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"disqusTitle": "How Trauma Strengthens Memory: Scientists Weigh In On Kavanaugh Hearing",
"title": "How Trauma Strengthens Memory: Scientists Weigh In On Kavanaugh Hearing",
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"content": "\u003cp>In Thursday's testimony at Judge Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation hearings, Christine Blasey Ford alleged Kavanaugh sexually assaulted her at a party in 1982, when she was 15 years old and he was 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kavanaugh staunchly denied these allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But memory is fallible. A question on many people's minds, is how well can anyone recall something that happened over 35 years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty well, say scientists, if the memory is of a traumatic event. That's because of the key role emotions play in making and storing memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Things that have more emotional significance tend to get more encoded.’\u003ccite>Jim Hopper, Harvard University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On any given day, our brains only store or \"encode\" some of the things we experience. \"What we pay attention to is what's more likely to get encoded,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.jimhopper.com/\">Jim Hopper\u003c/a>, a teaching associate in psychology at Harvard University and a consultant on sexual assault and trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A region of the brain called the hippocampus plays an important role in this process. Ford referred to the hippocampus when questioned by Senator Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., about how she was so sure that Kavanaugh was the perpetrator of the alleged assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The hippocampus certainly plays a role in taking things into short-term memory and then transferring them and consolidating them into long-term memories,\" says Hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an event elicits an emotional reaction in us, then it's more likely to make it into our memory. \"Things that have more emotional significance tend to get more encoded,\" says Hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when something elicits an intense negative emotion, like a trauma, it's even more likely to be encoded in the brain.[contextly_sidebar id=\"L3kfMcbFb57nqlRcJppVmhyqT4zEaiHz\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The stress hormones, cortisol, norepinephrine, that are released during a terrifying trauma tend to render the experience vivid and memorable, especially the central aspect, the most meaningful aspects of the experience for the victim,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcnallylab.com/\">Richard McNally\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Harvard University and the the author of the book, \u003cem>Remembering Trauma\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because a high stress state \"alters the function of the hippocampus and puts it into a super encoding mode,\" says Hopper, especially early on during an event. That's why \"the central details [of the event] get burned into their memory and they may never forget them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's sexual assault victims, or soldiers in combat or survivors of an earthquake, people who've experienced traumatic events tend to remember the most essential and frightening elements of the events in vivid detail for life, says McNally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this doesn't mean that these memories include every detail of the event. The brain holds on to the most important stuff at the expense of the peripheral details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example, a clerk at convenience store who gets robbed at gunpoint, says McNally. \"The person may often encode the features of the weapon, the gun pointed at him, but not recall whether or not the person was wearing glasses, because their attention is focused on the most central features of the experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McNally says this would explain why Ford says she remembers what happened during the alleged assault, but she can't remember the date of the party or its location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were forgotten because they were never encoded,\" says McNally. \"When somebody has an experience such as this, they're not necessarily saying, 'I better get down the address.' They're preoccupied with trying to escape this terrifying experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, \"people in general are not good about dating events, whether they're traumatic events or non traumatic events,\" he adds. Unless there are other clues to the date, most people tend to forget when something happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the memory of perpetrators of sexual assault, there's been little research on it, says Hopper. But what the research on emotions and memory suggests is the perpetrator's memory will depend on their emotional state, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If holding someone down and trying to take their clothes off was an entertaining experience, or a routine, familiar experience you're less likely to store that,\" he says. \"It really depends on how the perpetrator is relating to things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor that affects how memories are stored is alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Generally alcohol can make people forget things,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.muhealth.org/doctors/mary-miller-phd\">Mary Beth Miller\u003c/a>, a clinical psychologist at the University of Missouri-Columbia, who has studied the impact of alcohol consumption on making and retrieving memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/california-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault/2018/09/16/46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html?utm_term=.4ec990e35857\">Ford told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> that she remembers Kavanaugh being \"stumbling drunk,\" whereas she recalls having one beer that night.[contextly_sidebar id=\"lcYeMn0WbceR2Ykc6LIyqTORnCVNryrk\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other accusers who did not testify Thursday have also suggested Kavanaugh was part of a group of friends who indulged in heavy drinking in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his testimony, Kavanaugh said he likes beer, but denied ever drinking so much that he didn't remember things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller says memory loss from alcohol — blackouts — \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa63/aa63.htm\">are very common\u003c/a> among young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a blackout, you're walking around, talking to people,\" says Miller. \"And a lot of times in a blackout people will be very coherent. You're just doing your thing, and people don't know, because it's hard to know if someone's in a blackout state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These blackouts are what scientists call \"fragmentary\" blackouts, where someone has partial memory loss, but \"you can usually recall, if someone reminds you later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fragmentary blackouts can occur at low blood alcohol concentrations, as low as 0.06, she says. (For comparison, the legal limit for driving is 0.08.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller also says that animal studies suggest that \"adolescent brains are actually more sensitive to the memory impairing effects of alcohol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A permanent memory impairment, what scientists call \"en bloc blackout,\" has a beginning and an end, says Miller, and the person cannot remember anything that happened in between. She says these typically occur at a higher blood alcohol concentrations, around 0.24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because higher amounts of alcohol prevent short-term memory from being converted to long-term memory, says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And people with a history of heavy drinking are more likely to have more memory deficits,\" she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Trauma+Affects+Memory%3A+Scientists+Weigh+In+On+The+Kavanaugh+Hearing&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "In Thursday's testimony, Christine Blasey Ford said that she was 100 percent certain that Judge Kavanaugh assaulted her in 1982. How can she be sure? What does science say about memory and trauma?",
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"description": "In Thursday's testimony, Christine Blasey Ford said that she was 100 percent certain that Judge Kavanaugh assaulted her in 1982. How can she be sure? What does science say about memory and trauma?",
"title": "How Trauma Strengthens Memory: Scientists Weigh In On Kavanaugh Hearing | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In Thursday's testimony at Judge Brett Kavanaugh's confirmation hearings, Christine Blasey Ford alleged Kavanaugh sexually assaulted her at a party in 1982, when she was 15 years old and he was 17.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kavanaugh staunchly denied these allegations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But memory is fallible. A question on many people's minds, is how well can anyone recall something that happened over 35 years ago?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pretty well, say scientists, if the memory is of a traumatic event. That's because of the key role emotions play in making and storing memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Things that have more emotional significance tend to get more encoded.’\u003ccite>Jim Hopper, Harvard University\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>On any given day, our brains only store or \"encode\" some of the things we experience. \"What we pay attention to is what's more likely to get encoded,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.jimhopper.com/\">Jim Hopper\u003c/a>, a teaching associate in psychology at Harvard University and a consultant on sexual assault and trauma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A region of the brain called the hippocampus plays an important role in this process. Ford referred to the hippocampus when questioned by Senator Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., about how she was so sure that Kavanaugh was the perpetrator of the alleged assault.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The hippocampus certainly plays a role in taking things into short-term memory and then transferring them and consolidating them into long-term memories,\" says Hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If an event elicits an emotional reaction in us, then it's more likely to make it into our memory. \"Things that have more emotional significance tend to get more encoded,\" says Hopper.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And when something elicits an intense negative emotion, like a trauma, it's even more likely to be encoded in the brain.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The stress hormones, cortisol, norepinephrine, that are released during a terrifying trauma tend to render the experience vivid and memorable, especially the central aspect, the most meaningful aspects of the experience for the victim,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.mcnallylab.com/\">Richard McNally\u003c/a>, a psychologist at Harvard University and the the author of the book, \u003cem>Remembering Trauma\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's because a high stress state \"alters the function of the hippocampus and puts it into a super encoding mode,\" says Hopper, especially early on during an event. That's why \"the central details [of the event] get burned into their memory and they may never forget them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's sexual assault victims, or soldiers in combat or survivors of an earthquake, people who've experienced traumatic events tend to remember the most essential and frightening elements of the events in vivid detail for life, says McNally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this doesn't mean that these memories include every detail of the event. The brain holds on to the most important stuff at the expense of the peripheral details.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Take for example, a clerk at convenience store who gets robbed at gunpoint, says McNally. \"The person may often encode the features of the weapon, the gun pointed at him, but not recall whether or not the person was wearing glasses, because their attention is focused on the most central features of the experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>McNally says this would explain why Ford says she remembers what happened during the alleged assault, but she can't remember the date of the party or its location.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were forgotten because they were never encoded,\" says McNally. \"When somebody has an experience such as this, they're not necessarily saying, 'I better get down the address.' They're preoccupied with trying to escape this terrifying experience.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, \"people in general are not good about dating events, whether they're traumatic events or non traumatic events,\" he adds. Unless there are other clues to the date, most people tend to forget when something happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the memory of perpetrators of sexual assault, there's been little research on it, says Hopper. But what the research on emotions and memory suggests is the perpetrator's memory will depend on their emotional state, he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If holding someone down and trying to take their clothes off was an entertaining experience, or a routine, familiar experience you're less likely to store that,\" he says. \"It really depends on how the perpetrator is relating to things.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another factor that affects how memories are stored is alcohol use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Generally alcohol can make people forget things,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.muhealth.org/doctors/mary-miller-phd\">Mary Beth Miller\u003c/a>, a clinical psychologist at the University of Missouri-Columbia, who has studied the impact of alcohol consumption on making and retrieving memories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier this month, \u003ca href=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/california-professor-writer-of-confidential-brett-kavanaugh-letter-speaks-out-about-her-allegation-of-sexual-assault/2018/09/16/46982194-b846-11e8-94eb-3bd52dfe917b_story.html?utm_term=.4ec990e35857\">Ford told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Washington Post\u003c/em> that she remembers Kavanaugh being \"stumbling drunk,\" whereas she recalls having one beer that night.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other accusers who did not testify Thursday have also suggested Kavanaugh was part of a group of friends who indulged in heavy drinking in the 1980s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his testimony, Kavanaugh said he likes beer, but denied ever drinking so much that he didn't remember things.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller says memory loss from alcohol — blackouts — \u003ca href=\"https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/aa63/aa63.htm\">are very common\u003c/a> among young people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In a blackout, you're walking around, talking to people,\" says Miller. \"And a lot of times in a blackout people will be very coherent. You're just doing your thing, and people don't know, because it's hard to know if someone's in a blackout state.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These blackouts are what scientists call \"fragmentary\" blackouts, where someone has partial memory loss, but \"you can usually recall, if someone reminds you later.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These fragmentary blackouts can occur at low blood alcohol concentrations, as low as 0.06, she says. (For comparison, the legal limit for driving is 0.08.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Miller also says that animal studies suggest that \"adolescent brains are actually more sensitive to the memory impairing effects of alcohol.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A permanent memory impairment, what scientists call \"en bloc blackout,\" has a beginning and an end, says Miller, and the person cannot remember anything that happened in between. She says these typically occur at a higher blood alcohol concentrations, around 0.24.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because higher amounts of alcohol prevent short-term memory from being converted to long-term memory, says Miller.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And people with a history of heavy drinking are more likely to have more memory deficits,\" she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=How+Trauma+Affects+Memory%3A+Scientists+Weigh+In+On+The+Kavanaugh+Hearing&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"politicalbreakdown": {
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
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},
"radiolab": {
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"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
"title": "Reveal",
"info": "Created by The Center for Investigative Reporting and PRX, Reveal is public radios first one-hour weekly radio show and podcast dedicated to investigative reporting. Credible, fact based and without a partisan agenda, Reveal combines the power and artistry of driveway moment storytelling with data-rich reporting on critically important issues. The result is stories that inform and inspire, arming our listeners with information to right injustices, hold the powerful accountable and improve lives.Reveal is hosted by Al Letson and showcases the award-winning work of CIR and newsrooms large and small across the nation. In a radio and podcast market crowded with choices, Reveal focuses on important and often surprising stories that illuminate the world for our listeners.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.revealnews.org/episodes/",
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"order": 16
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