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"caption": "In 1962, a local leader in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea asks Fore men to stop the sorcery that he believes is killing off women and children.",
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"disqusTitle": "When People Ate People, A Strange Disease Emerged",
"title": "When People Ate People, A Strange Disease Emerged",
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"content": "\u003cp>Most of the world didn't know anyone lived in the highlands of Papua New Guinea until the 1930s, when Australian gold prospectors surveying the area realized there were about a million people there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers made their way to those villages in the 1950s, they found something disturbing. Among a tribe of about 11,000 people called the Fore, up to 200 people a year had been dying of an inexplicable illness. They called the disease \u003cem>kuru\u003c/em>, which means \"shivering\" or \"trembling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once symptoms set in, it was a swift demise. First, they'd have trouble walking, a sign that they were about to lose control over their limbs. They'd also lose control over their emotions, which is why people \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-4490-5\">called it\u003c/a> the \"laughing death.\" Within a year, they couldn't get up off the floor, feed themselves or control their bodily functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many locals were convinced it was the result of sorcery. The disease primarily hit adult women and children younger than 8 years old. In some villages, there were almost no young women left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were obsessed with trying to save themselves because they knew demographically that they were on the brink of extinction,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Doctoral-Programs/Anthropology/Faculty/Emeritus-Faculty/Shirley-Lindenbaum\">Shirley Lindenbaum\u003c/a>, a medical anthropologist with the City University of New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what was causing it? That answer eluded researchers for years. After \u003ca href=\"http://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(59)90251-7/abstract\">ruling out\u003c/a> an exhaustive list of contaminants, they thought it must be genetic. So in 1961, Lindenbaum traveled from village to village mapping family trees so researchers could settle the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lindenbaum, who continues to \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gkceCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=fore+papua+new+guinea&ots=upOaKZ2zUM&sig=3VILv5c4ww43SXx40CdNaRTQK28#v=onepage&q=fore%20papua%20new%20guinea&f=false\">write about\u003c/a> the epidemic, knew it couldn't be genetic, because it affected women and children in the same social groups, but not in the same genetic groups. She also knew that it had started in villages in the north around the turn of the century, and then moved south over the decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindenbaum had a hunch about what was going on, and she turned out to be right. It had to do with funerals. Specifically, it had to do with eating dead bodies at funerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many villages, when a person died, they would be cooked and consumed. It was an act of love and grief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one medical researcher\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581657/\"> described\u003c/a>, \"If the body was buried it was eaten by worms; if it was placed on a platform it was eaten by maggots; the Fore believed it was much better that the body was eaten by people who loved the deceased than by worms and insects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women removed the brain, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581657/#bib2\">mixed\u003c/a> it with ferns, and cooked it in tubes of bamboo. They fire-roasted and ate everything except the gall bladder. It was primarily adult women who did so, says Lindenbaum, because their bodies were thought to be capable of housing and taming the dangerous spirit that would accompany a dead body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, the women took on the role of consuming the dead body and giving it a safe place inside their own body — taming it, for a period of time, during this dangerous period of mortuary ceremonies,\" says Lindenbaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But women would occasionally pass pieces of the feast to children. \"Snacks,\" says Lindenbaum. \"They ate what their mothers gave them,\" she says, until the boys hit a certain age and went off to live with the men. \"Then, they were told not to touch that stuff.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, after urging from researchers like Lindenbaum, biologists came around to the idea that the strange disease stemmed from eating dead people. The case was closed after a group at the U.S. National Institutes of Health injected infected human brain into chimpanzees, and watched symptoms of kuru develop in the animals months later. The group, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/gajdusek-lecture.html\">won a\u003c/a> Nobel Prize for the findings, dubbed it a \"slow virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't a virus — or a bacterium, fungus, or parasite. It was an entirely new infectious agent, one that had no genetic material, could survive being boiled, and wasn't even alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/\">another group\u003c/a> would find years later, it was just a twisted protein, capable of performing the microscopic equivalent of a Jedi mind trick, compelling normal proteins on the surface of nerve cells in the brain to contort just like them. The so-called \"prions,\" or \"proteinaceous infectious particles,\" would eventually misfold enough proteins to kill pockets of nerve cells in the brain, leaving the cerebellum riddled with holes, like a sponge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process was so odd that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/medanim/animation.html\">some compared\u003c/a> it to Dr. Jekyll's transformation to Mr. Hyde: \"the same entity but in two manifestations — a 'kind', innocuous one and a 'vicious', lethal one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epidemic likely started when one person in a Fore village developed sporadic \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/index.html\">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease\u003c/a>, a degenerative neurological disorder similar to kuru. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0008521\">about \u003c/a>one in a million people in the U.S. develop CJD\u003cstrong> --\u003c/strong> the difference is that others rarely come into contact with infected human tissue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the Fore stopped the practice of mortuary feasts more than 50 years ago, cases of kuru continued to surface over the years, because the prions could take decades to show their effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://oasisapps.curtin.edu.au/staff/profile/view/M.Alpers\">Michael Alpers\u003c/a>, a medical researcher at Curtin University in Australia who \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1510/3725\">tracked kuru\u003c/a> cases for decades, the last person with kuru died in 2009. His team continued surveillance until 2012, when the epidemic was officially declared over. \"I have followed up a few rumoured cases since then but they were not kuru,\" he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_111901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3262px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334.jpg\" alt='When Lindenbaum visited a South Fore village in 2008, one man said excitedly, \"See how many children we have now?\"' width=\"3262\" height=\"2446\" class=\"size-full wp-image-111901\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334.jpg 3262w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3262px) 100vw, 3262px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Lindenbaum visited a South Fore village in 2008, one man said excitedly, \"See how many children we have now?\" \u003ccite>(Courtesy Shirley Lindenbaum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But while they remain rare, transmissible prion diseases did not die out with the last kuru case, as people have found repeatedly in recent decades. After eating infected beef, people have developed variant CJD, which results from eating the meat of cattle infected with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/151357243/mad-cow-disease\">mad cow disease\u003c/a>. Dr. Ermias Belay, a prion disease \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/editors#belay\">researcher\u003c/a> with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says that's the only scenario in which there is \"definitive evidence\" that humans can develop a prion disease after eating the infected meat of another species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he says, there are still a lot of open questions about how and why humans get prion diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, it's still a mystery why animals, including humans, have those proteins in the first place — the Jekylls that can be so easily turned into Hydes. One leading hypothesis, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v536/n7617/full/nature19312.html\">described\u003c/a> recently in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>, is that they play an important role in the protective coating around nerves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's the bigger question, says Belay: \"How many of these diseases actually jump species and affect humans?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuru showed that people could get a prion disease from eating infected people. Mad cow disease showed that people can get a prion disease from eating infected cow. But what about other prion diseases in other animals? Could, say, hunters get sick from eating infected deer? That's what researchers in North America, including Belay, are trying to find out right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/index.html\">Chronic wasting disease\u003c/a> in North America is spreading fast,\" says Belay. The disease causes infected wild deer and elk to starve to death. \"In early 2000, we had about three states that reported CWD in the wild in deer and elk. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/occurrence.html\">Today\u003c/a>, that number is 21.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belay says the disease is \"a little bit concerning\" because, unlike mad cow disease and kuru, where infectious prions were concentrated in the brain and nervous system tissue, in an animal with chronic wasting disease, the misfolded prions show up all over the body. They can even be found in saliva, feces and urine, which could explain how the disease is spreading so quickly among wild deer and elk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC is working with public health authorities in Wyoming and Colorado to monitor hunters for signs of prion disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, because these diseases have long incubation periods, it's not easy to monitor transmission,\" says Belay. He says he and his colleagues have yet to find any evidence that hunters have picked up chronic wasting disease from the meat of infected wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And that, in itself, is good news for us,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as with kuru, it will take years — maybe even decades — before he can know for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003cem>Copyright 2016 \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/\" target=\"_blank\">NPR\u003c/a>.\u003c/em> \u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "For decades a rare disease crawled across Papua New Guinea. When scientists realized what was behind kuru, it caught everyone by surprise. But similar diseases can still be transmitted through food.",
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"description": "For decades a rare disease crawled across Papua New Guinea. When scientists realized what was behind kuru, it caught everyone by surprise. But similar diseases can still be transmitted through food.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Most of the world didn't know anyone lived in the highlands of Papua New Guinea until the 1930s, when Australian gold prospectors surveying the area realized there were about a million people there.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers made their way to those villages in the 1950s, they found something disturbing. Among a tribe of about 11,000 people called the Fore, up to 200 people a year had been dying of an inexplicable illness. They called the disease \u003cem>kuru\u003c/em>, which means \"shivering\" or \"trembling.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once symptoms set in, it was a swift demise. First, they'd have trouble walking, a sign that they were about to lose control over their limbs. They'd also lose control over their emotions, which is why people \u003ca href=\"http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-4490-5\">called it\u003c/a> the \"laughing death.\" Within a year, they couldn't get up off the floor, feed themselves or control their bodily functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many locals were convinced it was the result of sorcery. The disease primarily hit adult women and children younger than 8 years old. In some villages, there were almost no young women left.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They were obsessed with trying to save themselves because they knew demographically that they were on the brink of extinction,\" says \u003ca href=\"http://www.gc.cuny.edu/Page-Elements/Academics-Research-Centers-Initiatives/Doctoral-Programs/Anthropology/Faculty/Emeritus-Faculty/Shirley-Lindenbaum\">Shirley Lindenbaum\u003c/a>, a medical anthropologist with the City University of New York.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But what was causing it? That answer eluded researchers for years. After \u003ca href=\"http://www.amjmed.com/article/0002-9343(59)90251-7/abstract\">ruling out\u003c/a> an exhaustive list of contaminants, they thought it must be genetic. So in 1961, Lindenbaum traveled from village to village mapping family trees so researchers could settle the issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Lindenbaum, who continues to \u003ca href=\"https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=gkceCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=fore+papua+new+guinea&ots=upOaKZ2zUM&sig=3VILv5c4ww43SXx40CdNaRTQK28#v=onepage&q=fore%20papua%20new%20guinea&f=false\">write about\u003c/a> the epidemic, knew it couldn't be genetic, because it affected women and children in the same social groups, but not in the same genetic groups. She also knew that it had started in villages in the north around the turn of the century, and then moved south over the decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lindenbaum had a hunch about what was going on, and she turned out to be right. It had to do with funerals. Specifically, it had to do with eating dead bodies at funerals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In many villages, when a person died, they would be cooked and consumed. It was an act of love and grief.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one medical researcher\u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581657/\"> described\u003c/a>, \"If the body was buried it was eaten by worms; if it was placed on a platform it was eaten by maggots; the Fore believed it was much better that the body was eaten by people who loved the deceased than by worms and insects.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Women removed the brain, \u003ca href=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2581657/#bib2\">mixed\u003c/a> it with ferns, and cooked it in tubes of bamboo. They fire-roasted and ate everything except the gall bladder. It was primarily adult women who did so, says Lindenbaum, because their bodies were thought to be capable of housing and taming the dangerous spirit that would accompany a dead body.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So, the women took on the role of consuming the dead body and giving it a safe place inside their own body — taming it, for a period of time, during this dangerous period of mortuary ceremonies,\" says Lindenbaum.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But women would occasionally pass pieces of the feast to children. \"Snacks,\" says Lindenbaum. \"They ate what their mothers gave them,\" she says, until the boys hit a certain age and went off to live with the men. \"Then, they were told not to touch that stuff.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, after urging from researchers like Lindenbaum, biologists came around to the idea that the strange disease stemmed from eating dead people. The case was closed after a group at the U.S. National Institutes of Health injected infected human brain into chimpanzees, and watched symptoms of kuru develop in the animals months later. The group, which \u003ca href=\"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1976/gajdusek-lecture.html\">won a\u003c/a> Nobel Prize for the findings, dubbed it a \"slow virus.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it wasn't a virus — or a bacterium, fungus, or parasite. It was an entirely new infectious agent, one that had no genetic material, could survive being boiled, and wasn't even alive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As \u003ca href=\"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/\">another group\u003c/a> would find years later, it was just a twisted protein, capable of performing the microscopic equivalent of a Jedi mind trick, compelling normal proteins on the surface of nerve cells in the brain to contort just like them. The so-called \"prions,\" or \"proteinaceous infectious particles,\" would eventually misfold enough proteins to kill pockets of nerve cells in the brain, leaving the cerebellum riddled with holes, like a sponge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The process was so odd that \u003ca href=\"http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1997/medanim/animation.html\">some compared\u003c/a> it to Dr. Jekyll's transformation to Mr. Hyde: \"the same entity but in two manifestations — a 'kind', innocuous one and a 'vicious', lethal one.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The epidemic likely started when one person in a Fore village developed sporadic \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/index.html\">Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease\u003c/a>, a degenerative neurological disorder similar to kuru. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0008521\">about \u003c/a>one in a million people in the U.S. develop CJD\u003cstrong> --\u003c/strong> the difference is that others rarely come into contact with infected human tissue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though the Fore stopped the practice of mortuary feasts more than 50 years ago, cases of kuru continued to surface over the years, because the prions could take decades to show their effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to \u003ca href=\"http://oasisapps.curtin.edu.au/staff/profile/view/M.Alpers\">Michael Alpers\u003c/a>, a medical researcher at Curtin University in Australia who \u003ca href=\"http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1510/3725\">tracked kuru\u003c/a> cases for decades, the last person with kuru died in 2009. His team continued surveillance until 2012, when the epidemic was officially declared over. \"I have followed up a few rumoured cases since then but they were not kuru,\" he wrote in an email.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_111901\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 3262px\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334.jpg\" alt='When Lindenbaum visited a South Fore village in 2008, one man said excitedly, \"See how many children we have now?\"' width=\"3262\" height=\"2446\" class=\"size-full wp-image-111901\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334.jpg 3262w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-768x576.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-1440x1080.jpg 1440w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2016/09/lindenbaum-photo-2008-67861d3e148b49f8c1fe71ef74c52d7a18f2f334-960x720.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 3262px) 100vw, 3262px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">When Lindenbaum visited a South Fore village in 2008, one man said excitedly, \"See how many children we have now?\" \u003ccite>(Courtesy Shirley Lindenbaum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But while they remain rare, transmissible prion diseases did not die out with the last kuru case, as people have found repeatedly in recent decades. After eating infected beef, people have developed variant CJD, which results from eating the meat of cattle infected with \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/tags/151357243/mad-cow-disease\">mad cow disease\u003c/a>. Dr. Ermias Belay, a prion disease \u003ca href=\"http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/editors#belay\">researcher\u003c/a> with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, says that's the only scenario in which there is \"definitive evidence\" that humans can develop a prion disease after eating the infected meat of another species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, he says, there are still a lot of open questions about how and why humans get prion diseases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For one, it's still a mystery why animals, including humans, have those proteins in the first place — the Jekylls that can be so easily turned into Hydes. One leading hypothesis, \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v536/n7617/full/nature19312.html\">described\u003c/a> recently in the journal \u003cem>Nature\u003c/em>, is that they play an important role in the protective coating around nerves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But here's the bigger question, says Belay: \"How many of these diseases actually jump species and affect humans?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kuru showed that people could get a prion disease from eating infected people. Mad cow disease showed that people can get a prion disease from eating infected cow. But what about other prion diseases in other animals? Could, say, hunters get sick from eating infected deer? That's what researchers in North America, including Belay, are trying to find out right now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"\u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/index.html\">Chronic wasting disease\u003c/a> in North America is spreading fast,\" says Belay. The disease causes infected wild deer and elk to starve to death. \"In early 2000, we had about three states that reported CWD in the wild in deer and elk. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov/prions/cwd/occurrence.html\">Today\u003c/a>, that number is 21.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Belay says the disease is \"a little bit concerning\" because, unlike mad cow disease and kuru, where infectious prions were concentrated in the brain and nervous system tissue, in an animal with chronic wasting disease, the misfolded prions show up all over the body. They can even be found in saliva, feces and urine, which could explain how the disease is spreading so quickly among wild deer and elk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The CDC is working with public health authorities in Wyoming and Colorado to monitor hunters for signs of prion disease.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, because these diseases have long incubation periods, it's not easy to monitor transmission,\" says Belay. He says he and his colleagues have yet to find any evidence that hunters have picked up chronic wasting disease from the meat of infected wild animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"And that, in itself, is good news for us,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, as with kuru, it will take years — maybe even decades — before he can know for sure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "American Suburb: The Podcast",
"tagline": "The flip side of gentrification, told through one town",
"info": "Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?",
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"order": 19
},
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328",
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"id": "baycurious",
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"tagline": "Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time",
"info": "KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.",
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"info": "The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/",
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"id": "code-switch-life-kit",
"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 10
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
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"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"title": "Here & Now",
"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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},
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"id": "inside-europe",
"title": "Inside Europe",
"info": "Inside Europe, a one-hour weekly news magazine hosted by Helen Seeney and Keith Walker, explores the topical issues shaping the continent. No other part of the globe has experienced such dynamic political and social change in recent years.",
"airtime": "SAT 3am-4am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Inside-Europe-Podcast-Tile-300x300-1.jpg",
"meta": {
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"source": "Deutsche Welle"
},
"link": "/radio/program/inside-europe",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/inside-europe/id80106806?mt=2",
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}
},
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"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"live-from-here-highlights": {
"id": "live-from-here-highlights",
"title": "Live from Here Highlights",
"info": "Chris Thile steps to the mic as the host of Live from Here (formerly A Prairie Home Companion), a live public radio variety show. Download Chris’s Song of the Week plus other highlights from the broadcast. Produced by American Public Media.",
"airtime": "SAT 6pm-8pm, SUN 11am-1pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Live-From-Here-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.livefromhere.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "american public media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/live-from-here-highlights",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1167173941",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Live-from-Here-Highlights-p921744/",
"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/a-prairie-home-companion-highlights/rss/rss"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 13
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
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"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
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"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
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"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"our-body-politic": {
"id": "our-body-politic",
"title": "Our Body Politic",
"info": "Presented by KQED, KCRW and KPCC, and created and hosted by award-winning journalist Farai Chideya, Our Body Politic is unapologetically centered on reporting on not just how women of color experience the major political events of today, but how they’re impacting those very issues.",
"airtime": "SAT 6pm-7pm, SUN 1am-2am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Our-Body-Politic-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://our-body-politic.simplecast.com/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kcrw"
},
"link": "/radio/program/our-body-politic",
"subscribe": {
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5zaW1wbGVjYXN0LmNvbS9feGFQaHMxcw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.simplecast.com/_xaPhs1s",
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},
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"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
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},
"perspectives": {
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