanitarian aid in Sudan during iftar, the second meal of the day during Ramadan, in San Francisco on March 1, 2026. Iftar dinners during Ramadan are used as a vehicle for charity and activism. \u003ccite>(Tâm Vũ/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But it has helped her, this Ramadan, to “get some people moving, get some people interested in learning about Sudan.” The March 1 iftar ultimately raised over $140,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year, Muslims and community members across the Bay Area have attended iftar dinners for a range of causes, from \u003ca href=\"https://partiful.com/e/0K52xHUiJ5EKqcBV5x2J\">money for Gazans\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"https://www.instagram.com/p/DVIQRRfDlT3/\">clean water access in Pakistan\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Haneen Sidahmed, one of the presenters at the San Francisco “An Iftar In Sudan,” said the act of fasting can help foster community among Muslims and reflect more globally.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“It’s almost like an equalizer,” Sidahmed said. “The ethos of Ramadan is usually, ‘How do we give back generosity,’ especially with folks who are affected by all kinds of calamities and crises. That’s really where the fundraising spirit comes through and why the Ramadan fundraisers are so powerful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ilham Abuanga, who was born in Sudan and now lives in Antioch, said she attended the San Francisco iftar to show support for her people. It’s been difficult to be away from her relatives during the ongoing war — a thought that she said keeps her up at night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Sometimes, it feels like you are lost. Sometimes, it feels you’re disconnected,” said Abuanga, whose family runs \u003ca href=\"https://www.sarrascharity.org/\">a charity\u003c/a> for pregnant women in Sudan, in honor of her late sister. “The only thing we can do is pray and give dua and aid them financially. But it’s very sad, and it’s heartbreaking.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Iftar dinners have also been a way for people of various faiths to break bread with each other and, as a result, get to know one another.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Palo Alto, St. Mark’s Episcopal Church recently hosted an interfaith iftar with the American Muslim Voice Foundation, an advocacy organization that has regularly hosted the event after Sept. 11, 2001, and the rise of anti-Muslim sentiment in the U.S. The event drew 180 people, according to the organizers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12075990\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12075990\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00580_TV_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00580_TV_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00580_TV_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-interfaithiftar00580_TV_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Ilham Abuanga eats her iftar dinner, the second meal of the day during Ramadan, in San Francisco on March 1, 2026. \u003ccite>(Tâm Vũ/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“I always encourage people … please sit with somebody you don’t know. That’s the whole idea, we are providing these experiences,” said Samina Sundas, one of the organizers, who has been hosting interfaith iftar dinners in her home since 2003. “Our mission is replacing a culture of fear, despair and division with a culture of hope, inclusion and peace.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Sunday iftar to gather people of all different backgrounds felt especially meaningful, since it was also the weekend the U.S. ordered strikes on Iran, leading to subsequent violence in the region, said Rev. Nancy Ross, the associate rector of St. Mark’s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There were so many people who were so happy to be together,” Ross said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12075083\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12075083 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00457_TV-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00457_TV-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00457_TV-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00457_TV-KQED-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An attendee enjoys his iftar dinner, the second meal of the day during Ramadan, in San Francisco on March 1, 2026. \u003ccite>(Tâm Vũ/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For the San Francisco Bay Area branch of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, Ramadan is an opportunity to educate people about their rights, particularly during a time of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/immigration\">increased immigration enforcement\u003c/a> by the Trump administration, Executive Director Zahra Billoo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this year, according to the advocacy group, it helped \u003ca href=\"https://ca.cair.com/press-release/cair-sfba-secures-release-of-client-after-federal-court-grants-habeas-petition-against-unlawful-ice-detention/\">release\u003c/a> a client who was taken into ICE detention and had a pending immigration court date.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Billoo said CAIR has seen an increase in requests for immigration-related support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12075082\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12075082\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00383_TV-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00383_TV-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00383_TV-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2026/03/260301-INTERFAITHIFTAR00383_TV-KQED-1536x1025.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attendees pray Maghrib, an Islamic prayer done after sunset, before iftar, the second meal of the day during Ramadan, in San Francisco on March 1, 2026. \u003ccite>(Tâm Vũ/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In the lead-up to Ramadan, she added, anxious questions began to arise from the Muslim community, including, “Is it safe to come to the mosque? What can individuals do to remain safe, and what can mosques do to protect themselves?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response, during the holy month, Billoo and CAIR representatives have visited over 50 different mosques across the Bay Area during iftar and night prayers, about the services the group offers and how they can get help if they are “confronted with the civil rights violation or immigration enforcement.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The vicious way in which this administration has been attacking minority communities does contribute to the need to deepen our relationships and bonds across communities,” Billoo said. “In Ramadan, Muslims increase their worship, and so we increase our outreach to protect them as they do so and reach them as they congregate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"marketplace": {
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
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"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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"reveal": {
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"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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},
"rightnowish": {
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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},
"science-friday": {
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"snap-judgment": {
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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},
"soldout": {
"id": "soldout",
"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
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