Disastrous Experimental Drug Trial Lacked 'Common Sense'
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"disqusTitle": "Disastrous Experimental Drug Trial Lacked 'Common Sense'",
"title": "Disastrous Experimental Drug Trial Lacked 'Common Sense'",
"headTitle": "KQED Future of You | KQED Science",
"content": "\u003cp>On Jan. 10, a healthy 49-year-old man came down with headaches and blurry vision. He was participating in the test of an experimental drug that might help dull nerve pain, and it was the fifth day in a row that he'd taken the medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The symptoms were serious enough to land the man in the hospital. Despite the fact that he was experiencing stroke-like symptoms, five other healthy volunteers received a sixth dose of the experimental medicine at the highest dose used in the study the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two hours later, the hospital called Biotrial, the company running the study, to say that an MRI scan showed the hospitalized man had had a massive stroke in the brain stem. Later that day, he was declared brain dead. He died Jan. 17, a week after checking into the hospital. According to French \u003ca href=\"http://www.ouest-france.fr/leditiondusoir/data/665/reader/reader.html?t=1453223878036#!preferred/1/package/665/pub/666/page/8\">newspapers\u003c/a>, he was Guillaume Molinet, an artist and father of four.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The five other volunteers who got the highest dose of the drug were then hospitalized. One was free of symptoms. But four had headaches, were fading in and out of consciousness and had short-term memory problems. Brain scans showed that they had identical, symmetrical brain injuries in two parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was the first one to try the drug in humans. Healthy volunteers were recruited to test preliminary doses for the drug and its safety in a so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Approvals/Drugs/ucm405622.htm\">phase 1 study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Independent Investigation Finds Missteps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation was totally unexpected, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.pharmacologie.u-bordeaux2.fr/en/presentation/biographies/Bernard-Begaud.htm\">Bernard Begaud\u003c/a>, a pharmacologist at the University of Bordeaux in France. \"The brain imaging was very strange, unlike anything we know in medicine,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He led the independent scientific investigation of what went wrong. Their \u003ca href=\"http://ansm.sante.fr/var/ansm_site/storage/original/application/744c7c6daf96b141bc9509e2f85c227e.pdf\">report\u003c/a>, released in April, outlined hypotheses on what happened and called for some changes in how clinical trials are conducted. The group concluded that the trial followed the rules and was perfectly legal but suffered from missteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the other 90 volunteers exposed to the drug at lower doses experienced any problems. \"It was like a threshold,\" said Begaud. There were no problems for people who had taken 20 milligrams of the drug for 10 days straight. But for those taking doses of 50 milligrams, the fifth day \"was a disaster, suddenly,\" he says. \"It's absolutely catastrophic, for medical research and of course for the volunteers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a presentation to outside investigators, Biotrial called the reaction an \"explosive and delayed toxicity not simply related to exposure levels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were mistakes that came from ignoring common sense, Begaud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the people running the trial gave extremely high doses of the drug — about 40 times the amount that they expected was needed to quell pain. Their goal in the study was to completely block a certain enzyme. They'd increased the dose given to different subject groups in an odd pattern, too. Second, they ignored the fact that one participant was hospitalized and proceeded to give another high dose to five more people. Third, Begaud said, the trial was a \"fishing expedition.\" The drug hadn't shown much promise for treating pain, but the company decided to test it in humans anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biotrial conducted the study in Rennes, France, for a Portuguese firm called Bial, developer of the experimental medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drugmaker defended its approach. \"The dosage estimation over the trial was fully in accordance with the Protocol approved by the French authorities,\" Bial representative Susana Vasconcelos told Shots in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a Bial press release, the experimental drug, BIA 10-2474, was primarily \u003ca href=\"https://www.bial.com/en/pressroom.138/news.140/phase_i_clinical_trial_rennes.a558.html\">meant\u003c/a> to act \"in the area of pain,\" specifically to treat nerve pain, but also potentially chronic pain, anxiety and the tremors related to Parkinson's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Search For New Way To Relieve Pain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug appears to work on the endocannabinoid system in the brain. That's a collection of receptors in the brain and nervous system involved in pain and stress response (and also in getting high from smoking weed).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in this case, the compound likely also acted on parts of the brain that didn't have anything to do with endocannabinoid system, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.anatomy.uci.edu/piomelli.html\">Daniele Piomelli\u003c/a>, a pharmacologist at the University of California, Irvine. (He wasn't on the scientific committee that investigated the trial).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Piomelli's research group in California was involved \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v394/n6690/full/394277a0.html\">early on\u003c/a> in identifying this family of drugs, which has since gotten a lot of attention in the pharmaceutical world. He said the compounds were particularly attractive because they had the potential to do the beneficial things that smoking weed can do, like reduce anxiety and relieve pain, without serious side effects, such as memory loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the compound prevents an enzyme called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146581/\">fatty acid amide hydrolase\u003c/a>, or FAAH, from breaking down a molecule in the brain that's involved in the body's response to pain and anxiety. \"The January tragedy was a surprise and a shock to everybody,\" said Piomelli. \"All the other FAAH inhibitors that had been tested in the past had been shown to be totally safe.\" He says even mild side effects were rare. \"What happened in Rennes didn't match with anything we knew.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientific committee investigating the trial hypothesizes that the bad effects likely resulted from the repeated high doses. They say the drug may have accumulated in the volunteers' bodies enough to trigger an unexpected side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drug companies had ditched similar molecules \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/pain/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2012&issue=09000&article=00013&type=abstract\">because\u003c/a> they weren't very effective. And BIA 10-2474 hadn't shown much promise for pain relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I still don't understand why they would bother,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/life-sciences/people/steve.alexander\">Steve Alexander\u003c/a>, a molecular pharmacologist at the University of Nottingham Medical School. \"Most drug companies ... would move on and go and look for something with a higher potency and a better selectivity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As it is usual, at this early stage of evaluation in healthy volunteers no specific therapeutic target had been selected,\" an email from Bial's Vasconcelos said. \"However, as described in the clinical trial protocol, it aimed to evaluate the potential effects of the compound on the endocannabinoid system, namely in pain sensitivity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, the email said, \"preclinical tests on animals performed with higher doses to the ones administered on the phase 1 clinical trial, did not show any evidence that could have prevented conducting the trial in man.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Begaud and his colleagues recommend that clinical tests of a drug shouldn't be started until there is a clear understanding of the benefits the work might give. \"We feel that we have to change this paradigm — to first prove the potential and after we go to toxicology and if it's safe we jump to humans,\" Begaud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the four surviving volunteers who were hospitalized, two continue to have memory problems and other issues from their brain injuries, like vertigo and seeing double, he says. Many of the 90 volunteers exposed to the drug at lower doses are being monitored with brain imaging and neurological exams, and none have shown any problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alexander says there may have been a hint from animal studies about potential problems. Two mice and a rat that died in toxicology studies showed brain damage, especially to the hippocampus, much like that of the affected volunteers. Such injuries happen a lot in drug studies on animals but not, Alexander said, with FAAH inhibitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that what they observed was an inflammatory response in the brain, which is entirely contrary to what one would expect from an FAAH inhibitor — that to me would have been, not a red light, but an amber light,\" said Alexander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephane Schubhan, one of the men who was hospitalized and continues to have symptoms, \u003ca href=\"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/survivor-of-lethal-french-drug-trial-speaks-out-1.2554593\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Irish Times\u003c/em> that he hadn't heard about the animals dying in pre-clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Studies Put On Hold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Properly informing volunteers about their risks is a challenge across the world, said \u003ca href=\"http://law.wustl.edu/faculty/pages.aspx?id=226\">Rebecca Dresser\u003c/a>, a medical ethicist with Washington University in St. Louis. The first time a drug is tried in humans is the most dangerous period in drug development, but she says subjects often don't understand the risks of participating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That requires conversation, back and forth. It's like teaching, not just reciting a bunch of information to people,\" said Dresser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their trials were not badly designed,\" says Piomelli, aside from the unusual dosing. \"But at the end of day it's not just following the rules. You need to have common sense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you have a patient in the hospital hospitalized with what looks like a stroke and you go ahead and do another set of administrations, quite frankly, I find this criminal, because this is an act of total lack of conscience,\" says Piomelli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the consequences from the failed trial could be huge for his field of research and for phase 1 trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the news from France, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a unit of Johnson & Johnson, \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidkroll/2016/01/20/janssen-voluntarily-suspends-faah-inhibitor-phase-2-trials-in-wake-of-bial-tragedy/#7cc530a568bb\">halted\u003c/a> research on similar compounds. And three Yale University trials using FAAH inhibitors were \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=faah+inhibitor+yale&Search=Search\">suspended\u003c/a> until further notice. The Food and Drug Administration said it couldn't comment on clinical holds unless they're first disclosed by the company or institution sponsoring the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only silver lining, if there is one in this story, is that possibly in the future guidelines will be put in place to prevent this from happening again,\" said Pomelli. But, he said, it's a meager silver lining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Botched+French+Drug+Trial+Followed+Rules+But+Lacked+%27Common+Sense%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>On Jan. 10, a healthy 49-year-old man came down with headaches and blurry vision. He was participating in the test of an experimental drug that might help dull nerve pain, and it was the fifth day in a row that he'd taken the medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The symptoms were serious enough to land the man in the hospital. Despite the fact that he was experiencing stroke-like symptoms, five other healthy volunteers received a sixth dose of the experimental medicine at the highest dose used in the study the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two hours later, the hospital called Biotrial, the company running the study, to say that an MRI scan showed the hospitalized man had had a massive stroke in the brain stem. Later that day, he was declared brain dead. He died Jan. 17, a week after checking into the hospital. According to French \u003ca href=\"http://www.ouest-france.fr/leditiondusoir/data/665/reader/reader.html?t=1453223878036#!preferred/1/package/665/pub/666/page/8\">newspapers\u003c/a>, he was Guillaume Molinet, an artist and father of four.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The five other volunteers who got the highest dose of the drug were then hospitalized. One was free of symptoms. But four had headaches, were fading in and out of consciousness and had short-term memory problems. Brain scans showed that they had identical, symmetrical brain injuries in two parts of the brain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study was the first one to try the drug in humans. Healthy volunteers were recruited to test preliminary doses for the drug and its safety in a so-called \u003ca href=\"http://www.fda.gov/ForPatients/Approvals/Drugs/ucm405622.htm\">phase 1 study\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Independent Investigation Finds Missteps\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The situation was totally unexpected, said \u003ca href=\"http://www.pharmacologie.u-bordeaux2.fr/en/presentation/biographies/Bernard-Begaud.htm\">Bernard Begaud\u003c/a>, a pharmacologist at the University of Bordeaux in France. \"The brain imaging was very strange, unlike anything we know in medicine,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He led the independent scientific investigation of what went wrong. Their \u003ca href=\"http://ansm.sante.fr/var/ansm_site/storage/original/application/744c7c6daf96b141bc9509e2f85c227e.pdf\">report\u003c/a>, released in April, outlined hypotheses on what happened and called for some changes in how clinical trials are conducted. The group concluded that the trial followed the rules and was perfectly legal but suffered from missteps.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of the other 90 volunteers exposed to the drug at lower doses experienced any problems. \"It was like a threshold,\" said Begaud. There were no problems for people who had taken 20 milligrams of the drug for 10 days straight. But for those taking doses of 50 milligrams, the fifth day \"was a disaster, suddenly,\" he says. \"It's absolutely catastrophic, for medical research and of course for the volunteers.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a presentation to outside investigators, Biotrial called the reaction an \"explosive and delayed toxicity not simply related to exposure levels.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There were mistakes that came from ignoring common sense, Begaud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, the people running the trial gave extremely high doses of the drug — about 40 times the amount that they expected was needed to quell pain. Their goal in the study was to completely block a certain enzyme. They'd increased the dose given to different subject groups in an odd pattern, too. Second, they ignored the fact that one participant was hospitalized and proceeded to give another high dose to five more people. Third, Begaud said, the trial was a \"fishing expedition.\" The drug hadn't shown much promise for treating pain, but the company decided to test it in humans anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biotrial conducted the study in Rennes, France, for a Portuguese firm called Bial, developer of the experimental medicine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drugmaker defended its approach. \"The dosage estimation over the trial was fully in accordance with the Protocol approved by the French authorities,\" Bial representative Susana Vasconcelos told Shots in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to a Bial press release, the experimental drug, BIA 10-2474, was primarily \u003ca href=\"https://www.bial.com/en/pressroom.138/news.140/phase_i_clinical_trial_rennes.a558.html\">meant\u003c/a> to act \"in the area of pain,\" specifically to treat nerve pain, but also potentially chronic pain, anxiety and the tremors related to Parkinson's disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Search For New Way To Relieve Pain\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The drug appears to work on the endocannabinoid system in the brain. That's a collection of receptors in the brain and nervous system involved in pain and stress response (and also in getting high from smoking weed).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in this case, the compound likely also acted on parts of the brain that didn't have anything to do with endocannabinoid system, according to \u003ca href=\"http://www.anatomy.uci.edu/piomelli.html\">Daniele Piomelli\u003c/a>, a pharmacologist at the University of California, Irvine. (He wasn't on the scientific committee that investigated the trial).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Piomelli's research group in California was involved \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v394/n6690/full/394277a0.html\">early on\u003c/a> in identifying this family of drugs, which has since gotten a lot of attention in the pharmaceutical world. He said the compounds were particularly attractive because they had the potential to do the beneficial things that smoking weed can do, like reduce anxiety and relieve pain, without serious side effects, such as memory loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Specifically, the compound prevents an enzyme called \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3146581/\">fatty acid amide hydrolase\u003c/a>, or FAAH, from breaking down a molecule in the brain that's involved in the body's response to pain and anxiety. \"The January tragedy was a surprise and a shock to everybody,\" said Piomelli. \"All the other FAAH inhibitors that had been tested in the past had been shown to be totally safe.\" He says even mild side effects were rare. \"What happened in Rennes didn't match with anything we knew.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientific committee investigating the trial hypothesizes that the bad effects likely resulted from the repeated high doses. They say the drug may have accumulated in the volunteers' bodies enough to trigger an unexpected side effect.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other drug companies had ditched similar molecules \u003ca href=\"http://journals.lww.com/pain/pages/articleviewer.aspx?year=2012&issue=09000&article=00013&type=abstract\">because\u003c/a> they weren't very effective. And BIA 10-2474 hadn't shown much promise for pain relief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I still don't understand why they would bother,\" said \u003ca href=\"https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/life-sciences/people/steve.alexander\">Steve Alexander\u003c/a>, a molecular pharmacologist at the University of Nottingham Medical School. \"Most drug companies ... would move on and go and look for something with a higher potency and a better selectivity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"As it is usual, at this early stage of evaluation in healthy volunteers no specific therapeutic target had been selected,\" an email from Bial's Vasconcelos said. \"However, as described in the clinical trial protocol, it aimed to evaluate the potential effects of the compound on the endocannabinoid system, namely in pain sensitivity.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Furthermore, the email said, \"preclinical tests on animals performed with higher doses to the ones administered on the phase 1 clinical trial, did not show any evidence that could have prevented conducting the trial in man.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Begaud and his colleagues recommend that clinical tests of a drug shouldn't be started until there is a clear understanding of the benefits the work might give. \"We feel that we have to change this paradigm — to first prove the potential and after we go to toxicology and if it's safe we jump to humans,\" Begaud said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of the four surviving volunteers who were hospitalized, two continue to have memory problems and other issues from their brain injuries, like vertigo and seeing double, he says. Many of the 90 volunteers exposed to the drug at lower doses are being monitored with brain imaging and neurological exams, and none have shown any problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alexander says there may have been a hint from animal studies about potential problems. Two mice and a rat that died in toxicology studies showed brain damage, especially to the hippocampus, much like that of the affected volunteers. Such injuries happen a lot in drug studies on animals but not, Alexander said, with FAAH inhibitors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The fact that what they observed was an inflammatory response in the brain, which is entirely contrary to what one would expect from an FAAH inhibitor — that to me would have been, not a red light, but an amber light,\" said Alexander.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stephane Schubhan, one of the men who was hospitalized and continues to have symptoms, \u003ca href=\"http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/survivor-of-lethal-french-drug-trial-speaks-out-1.2554593\">told\u003c/a> \u003cem>The Irish Times\u003c/em> that he hadn't heard about the animals dying in pre-clinical trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Other Studies Put On Hold\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Properly informing volunteers about their risks is a challenge across the world, said \u003ca href=\"http://law.wustl.edu/faculty/pages.aspx?id=226\">Rebecca Dresser\u003c/a>, a medical ethicist with Washington University in St. Louis. The first time a drug is tried in humans is the most dangerous period in drug development, but she says subjects often don't understand the risks of participating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That requires conversation, back and forth. It's like teaching, not just reciting a bunch of information to people,\" said Dresser.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Their trials were not badly designed,\" says Piomelli, aside from the unusual dosing. \"But at the end of day it's not just following the rules. You need to have common sense.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you have a patient in the hospital hospitalized with what looks like a stroke and you go ahead and do another set of administrations, quite frankly, I find this criminal, because this is an act of total lack of conscience,\" says Piomelli.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the consequences from the failed trial could be huge for his field of research and for phase 1 trials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After the news from France, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, a unit of Johnson & Johnson, \u003ca href=\"http://www.forbes.com/sites/davidkroll/2016/01/20/janssen-voluntarily-suspends-faah-inhibitor-phase-2-trials-in-wake-of-bial-tragedy/#7cc530a568bb\">halted\u003c/a> research on similar compounds. And three Yale University trials using FAAH inhibitors were \u003ca href=\"https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=faah+inhibitor+yale&Search=Search\">suspended\u003c/a> until further notice. The Food and Drug Administration said it couldn't comment on clinical holds unless they're first disclosed by the company or institution sponsoring the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The only silver lining, if there is one in this story, is that possibly in the future guidelines will be put in place to prevent this from happening again,\" said Pomelli. But, he said, it's a meager silver lining.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2016 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"http://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Botched+French+Drug+Trial+Followed+Rules+But+Lacked+%27Common+Sense%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 18
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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"morning-edition": {
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"order": 11
},
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"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
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"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
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},
"perspectives": {
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"order": 14
},
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"planet-money": {
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"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5Nzk2MzI2MTEx",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.possible.fm/",
"meta": {
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"source": "Possible"
},
"link": "/radio/program/possible",
"subscribe": {
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"
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},
"pri-the-world": {
"id": "pri-the-world",
"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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