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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>UPDATE: 3:25 p.m., Nov. 26\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED has confirmed four cases in California related to the E. coli outbreak: in Marin, Ventura and Orange counties, and in a fourth unidentified small county in Northern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In two of cases, both patients—a Marin County resident in September and an Orange County resident in October—were not hospitalized and have since recovered. No details were confirmed about the other two cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Reporting by Peter Jon Shuler\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>__________________________________\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>\u003cstrong>This original article from the Associated Press was published Nov. 22:\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>U.S. health officials on Friday told people to avoid romaine lettuce grown in Salinas because of another food poisoning outbreak.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The warning comes almost exactly one year after a similar outbreak led to a blanket warning about tainted romaine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The officials urged people not to eat the leafy green if the label doesn’t say where it was grown. They also urged supermarkets and restaurants not to serve or sell the lettuce, unless they’re sure it’s grown elsewhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials say the warning applies to all types of romaine from the Salinas region, include whole heads, hearts of romaine and pre-cut salad mixes that have romaine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is investigating an E. coli outbreak that has sickened 40 people in more than a dozen states. The agency said its inquiry led investigators to farms in Salinas and that they were looking for the contamination source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Romaine has been tied to repeated food poisoning outbreaks, including \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/6dbebae486064291bccd840bca1ab996\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">the one right before Thanksgiving last year\u003c/a>. It’s not clear exactly why romaine keeps sickening people, but food safety experts note the \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/85ccda34a1604d47a72c48ea905ffae3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">difficulty of eliminating risk\u003c/a> for produce grown in open fields and eaten raw.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s very, very disturbing. Very frustrating all around,” said Trevor Suslow of the Produce Marketing Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "When Efforts To Eat 'Clean' Become An Unhealthy Obsession",
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"content": "\u003cp> [aside postID='bayareabites_134729,bayareabites_134201' label='More on Clean Eating']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's gluten-free, dairy-free, raw food, or all-organic, many people these days are committed to so-called \"clean eating\" — the idea that choosing only whole foods in their natural state and avoiding processed ones can improve health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not necessarily a bad thing to eat this way, but sometimes these kinds of food preferences can begin to take over people's lives, making them fear social events where they won't be able to find the \"right\" foods. When a healthful eating pattern goes too far, it may turn into an eating disorder that scientists are just beginning to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Everakes, 25, is a public relations account executive from Chicago. As a kid, he struggled with being overweight. In his teens and 20s, he tried to diet, and he gained and lost and regained about 100 pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he moved to Los Angeles after college, he took his diet to a new level. He started working out twice a day. At one point, he ate just 10 foods — \"Spinach, chicken, egg whites, red peppers — because green peppers make you bloated — spaghetti squash, asparagus, salmon, berries, unsweetened almond milk, almond butter,\" Everakes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went from 250 pounds at his heaviest, down to 140. He posted pictures of his six-pack abs and his\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\"clean\" diet online and was praised for it. He felt virtuous, but at the same time, he was starving, tired and lonely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My life literally was modeled to put myself away from destruction of my fitness,\" Everakes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He became afraid to eat certain foods. He worked at home to avoid office parties where he'd have to eat in front of others. He didn't go out or make friends because he didn't want to have to explain his diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out Everakes was struggling with something called orthorexia nervosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orthorexia is a fairly recent phenomenon. Dr. \u003ca href=\"http://www.orthorexia.com\">Steven Bratman\u003c/a>, an alternative medicine practitioner in the 1990s, first coined the term in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.orthorexia.com/original-orthorexia-essay/\">essay\u003c/a> in the nonscientific \u003cem>Yoga Journal\u003c/em> in 1997. Many of his patients eschewed traditional medicine and believed that the key to good health was simply eating the \"right\" foods. Some of them would ask him what foods they should cut out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/10/orthorexia-clean-eating-1_enl-ef6455f001273b6490ef00992dc0c71071b3977c-e1570463420973.jpg\" alt=\"Whether it's gluten or dairy, many people avoid certain types of foods. Sometimes food avoidance can turn into fear, obsession and even veer into an eating disorder that scientists are just beginning to study.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134968\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whether it's gluten or dairy, many people avoid certain types of foods. Sometimes food avoidance can turn into fear, obsession and even veer into an eating disorder that scientists are just beginning to study. \u003ccite>(Meredith Rizzo/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"People would think they should cut out all dairy and they should cut out all lentils, all wheat ... And it dawned on me gradually that many of these patients, their primary problem was that they were ... far too strict with themselves,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Bratman made up the name orthorexia,\u003cem> \u003c/em>borrowing\u003cem> ortho\u003c/em> from the Greek word meaning \"right\" and \u003cem>-orexia\u003c/em> meaning \"appetite.\" He added \u003cem>nervosa\u003c/em> as a reference to \u003cem>anorexia nervosa\u003c/em>, the well-known eating disorder which causes people to starve themselves to be thin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From then on, whenever a patient would ask me what food to cut out, I would say, 'We need to work on your orthorexia.' This would often make them laugh and let them loosen up, and sometimes it helped people move from extremism to moderation,\" he recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bratman had no idea that the concept of \"clean eating\"\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>would explode over the next two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where dieters once gobbled down no-sugar gelatin or fat-free shakes, now they might seek out organic kale and wild salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rise of celebrity diet gurus and glamorous food photos on social media reinforce the idea that eating only certain foods and avoiding others is a virtue — practically a religion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sondrakronberg.com\">Sondra Kronberg\u003c/a>, founder and executive director of the Eating Disorder Treatment Collaborative outside New York City, has seen a lot of diet trends over the past 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So orthorexia is a reflection on a larger scale of the cultural perspective on 'eating cleanly,' eating ... healthfully, avoiding toxins — including foods that might have some 'super power,' \" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Kronberg and other nutritionists applaud efforts to eat healthfully.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The problem comes, she says, when you are so focused on your diet that \"it begins to infringe on the quality of your life — your ability to be spontaneous and engage.\" That's when you should start to worry about an eating disorder, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the case of orthorexia, it centers around eating 'cleanly' and purely, where the other eating disorders center around size and weight and a drive for thinness,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes these problems overlap, and some people who only eat \"clean\" foods miss critical nutrients from the foods they cut out or don't consume enough calories. \"It could become a health hazard and ultimately, it can be fatal,\" Kronberg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134969\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/10/orthorexia-7_enl-be6a21f7656e19fa42295b2c277c1cfbc156e76e-e1570463492211.jpg\" alt=\"The rise of celebrity diet gurus posting food photos on social media has reinforced the idea that eating only certain foods is a virtue.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134969\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rise of celebrity diet gurus posting food photos on social media has reinforced the idea that eating only certain foods is a virtue. \u003ccite>(Meredith Rizzo/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While people with these symptoms are showing up in clinics like Kronberg's, scientists don't agree on what orthorexia is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/psychiatrists/se-specter-md-phd-beverly-hills-ca/119623\">S.E. Specter\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist and nutrition scientist based in Beverly Hills who specializes in eating disorders, notes that there are only 145 published scientific articles on orthorexia. \"For anorexia nervosa, there are 16,064 published studies and for eating disorders in general, there are 41,258. So [orthorexia] doesn't stack up in terms of the knowledge base so far,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328844651_Definition_and_diagnostic_criteria_for_orthorexia_nervosa_a_narrative_review_of_the_literature\">review\u003c/a> of orthorexia studies published in the journal \u003cem>Eating and Weight Disorders\u003c/em> finds no common definition, standard diagnostic criteria, or reliable ways to measure orthorexia's psychological impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orthorexia is not listed specifically in the DSM — the \u003cem>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders \u003c/em>— but that doesn't mean it's untreatable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just think orthorexia is maybe a little bit too hard to pin down, or it's looked at as a piece of the other related disorders — the eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and general anxiety disorder as well,\" Specter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To treat it, \"we have to look at the thought process and try to disentangle the beliefs that a person has. They become very entrenched,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a very kind of gradual process for ... many in terms of trying to back out of a need to always check to see that, you know, locks are locked or that a food is not going to be harmful to them — cause their skin to break out or increase their risk of cancer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Everakes has been in treatment for two years. While he's still significantly underweight, he says he's happier and learning to see his diet a little differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everakes eats more freely on the weekends now and tries to add a new food every few days. He's made some friends who don't restrict their eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Everakes, taking control of his orthorexia is \"knowing that your world isn't going to come crashing down if you have like, a piece of pizza.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's managed this by taking baby steps. Instead of going right for a slice of standard pizza, he started with cauliflower crust pizza. He ordered frozen yogurt before going for full-fat ice cream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eating disorders can \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/28/698863824/how-eating-disorders-can-affect-anyone\">strike anyone\u003c/a>. Roughly 1 in 3 people struggling with eating disorders is male, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/general-information/research-on-males\">National Eating Disorders Association\u003c/a>. And these disorders affect athletes at a higher rate than the rest of the population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think you have orthorexia or any eating disorder, it's important to seek professional help and friends who support you, Everakes says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/10/07/766847274/when-efforts-to-eat-clean-become-an-unhealthy-obsession\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whether it's gluten-free, dairy-free, raw food, or all-organic, many people these days are committed to so-called \"clean eating\" — the idea that choosing only whole foods in their natural state and avoiding processed ones can improve health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's not necessarily a bad thing to eat this way, but sometimes these kinds of food preferences can begin to take over people's lives, making them fear social events where they won't be able to find the \"right\" foods. When a healthful eating pattern goes too far, it may turn into an eating disorder that scientists are just beginning to study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Everakes, 25, is a public relations account executive from Chicago. As a kid, he struggled with being overweight. In his teens and 20s, he tried to diet, and he gained and lost and regained about 100 pounds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When he moved to Los Angeles after college, he took his diet to a new level. He started working out twice a day. At one point, he ate just 10 foods — \"Spinach, chicken, egg whites, red peppers — because green peppers make you bloated — spaghetti squash, asparagus, salmon, berries, unsweetened almond milk, almond butter,\" Everakes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He went from 250 pounds at his heaviest, down to 140. He posted pictures of his six-pack abs and his\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\"clean\" diet online and was praised for it. He felt virtuous, but at the same time, he was starving, tired and lonely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"My life literally was modeled to put myself away from destruction of my fitness,\" Everakes says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He became afraid to eat certain foods. He worked at home to avoid office parties where he'd have to eat in front of others. He didn't go out or make friends because he didn't want to have to explain his diet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turns out Everakes was struggling with something called orthorexia nervosa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orthorexia is a fairly recent phenomenon. Dr. \u003ca href=\"http://www.orthorexia.com\">Steven Bratman\u003c/a>, an alternative medicine practitioner in the 1990s, first coined the term in an \u003ca href=\"https://www.orthorexia.com/original-orthorexia-essay/\">essay\u003c/a> in the nonscientific \u003cem>Yoga Journal\u003c/em> in 1997. Many of his patients eschewed traditional medicine and believed that the key to good health was simply eating the \"right\" foods. Some of them would ask him what foods they should cut out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134968\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/10/orthorexia-clean-eating-1_enl-ef6455f001273b6490ef00992dc0c71071b3977c-e1570463420973.jpg\" alt=\"Whether it's gluten or dairy, many people avoid certain types of foods. Sometimes food avoidance can turn into fear, obsession and even veer into an eating disorder that scientists are just beginning to study.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134968\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Whether it's gluten or dairy, many people avoid certain types of foods. Sometimes food avoidance can turn into fear, obsession and even veer into an eating disorder that scientists are just beginning to study. \u003ccite>(Meredith Rizzo/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"People would think they should cut out all dairy and they should cut out all lentils, all wheat ... And it dawned on me gradually that many of these patients, their primary problem was that they were ... far too strict with themselves,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So Bratman made up the name orthorexia,\u003cem> \u003c/em>borrowing\u003cem> ortho\u003c/em> from the Greek word meaning \"right\" and \u003cem>-orexia\u003c/em> meaning \"appetite.\" He added \u003cem>nervosa\u003c/em> as a reference to \u003cem>anorexia nervosa\u003c/em>, the well-known eating disorder which causes people to starve themselves to be thin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"From then on, whenever a patient would ask me what food to cut out, I would say, 'We need to work on your orthorexia.' This would often make them laugh and let them loosen up, and sometimes it helped people move from extremism to moderation,\" he recalls.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bratman had no idea that the concept of \"clean eating\"\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>would explode over the next two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where dieters once gobbled down no-sugar gelatin or fat-free shakes, now they might seek out organic kale and wild salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The rise of celebrity diet gurus and glamorous food photos on social media reinforce the idea that eating only certain foods and avoiding others is a virtue — practically a religion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://sondrakronberg.com\">Sondra Kronberg\u003c/a>, founder and executive director of the Eating Disorder Treatment Collaborative outside New York City, has seen a lot of diet trends over the past 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So orthorexia is a reflection on a larger scale of the cultural perspective on 'eating cleanly,' eating ... healthfully, avoiding toxins — including foods that might have some 'super power,' \" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, Kronberg and other nutritionists applaud efforts to eat healthfully.\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>The problem comes, she says, when you are so focused on your diet that \"it begins to infringe on the quality of your life — your ability to be spontaneous and engage.\" That's when you should start to worry about an eating disorder, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the case of orthorexia, it centers around eating 'cleanly' and purely, where the other eating disorders center around size and weight and a drive for thinness,\" she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sometimes these problems overlap, and some people who only eat \"clean\" foods miss critical nutrients from the foods they cut out or don't consume enough calories. \"It could become a health hazard and ultimately, it can be fatal,\" Kronberg says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134969\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/10/orthorexia-7_enl-be6a21f7656e19fa42295b2c277c1cfbc156e76e-e1570463492211.jpg\" alt=\"The rise of celebrity diet gurus posting food photos on social media has reinforced the idea that eating only certain foods is a virtue.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1279\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134969\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The rise of celebrity diet gurus posting food photos on social media has reinforced the idea that eating only certain foods is a virtue. \u003ccite>(Meredith Rizzo/NPR)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>While people with these symptoms are showing up in clinics like Kronberg's, scientists don't agree on what orthorexia is.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/psychiatrists/se-specter-md-phd-beverly-hills-ca/119623\">S.E. Specter\u003c/a>, a psychiatrist and nutrition scientist based in Beverly Hills who specializes in eating disorders, notes that there are only 145 published scientific articles on orthorexia. \"For anorexia nervosa, there are 16,064 published studies and for eating disorders in general, there are 41,258. So [orthorexia] doesn't stack up in terms of the knowledge base so far,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A 2018 \u003ca href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328844651_Definition_and_diagnostic_criteria_for_orthorexia_nervosa_a_narrative_review_of_the_literature\">review\u003c/a> of orthorexia studies published in the journal \u003cem>Eating and Weight Disorders\u003c/em> finds no common definition, standard diagnostic criteria, or reliable ways to measure orthorexia's psychological impact.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Orthorexia is not listed specifically in the DSM — the \u003cem>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders \u003c/em>— but that doesn't mean it's untreatable.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I just think orthorexia is maybe a little bit too hard to pin down, or it's looked at as a piece of the other related disorders — the eating disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, and general anxiety disorder as well,\" Specter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To treat it, \"we have to look at the thought process and try to disentangle the beliefs that a person has. They become very entrenched,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a very kind of gradual process for ... many in terms of trying to back out of a need to always check to see that, you know, locks are locked or that a food is not going to be harmful to them — cause their skin to break out or increase their risk of cancer,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Alex Everakes has been in treatment for two years. While he's still significantly underweight, he says he's happier and learning to see his diet a little differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Everakes eats more freely on the weekends now and tries to add a new food every few days. He's made some friends who don't restrict their eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Everakes, taking control of his orthorexia is \"knowing that your world isn't going to come crashing down if you have like, a piece of pizza.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He's managed this by taking baby steps. Instead of going right for a slice of standard pizza, he started with cauliflower crust pizza. He ordered frozen yogurt before going for full-fat ice cream.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Eating disorders can \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/02/28/698863824/how-eating-disorders-can-affect-anyone\">strike anyone\u003c/a>. Roughly 1 in 3 people struggling with eating disorders is male, according to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/general-information/research-on-males\">National Eating Disorders Association\u003c/a>. And these disorders affect athletes at a higher rate than the rest of the population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you think you have orthorexia or any eating disorder, it's important to seek professional help and friends who support you, Everakes says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/10/07/766847274/when-efforts-to-eat-clean-become-an-unhealthy-obsession\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "No Need To Cut Back On Red Meat? Controversial New 'Guidelines' Lead To Outrage",
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"content": "\u003cp>[aside postID='bayareabites_133954' label='More on Processed Meats']\u003cbr>\nA new set of analyses published Monday in the \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em> challenges the widespread recommendations to cut back on red and processed meats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prominent medical journal has also published a \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2752328/unprocessed-red-meat-processed-meat-consumption-dietary-guideline-recommendations-from\">new recommendation\u003c/a> from a panel of scientists, many of whom are not nutrition experts: \"The panel suggests adults continue current processed meat consumption,\" according to the guideline paper. In other words: no need to cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scores of nutrition experts say this conclusion contradicts a large body of evidence, from decades of observational studies, that has found that people who consume less red and processed meats, over time, have lower rates of heart disease and death from certain cancers, including colorectal cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recommendations from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/nutrition-basics/aha-diet-and-lifestyle-recommendations\">American Heart Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170611033849/https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/world-health-organization-says-processed-meat-causes-cancer.html\">American Cancer Society\u003c/a>, as well as the U.S. Dietary Guidelines, all call for limiting red meats and processed meats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am outraged and bewildered,\" says nutrition scientist Christopher Gardner, a professor of medicine at Stanford University. \"This is perplexing, given the ... clear evidence for harm associated with high red meat intake,\" says Frank Hu, the chair of the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gardner and Hu are among a group of scientists who signed a letter to the journal's editor requesting the papers be held pending further review. Others include \u003ca href=\"https://nutrition.tufts.edu/profile/faculty/dariush-mozaffarian\">Dariush Mozaffarian\u003c/a>, the dean of the Friedman School of Nutrition at Tufts University, as well as Eric Rimm and Dr. Walter Willett, also of Harvard's T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrition scientists point to research, such as this study \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733454\">published in 2015\u003c/a>, that finds that people who have a pattern of eating that's lower in red and processed meats have a reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease and some cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a lot more agreement out there than people think,\" Gardner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the authors of the new papers published in Annals say they're not convinced by the studies that link red and processed meats to higher health risks. They conclude that the existing guidelines from leading health groups to limit red and processed meats are \"weak recommendations\" that are based on \"low-certainty evidence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what explains this divide?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a nutshell, the authors of the new analyses have used an alternative approach to evaluate the evidence. They've used a system known as \u003ca href=\"https://ktdrr.org/products/update/v1n5/dijkers_grade_ktupdatev1n5.pdf\">GRADE\u003c/a>, which is a process to rate the quality of scientific evidence. Using this approach, a kind of study known as a randomized controlled trial — or RCT, for short - is considered high quality evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrition scientist Frank Hu of Harvard says the problem with GRADE is that it was mainly developed for evaluating evidence from drug trials. \"It's really problematic and inappropriate to use GRADE to evaluate nutrition studies,\" Hu says. Most of nutrition science is built on another type of study, observational studies. These are conducted by tracking the eating habits of people over many years. But here's the rub: The GRADE system considers these observational studies to be low-quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our diets, however, are not like drugs. The impact of eating a meat-centric diet is tricky to measure. Unlike a pill — which can be measured against a placebo in a short-term trial — our diets are much more complicated. What we eat today may influence our health over decades. And, teasing out an independent effect is tougher, because our diets are varied and complex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a pill leads to an improvement over a placebo, scientists can conclude that the pill is efficacious. But if you try to use this same model with diet, you can't isolate the effects of say, just meat — or just processed meat — because we eat so many different things as part of our diets. So, therefore, critics say the drug evaluation model is not a good fit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does this leave us, the eaters who are trying to make good choices?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There may be a benefit [from] reducing your intake of red or processed meat, and people should know that,\" says Bradley Johnston, one of the authors of the new analyses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, \"there may not be a benefit at all,\" Johnston says. \"We're uncertain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston previously authored a study, also published in the \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>, that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/12/19/505867535/how-much-is-too-much-new-study-casts-doubts-on-sugar-guidelines\">challenged the quality of the evidence behind the recommendations to limit sugar\u003c/a>. That paper, published online in 2016, was funded by the International Life Sciences Institute, a nonprofit group funded by large food and beverage companies that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/health/ilsi-food-policy-india-brazil-china.html\">come under scrutiny\u003c/a> for its role in shaping food policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Johnston what kind of study it would take to provide compelling evidence that reducing red meat consumption can reduce health risks. \"It would take a lot of money ... and it should be based on randomized trials,\" Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is completely impractical, says Harvard's Rimm. \"Can you imagine the cost if you had to ... give patients red meat almost every day for a decade and then convince the other group ... not to eat meat for a decade?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editor of \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/pages/biography\">Dr. Christine Laine\u003c/a>, says she agrees it would be tough to carry out such a study. \"We're not going to be able to do a randomized controlled trial that is going to definitely answer this question,\" Laine told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she defended the decision to publish the new analyses and recommendation, as well as the use of the GRADE evaluation system. She says the papers show that the quality of the evidence behind the current recommendations to cut down on red and process meats is not as strong as people may have been led to believe. \"We should just be transparent,\" Laine says. \"I think we should be honest with the public that we don't really know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford's Gardner says his biggest concern is \"this will do a disservice to the public.\" He says that by offering up a new guideline, the new papers may confuse people. Harvard's Hu agrees. The publication \"gives an impression of a major scientific breakthrough, but this is clearly not the case.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu and his colleagues says there is a consensus already: \"To improve both human health and environmental sustainability, it is important to adopt dietary patterns that are high in healthy plant-based foods and relatively low in red and processed meats.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/09/30/765722916/no-need-to-cut-back-on-red-meat-controversial-new-guidelines-lead-to-outrage\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nA new set of analyses published Monday in the \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em> challenges the widespread recommendations to cut back on red and processed meats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The prominent medical journal has also published a \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2752328/unprocessed-red-meat-processed-meat-consumption-dietary-guideline-recommendations-from\">new recommendation\u003c/a> from a panel of scientists, many of whom are not nutrition experts: \"The panel suggests adults continue current processed meat consumption,\" according to the guideline paper. In other words: no need to cut back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scores of nutrition experts say this conclusion contradicts a large body of evidence, from decades of observational studies, that has found that people who consume less red and processed meats, over time, have lower rates of heart disease and death from certain cancers, including colorectal cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recommendations from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/healthy-eating/eat-smart/nutrition-basics/aha-diet-and-lifestyle-recommendations\">American Heart Association\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20170611033849/https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/world-health-organization-says-processed-meat-causes-cancer.html\">American Cancer Society\u003c/a>, as well as the U.S. Dietary Guidelines, all call for limiting red meats and processed meats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I am outraged and bewildered,\" says nutrition scientist Christopher Gardner, a professor of medicine at Stanford University. \"This is perplexing, given the ... clear evidence for harm associated with high red meat intake,\" says Frank Hu, the chair of the Department of Nutrition at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gardner and Hu are among a group of scientists who signed a letter to the journal's editor requesting the papers be held pending further review. Others include \u003ca href=\"https://nutrition.tufts.edu/profile/faculty/dariush-mozaffarian\">Dariush Mozaffarian\u003c/a>, the dean of the Friedman School of Nutrition at Tufts University, as well as Eric Rimm and Dr. Walter Willett, also of Harvard's T.H. Chan School of Public Health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrition scientists point to research, such as this study \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25733454\">published in 2015\u003c/a>, that finds that people who have a pattern of eating that's lower in red and processed meats have a reduced risk of death from cardiovascular disease and some cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's a lot more agreement out there than people think,\" Gardner says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the authors of the new papers published in Annals say they're not convinced by the studies that link red and processed meats to higher health risks. They conclude that the existing guidelines from leading health groups to limit red and processed meats are \"weak recommendations\" that are based on \"low-certainty evidence.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what explains this divide?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a nutshell, the authors of the new analyses have used an alternative approach to evaluate the evidence. They've used a system known as \u003ca href=\"https://ktdrr.org/products/update/v1n5/dijkers_grade_ktupdatev1n5.pdf\">GRADE\u003c/a>, which is a process to rate the quality of scientific evidence. Using this approach, a kind of study known as a randomized controlled trial — or RCT, for short - is considered high quality evidence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nutrition scientist Frank Hu of Harvard says the problem with GRADE is that it was mainly developed for evaluating evidence from drug trials. \"It's really problematic and inappropriate to use GRADE to evaluate nutrition studies,\" Hu says. Most of nutrition science is built on another type of study, observational studies. These are conducted by tracking the eating habits of people over many years. But here's the rub: The GRADE system considers these observational studies to be low-quality.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our diets, however, are not like drugs. The impact of eating a meat-centric diet is tricky to measure. Unlike a pill — which can be measured against a placebo in a short-term trial — our diets are much more complicated. What we eat today may influence our health over decades. And, teasing out an independent effect is tougher, because our diets are varied and complex.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If a pill leads to an improvement over a placebo, scientists can conclude that the pill is efficacious. But if you try to use this same model with diet, you can't isolate the effects of say, just meat — or just processed meat — because we eat so many different things as part of our diets. So, therefore, critics say the drug evaluation model is not a good fit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So where does this leave us, the eaters who are trying to make good choices?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There may be a benefit [from] reducing your intake of red or processed meat, and people should know that,\" says Bradley Johnston, one of the authors of the new analyses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the other hand, \"there may not be a benefit at all,\" Johnston says. \"We're uncertain.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Johnston previously authored a study, also published in the \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>, that \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/12/19/505867535/how-much-is-too-much-new-study-casts-doubts-on-sugar-guidelines\">challenged the quality of the evidence behind the recommendations to limit sugar\u003c/a>. That paper, published online in 2016, was funded by the International Life Sciences Institute, a nonprofit group funded by large food and beverage companies that has \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/health/ilsi-food-policy-india-brazil-china.html\">come under scrutiny\u003c/a> for its role in shaping food policy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Johnston what kind of study it would take to provide compelling evidence that reducing red meat consumption can reduce health risks. \"It would take a lot of money ... and it should be based on randomized trials,\" Johnston says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this is completely impractical, says Harvard's Rimm. \"Can you imagine the cost if you had to ... give patients red meat almost every day for a decade and then convince the other group ... not to eat meat for a decade?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The editor of \u003cem>Annals of Internal Medicine\u003c/em>, \u003ca href=\"https://annals.org/aim/pages/biography\">Dr. Christine Laine\u003c/a>, says she agrees it would be tough to carry out such a study. \"We're not going to be able to do a randomized controlled trial that is going to definitely answer this question,\" Laine told us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she defended the decision to publish the new analyses and recommendation, as well as the use of the GRADE evaluation system. She says the papers show that the quality of the evidence behind the current recommendations to cut down on red and process meats is not as strong as people may have been led to believe. \"We should just be transparent,\" Laine says. \"I think we should be honest with the public that we don't really know.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford's Gardner says his biggest concern is \"this will do a disservice to the public.\" He says that by offering up a new guideline, the new papers may confuse people. Harvard's Hu agrees. The publication \"gives an impression of a major scientific breakthrough, but this is clearly not the case.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu and his colleagues says there is a consensus already: \"To improve both human health and environmental sustainability, it is important to adopt dietary patterns that are high in healthy plant-based foods and relatively low in red and processed meats.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "Saving California's Kelp Forest May Depend On Eating Purple Sea Urchins",
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"content": "\u003cp>[aside postID='science_922896,science_1927312' label='More on Sea Urchins']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A favorite dish for purple sea urchins living off the coast of California is kelp. Problem is, those kelp forests are shrinking dramatically and that's hurting the marine ecosystem. So a group of scientists ran an experiment to see if these sea urchins can become a top menu item themselves. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just off the Monterey Peninsula, a boat sways in the ocean. Three divers get ready to jump in. They're students from \u003ca href=\"https://www.mlml.calstate.edu/\">Moss Landing Marine Laboratories\u003c/a>, a graduate school for marine scientists. The assignment, count purple sea urchins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Catch you on the flip side,\" says Shelby Penn. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their professor, Luke Gardner, waits on deck. He expects they'll find plenty of urchins. And that's not a good thing. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What they do is they just eat everything in sight,\" Gardner says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These spiny creatures are mowing down California's kelp forests. Kelp is a vital part of the ecosystem. It provides food and shelter for numerous animals, including abalone, rockfish and sea otters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Urchin barrens\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem began around 2014. That's when Gardner says warmer ocean temperatures began affecting the reproduction of kelp. It's also when a disease killed off sunflower sea stars, a predator of purple sea urchins. The purple sea urchin population skyrocketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So with the increase in purple sea urchins, what we've seen is a dramatic reduction in kelp cover, primarily in Northern California. But it's slowly creeping further south. And now we're starting to see a fair bit of it on the Central Coast,\" Gardner says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urchin barrens are areas that used to be full of kelp and are now full of urchins. One of these is below the boat. Diver Daniel Gossard takes video of it with a GoPro camera. The video shows rocks covered in spiny, ball-shaped creatures that can fit in the palm of your hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The kelp was nonexistent,\" Gossard said on the boat ride back. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divers didn't come up empty-handed. They bring Gardner some purple urchins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've just got a bunch of spines, bright colors,\" says Gardner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's inside is the part we eat, the uni — a part of the sea urchin considered a delicacy in Japanese cuisine. (You might have encountered it on the menu at a sushi restaurant.) Commercial divers have been harvesting urchins in California for decades. Primarily red sea urchin, because they're bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gardner says we should be eating more of the purple ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem with these guys is that when you open them up... there's nothing in there,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since they've eaten up their food supply, they're basically skeletons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter aquaculture, or the farming of aquatic organisms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gardner is also an aquaculture specialist with the \u003ca href=\"https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/\">California Sea Grant\u003c/a>, a state and federal partnership that uses science to help coastal communities solve issues. So he had his students run a research trial on this problem. The goal was to make these urchins valuable by turning them into a delicacy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graduate student Katie Neylan helped run the experiment. She and her classmates removed 500 purple sea urchins from the ocean and transplanted them into big, blue tanks at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mlml.calstate.edu/aquaculture/\">Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Center of Aquaculture\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We came out and fed them every three to five days. We had red algae that we fed them called ogo or Gracilaria pacifica. We fed them kelp, which is just giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera,\" Neylan says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ones eating ogo reached market size faster, in just eight weeks. Neylan says it showed how ogo is more nutritious thank kelp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The proof in the eating\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, it was time for the taste test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a typical foggy day in Carmel-by-the-Sea, the class crowds into the kitchen of Michelin Star restaurant \u003ca href=\"https://auberginecarmel.com/\">Aubergine\u003c/a>. Here, Executive Chef Justin Cogley serves uni from around the world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uses tweezers to open up the purple urchins, revealing the orange uni inside.His favorite is the ogo-fed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134735\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/09/urchin-dish_wide-99ab7d9403f4444805169cdad824a0df3a759804-e1568051492253.jpg\" alt=\"Aubergine Executive Chef Justin Cogley prepared the uni on a fried potato with a sweet soy glaze for the class to try.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134735\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aubergine Executive Chef Justin Cogley prepared the uni on a fried potato with a sweet soy glaze for the class to try. \u003ccite>(Erika Mahoney/KAZU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Honestly, it's rich and buttery. I think this one might be a touch [cleaner], tastes a little bit cleaner,\" Cogley says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His conclusion, he'd serve it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a great story and everyone's trying to do their part to save the ocean too,\" Cogley says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He prepares the uni on a fried potato with a sweet soy glaze for everyone to try. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a tasty end to the project. But this could be just the beginning. A company called Urchinomics has been selling their ranched urchins in Japan. Now, they're working to secure a site in California. All in an effort to save the state's dwindling kelp forest and help the thousands of animals that depend on it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR/KAZU. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/09/09/756929657/saving-californias-kelp-forest-may-depend-on-eating-purple-sea-urchins\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"What they do is they just eat everything in sight,\" Gardner says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These spiny creatures are mowing down California's kelp forests. Kelp is a vital part of the ecosystem. It provides food and shelter for numerous animals, including abalone, rockfish and sea otters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Urchin barrens\u003c/strong> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The problem began around 2014. That's when Gardner says warmer ocean temperatures began affecting the reproduction of kelp. It's also when a disease killed off sunflower sea stars, a predator of purple sea urchins. The purple sea urchin population skyrocketed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"So with the increase in purple sea urchins, what we've seen is a dramatic reduction in kelp cover, primarily in Northern California. But it's slowly creeping further south. And now we're starting to see a fair bit of it on the Central Coast,\" Gardner says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Urchin barrens are areas that used to be full of kelp and are now full of urchins. One of these is below the boat. Diver Daniel Gossard takes video of it with a GoPro camera. The video shows rocks covered in spiny, ball-shaped creatures that can fit in the palm of your hand. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The kelp was nonexistent,\" Gossard said on the boat ride back. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The divers didn't come up empty-handed. They bring Gardner some purple urchins. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They've just got a bunch of spines, bright colors,\" says Gardner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What's inside is the part we eat, the uni — a part of the sea urchin considered a delicacy in Japanese cuisine. (You might have encountered it on the menu at a sushi restaurant.) Commercial divers have been harvesting urchins in California for decades. Primarily red sea urchin, because they're bigger.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gardner says we should be eating more of the purple ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The problem with these guys is that when you open them up... there's nothing in there,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since they've eaten up their food supply, they're basically skeletons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Enter aquaculture, or the farming of aquatic organisms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gardner is also an aquaculture specialist with the \u003ca href=\"https://caseagrant.ucsd.edu/\">California Sea Grant\u003c/a>, a state and federal partnership that uses science to help coastal communities solve issues. So he had his students run a research trial on this problem. The goal was to make these urchins valuable by turning them into a delicacy. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Graduate student Katie Neylan helped run the experiment. She and her classmates removed 500 purple sea urchins from the ocean and transplanted them into big, blue tanks at the \u003ca href=\"https://www.mlml.calstate.edu/aquaculture/\">Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Center of Aquaculture\u003c/a>. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We came out and fed them every three to five days. We had red algae that we fed them called ogo or Gracilaria pacifica. We fed them kelp, which is just giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera,\" Neylan says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ones eating ogo reached market size faster, in just eight weeks. Neylan says it showed how ogo is more nutritious thank kelp. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The proof in the eating\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, it was time for the taste test.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a typical foggy day in Carmel-by-the-Sea, the class crowds into the kitchen of Michelin Star restaurant \u003ca href=\"https://auberginecarmel.com/\">Aubergine\u003c/a>. Here, Executive Chef Justin Cogley serves uni from around the world. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He uses tweezers to open up the purple urchins, revealing the orange uni inside.His favorite is the ogo-fed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134735\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/09/urchin-dish_wide-99ab7d9403f4444805169cdad824a0df3a759804-e1568051492253.jpg\" alt=\"Aubergine Executive Chef Justin Cogley prepared the uni on a fried potato with a sweet soy glaze for the class to try.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134735\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Aubergine Executive Chef Justin Cogley prepared the uni on a fried potato with a sweet soy glaze for the class to try. \u003ccite>(Erika Mahoney/KAZU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Honestly, it's rich and buttery. I think this one might be a touch [cleaner], tastes a little bit cleaner,\" Cogley says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His conclusion, he'd serve it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's a great story and everyone's trying to do their part to save the ocean too,\" Cogley says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He prepares the uni on a fried potato with a sweet soy glaze for everyone to try. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's a tasty end to the project. But this could be just the beginning. A company called Urchinomics has been selling their ranched urchins in Japan. Now, they're working to secure a site in California. All in an effort to save the state's dwindling kelp forest and help the thousands of animals that depend on it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR/KAZU. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/09/09/756929657/saving-californias-kelp-forest-may-depend-on-eating-purple-sea-urchins\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Pacific Fishermen Report Best King Salmon Season in Years",
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"content": "\u003cp>[aside tag='salmon' num='2' label='More on Salmon']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trolling off the California coast, Sarah Bates leans over the side of her boat and pulls out a long, silvery fish prized by anglers and seafood lovers: wild king salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reeling in a fish “feels good every time,” but this year has been surprisingly good, said Bates, a commercial troller based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other California fishermen are reporting one of the best salmon fishing seasons in years, thanks to heavy rain and snow that ended the state’s historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a sharp reversal for chinook salmon, also known as king salmon, an iconic species that helps sustain many Pacific Coast fishing communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial salmon catches have surpassed official preseason forecasts by about 50%, said Kandice Morgenstern, a marine scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Harvests have been particularly strong in Morro Bay, Monterey and San Francisco, but weaker along California’s northern coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really surprised to be seeing this many fish being landed so far this season,” Morgenstern said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon rebound comes after three years of extremely low catches that resulted from poor ocean conditions and California’s five-year drought, which drained the state’s rivers and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past several years, regulators imposed severe fishing restrictions to protect chinook salmon, and officials declared \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/62f6559d8010428699d63e7dcd12ffbe\">federal fishery disasters\u003c/a> in 2018 to assist fishing communities in California, Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_oZTViacZE\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pacific Coast fishermen are reeling in big hauls of wild king salmon after years of weak harvests due to severe drought and poor ocean conditions. The chinook salmon boom is good news for anglers, seafood lovers and coastal fishing communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s adult salmon are the first class to benefit from record rainfall that filled California rivers and streams in early 2017, making it easier for juvenile chinook to migrate to the Pacific Ocean, where they grow into full-size fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinook salmon are also being helped by improved ocean conditions that have produced an abundance of anchovies, krill and other feed. Several years ago, an El Nino event brought unusually warm water to the Pacific Coast and disrupted the marine ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the salmon fishermen who’ve been dealing with disaster for so long, this is an incredible boon to their livelihoods,” said Noah Oppenheim, who heads the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strong salmon season, which typically runs from May to October, is positive environmental news at a time of growing anxiety about climate change. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/afb6990efd7c437da19c6d4d9976899c\">United Nations report\u003c/a> released this month warns that global warming threatens food supplies worldwide.\u003cbr>\n[aside postID='bayareabites_81655' align='left' label='How to Cook Your Salmon']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morgenstern says climate change is creating greater fluctuations in ocean and river conditions, making chinook fisheries “less stable, less predictable and more challenging for fishery managers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the chinook salmon now being caught come from the Sacramento River and its tributaries, where they spawn. Many were raised in state-run hatcheries then released into rivers to swim to the ocean. Harvests of chinook from rivers farther north have not been strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For consumers, the bountiful harvest has driven down wild salmon prices to $15 to $20 per pound, compared with $30 to $35 per pound in recent years. Fishermen are making up for the difference by catching more fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The market is dictating right now that there’s a lot of salmon, so the customers don’t have to pay as much,” said Gordon Drysdale, culinary director at Scoma’s, a seafood restaurant at Fisherman’s Wharf in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wharf is one of many California fishing communities now benefiting from the salmon boom. Pier 45, where boats unload their fish, hasn’t been this busy in many years, said Larry Collins, who runs the San Francisco Community Fishing Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year started out with a bang, and it’s just kept banging the whole time,” Collins said. “We’re all really excited and happy the fish showed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, commercial fisherman Brand Little, who sells to customers in the Lake Tahoe area, returned from four days of fishing with nearly 200 salmon weighing more than 2,000 pounds (907 kilograms).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Best trip of the season,” Little said. “It’s been a long time coming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon boom is also welcomed by sport fishermen and the boat operators who take them out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the fish are biting, it’s always good for business for us,” said Mike Rescino, who runs a charter boat. “When the people see the big reports, they’re going to come out and go fishing with us.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trolling off the California coast, Sarah Bates leans over the side of her boat and pulls out a long, silvery fish prized by anglers and seafood lovers: wild king salmon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reeling in a fish “feels good every time,” but this year has been surprisingly good, said Bates, a commercial troller based in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other California fishermen are reporting one of the best salmon fishing seasons in years, thanks to heavy rain and snow that ended the state’s historic drought.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a sharp reversal for chinook salmon, also known as king salmon, an iconic species that helps sustain many Pacific Coast fishing communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Commercial salmon catches have surpassed official preseason forecasts by about 50%, said Kandice Morgenstern, a marine scientist with the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. Harvests have been particularly strong in Morro Bay, Monterey and San Francisco, but weaker along California’s northern coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re really surprised to be seeing this many fish being landed so far this season,” Morgenstern said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon rebound comes after three years of extremely low catches that resulted from poor ocean conditions and California’s five-year drought, which drained the state’s rivers and reservoirs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over the past several years, regulators imposed severe fishing restrictions to protect chinook salmon, and officials declared \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/62f6559d8010428699d63e7dcd12ffbe\">federal fishery disasters\u003c/a> in 2018 to assist fishing communities in California, Oregon and Washington.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/s_oZTViacZE'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/s_oZTViacZE'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>Pacific Coast fishermen are reeling in big hauls of wild king salmon after years of weak harvests due to severe drought and poor ocean conditions. The chinook salmon boom is good news for anglers, seafood lovers and coastal fishing communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year’s adult salmon are the first class to benefit from record rainfall that filled California rivers and streams in early 2017, making it easier for juvenile chinook to migrate to the Pacific Ocean, where they grow into full-size fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chinook salmon are also being helped by improved ocean conditions that have produced an abundance of anchovies, krill and other feed. Several years ago, an El Nino event brought unusually warm water to the Pacific Coast and disrupted the marine ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For the salmon fishermen who’ve been dealing with disaster for so long, this is an incredible boon to their livelihoods,” said Noah Oppenheim, who heads the Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen’s Associations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The strong salmon season, which typically runs from May to October, is positive environmental news at a time of growing anxiety about climate change. A \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/afb6990efd7c437da19c6d4d9976899c\">United Nations report\u003c/a> released this month warns that global warming threatens food supplies worldwide.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Morgenstern says climate change is creating greater fluctuations in ocean and river conditions, making chinook fisheries “less stable, less predictable and more challenging for fishery managers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of the chinook salmon now being caught come from the Sacramento River and its tributaries, where they spawn. Many were raised in state-run hatcheries then released into rivers to swim to the ocean. Harvests of chinook from rivers farther north have not been strong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For consumers, the bountiful harvest has driven down wild salmon prices to $15 to $20 per pound, compared with $30 to $35 per pound in recent years. Fishermen are making up for the difference by catching more fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The market is dictating right now that there’s a lot of salmon, so the customers don’t have to pay as much,” said Gordon Drysdale, culinary director at Scoma’s, a seafood restaurant at Fisherman’s Wharf in San Francisco.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The wharf is one of many California fishing communities now benefiting from the salmon boom. Pier 45, where boats unload their fish, hasn’t been this busy in many years, said Larry Collins, who runs the San Francisco Community Fishing Association.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This year started out with a bang, and it’s just kept banging the whole time,” Collins said. “We’re all really excited and happy the fish showed up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On a recent morning, commercial fisherman Brand Little, who sells to customers in the Lake Tahoe area, returned from four days of fishing with nearly 200 salmon weighing more than 2,000 pounds (907 kilograms).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Best trip of the season,” Little said. “It’s been a long time coming.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The salmon boom is also welcomed by sport fishermen and the boat operators who take them out to the ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When the fish are biting, it’s always good for business for us,” said Mike Rescino, who runs a charter boat. “When the people see the big reports, they’re going to come out and go fishing with us.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "U.S. Recycling Industry Is Struggling To Figure Out A Future Without China",
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"content": "\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1941477,forum_2010101871721' label='More on Recycling Plastics']\u003cbr>\nThe U.S. used to send a lot of its plastic waste to China to get recycled. But last year, China put the kibosh on imports of the world's waste. The policy, called National Sword, freaked out people in the U.S. — a huge market for plastic waste had just dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where was it all going to go now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, executives from big companies that make or package everything from water to toothpaste in plastic met in Washington, D.C. Recyclers and the people who collect and sort trash were there too. It was the whole chain that makes up the plastic pipeline. It was a time of reckoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Caturano of Nestlé Waters North America, which makes bottled water, said plastic is getting a bad reputation. \"The water bottle has in some ways become the mink coat or the pack of cigarettes. It's socially not very acceptable to the young folks, and that scares me,\" he said during a panel called Life After National Sword.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunil Bagaria, who runs recycling company GDB International, took his colleagues to task. \"Forever, we have depended on shipping our scrap overseas,\" he bemoaned. \"Let's stop that.\" European countries, he added, \"are recycling 35% to 40% [of their plastic waste]. The U.S. only recycles 10%. How tragic is that?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple of days of this, a woman named Kara Pochiro from the Association of Plastic Recyclers stood up and said not to panic. \"Plastic recycling isn't dead, and it works, and it's important to protecting our environment, and it's essential to the circular economy,\" she reassured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Circular economy\" is now a catchphrase that some say is a way out of the plastic mess. The idea is essentially this: Society needs plastic, but people need to recycle a lot more of it and use it again and again and again. That will eliminate a lot of waste and cut down on the avalanche of new plastic made every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does circularity actually work? A good place to find out is at a recycling company called TerraCycle in Trenton, N.J. The company's global vice president for research and development is Ernie Simpson. A cheerful man with a Jamaican accent, he works out of a small lab at TerraCycle's headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-offices_enl-48b0bd89ee7e6ef664f17834e0f408b14e2962a4-e1566359369460.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic bottles surround an employee at a workstation inside recycling company TerraCycle's headquarters in Trenton, N.J., in 2017.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134475\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic bottles surround an employee at a workstation inside recycling company TerraCycle's headquarters in Trenton, N.J., in 2017. \u003ccite>(David Williams/Bloomberg via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He's also a physicist who's part of a collaboration with Procter & Gamble to turn plastic trash into new products. In his lab, Simpson has an array of very sophisticated and expensive equipment — a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer and a calorimeter, which use light or heat, respectively, to determine the chemistry of plastic. What goes into those devices is junk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpson holds up a clear plastic bag. Inside, he says, \"is the famous beach plastic from the ocean\": wrappers, caps, bottles. To recycle any of it, he has to know what kind of plastic each piece is made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many kinds of plastic are there? \"Ohhhh,\" he sighs. \"Indefinite, just about. There are about 20 different categories of material, but there are blends and there are hybrids.\" Almost all possess their own characteristics, some easily recyclable, many not. Some can be melted down; others shredded mechanically or chemically broken down. They end up as pellets the size of small marbles. These go to fabricators that turn the material back into products.\u003cbr>\n[aside postID='news_11714223,news_11768467' align='left' label='More on the Recycling Industry']\u003cbr>\n\"And so that's how the famous Head & Shoulders shampoo bottle was created,\" Simpson says, referring to what P&G calls the \"world's first recyclable shampoo bottle made from beach plastic.\" That's a form of circularity — pouring old plastic into new bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a catch though. \"This particular one,\" Simpson says of the beach plastic, \"is probably three times as expensive as virgin\" — virgin being brand-new plastic made straight from oil and gas out of the ground. This is one of the obstacles to circularity: It costs a lot. There's not a lot of money to be made from recycling to begin with, and it's tough for recycled plastic to compete with virgin plastic made cheap by the boom in U.S. oil and gas production. And there aren't nearly enough recyclers in the U.S. to handle the tsunami of new plastic pouring out of the petrochemical industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1893px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c.jpg\" alt=\"Material collected by TerraCycle is shredded for processing.\" width=\"1893\" height=\"1080\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134476\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c.jpg 1893w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-160x91.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-800x456.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-768x438.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-1020x582.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-1200x685.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1893px) 100vw, 1893px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Material collected by TerraCycle is shredded for processing. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of TerraCycle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a.jpg\" alt=\"Collected material, including plastic, is baled at TerraCycle.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collected material, including plastic, is baled at TerraCycle. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of TerraCycle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Recycling is the underdog,\" says Keefe Harrison, CEO of the Recycling Partnership, a nonprofit that seeks to boost the industry. \"We're fighting an uphill battle to make it cost competitive from day one.\" One problem, she says, is the U.S. outsourced so much of its recycling to Asia that the domestic industry languished. And there's the fact that plastic manufacturers keep making more and more of it, and consumer brands like Procter & Gamble, Nestlé and Walmart keep wrapping more consumer goods in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison explains: \"So we've got these companies producing this new packaging and new materials and new plastics in such a scientific- and business-driven way, and then [they] rely on the disjointed network that is recycling to get it back. And [recycling] is not robust.\" That's an assessment shared by others, such as global financial analysis company IHS Markit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several petrochemical companies have joined big consumer brands in pledging to make most of their plastic recyclable, reusable or compostable within the next decade or two. Their group, Alliance to End Plastic Waste, has promised to spend $1.5 billion over five years to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as environmental groups like Greenpeace and Break Free From Plastic point out, just because something can technically be recycled doesn't mean it will be. There has to be an industry robust enough to do it — and a profit at the end of the day. And, they say, building up recycling allows plastic producers to keep making 300 million tons of new plastic every year (half of which is for single use) and to put the burden of cleaning up the waste on someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pochiro, of the Association of Plastic Recyclers, says recycling does need help — from consumers, for example. \"We're trying to make consumers understand that recycling isn't just about putting your container in the bin,\" she says. \"You also need to buy recycled,\" meaning products that contain recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a growing market for such products, stuff like bottles, clothing, packaging or bags, for example. But it's tough to compete against cheap virgin plastic. Recycling companies need huge investments, and to get that, they have to show they have a market for their products. And for that, Pochiro says, they need commitments — voluntary or mandated by law — by consumer goods companies to buy recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If a recycler can't be confident enough that they have a market for at least maybe six months to a year,\" she says, \"then they aren't going to want to make that investment in their own facilities\" to make more recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a disconnect underlying all this talk by the plastics industry to help recyclers and the circular economy of plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report from ICIS, a plastics market research company, says the petrochemical industry will likely double its plastic manufacturing capacity from 2016 to 2024. And the American Chemistry Council, which represents, among others, plastics manufacturers, says it expects industry to spend nearly $25 billion to build new plastic manufacturing capacity by 2025. (That compares with the $1.5 billion that the industry plans to spend on cleaning up plastic waste.) The World Economic Forum has issued a report on plastic that predicts a doubling of production in the next two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing driving that growth is the belief that demand for petroleum-based fuels will decline — the oil and gas industry is looking to produce more plastics from petrochemicals to take up the slack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if a new circular plastics economy recycles — that is, reuses — more \u003cem>old\u003c/em> plastic, why is the petrochemical industry spending billions of dollars for a boom in \u003cem>new\u003c/em> plastic? Where is all that new plastic going to go? It seems the industry isn't too worried. The American Chemistry Council's analysis includes this statement about new plastic: \"In a virtuous cycle, as the manufacturing renaissance accelerates, demand for plastic products will be generated, reinforcing resin [raw plastic] demand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, go ahead and make it, and people will find a way to use it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/20/750864036/u-s-recycling-industry-is-struggling-to-figure-out-a-future-without-china\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nThe U.S. used to send a lot of its plastic waste to China to get recycled. But last year, China put the kibosh on imports of the world's waste. The policy, called National Sword, freaked out people in the U.S. — a huge market for plastic waste had just dried up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Where was it all going to go now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In March, executives from big companies that make or package everything from water to toothpaste in plastic met in Washington, D.C. Recyclers and the people who collect and sort trash were there too. It was the whole chain that makes up the plastic pipeline. It was a time of reckoning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>John Caturano of Nestlé Waters North America, which makes bottled water, said plastic is getting a bad reputation. \"The water bottle has in some ways become the mink coat or the pack of cigarettes. It's socially not very acceptable to the young folks, and that scares me,\" he said during a panel called Life After National Sword.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sunil Bagaria, who runs recycling company GDB International, took his colleagues to task. \"Forever, we have depended on shipping our scrap overseas,\" he bemoaned. \"Let's stop that.\" European countries, he added, \"are recycling 35% to 40% [of their plastic waste]. The U.S. only recycles 10%. How tragic is that?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After a couple of days of this, a woman named Kara Pochiro from the Association of Plastic Recyclers stood up and said not to panic. \"Plastic recycling isn't dead, and it works, and it's important to protecting our environment, and it's essential to the circular economy,\" she reassured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Circular economy\" is now a catchphrase that some say is a way out of the plastic mess. The idea is essentially this: Society needs plastic, but people need to recycle a lot more of it and use it again and again and again. That will eliminate a lot of waste and cut down on the avalanche of new plastic made every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So how does circularity actually work? A good place to find out is at a recycling company called TerraCycle in Trenton, N.J. The company's global vice president for research and development is Ernie Simpson. A cheerful man with a Jamaican accent, he works out of a small lab at TerraCycle's headquarters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134475\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-offices_enl-48b0bd89ee7e6ef664f17834e0f408b14e2962a4-e1566359369460.jpg\" alt=\"Plastic bottles surround an employee at a workstation inside recycling company TerraCycle's headquarters in Trenton, N.J., in 2017.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134475\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plastic bottles surround an employee at a workstation inside recycling company TerraCycle's headquarters in Trenton, N.J., in 2017. \u003ccite>(David Williams/Bloomberg via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He's also a physicist who's part of a collaboration with Procter & Gamble to turn plastic trash into new products. In his lab, Simpson has an array of very sophisticated and expensive equipment — a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer and a calorimeter, which use light or heat, respectively, to determine the chemistry of plastic. What goes into those devices is junk.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simpson holds up a clear plastic bag. Inside, he says, \"is the famous beach plastic from the ocean\": wrappers, caps, bottles. To recycle any of it, he has to know what kind of plastic each piece is made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How many kinds of plastic are there? \"Ohhhh,\" he sighs. \"Indefinite, just about. There are about 20 different categories of material, but there are blends and there are hybrids.\" Almost all possess their own characteristics, some easily recyclable, many not. Some can be melted down; others shredded mechanically or chemically broken down. They end up as pellets the size of small marbles. These go to fabricators that turn the material back into products.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\"And so that's how the famous Head & Shoulders shampoo bottle was created,\" Simpson says, referring to what P&G calls the \"world's first recyclable shampoo bottle made from beach plastic.\" That's a form of circularity — pouring old plastic into new bottles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a catch though. \"This particular one,\" Simpson says of the beach plastic, \"is probably three times as expensive as virgin\" — virgin being brand-new plastic made straight from oil and gas out of the ground. This is one of the obstacles to circularity: It costs a lot. There's not a lot of money to be made from recycling to begin with, and it's tough for recycled plastic to compete with virgin plastic made cheap by the boom in U.S. oil and gas production. And there aren't nearly enough recyclers in the U.S. to handle the tsunami of new plastic pouring out of the petrochemical industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1893px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c.jpg\" alt=\"Material collected by TerraCycle is shredded for processing.\" width=\"1893\" height=\"1080\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134476\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c.jpg 1893w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-160x91.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-800x456.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-768x438.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-1020x582.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-2_enl-791fc7ad00b2af7bc497fd6630dfe93a64d0736c-1200x685.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1893px) 100vw, 1893px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Material collected by TerraCycle is shredded for processing. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of TerraCycle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_134477\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/bayareabites/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a.jpg\" alt=\"Collected material, including plastic, is baled at TerraCycle.\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" class=\"size-full wp-image-134477\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-160x90.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-800x450.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/24/2019/08/terracycle-3_enl-ff129b0f2f05d93c384f9625f5eb6d6d213b9a2a-1200x675.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Collected material, including plastic, is baled at TerraCycle. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of TerraCycle)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\"Recycling is the underdog,\" says Keefe Harrison, CEO of the Recycling Partnership, a nonprofit that seeks to boost the industry. \"We're fighting an uphill battle to make it cost competitive from day one.\" One problem, she says, is the U.S. outsourced so much of its recycling to Asia that the domestic industry languished. And there's the fact that plastic manufacturers keep making more and more of it, and consumer brands like Procter & Gamble, Nestlé and Walmart keep wrapping more consumer goods in it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Harrison explains: \"So we've got these companies producing this new packaging and new materials and new plastics in such a scientific- and business-driven way, and then [they] rely on the disjointed network that is recycling to get it back. And [recycling] is not robust.\" That's an assessment shared by others, such as global financial analysis company IHS Markit.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Several petrochemical companies have joined big consumer brands in pledging to make most of their plastic recyclable, reusable or compostable within the next decade or two. Their group, Alliance to End Plastic Waste, has promised to spend $1.5 billion over five years to do that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as environmental groups like Greenpeace and Break Free From Plastic point out, just because something can technically be recycled doesn't mean it will be. There has to be an industry robust enough to do it — and a profit at the end of the day. And, they say, building up recycling allows plastic producers to keep making 300 million tons of new plastic every year (half of which is for single use) and to put the burden of cleaning up the waste on someone else.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pochiro, of the Association of Plastic Recyclers, says recycling does need help — from consumers, for example. \"We're trying to make consumers understand that recycling isn't just about putting your container in the bin,\" she says. \"You also need to buy recycled,\" meaning products that contain recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's a growing market for such products, stuff like bottles, clothing, packaging or bags, for example. But it's tough to compete against cheap virgin plastic. Recycling companies need huge investments, and to get that, they have to show they have a market for their products. And for that, Pochiro says, they need commitments — voluntary or mandated by law — by consumer goods companies to buy recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If a recycler can't be confident enough that they have a market for at least maybe six months to a year,\" she says, \"then they aren't going to want to make that investment in their own facilities\" to make more recycled plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there's a disconnect underlying all this talk by the plastics industry to help recyclers and the circular economy of plastic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A report from ICIS, a plastics market research company, says the petrochemical industry will likely double its plastic manufacturing capacity from 2016 to 2024. And the American Chemistry Council, which represents, among others, plastics manufacturers, says it expects industry to spend nearly $25 billion to build new plastic manufacturing capacity by 2025. (That compares with the $1.5 billion that the industry plans to spend on cleaning up plastic waste.) The World Economic Forum has issued a report on plastic that predicts a doubling of production in the next two decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing driving that growth is the belief that demand for petroleum-based fuels will decline — the oil and gas industry is looking to produce more plastics from petrochemicals to take up the slack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So if a new circular plastics economy recycles — that is, reuses — more \u003cem>old\u003c/em> plastic, why is the petrochemical industry spending billions of dollars for a boom in \u003cem>new\u003c/em> plastic? Where is all that new plastic going to go? It seems the industry isn't too worried. The American Chemistry Council's analysis includes this statement about new plastic: \"In a virtuous cycle, as the manufacturing renaissance accelerates, demand for plastic products will be generated, reinforcing resin [raw plastic] demand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Essentially, go ahead and make it, and people will find a way to use it. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/20/750864036/u-s-recycling-industry-is-struggling-to-figure-out-a-future-without-china\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Devastating Banana Fungus Arrives In Colombia, Threatening The Fruit's Future",
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"content": "\u003cp>[aside postID='bayareabites_105848' label='More on Tropical Race 4']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the biggest fears of the fresh fruit industry just came true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fungal disease that has been destroying banana plantations in Asia has arrived in Latin America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"For me, the worst moment was [seeing] the first pictures,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.keygene.com/news-events/keygenes-tr4-expert-coordinates-diagnostics-on-samples-from-suspected-colombian-banana-farms/\">Fernando Alexander García-Bastidas\u003c/a>, a banana researcher at the Dutch company Keygene, who carried out tests confirming what had happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some farmers in Colombia, where García-Bastidas grew up, sent him photos of their banana plants two months ago. The plants were turning yellow and wilting, as if they didn't have water. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>García-Bastidas recognized the symptoms. He'd seen them before, in devastated banana plantations in the Philippines. These are the effects of a fungus called \u003cem>Fusarium\u003c/em>. But the implications were devastating, and García-Bastidas hoped he was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt this thing in my heart that was like kind of praying for a false positive, or something like that,\" García-Bastidas recalls. \"It was terrible\" — and doubly distressing because it affected his homeland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next month, he says, he had trouble sleeping. He flew to Colombia, collected samples of the wilting plants and tested them. The results confirmed his fears. The plants were infected with a variant of \u003cem>Fusarium \u003c/em>fungus called \u003ca href=\"http://www.promusa.org/Tropical+race+4+-+TR4\">Tropical Race 4\u003c/a>, or TR4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TR4 \u003ca href=\"http://www.promusa.org/Tropical+race+4+-+TR4#Distribution\">began marching\u003c/a> through the world's banana-growing countries in the 1990s. First detected in Taiwan, it moved to Malaysia and Indonesia, then jumped to China, Australia and the Philippines. It showed up in Mozambique, in Africa, five years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People involved in banana production or research have taken extreme measures to prevent it from spreading. When García-Bastidas visits an area where the fungus is present, he'll buy a new pair of shoes before entering another banana-growing region to avoid bringing in a speck of fungus-contaminated soil. The main international conference on banana research no longer takes place in any banana-growing country, to reduce the risk that the fungus might hitch a ride with one of the researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somehow, though, it has now hopped the ocean and arrived in Latin America. García-Bastidas says he expected it would happen someday, but not so quickly. \"It's very difficult to control the spread of this disease,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Fusarium \u003c/em>fungus lives in the soil. No one knows how to eradicate it or to treat infected plants. It invades banana plants through their roots and then blocks the vessels that carry water and nutrients, starving the plants. It kills most members of the banana family, including the variety called Cavendish that accounts for the vast majority of bananas traded internationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colombian authorities have declared a national emergency and launched efforts to contain the fungus. Banana growers are destroying all banana plants anywhere near a plant that shows symptoms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may be too late, though. By the time symptoms appear, the fungus has already been present in the soil around that plant for at least a year. During that time, people may have been walking through the farms, perhaps picking up bits of fungus on their shoes and spreading it. \"I hope I'm wrong, but most likely it spread already to other places,\" says García-Bastidas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only good news may be that the disaster will unfold slowly. It can take years or decades for the fungus to move across entire countries or continents. In Asia, individual farms have been devastated, but many of the affected countries remain major banana producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers are trying \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/01/11/462375558/our-favorite-banana-may-be-doomed-can-new-varieties-replace-it\">desperately to find a new kind of banana\u003c/a> that can survive Tropical Race 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in Australia have created a fungus-resistant variety using genetic engineering. It's still being tested and would require government approval before it could be grown or sold. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other scientists are looking through nature's storehouse. When García-Bastidas was a graduate student at Wageningen University, in the Netherlands, he tested 300 different members of the banana family. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, 80% of the [varieties] that I tested were susceptible to TR4,\" he says. \"But there is a little bit of hope with the other ones that were not susceptible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of those fungus-resistant plants are ready to replace the bananas that currently fill supermarket shelves. Most of them are cooking bananas, or plantains. Others are wild bananas with tiny fruit that's inedible; the pods are full of seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, however, is that plant breeders can take these plants and cross-pollinate them, mating them with other, more commercially viable bananas, reshuffling the genes to create new varieties that are both delicious and immune to TR4. The company where García-Bastidas now works, \u003ca href=\"https://www.keygene.com/\">Keygene\u003c/a>, is one of the research centers pursuing this goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeding bananas is so complicated that few people have ever tried it. For one thing, it takes bananas with seed-filled fruit, since those seeds represent the new genetic combinations that plant breeders want. Yet those seeds can't appear in the fruit of a commercial variety. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>García-Bastidas says the task is very difficult. But it is possible. And now it's necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/16/751499719/devastating-banana-fungus-arrives-in-colombia-threatening-the-fruits-future\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>García-Bastidas recognized the symptoms. He'd seen them before, in devastated banana plantations in the Philippines. These are the effects of a fungus called \u003cem>Fusarium\u003c/em>. But the implications were devastating, and García-Bastidas hoped he was wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I felt this thing in my heart that was like kind of praying for a false positive, or something like that,\" García-Bastidas recalls. \"It was terrible\" — and doubly distressing because it affected his homeland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the next month, he says, he had trouble sleeping. He flew to Colombia, collected samples of the wilting plants and tested them. The results confirmed his fears. The plants were infected with a variant of \u003cem>Fusarium \u003c/em>fungus called \u003ca href=\"http://www.promusa.org/Tropical+race+4+-+TR4\">Tropical Race 4\u003c/a>, or TR4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>TR4 \u003ca href=\"http://www.promusa.org/Tropical+race+4+-+TR4#Distribution\">began marching\u003c/a> through the world's banana-growing countries in the 1990s. First detected in Taiwan, it moved to Malaysia and Indonesia, then jumped to China, Australia and the Philippines. It showed up in Mozambique, in Africa, five years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People involved in banana production or research have taken extreme measures to prevent it from spreading. When García-Bastidas visits an area where the fungus is present, he'll buy a new pair of shoes before entering another banana-growing region to avoid bringing in a speck of fungus-contaminated soil. The main international conference on banana research no longer takes place in any banana-growing country, to reduce the risk that the fungus might hitch a ride with one of the researchers. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Somehow, though, it has now hopped the ocean and arrived in Latin America. García-Bastidas says he expected it would happen someday, but not so quickly. \"It's very difficult to control the spread of this disease,\" he says. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003cem>Fusarium \u003c/em>fungus lives in the soil. No one knows how to eradicate it or to treat infected plants. It invades banana plants through their roots and then blocks the vessels that carry water and nutrients, starving the plants. It kills most members of the banana family, including the variety called Cavendish that accounts for the vast majority of bananas traded internationally.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Colombian authorities have declared a national emergency and launched efforts to contain the fungus. Banana growers are destroying all banana plants anywhere near a plant that shows symptoms. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They may be too late, though. By the time symptoms appear, the fungus has already been present in the soil around that plant for at least a year. During that time, people may have been walking through the farms, perhaps picking up bits of fungus on their shoes and spreading it. \"I hope I'm wrong, but most likely it spread already to other places,\" says García-Bastidas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The only good news may be that the disaster will unfold slowly. It can take years or decades for the fungus to move across entire countries or continents. In Asia, individual farms have been devastated, but many of the affected countries remain major banana producers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, researchers are trying \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/01/11/462375558/our-favorite-banana-may-be-doomed-can-new-varieties-replace-it\">desperately to find a new kind of banana\u003c/a> that can survive Tropical Race 4.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists in Australia have created a fungus-resistant variety using genetic engineering. It's still being tested and would require government approval before it could be grown or sold. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other scientists are looking through nature's storehouse. When García-Bastidas was a graduate student at Wageningen University, in the Netherlands, he tested 300 different members of the banana family. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Unfortunately, 80% of the [varieties] that I tested were susceptible to TR4,\" he says. \"But there is a little bit of hope with the other ones that were not susceptible.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>None of those fungus-resistant plants are ready to replace the bananas that currently fill supermarket shelves. Most of them are cooking bananas, or plantains. Others are wild bananas with tiny fruit that's inedible; the pods are full of seeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, however, is that plant breeders can take these plants and cross-pollinate them, mating them with other, more commercially viable bananas, reshuffling the genes to create new varieties that are both delicious and immune to TR4. The company where García-Bastidas now works, \u003ca href=\"https://www.keygene.com/\">Keygene\u003c/a>, is one of the research centers pursuing this goal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Breeding bananas is so complicated that few people have ever tried it. For one thing, it takes bananas with seed-filled fruit, since those seeds represent the new genetic combinations that plant breeders want. Yet those seeds can't appear in the fruit of a commercial variety. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>García-Bastidas says the task is very difficult. But it is possible. And now it's necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/16/751499719/devastating-banana-fungus-arrives-in-colombia-threatening-the-fruits-future\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Is Grass-Fed Beef Really Better For The Planet? Here's The Science",
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"content": "\u003cp>[aside postid='news_11718100,news_11719669' label='More on Beef']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the environmentally minded carnivore, meat poses a culinary conundrum. Producing it requires a great deal of land and water resources, and ruminants such as cows and sheep are responsible for half of all greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture, according to the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why many researchers are now calling for the world to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/08/748416223/to-slow-global-warming-u-n-warns-agriculture-must-change\">cut back on its meat consumption\u003c/a>. But some advocates say there is a way to eat meat that's better for the planet and better for the animals: grass-fed beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is grass-fed beef really greener than feedlot-finished beef? Let's parse the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the difference between grass-fed and feedlot beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feedlot calves begin their lives on pasture with the cow that produced them. They're weaned after six to nine months, then grazed a bit more on pasture. They're then \"finished\" for about 120 days on high-energy corn and other grains in a feedlot, gaining weight fast and creating that fat-marbled beef that consumers like. At about 14 to 18 months of age, they are sent to slaughter. (One downside of the feedlot system, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/04/02/707406946/some-in-the-beef-industry-are-bucking-the-widespread-use-of-antibiotics-heres-ho\">as we've reported\u003c/a>, is that a diet of corn can lead to liver abscesses in cattle, which is why animals who eat it receive antibiotics as part of their feed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a grass-fed and finished scenario, cattle spend their entire lives on grass. Since their feed is much lower in energy, they are sent to slaughter later — between 18 to 24 months of age, after a finishing period, still on grass, of 190 days. Their weight at slaughter averages about 1,200 pounds compared with about 1,350 pounds for feedlot animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the environmental argument for grass-fed beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass-fed movement is based on a large idea, one known as \u003ca href=\"https://regenerationinternational.org/why-regenerative-agriculture/\">regenerative agriculture\u003c/a> or holistic management. It holds that grazing ruminant populations are key to a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the hordes of bison that once roamed the prairies. Their manure returned nutrients to the soil. And because these animals grazed on grass, the land didn't have to be plowed to plant corn for feed, so deep-rooted grasses that prevent erosion flourished. Had those iconic herds still been around in the 1930s, the argument goes, they would have helped prevent the catastrophe of the Dust Bowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourth-generation Oregon rancher Cory Carman runs a 5,000-acre \u003ca href=\"https://carmanranch.com/\">grass-fed beef cattle operation\u003c/a>, where grazing is key to restoring ecosystem balance. \"Agricultural livestock are this incredible tool in promoting soil health,\" she says. \"The longer you can manage cattle on pasture range, the more they can contribute to ecosystem regeneration.\"\u003cbr>\n[aside postid='bayareabites_133231,bayareabites_131706' label='About Antibiotics in Beef Production' align='left']\u003cbr>\nReturning cattle and other ruminants to the land for their entire lives can result in multiple benefits, according to organizations like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savory.global/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, including restoring soil microbial diversity, and making the land more resilient to flooding and drought. It can boost the nutrient content and flavor of livestock and plants. And because grasses trap atmospheric carbon dioxide, the grass-fed system can also help fight climate change. But it does require more land to produce the same amount of meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Shauna Sadowski, head of sustainability for the natural and organic operating unit at General Mills, puts it, \"Our current model is an extractive one that has left our environment in a state of degradation — eroded soil, polluted water. We have to change the entire paradigm to use natural ecological processes to gather nutrients and build the soil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which type of beef has the smaller environmental footprint?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's complicated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the environmental impact of a farming system, scientists rely on studies known as life-cycle assessments (LCAs), which take into account resources and energy use at all stages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216416\">number of past studies\u003c/a> have found lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with the feedlot system. One reason is that grass-fed cows gain weight more slowly, so they produce more methane (mostly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/22/552698446/gassy-cows-warm-the-planet-scientists-think-they-know-how-to-squelch-those-belch\">in the form of belches\u003c/a>) over their longer lifespans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/paige-stanley\">Paige Stanley\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, says many of these studies have prioritized efficiency — high-energy feed, smaller land footprint — as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The larger the animal and the shorter its life, the lower its footprint. But she adds, \"We're learning that there are other dimensions: soil health, carbon and landscape health. Separating them is doing us a disservice.\" She and other researchers are trying to figure out how to incorporate those factors into an LCA analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X17310338#.WpHorNqe0qU.twitter\">recent LCA study,\u003c/a> led by Jason Rowntree of Michigan State University, that found carbon-trapping benefits of the grass-fed approach. Another recent \u003ca href=\"https://blog.whiteoakpastures.com/hubfs/WOP-LCA-Quantis-2019.pdf\">LCA study\u003c/a>, of Georgia's holistically managed\u003ca href=\"https://www.whiteoakpastures.com/meet-us/about-white-oak-pastures/\"> White Oak Pastures\u003c/a>, found that the 3,200-acre farm stored enough carbon in its grasses to offset not only all of the methane emissions from its grass-fed cattle, but also much of the farm's total emissions. (The latter study was funded by General Mills.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linus Blomqvist, director for conservation, food and agriculture for the Oakland, Calif.-based \u003ca href=\"https://thebreakthrough.org/\">Breakthrough Institute\u003c/a>, however, defends feedlot finishing, pointing out that the difference between the two systems is only the last third of the grass-fed cattle's life. Does the extra amount of pasture time sequester so much carbon that it offsets the advantage of the feedlot? \"We don't actually have very good evidence for that,\" he says.\u003cbr>\n[aside postid='bayareabites_133954,bayareabites_134201' label='More on Nutrition']\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/alison-van-eenennaam\">Alison Van Eenennaam\u003c/a>, a specialist in animal genomics and biotechnology at the University of California, Davis, says grass-fed makes more sense in a country like Australia, which has a temperate climate, large tracts of grassland and no corn belt. But in the U.S., which does have a corn belt that suffers from cold winters, she believes grain finishing is the more efficient way to produce beef. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to our next point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know where your grass-fed beef came from? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75% to 80% of grass-fed beef sold in the U.S. is grown abroad, from Australia, New Zealand and parts of South America, according to a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.stonebarnscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Grassfed_Full_v2.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture. Those countries have the advantage of \"vast expanses of grassland, low-input beef that is not finished to a high level and is very inexpensive,\" says Rowntree — even with the cost of shipping it halfway around the world. Most of what comes from Australia is ground beef, not steaks, because the end result of their finishing process tends to be tough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many U.S. customers who want to support local food are likely unaware of the foreign origin of most grass-fed beef. By law, if meat is \"processed,\" or passes through a USDA-inspected plant (a requirement for all imported beef), it can be labeled as a product of the U.S. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But does it benefit the American farmer?\" Rowntree asks, comparing this market to the sheep industry, \"which lost out to imports from Australia and New Zealand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of grass-fed beef is pulling U.S.-based multinational companies into the market as well, which will drive prices down further. Meat processor JBS now has a grass-fed line, Tyson is planning a Texas grass-fed program and earlier this year Perdue announced it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/most-grass-fed-beef-labeled-product-of-u-s-a-is-imported\">getting into the market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which system is better for animal welfare?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many grass-fed advocates, this is one of the main reasons for switching to grass-fed beef. After all, cows evolved to live this way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been on feedlots farms that have outstanding animal welfare, and I've been on small farms that would make you cringe,\" Rowntree says. But he adds, \"Managing cattle on pasture in a grass-finishing system to me epitomizes animal welfare.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nancy Matsumoto is a journalist based in Toronto and New York City who writes about sustainability, food, sake and Japanese American culture.\u003c/em> \u003cem>You can read more of her work \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nancymatsumoto.com/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the environmentally minded carnivore, meat poses a culinary conundrum. Producing it requires a great deal of land and water resources, and ruminants such as cows and sheep are responsible for half of all greenhouse gas emissions associated with agriculture, according to the World Resources Institute. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That's why many researchers are now calling for the world to \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/08/748416223/to-slow-global-warming-u-n-warns-agriculture-must-change\">cut back on its meat consumption\u003c/a>. But some advocates say there is a way to eat meat that's better for the planet and better for the animals: grass-fed beef.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But is grass-fed beef really greener than feedlot-finished beef? Let's parse the science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the difference between grass-fed and feedlot beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Feedlot calves begin their lives on pasture with the cow that produced them. They're weaned after six to nine months, then grazed a bit more on pasture. They're then \"finished\" for about 120 days on high-energy corn and other grains in a feedlot, gaining weight fast and creating that fat-marbled beef that consumers like. At about 14 to 18 months of age, they are sent to slaughter. (One downside of the feedlot system, \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/04/02/707406946/some-in-the-beef-industry-are-bucking-the-widespread-use-of-antibiotics-heres-ho\">as we've reported\u003c/a>, is that a diet of corn can lead to liver abscesses in cattle, which is why animals who eat it receive antibiotics as part of their feed.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a grass-fed and finished scenario, cattle spend their entire lives on grass. Since their feed is much lower in energy, they are sent to slaughter later — between 18 to 24 months of age, after a finishing period, still on grass, of 190 days. Their weight at slaughter averages about 1,200 pounds compared with about 1,350 pounds for feedlot animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What's the environmental argument for grass-fed beef? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The grass-fed movement is based on a large idea, one known as \u003ca href=\"https://regenerationinternational.org/why-regenerative-agriculture/\">regenerative agriculture\u003c/a> or holistic management. It holds that grazing ruminant populations are key to a healthy ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Think of the hordes of bison that once roamed the prairies. Their manure returned nutrients to the soil. And because these animals grazed on grass, the land didn't have to be plowed to plant corn for feed, so deep-rooted grasses that prevent erosion flourished. Had those iconic herds still been around in the 1930s, the argument goes, they would have helped prevent the catastrophe of the Dust Bowl.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fourth-generation Oregon rancher Cory Carman runs a 5,000-acre \u003ca href=\"https://carmanranch.com/\">grass-fed beef cattle operation\u003c/a>, where grazing is key to restoring ecosystem balance. \"Agricultural livestock are this incredible tool in promoting soil health,\" she says. \"The longer you can manage cattle on pasture range, the more they can contribute to ecosystem regeneration.\"\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\nReturning cattle and other ruminants to the land for their entire lives can result in multiple benefits, according to organizations like the \u003ca href=\"https://www.savory.global/\">Savory Institute\u003c/a>, including restoring soil microbial diversity, and making the land more resilient to flooding and drought. It can boost the nutrient content and flavor of livestock and plants. And because grasses trap atmospheric carbon dioxide, the grass-fed system can also help fight climate change. But it does require more land to produce the same amount of meat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As Shauna Sadowski, head of sustainability for the natural and organic operating unit at General Mills, puts it, \"Our current model is an extractive one that has left our environment in a state of degradation — eroded soil, polluted water. We have to change the entire paradigm to use natural ecological processes to gather nutrients and build the soil.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which type of beef has the smaller environmental footprint?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's complicated. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To measure the environmental impact of a farming system, scientists rely on studies known as life-cycle assessments (LCAs), which take into account resources and energy use at all stages. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24216416\">number of past studies\u003c/a> have found lower greenhouse gas emissions associated with the feedlot system. One reason is that grass-fed cows gain weight more slowly, so they produce more methane (mostly \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2017/09/22/552698446/gassy-cows-warm-the-planet-scientists-think-they-know-how-to-squelch-those-belch\">in the form of belches\u003c/a>) over their longer lifespans. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/paige-stanley\">Paige Stanley\u003c/a>, a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley, says many of these studies have prioritized efficiency — high-energy feed, smaller land footprint — as a way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The larger the animal and the shorter its life, the lower its footprint. But she adds, \"We're learning that there are other dimensions: soil health, carbon and landscape health. Separating them is doing us a disservice.\" She and other researchers are trying to figure out how to incorporate those factors into an LCA analysis.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanley co-authored a \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X17310338#.WpHorNqe0qU.twitter\">recent LCA study,\u003c/a> led by Jason Rowntree of Michigan State University, that found carbon-trapping benefits of the grass-fed approach. Another recent \u003ca href=\"https://blog.whiteoakpastures.com/hubfs/WOP-LCA-Quantis-2019.pdf\">LCA study\u003c/a>, of Georgia's holistically managed\u003ca href=\"https://www.whiteoakpastures.com/meet-us/about-white-oak-pastures/\"> White Oak Pastures\u003c/a>, found that the 3,200-acre farm stored enough carbon in its grasses to offset not only all of the methane emissions from its grass-fed cattle, but also much of the farm's total emissions. (The latter study was funded by General Mills.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linus Blomqvist, director for conservation, food and agriculture for the Oakland, Calif.-based \u003ca href=\"https://thebreakthrough.org/\">Breakthrough Institute\u003c/a>, however, defends feedlot finishing, pointing out that the difference between the two systems is only the last third of the grass-fed cattle's life. Does the extra amount of pasture time sequester so much carbon that it offsets the advantage of the feedlot? \"We don't actually have very good evidence for that,\" he says.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cbr>\n\u003ca href=\"https://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/people/faculty/alison-van-eenennaam\">Alison Van Eenennaam\u003c/a>, a specialist in animal genomics and biotechnology at the University of California, Davis, says grass-fed makes more sense in a country like Australia, which has a temperate climate, large tracts of grassland and no corn belt. But in the U.S., which does have a corn belt that suffers from cold winters, she believes grain finishing is the more efficient way to produce beef. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Which brings us to our next point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Do you know where your grass-fed beef came from? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About 75% to 80% of grass-fed beef sold in the U.S. is grown abroad, from Australia, New Zealand and parts of South America, according to a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.stonebarnscenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Grassfed_Full_v2.pdf\">report\u003c/a> from the Stone Barns Center for Food and Agriculture. Those countries have the advantage of \"vast expanses of grassland, low-input beef that is not finished to a high level and is very inexpensive,\" says Rowntree — even with the cost of shipping it halfway around the world. Most of what comes from Australia is ground beef, not steaks, because the end result of their finishing process tends to be tough. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many U.S. customers who want to support local food are likely unaware of the foreign origin of most grass-fed beef. By law, if meat is \"processed,\" or passes through a USDA-inspected plant (a requirement for all imported beef), it can be labeled as a product of the U.S. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But does it benefit the American farmer?\" Rowntree asks, comparing this market to the sheep industry, \"which lost out to imports from Australia and New Zealand.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The popularity of grass-fed beef is pulling U.S.-based multinational companies into the market as well, which will drive prices down further. Meat processor JBS now has a grass-fed line, Tyson is planning a Texas grass-fed program and earlier this year Perdue announced it was \u003ca href=\"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-23/most-grass-fed-beef-labeled-product-of-u-s-a-is-imported\">getting into the market\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Which system is better for animal welfare?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many grass-fed advocates, this is one of the main reasons for switching to grass-fed beef. After all, cows evolved to live this way. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I've been on feedlots farms that have outstanding animal welfare, and I've been on small farms that would make you cringe,\" Rowntree says. But he adds, \"Managing cattle on pasture in a grass-finishing system to me epitomizes animal welfare.\" \u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Nancy Matsumoto is a journalist based in Toronto and New York City who writes about sustainability, food, sake and Japanese American culture.\u003c/em> \u003cem>You can read more of her work \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://nancymatsumoto.com/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/13/746576239/is-grass-fed-beef-really-better-for-the-planet-heres-the-science\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Dairy Ice Cream, No Cow Needed: These Egg And Milk Proteins Are Made Without Animals",
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"content": "\u003cp>[aside postID='news_10710678,bayareabites_96566' label='More Ice Cream']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier today, I ate a scoop of chocolate ice cream – creamy and pleasantly fatty feeling in my mouth. This would hardly seem newsworthy, except for the high-tech ingredient that made my frozen treat go down so smoothly: dairy proteins produced in a lab, no cows needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The realm of plant-based meat substitutes has gotten a lot of buzz lately. Think the Impossible Burger and Beyond Meat – companies that use biochemistry to mimic the taste and texture of meat using plant-based ingredients. There's another frontier along these lines – start-ups that use microbes to create egg, dairy and other animal proteins without the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their pitch: Sustainability. Livestock agriculture uses lots of water and land resources, and produces significant amounts of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you can produce just the proteins that you want without keeping a living animal alive, that's going to be a lot more efficient, so it's better for the environment,\" says Bruce Friedrich of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.gfi.org/\">Good Food Institute\u003c/a>, which promotes plant- and cell-based alternatives to animal protein. And he says as the technology scales up, it should be a lot cheaper to produce proteins this way, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the early entrants in this field is \u003ca href=\"https://www.perfectdayfoods.com/\">Perfect Day\u003c/a>, producer of the aforementioned ice cream. The company took the genetic code for the main proteins in whey, a byproduct of cheese-making, then had it artificially synthesized into a molecule of DNA – so the process is \"totally animal free,\" says Perfect Day co-founder Ryan Pandya. Then they genetically engineered microbes to produce the same proteins through fermentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just like cows eat plants and make milk, it turns out [micro]flora can eat plants and make milk. And that's all we've done,\" Pandya says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The process is really simple,\" he says. You take a tank of microbes, feed them, and they turn into milk protein. \"Then you separated it out with filtration and drying and you're done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why focus on whey? In frozen desserts, whey protein provides velvety texture – Perfect Day released its ice cream in a limited run of about 1,000 3-pint boxes as a sort of proof of concept to introduce consumers to its technology. (Bonus: It's also lactose free.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the company's goal is actually to become an ingredient supplier to all the food companies that rely on whey to boost protein levels in a range of foods, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/11/08/164687100/you-can-thank-a-whey-refinery-for-that-protein-smoothie\">smoothies to power bars\u003c/a>. The target audience goes beyond vegans — to everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than try to compete with all these big food makers that are otherwise just going to buy a ton of whey protein from factory-farmed cows, we can actually give them a better supply chain and in so doing, we can have a lot more impact than we would on our own,\" Pandya says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other companies looking to shake up the food supply include \u003ca href=\"https://www.motifingredients.com/\">Motif Ingredients\u003c/a>, which launched earlier this year with $90 million in investor financing. It aims to produce proteins derived from dairy, egg and meat using microbial fermentation and supply them to food makers looking for alternatives to animal proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.clarafoods.com/\">Clara Foods\u003c/a> is using a similar synthetic biology process to create egg white proteins, including a highly soluble protein that would be used in sports drinks and other beverages. That could hit the food market early next year, says Ranjan Patnaik, vice president for technology strategy and operational excellence. Another protein in the pipeline could be used as egg whites — think vegan meringue and baked goods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have made all kinds those of pound cake, meringue, other recipes\" in their development lab in the San Francisco Bay Area, Patnaik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newculturefood.com/\">New Culture\u003c/a>, another California startup, is also targeting dairy: It's using microbial fermentation to make casein, milk proteins that give cheese its stretchy quality – which, alas, many vegan cheeses today seem to lack, says co-founder \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/injaradman/\">Inja Radman.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all this sounds a little too futuristic, consider this: Much of the cheese produced today already relies on the same technology in the form of rennet, an enzyme used to curdle milk. Cheese makers used to get it from the stomachs of slaughtered calves but for many years now, \u003ca href=\"https://io9.gizmodo.com/you-can-thank-genetic-engineering-for-your-delicious-ch-1701156684\">much of the rennet used for cheese\u003c/a> has been made via microbial fermentation, notes Friedrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that this technology is already out there, and that the synthetic animals proteins produced are exact genetic replicas of the real thing, the companies making them don't anticipate major hurdles with regulators at the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics — like \u003ca href=\"https://foe.org/team-members/dana-perls/\">Dana Perls\u003c/a>, senior food campaigner for the environmental group Friends of the Earth — are concerned that the FDA will not give sufficient scrutiny to this new wave of synthetic proteins. Perls worries that the adoption of these proteins will make our food supply even more dependent on the fruits of biotechnology. \"The real solution for climate chaos and animal welfare problems are the truly organic, plant-based sources of proteins and organic solutions for less and better meat,\" Perls says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many dairy farmers are also not on board. For one thing, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nmpf.org/team/alan-bjerga/\">Alan Bjerga\u003c/a> of the National Milk Producers Federation, an industry group that represents dairy producers, products made with synthetic dairy proteins may not have the same nutritional profile – such as vitamin and mineral content — as those made with milk from real cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to make sure that consumers are very informed that these are not nutritionally the same,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others in the food industry, however, have embraced the new start-ups. Archer Daniels Midland, a global ingredient and food processing company, has partnered with Perfect Day. Fonterra, a multinational dairy giant based in New Zealand, is an investor in Motif Ingredients. And Clara Foods has teamed up with Ingredion, which supplies ingredients to the food and beverage industry, among others. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/02/747026144/dairy-ice-cream-no-cow-needed-these-egg-and-milk-proteins-are-made-without-anima\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier today, I ate a scoop of chocolate ice cream – creamy and pleasantly fatty feeling in my mouth. This would hardly seem newsworthy, except for the high-tech ingredient that made my frozen treat go down so smoothly: dairy proteins produced in a lab, no cows needed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The realm of plant-based meat substitutes has gotten a lot of buzz lately. Think the Impossible Burger and Beyond Meat – companies that use biochemistry to mimic the taste and texture of meat using plant-based ingredients. There's another frontier along these lines – start-ups that use microbes to create egg, dairy and other animal proteins without the animals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Their pitch: Sustainability. Livestock agriculture uses lots of water and land resources, and produces significant amounts of greenhouse gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If you can produce just the proteins that you want without keeping a living animal alive, that's going to be a lot more efficient, so it's better for the environment,\" says Bruce Friedrich of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.gfi.org/\">Good Food Institute\u003c/a>, which promotes plant- and cell-based alternatives to animal protein. And he says as the technology scales up, it should be a lot cheaper to produce proteins this way, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Among the early entrants in this field is \u003ca href=\"https://www.perfectdayfoods.com/\">Perfect Day\u003c/a>, producer of the aforementioned ice cream. The company took the genetic code for the main proteins in whey, a byproduct of cheese-making, then had it artificially synthesized into a molecule of DNA – so the process is \"totally animal free,\" says Perfect Day co-founder Ryan Pandya. Then they genetically engineered microbes to produce the same proteins through fermentation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Just like cows eat plants and make milk, it turns out [micro]flora can eat plants and make milk. And that's all we've done,\" Pandya says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The process is really simple,\" he says. You take a tank of microbes, feed them, and they turn into milk protein. \"Then you separated it out with filtration and drying and you're done.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Why focus on whey? In frozen desserts, whey protein provides velvety texture – Perfect Day released its ice cream in a limited run of about 1,000 3-pint boxes as a sort of proof of concept to introduce consumers to its technology. (Bonus: It's also lactose free.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the company's goal is actually to become an ingredient supplier to all the food companies that rely on whey to boost protein levels in a range of foods, from \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/11/08/164687100/you-can-thank-a-whey-refinery-for-that-protein-smoothie\">smoothies to power bars\u003c/a>. The target audience goes beyond vegans — to everyone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Rather than try to compete with all these big food makers that are otherwise just going to buy a ton of whey protein from factory-farmed cows, we can actually give them a better supply chain and in so doing, we can have a lot more impact than we would on our own,\" Pandya says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other companies looking to shake up the food supply include \u003ca href=\"https://www.motifingredients.com/\">Motif Ingredients\u003c/a>, which launched earlier this year with $90 million in investor financing. It aims to produce proteins derived from dairy, egg and meat using microbial fermentation and supply them to food makers looking for alternatives to animal proteins.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.clarafoods.com/\">Clara Foods\u003c/a> is using a similar synthetic biology process to create egg white proteins, including a highly soluble protein that would be used in sports drinks and other beverages. That could hit the food market early next year, says Ranjan Patnaik, vice president for technology strategy and operational excellence. Another protein in the pipeline could be used as egg whites — think vegan meringue and baked goods.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We have made all kinds those of pound cake, meringue, other recipes\" in their development lab in the San Francisco Bay Area, Patnaik says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.newculturefood.com/\">New Culture\u003c/a>, another California startup, is also targeting dairy: It's using microbial fermentation to make casein, milk proteins that give cheese its stretchy quality – which, alas, many vegan cheeses today seem to lack, says co-founder \u003ca href=\"https://www.linkedin.com/in/injaradman/\">Inja Radman.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If all this sounds a little too futuristic, consider this: Much of the cheese produced today already relies on the same technology in the form of rennet, an enzyme used to curdle milk. Cheese makers used to get it from the stomachs of slaughtered calves but for many years now, \u003ca href=\"https://io9.gizmodo.com/you-can-thank-genetic-engineering-for-your-delicious-ch-1701156684\">much of the rennet used for cheese\u003c/a> has been made via microbial fermentation, notes Friedrich.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given that this technology is already out there, and that the synthetic animals proteins produced are exact genetic replicas of the real thing, the companies making them don't anticipate major hurdles with regulators at the Food and Drug Administration.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some critics — like \u003ca href=\"https://foe.org/team-members/dana-perls/\">Dana Perls\u003c/a>, senior food campaigner for the environmental group Friends of the Earth — are concerned that the FDA will not give sufficient scrutiny to this new wave of synthetic proteins. Perls worries that the adoption of these proteins will make our food supply even more dependent on the fruits of biotechnology. \"The real solution for climate chaos and animal welfare problems are the truly organic, plant-based sources of proteins and organic solutions for less and better meat,\" Perls says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many dairy farmers are also not on board. For one thing, says \u003ca href=\"https://www.nmpf.org/team/alan-bjerga/\">Alan Bjerga\u003c/a> of the National Milk Producers Federation, an industry group that represents dairy producers, products made with synthetic dairy proteins may not have the same nutritional profile – such as vitamin and mineral content — as those made with milk from real cows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We want to make sure that consumers are very informed that these are not nutritionally the same,\" he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Others in the food industry, however, have embraced the new start-ups. Archer Daniels Midland, a global ingredient and food processing company, has partnered with Perfect Day. Fonterra, a multinational dairy giant based in New Zealand, is an investor in Motif Ingredients. And Clara Foods has teamed up with Ingredion, which supplies ingredients to the food and beverage industry, among others. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Copyright 2019 NPR. To see more, visit \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2019/08/02/747026144/dairy-ice-cream-no-cow-needed-these-egg-and-milk-proteins-are-made-without-anima\">NPR.org\u003c/a>.\u003c/i>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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