Meteor Showers, Massive Moons and More: Winter Astronomy Events to Look Up for
How to See the Perseid Meteor Shower in the Bay Area
If Exploding Stars Made Music, They'd Sound Like This
James Webb Telescope Captures Cosmic 'Question Mark' in Deep Space
Kepler Telescope Dead After Nearly a Decade of Finding Distant Worlds
Astronomers May Have Located the First Moon Outside of Our Solar System
Our 1st Interstellar Visitor Likely Came From a 2-Star System
Astronomers Glimpse Cosmic Dawn — When the Stars First Switched On
YouTube Stars See Toll On Their Mental Health
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"title": "Meteor Showers, Massive Moons and More: Winter Astronomy Events to Look Up for",
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"content": "\u003cp>A bright full moon. One of the year’s best meteor showers. Even a chance to see \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/jupiter\">Jupiter\u003c/a> at its most striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter 2025–26 will bring a range of exciting space events for skygazers to enjoy, starting this week. Keep reading for what to mark on your calendar as the nights grow long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A full moon at its closest point to Earth\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to see: Thursday\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December opens this week with a full moon, \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2025/11/29/full-moon-december-2025-exactly-when-to-see-a-cold-supermoon-rise/\">dubbed the “Cold Moon,” \u003c/a>that also happens to be near perigee: the point in the moon’s elliptical orbit when it’s closest to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proximity on Dec. 4 makes the moon appear slightly larger and brighter. But should we be \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/science/stargazing-guide-december-2025/\">calling it a “supermoon” too\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978806\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978806\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Day to night timelapse timeslice San Franciso panorama with full moon\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Day-to-night time-lapse panorama of downtown San Francisco with full moon. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s a very misleading term,” said Andrew Fraknoi, astronomer and professor at the University of San Francisco’s Fromm Institute — one of the astronomers who rolls their eyes at this particular label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because the average stargazer “cannot tell the difference between full moons that are regular or super: a complaint people sometimes have about cheap burger places, too,” Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, whatever you want to call this event, this week brings a good excuse to appreciate our nearest celestial neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Geminids meteor shower, with a moon-free show\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to see: Dec. 13–14\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Geminids meteor shower is considered one of the most reliable meteor displays of the year — and sometimes, it’s the most spectacular, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, conditions are nearly perfect to view the Geminids, since the shower peaks overnight around midnight on Dec. 13 and 14, but the moon won’t rise until around 2 a.m., according to the American Meteor Society. That means the skies will be wonderfully dark during the evening and just past midnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951367\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1951367\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long exposure of the sky taken during a past Geminids meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Asim Patel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Geminids are fragments shed from an asteroid-like object called 3200 Phaeton, which often produces bright, colorful meteors. And with the peak happening on a weekend this year, families can bundle up, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1997977/how-to-see-the-perseid-meteor-shower-in-the-bay-area\">find a dark spot away from city lights\u003c/a> and look up without worrying about school the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason to stay up for the Geminids: The next major meteor shower, the Quandratids on Jan 3–4, are predicted to be largely washed out by a full moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The winter solstice\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to see: Dec. 21\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one may be less something to “see,” but the solstice is still a momentous milestone for winter: marking the shortest day and longest night of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1995310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2120px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1995310\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2120\" height=\"1414\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899.jpg 2120w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-1920x1281.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2120px) 100vw, 2120px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A teenage girl uses the astronomy telescope to observe the stars on a cold winter night. \u003ccite>(Imgorthand/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Astronomers believe that billions of years ago, Earth collided with a mini planet called Theia, which caused our planet to tilt by 23 degrees — giving our globe its seasons. “The Earth was in a traffic accident and has never been able to straighten out,” Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Dec. 21, daylight slowly begins its long climb back toward summer — good news for anyone who doesn’t enjoy the deep, dark nights of winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Earth at perihelion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to see: Jan. 3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Day 3 of 2026, at around 9:15 a.m. PST, our planet will be at “perihelion” — that is, at its closest to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many who aren’t on the lookout, the sun may just look the same as any other day. But it will actually appear slightly larger than any other day in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fun fact: At perihelion, the Earth receives 7% more solar energy than when the planet is at its furthest from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Jupiter at opposition\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to see: Throughout January 2026\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just after the New Year holidays, Jupiter reaches opposition — the moment when the giant planet sits directly opposite the sun in our sky. As the sun sets, Jupiter rises and stays visible all night long, making the planet exceptionally bright in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1995309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1995309\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Juno mission captured this view of Jupiter’s southern hemisphere during the spacecraft’s 39th close flyby of the planet on Jan. 12, 2022. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since Jupiter reflects sunlight well, “it will be a brilliant point in the sky, easy to find with the naked eye,” Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a small telescope, you can even try to spot Jupiter’s moons. “Galileo’s first small telescope revealed four big moons orbiting Jupiter, forever destroying the notion that everything has to go around the Earth,” Fraknoi said. And this winter, these moons will be widely spaced and easy for you to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A bright full moon. One of the year’s best meteor showers. Even a chance to see \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/tag/jupiter\">Jupiter\u003c/a> at its most striking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Winter 2025–26 will bring a range of exciting space events for skygazers to enjoy, starting this week. Keep reading for what to mark on your calendar as the nights grow long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A full moon at its closest point to Earth\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to see: Thursday\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>December opens this week with a full moon, \u003ca href=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamiecartereurope/2025/11/29/full-moon-december-2025-exactly-when-to-see-a-cold-supermoon-rise/\">dubbed the “Cold Moon,” \u003c/a>that also happens to be near perigee: the point in the moon’s elliptical orbit when it’s closest to Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That proximity on Dec. 4 makes the moon appear slightly larger and brighter. But should we be \u003ca href=\"https://www.popsci.com/science/stargazing-guide-december-2025/\">calling it a “supermoon” too\u003c/a>?\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1978806\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1978806\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut.jpg\" alt=\"Day to night timelapse timeslice San Franciso panorama with full moon\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1080\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2022/03/RS54464_iStock-685789992-qut-1536x864.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Day-to-night time-lapse panorama of downtown San Francisco with full moon. \u003ccite>(iStock)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“That’s a very misleading term,” said Andrew Fraknoi, astronomer and professor at the University of San Francisco’s Fromm Institute — one of the astronomers who rolls their eyes at this particular label.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is because the average stargazer “cannot tell the difference between full moons that are regular or super: a complaint people sometimes have about cheap burger places, too,” Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, whatever you want to call this event, this week brings a good excuse to appreciate our nearest celestial neighbor.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Geminids meteor shower, with a moon-free show\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to see: Dec. 13–14\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Geminids meteor shower is considered one of the most reliable meteor displays of the year — and sometimes, it’s the most spectacular, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This winter, conditions are nearly perfect to view the Geminids, since the shower peaks overnight around midnight on Dec. 13 and 14, but the moon won’t rise until around 2 a.m., according to the American Meteor Society. That means the skies will be wonderfully dark during the evening and just past midnight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1951367\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1951367\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids.jpg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/12/AsimPatel-Geminids-1200x800.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Long exposure of the sky taken during a past Geminids meteor shower. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Asim Patel)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Geminids are fragments shed from an asteroid-like object called 3200 Phaeton, which often produces bright, colorful meteors. And with the peak happening on a weekend this year, families can bundle up, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1997977/how-to-see-the-perseid-meteor-shower-in-the-bay-area\">find a dark spot away from city lights\u003c/a> and look up without worrying about school the next morning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another reason to stay up for the Geminids: The next major meteor shower, the Quandratids on Jan 3–4, are predicted to be largely washed out by a full moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The winter solstice\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to see: Dec. 21\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This one may be less something to “see,” but the solstice is still a momentous milestone for winter: marking the shortest day and longest night of the year in the Northern Hemisphere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1995310\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2120px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1995310\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2120\" height=\"1414\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899.jpg 2120w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-800x534.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/GettyImages-1356507899-1920x1281.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2120px) 100vw, 2120px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A teenage girl uses the astronomy telescope to observe the stars on a cold winter night. \u003ccite>(Imgorthand/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Astronomers believe that billions of years ago, Earth collided with a mini planet called Theia, which caused our planet to tilt by 23 degrees — giving our globe its seasons. “The Earth was in a traffic accident and has never been able to straighten out,” Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After Dec. 21, daylight slowly begins its long climb back toward summer — good news for anyone who doesn’t enjoy the deep, dark nights of winter.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Earth at perihelion\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to see: Jan. 3\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Day 3 of 2026, at around 9:15 a.m. PST, our planet will be at “perihelion” — that is, at its closest to the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To many who aren’t on the lookout, the sun may just look the same as any other day. But it will actually appear slightly larger than any other day in the year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A fun fact: At perihelion, the Earth receives 7% more solar energy than when the planet is at its furthest from the sun.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Jupiter at opposition\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>When to see: Throughout January 2026\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just after the New Year holidays, Jupiter reaches opposition — the moment when the giant planet sits directly opposite the sun in our sky. As the sun sets, Jupiter rises and stays visible all night long, making the planet exceptionally bright in January.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1995309\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2560px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1995309\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1440\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-1020x574.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-160x90.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-768x432.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/12/jpegPIA25014-1920x1080.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Juno mission captured this view of Jupiter’s southern hemisphere during the spacecraft’s 39th close flyby of the planet on Jan. 12, 2022. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Since Jupiter reflects sunlight well, “it will be a brilliant point in the sky, easy to find with the naked eye,” Fraknoi said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And with a small telescope, you can even try to spot Jupiter’s moons. “Galileo’s first small telescope revealed four big moons orbiting Jupiter, forever destroying the notion that everything has to go around the Earth,” Fraknoi said. And this winter, these moons will be widely spaced and easy for you to see.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/perseids\">Perseids\u003c/a>, one of the most dazzling and reliable meteor showers of the year, are streaking across the Bay Area night sky, and this summer, Venus and Jupiter will join the cosmic show in a rare pre-dawn pairing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meteor shower is active from now until the end of August, and will be at its brightest, producing up to 100 meteors per hour, from Aug. 11 until Aug. 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the shower peaks between August 11 and 13, a bright, nearly full moon will make meteors more challenging to spot; technically, it will be a waning gibbous moon, a lunar phase that follows a full moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The darkest skies will arrive between when the sun sets around 8:15 p.m. and the moon rises a couple of hours later, but meteor activity is relatively low during that window, according to Andrew Fraknoi, astronomer and professor at the University of San Francisco’s Fromm Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your best bet? Aim for the pre-dawn hours after moonset, when the sky begins to darken again, especially between midnight and 5:00 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1997984\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1997984\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/Perseids2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/Perseids2.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/Perseids2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/Perseids2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/Perseids2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Perseid meteor shower on Aug. 12, 2013. The event occurs every year in August when the Earth passes through the debris and dust of the Swift-Tuttle comet. \u003ccite>(Ye Aung Thu/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It will be a tough year for stargazers,” Fraknoi said. “But even with a bright moon, you might catch a few brilliant meteors, especially after midnight, when activity picks up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the luminous full moon will limit viewing of the meteors during their peak, Fraknoi said it’s still worth trying to observe them. “It’s still possible to see an occasional meteor during the maximum time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a cosmic bonus, Venus and Jupiter, the two brightest planets in the sky, will appear close together just before dawn on Aug. 12. Look to the eastern sky between 5 and 6 a.m. to catch the planets rise side by side near the horizon, which is called a conjunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where to watch the Perseid meteor shower in the Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For meteor spotting, you want to choose a dark location away from city lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few popular dark locations for watching meteor showers in the Bay Area:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Henry Coe State Park, South Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tilden Park, East Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sunol Regional Wilderness, East Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mount Diablo, East Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Skyline Boulevard, Peninsula\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Montara Beach, Peninsula\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pescadero, Peninsula\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Point Reyes National Seashore, North Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Bodega Bay, North Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In the North Bay, you can find miles of darkened skies from the rural coast eastward. But note that fog in coastal areas might disrupt your views of the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State parks, national forests, and rural areas are also ideal for night sky watching. And if you’re looking to go beyond the Bay Area, popular spots in California include Pinnacles National Park, Joshua Tree National Park, Death Valley National Park, and the Sierra Nevada mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11953853/how-to-find-a-camping-spot-in-california-when-they-always-seem-to-be-fully-booked#walkincampsites\">Read our tips for finding a last-minute camping reservation near the Bay Area.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where to look in the sky to see the Perseid meteor shower\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you’re heading out to see the meteor shower, be prepared to be outdoors for at least a few hours. Bring a reclining chair or a blanket to lie on for comfort.[aside postID=science_1997579 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/GettyImages-1267735347-2000x1125.jpg']Dress warmly as temperatures can drop at night, even in summer. Make sure to check the weather forecast — clear skies are essential for optimal viewing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’re situated, allow your eyes to adjust to the darkness for about 20–30 minutes and avoid looking at your phone or any other bright lights, as this can reduce night vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look toward the northeast horizon, where the constellation Perseus will be rising, and enjoy the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What is a meteor shower?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A meteor shower occurs when Earth passes through a stream of debris left behind by a comet or, in some cases, an asteroid. As Earth moves through the debris, these particles enter our atmosphere at high speeds and burn up, creating striking streaks of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Perseids are named after the constellation Perseus, the point from which the meteors appear to radiate, and are fragments of the comet Swift-Tuttle. This comet last passed near Earth in 1992 and won’t return until 2126.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/tag/perseids\">Perseids\u003c/a>, one of the most dazzling and reliable meteor showers of the year, are streaking across the Bay Area night sky, and this summer, Venus and Jupiter will join the cosmic show in a rare pre-dawn pairing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The meteor shower is active from now until the end of August, and will be at its brightest, producing up to 100 meteors per hour, from Aug. 11 until Aug. 13.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the shower peaks between August 11 and 13, a bright, nearly full moon will make meteors more challenging to spot; technically, it will be a waning gibbous moon, a lunar phase that follows a full moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The darkest skies will arrive between when the sun sets around 8:15 p.m. and the moon rises a couple of hours later, but meteor activity is relatively low during that window, according to Andrew Fraknoi, astronomer and professor at the University of San Francisco’s Fromm Institute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Your best bet? Aim for the pre-dawn hours after moonset, when the sky begins to darken again, especially between midnight and 5:00 a.m.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1997984\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1997984\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/Perseids2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/Perseids2.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/Perseids2-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/Perseids2-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2025/07/Perseids2-1536x1024.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Perseid meteor shower on Aug. 12, 2013. The event occurs every year in August when the Earth passes through the debris and dust of the Swift-Tuttle comet. \u003ccite>(Ye Aung Thu/AFP via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“It will be a tough year for stargazers,” Fraknoi said. “But even with a bright moon, you might catch a few brilliant meteors, especially after midnight, when activity picks up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the luminous full moon will limit viewing of the meteors during their peak, Fraknoi said it’s still worth trying to observe them. “It’s still possible to see an occasional meteor during the maximum time,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As a cosmic bonus, Venus and Jupiter, the two brightest planets in the sky, will appear close together just before dawn on Aug. 12. Look to the eastern sky between 5 and 6 a.m. to catch the planets rise side by side near the horizon, which is called a conjunction.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where to watch the Perseid meteor shower in the Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>For meteor spotting, you want to choose a dark location away from city lights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are a few popular dark locations for watching meteor showers in the Bay Area:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>Henry Coe State Park, South Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Tilden Park, East Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Sunol Regional Wilderness, East Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Mount Diablo, East Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Skyline Boulevard, Peninsula\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Montara Beach, Peninsula\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pescadero, Peninsula\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Point Reyes National Seashore, North Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Bodega Bay, North Bay\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>In the North Bay, you can find miles of darkened skies from the rural coast eastward. But note that fog in coastal areas might disrupt your views of the night sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State parks, national forests, and rural areas are also ideal for night sky watching. And if you’re looking to go beyond the Bay Area, popular spots in California include Pinnacles National Park, Joshua Tree National Park, Death Valley National Park, and the Sierra Nevada mountains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11953853/how-to-find-a-camping-spot-in-california-when-they-always-seem-to-be-fully-booked#walkincampsites\">Read our tips for finding a last-minute camping reservation near the Bay Area.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Where to look in the sky to see the Perseid meteor shower\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>If you’re heading out to see the meteor shower, be prepared to be outdoors for at least a few hours. Bring a reclining chair or a blanket to lie on for comfort.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Dress warmly as temperatures can drop at night, even in summer. Make sure to check the weather forecast — clear skies are essential for optimal viewing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Once you’re situated, allow your eyes to adjust to the darkness for about 20–30 minutes and avoid looking at your phone or any other bright lights, as this can reduce night vision.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Look toward the northeast horizon, where the constellation Perseus will be rising, and enjoy the show.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What is a meteor shower?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>A meteor shower occurs when Earth passes through a stream of debris left behind by a comet or, in some cases, an asteroid. As Earth moves through the debris, these particles enter our atmosphere at high speeds and burn up, creating striking streaks of light.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Perseids are named after the constellation Perseus, the point from which the meteors appear to radiate, and are fragments of the comet Swift-Tuttle. This comet last passed near Earth in 1992 and won’t return until 2126.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "If Exploding Stars Made Music, They'd Sound Like This",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/NZdcaSyXKhc?si=2dggGm-XX9uLIsMJ\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are stars exploding all around us. They burst, flash and fade. Some leave traces of their spectacular journeys as supernovae in telescopes. Earth-bound astronomers collect and study the brief, brilliant careers of these stars in immense catalogs of data. Often, the star’s story ends there. But not so with a new set of data collected at CalTech and turned into music by high school senior Vanya Agrawal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A supernova is basically a star death,” said Agrawal, who graduated from Palos Verdes High School on June 6. “When a star reaches the end of its life, it loses all of the matter, collapses within itself, and then explodes in a great, beautiful explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a science class this year, she decided to take relatively new data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ztf.caltech.edu/\">Zwicky Transient Facility\u003c/a>, hosted at CalTech’s Palomar Observatory and offer a new way for people to experience it: as a piece of music.[ad fullwidth]“The data that they’re collecting is some of the best supernova data that we have today,” Agrawal said. “I thought it would be really interesting to be able to turn something that hasn’t really been seen in the public in this type of way into a sonification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Turning data from the heavens into music\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993195\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1993195\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMAGE_123650291-1-KQED-800x1124.jpg\" alt=\"A headshot photo of Vanya Agrawal. The student wears glasse and a blue collared shirt under a black blazer.\" width=\"500\" height=\"800\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Palos Verdes High School Senior Vanya Agrawal. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Vanya Agrawal.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her piece of music is based on a data set from ZTF. Represented in the data is a supernovae’s redshift – caused by light traveling away from Earth – and luminosity, or (effectively) brightness. She converted these qualities into musical features like pitch and volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had 8,000 data points that I used, and that translated to 8,000 notes within my composition,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then came the more interpretative, artistic side of the project. She created a MIDI file and, using a simple audio software on her computer, added modifications to make the piece more musical. “I added things like rhythms, chords, ambiance, sound effects,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Gilbert, a Berkeley-based arts and culture journalist, was impressed by the sense of peace and intimacy conveyed by Agrawal’s composition. Her goal was to create music to mediate or study to, something that might be at home in a science fiction film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like her version of space,” said Gilbert, who felt he could hear something like Alice Coltrane’s harp in the piece. “You think of space as intimate and vast, [her song feels] intimate and lulling and inviting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agrawal used it as a study tool in writing a research paper. “I was listening to it in the background because I was like, just for personal experiment, let me test how this works as Lo-Fi studying music,” she said. “And it was effective.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/q-0flgjUBfE?si=deLtPcdxbMNSNf5G\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Music as a tool for scientific connection\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s also been a hit among astronomers and astrophysicists and at science fairs. Agrawal made it all the way from the district to the county to the state to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.societyforscience.org/isef/\">Regeneron International Science and Engineering Fair\u003c/a> in Los Angeles this May. And she’s continuing to collaborate with Zwicky and CalTech on a tool that would allow members of the public to sonify astronomical data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this can have a lot of really great applications in getting people more interested in scientific research,” Agrawal said, “and feeling a greater connection to research that they might otherwise not have had an interest in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this summer, she heads to Washington University in Saint Louis, where she plans to study music composition and astrophysics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been doing Indian classical dance since I was four,” she said. “I’ve studied different forms of Indian classical music. I’ve been in marching band, jazz band, orchestra.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thinks every kid goes through a phase of being amazed by the stars. She was just lucky enough to realize she enjoyed the mathematics of space, too. Her future career, she hopes, will combine these two loves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/NZdcaSyXKhc?si=2dggGm-XX9uLIsMJ\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are stars exploding all around us. They burst, flash and fade. Some leave traces of their spectacular journeys as supernovae in telescopes. Earth-bound astronomers collect and study the brief, brilliant careers of these stars in immense catalogs of data. Often, the star’s story ends there. But not so with a new set of data collected at CalTech and turned into music by high school senior Vanya Agrawal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A supernova is basically a star death,” said Agrawal, who graduated from Palos Verdes High School on June 6. “When a star reaches the end of its life, it loses all of the matter, collapses within itself, and then explodes in a great, beautiful explosion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For a science class this year, she decided to take relatively new data from the \u003ca href=\"https://www.ztf.caltech.edu/\">Zwicky Transient Facility\u003c/a>, hosted at CalTech’s Palomar Observatory and offer a new way for people to experience it: as a piece of music.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The data that they’re collecting is some of the best supernova data that we have today,” Agrawal said. “I thought it would be really interesting to be able to turn something that hasn’t really been seen in the public in this type of way into a sonification.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Turning data from the heavens into music\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1993195\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 500px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1993195\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2024/06/IMAGE_123650291-1-KQED-800x1124.jpg\" alt=\"A headshot photo of Vanya Agrawal. The student wears glasse and a blue collared shirt under a black blazer.\" width=\"500\" height=\"800\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Palos Verdes High School Senior Vanya Agrawal. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Vanya Agrawal.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Her piece of music is based on a data set from ZTF. Represented in the data is a supernovae’s redshift – caused by light traveling away from Earth – and luminosity, or (effectively) brightness. She converted these qualities into musical features like pitch and volume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I had 8,000 data points that I used, and that translated to 8,000 notes within my composition,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then came the more interpretative, artistic side of the project. She created a MIDI file and, using a simple audio software on her computer, added modifications to make the piece more musical. “I added things like rhythms, chords, ambiance, sound effects,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Gilbert, a Berkeley-based arts and culture journalist, was impressed by the sense of peace and intimacy conveyed by Agrawal’s composition. Her goal was to create music to mediate or study to, something that might be at home in a science fiction film.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I like her version of space,” said Gilbert, who felt he could hear something like Alice Coltrane’s harp in the piece. “You think of space as intimate and vast, [her song feels] intimate and lulling and inviting.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agrawal used it as a study tool in writing a research paper. “I was listening to it in the background because I was like, just for personal experiment, let me test how this works as Lo-Fi studying music,” she said. “And it was effective.”\u003cbr>\n\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"100%\" height=\"515\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/q-0flgjUBfE?si=deLtPcdxbMNSNf5G\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" scrolling=\"yes\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Music as a tool for scientific connection\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It’s also been a hit among astronomers and astrophysicists and at science fairs. Agrawal made it all the way from the district to the county to the state to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.societyforscience.org/isef/\">Regeneron International Science and Engineering Fair\u003c/a> in Los Angeles this May. And she’s continuing to collaborate with Zwicky and CalTech on a tool that would allow members of the public to sonify astronomical data.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this can have a lot of really great applications in getting people more interested in scientific research,” Agrawal said, “and feeling a greater connection to research that they might otherwise not have had an interest in.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After this summer, she heads to Washington University in Saint Louis, where she plans to study music composition and astrophysics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been doing Indian classical dance since I was four,” she said. “I’ve studied different forms of Indian classical music. I’ve been in marching band, jazz band, orchestra.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She thinks every kid goes through a phase of being amazed by the stars. She was just lucky enough to realize she enjoyed the mathematics of space, too. Her future career, she hopes, will combine these two loves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "James Webb Telescope Captures Cosmic 'Question Mark' in Deep Space",
"headTitle": "James Webb Telescope Captures Cosmic ‘Question Mark’ in Deep Space | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope recently captured a stunning new image of what scientists call a pair of actively forming stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eagle-eyed viewers were quick to seize on an even tinier — and to some, more intriguing — detail at the very bottom of the frame: an orange formation in the unmistakable shape of a question mark, tail and all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2023/07/Herbig-Haro_46_47_NIRCam_image_annotated\">The photo\u003c/a> — which is actually a composite of a half-dozen infrared images — went viral on social media sites like \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/latestinspace/status/1688563643762233344\">X (formerly Twitter\u003c/a>) and \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/15ktn5d/nasas_james_webb_telescope_has_spotted_a_giant/\">Reddit \u003c/a>after the European Space Agency (one of the three agencies behind the telescope) shared it late last month, prompting the \u003ca href=\"https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/08/11/23/james-webb-space-telescope-finds-question-mark-in-space\">ESA to clarify\u003c/a> weeks later that “it’s not a hoax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aliens know we’ve found them and now they’re just messing with us,” one Reddit user wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photo shows a tightly bound pair of young stars known as Herbig-Haro 46/47, surrounded by a disc of gas and dust, and dotted by distant galaxies and stars in the background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983969\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/screenshot-2023-08-16-at-21.15.43-26af1c5c8f40ea765418b617974d3c8c771a5aae-800x600.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/screenshot-2023-08-16-at-21.15.43-26af1c5c8f40ea765418b617974d3c8c771a5aae-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/screenshot-2023-08-16-at-21.15.43-26af1c5c8f40ea765418b617974d3c8c771a5aae-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/screenshot-2023-08-16-at-21.15.43-26af1c5c8f40ea765418b617974d3c8c771a5aae-768x576.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/screenshot-2023-08-16-at-21.15.43-26af1c5c8f40ea765418b617974d3c8c771a5aae.png 945w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A new photo from the James Webb Space Telescope shows a tightly bound pair of actively forming stars (at the center of the red spikes). But many people are more curious about the question mark-shaped structure highlighted at the bottom middle of the frame. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA, ESA, CSA, J. DePasquale (STScI))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>ESA says Herbig-Haro 46/47 is important to study because it’s “only a few thousand years old” — and since stars take millions of years to form, its young age offers researchers a chance to observe how stars gather mass over time (and to potentially model the formation of one of the most famous stars, the sun).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, scientists acknowledge, it’s not the only notable formation in the photo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macarena Garcia Marin, a Webb project scientist with the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore (which manages the telescope’s science operations), told NPR in an email that the question mark is “a great example of how, with Webb, no matter what you are looking at, you can have surprises in the background.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she has at least one theory for why it’s resonating so much with people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we all enjoy finding familiar shapes in the sky; that creates a deep connection between our human-experience and language in this case (a question mark!) and the beauty of the Universe surrounding us,” Garcia Marin writes. “I think this exemplifies the human need for exploration and wonder, and to me it brings the question of how many other interesting objects are out there waiting to be explored with Webb!”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So what exactly is it?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the punctuation-shaped object appears to be two or more \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/topic/galaxies-merging-and-interacting\">galaxies merging\u003c/a> — the \u003ca href=\"https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/galaxy-merger\">intense process\u003c/a> through which galaxies collide (the Milky Way itself is the byproduct of one such merger).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a group or a chance alignment of 2 or 3 galaxies,” Kai Noeske, ESA communication program officer, said over email. “The upper part of the question mark looks like a distorted spiral galaxy, maybe merging with a second galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ESA study scientist Nora Luetzgendorf says that while it’s too far away to say for sure, the arc of the question mark likely comes from the tidal interaction between the galaxies, “and the dot might as well be just a smaller spherical galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy mergers are actually a very common astrophysical phenomenon, she adds — even our own galaxy is interacting with its neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy. Garcia Marin similarly calls them “a normal phase in the life and evolution of galaxies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t mean we see them very often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s “all about projection,” Garcia Marin explains. She says the reason we see the galaxies in a question mark shape is a result of both the angle with which they have encountered each other and our own point of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This ‘question mark’ shape figure perfectly exemplifies projection effects when looking at the sky,” she adds. “What we measure is a 2D image of a Universe that is filled with objects spanning time and space. We see their projection; that ?-shaped object is much further away from us than HH 46/47 and it does not have a direct impact on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she does note one interesting connection between the two phenomena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, she says, the process of galaxies interacting with each other can trigger the formation of stars — “and objects like HH 46/47, the main subject of the image, could be born.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What can it teach us?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983970\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1983970 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-800x764.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"764\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-800x764.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-1020x974.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-768x733.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-1536x1466.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-2048x1955.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-1920x1833.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image released by NASA last summer shows Stephan’s Quintet as captured by the Webb telescope. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Galaxy mergers generate “all kinds of beautiful shapes and structures,” Garcia Marin says — especially depending on the angle from which they are perceived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example is \u003ca href=\"https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2022/034/01G7F6AWJNTF1G0ZWP5ESGSFXF\">Stephan’s Quintet\u003c/a>, a visual grouping of five close-together galaxies located in the constellation Pegasus. It was one of the first \u003ca href=\"https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2022/034/01G7DA5ADA2WDSK1JJPQ0PTG4A\">images released from the Webb telescope\u003c/a> last summer, showing a swirling cluster of stars and sweeping tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luetzgendorf says images of some of the interacting galaxies closer by (relatively speaking), like the Whirlpool galaxy and Antennae galaxies, bear some resemblance to the structure people are talking about now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the similarities and how from a different perspective and from farther away, this might look like a question mark,” she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983971\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983971\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-800x794.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"794\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-800x794.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-1020x1012.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-160x159.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-768x762.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-1536x1524.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-2048x2032.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-1920x1905.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image made by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope shows the Antennae galaxies, formerly separate galaxies that have spent the last few hundred million years intertwining with one another. \u003ccite>(AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given that mergers are relatively common, and the new photos are really focused on the growing stars, is there anything new we can learn from the question mark hidden within? Garcia Marin thinks so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this is a galaxy merger,” she says, “its relevance would be to see how it fits in what we know about mergers and their importance for galaxy evolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=People+are+freaking+out+over+a+question+mark+seen+in+space.+Scientists+can+explain&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "A stunning new image from the James Webb Space Telescope shows a pair of actively forming stars. But many people are more curious about the tiny question mark visible toward the bottom of the frame.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The James Webb Space Telescope recently captured a stunning new image of what scientists call a pair of actively forming stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But eagle-eyed viewers were quick to seize on an even tinier — and to some, more intriguing — detail at the very bottom of the frame: an orange formation in the unmistakable shape of a question mark, tail and all.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2023/07/Herbig-Haro_46_47_NIRCam_image_annotated\">The photo\u003c/a> — which is actually a composite of a half-dozen infrared images — went viral on social media sites like \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/latestinspace/status/1688563643762233344\">X (formerly Twitter\u003c/a>) and \u003ca href=\"https://www.reddit.com/r/Damnthatsinteresting/comments/15ktn5d/nasas_james_webb_telescope_has_spotted_a_giant/\">Reddit \u003c/a>after the European Space Agency (one of the three agencies behind the telescope) shared it late last month, prompting the \u003ca href=\"https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/08/11/23/james-webb-space-telescope-finds-question-mark-in-space\">ESA to clarify\u003c/a> weeks later that “it’s not a hoax.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aliens know we’ve found them and now they’re just messing with us,” one Reddit user wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photo shows a tightly bound pair of young stars known as Herbig-Haro 46/47, surrounded by a disc of gas and dust, and dotted by distant galaxies and stars in the background.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983969\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983969\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/screenshot-2023-08-16-at-21.15.43-26af1c5c8f40ea765418b617974d3c8c771a5aae-800x600.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/screenshot-2023-08-16-at-21.15.43-26af1c5c8f40ea765418b617974d3c8c771a5aae-800x600.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/screenshot-2023-08-16-at-21.15.43-26af1c5c8f40ea765418b617974d3c8c771a5aae-160x120.png 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/screenshot-2023-08-16-at-21.15.43-26af1c5c8f40ea765418b617974d3c8c771a5aae-768x576.png 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/screenshot-2023-08-16-at-21.15.43-26af1c5c8f40ea765418b617974d3c8c771a5aae.png 945w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A new photo from the James Webb Space Telescope shows a tightly bound pair of actively forming stars (at the center of the red spikes). But many people are more curious about the question mark-shaped structure highlighted at the bottom middle of the frame. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA, ESA, CSA, J. DePasquale (STScI))\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>ESA says Herbig-Haro 46/47 is important to study because it’s “only a few thousand years old” — and since stars take millions of years to form, its young age offers researchers a chance to observe how stars gather mass over time (and to potentially model the formation of one of the most famous stars, the sun).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, scientists acknowledge, it’s not the only notable formation in the photo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Macarena Garcia Marin, a Webb project scientist with the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore (which manages the telescope’s science operations), told NPR in an email that the question mark is “a great example of how, with Webb, no matter what you are looking at, you can have surprises in the background.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And she has at least one theory for why it’s resonating so much with people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think we all enjoy finding familiar shapes in the sky; that creates a deep connection between our human-experience and language in this case (a question mark!) and the beauty of the Universe surrounding us,” Garcia Marin writes. “I think this exemplifies the human need for exploration and wonder, and to me it brings the question of how many other interesting objects are out there waiting to be explored with Webb!”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>So what exactly is it?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists say the punctuation-shaped object appears to be two or more \u003ca href=\"https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/topic/galaxies-merging-and-interacting\">galaxies merging\u003c/a> — the \u003ca href=\"https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/galaxy-merger\">intense process\u003c/a> through which galaxies collide (the Milky Way itself is the byproduct of one such merger).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It looks like a group or a chance alignment of 2 or 3 galaxies,” Kai Noeske, ESA communication program officer, said over email. “The upper part of the question mark looks like a distorted spiral galaxy, maybe merging with a second galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>ESA study scientist Nora Luetzgendorf says that while it’s too far away to say for sure, the arc of the question mark likely comes from the tidal interaction between the galaxies, “and the dot might as well be just a smaller spherical galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Galaxy mergers are actually a very common astrophysical phenomenon, she adds — even our own galaxy is interacting with its neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy. Garcia Marin similarly calls them “a normal phase in the life and evolution of galaxies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that doesn’t mean we see them very often.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s “all about projection,” Garcia Marin explains. She says the reason we see the galaxies in a question mark shape is a result of both the angle with which they have encountered each other and our own point of view.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This ‘question mark’ shape figure perfectly exemplifies projection effects when looking at the sky,” she adds. “What we measure is a 2D image of a Universe that is filled with objects spanning time and space. We see their projection; that ?-shaped object is much further away from us than HH 46/47 and it does not have a direct impact on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she does note one interesting connection between the two phenomena.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In general, she says, the process of galaxies interacting with each other can trigger the formation of stars — “and objects like HH 46/47, the main subject of the image, could be born.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>What can it teach us?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983970\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1983970 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-800x764.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"764\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-800x764.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-1020x974.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-160x153.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-768x733.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-1536x1466.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-2048x1955.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22193546501073_custom-3adf5f7fe104fd24d17698c09feb39e227780f4b-1920x1833.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">An image released by NASA last summer shows Stephan’s Quintet as captured by the Webb telescope. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI/AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Galaxy mergers generate “all kinds of beautiful shapes and structures,” Garcia Marin says — especially depending on the angle from which they are perceived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One example is \u003ca href=\"https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2022/034/01G7F6AWJNTF1G0ZWP5ESGSFXF\">Stephan’s Quintet\u003c/a>, a visual grouping of five close-together galaxies located in the constellation Pegasus. It was one of the first \u003ca href=\"https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2022/034/01G7DA5ADA2WDSK1JJPQ0PTG4A\">images released from the Webb telescope\u003c/a> last summer, showing a swirling cluster of stars and sweeping tails.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Luetzgendorf says images of some of the interacting galaxies closer by (relatively speaking), like the Whirlpool galaxy and Antennae galaxies, bear some resemblance to the structure people are talking about now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can see the similarities and how from a different perspective and from farther away, this might look like a question mark,” she adds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1983971\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1983971\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-800x794.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"794\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-800x794.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-1020x1012.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-160x159.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-768x762.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-1536x1524.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-2048x2032.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/08/ap22488019950_custom-5939419ee7fadb303ec3726ffbf4d3cdd66dae80-1920x1905.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">This image made by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope shows the Antennae galaxies, formerly separate galaxies that have spent the last few hundred million years intertwining with one another. \u003ccite>(AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Given that mergers are relatively common, and the new photos are really focused on the growing stars, is there anything new we can learn from the question mark hidden within? Garcia Marin thinks so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If this is a galaxy merger,” she says, “its relevance would be to see how it fits in what we know about mergers and their importance for galaxy evolution.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2023 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=People+are+freaking+out+over+a+question+mark+seen+in+space.+Scientists+can+explain&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>NASA’s elite planet-hunting spacecraft has been declared dead, just a few months shy of its 10th anniversary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials announced the Kepler Space Telescope’s demise Tuesday.[contextly_sidebar id=”jqy9UfxCBZ90iOrUTtyPnNP95TxF0iDM”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Already well past its expected lifetime, the 9 1/2-year-old \u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html\">Kepler\u003c/a> had been running low on fuel for months. Its ability to point at distant stars and identify possible alien worlds worsened dramatically at the beginning of October, but flight controllers still managed to retrieve its latest observations. The telescope has now gone silent, its fuel tank empty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Kepler opened the gate for mankind’s exploration of the cosmos,” said retired NASA scientist William Borucki, who led the original Kepler science team.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler discovered 2,681 planets outside our solar system and even more potential candidates. It showed us rocky worlds the size of Earth that, like Earth, might harbor life. It also unveiled incredible super Earths: planets bigger than Earth but smaller than Neptune.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s astrophysics director Paul Hertz estimated that anywhere from two to a dozen of the planets discovered by Kepler are rocky and Earth-sized in the so-called Goldilocks zone. But Kepler’s overall planet census showed that 20 to 50 percent of the stars visible in the night sky could have planets like ours in the habitable zone for life, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $700 million mission even helped to uncover last year a solar system with eight planets, just like ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has revolutionized our understanding of our place in the cosmos,” Hertz said. “Now we know because of the Kepler Space Telescope and its science mission that planets are more common than stars in our galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost lost in 2013 because of equipment failure, Kepler was salvaged by engineers and kept peering into the cosmos, thick with stars and galaxies, ever on the lookout for dips in in the brightness of stars that could indicate an orbiting planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was like trying to detect a flea crawling across a car headlight when the car was 100 miles away,” said Borucki said.[contextly_sidebar id=”Sjtq1fHgMA0vbbF5Mg2P0qERo6HNrz6B”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resurrected mission became known as K2 and yielded 350 confirmed exoplanets, or planets orbiting other stars, on top of what the telescope had already uncovered since its March 7, 2009, launch from Cape Canaveral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, close to 4,000 exoplanets have been confirmed over the past two decades, two-thirds of them thanks to Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler focused on stars thousands of light-years away and, according to NASA, showed that statistically there’s at least one planet around every star in our Milky Way Galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borucki, who dreamed up the mission decades ago, said one of his favorite discoveries was Kepler 22b, a water planet bigger than Earth but where it is not too warm and not too cold — the type “that could lead to life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A successor to Kepler launched in April, NASA’s Tess spacecraft, has its sights on stars closer to home. It’s already identified some possible planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tess project scientist Padi Boyd called Kepler’s mission “stunningly successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler showed us that “we live in a galaxy that’s teeming with planets, and we’re ready to take the next step to explore those planets,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another longtime spacecraft chasing strange worlds in our own solar system, meanwhile, is also close to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s 11-year-old Dawn spacecraft is pretty much out of fuel after orbiting the asteroid Vesta as well as the dwarf planet Ceres. It remains in orbit around Ceres, which, like Vesta, is in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.[contextly_sidebar id=”GgEd7jnSg1jG313uw74Dfgp2slUrmEqk”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of NASA’s older telescopes have been hit with equipment trouble recently, but have recovered. The 28-year-old Hubble Space Telescope resumed science observations last weekend, following a three-week shutdown. The 19-year-old Chandra X-ray Telescope’s pointing system also ran into trouble briefly in October. Both cases involved critical gyroscopes, needed to point the telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hertz said all the spacecraft problems were “completely independent” and coincidental in timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now 94 million miles from Earth, Kepler should remain in a safe, stable orbit around the sun. Flight controllers will disable the spacecraft’s transmitters, before bidding a final “good night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science Writer Seth Borenstein contributed to this report from Washington.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s astrophysics director Paul Hertz estimated that anywhere from two to a dozen of the planets discovered by Kepler are rocky and Earth-sized in the so-called Goldilocks zone. But Kepler’s overall planet census showed that 20 to 50 percent of the stars visible in the night sky could have planets like ours in the habitable zone for life, he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The $700 million mission even helped to uncover last year a solar system with eight planets, just like ours.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It has revolutionized our understanding of our place in the cosmos,” Hertz said. “Now we know because of the Kepler Space Telescope and its science mission that planets are more common than stars in our galaxy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost lost in 2013 because of equipment failure, Kepler was salvaged by engineers and kept peering into the cosmos, thick with stars and galaxies, ever on the lookout for dips in in the brightness of stars that could indicate an orbiting planet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was like trying to detect a flea crawling across a car headlight when the car was 100 miles away,” said Borucki said.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The resurrected mission became known as K2 and yielded 350 confirmed exoplanets, or planets orbiting other stars, on top of what the telescope had already uncovered since its March 7, 2009, launch from Cape Canaveral.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In all, close to 4,000 exoplanets have been confirmed over the past two decades, two-thirds of them thanks to Kepler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler focused on stars thousands of light-years away and, according to NASA, showed that statistically there’s at least one planet around every star in our Milky Way Galaxy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Borucki, who dreamed up the mission decades ago, said one of his favorite discoveries was Kepler 22b, a water planet bigger than Earth but where it is not too warm and not too cold — the type “that could lead to life.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A successor to Kepler launched in April, NASA’s Tess spacecraft, has its sights on stars closer to home. It’s already identified some possible planets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tess project scientist Padi Boyd called Kepler’s mission “stunningly successful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kepler showed us that “we live in a galaxy that’s teeming with planets, and we’re ready to take the next step to explore those planets,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another longtime spacecraft chasing strange worlds in our own solar system, meanwhile, is also close to death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NASA’s 11-year-old Dawn spacecraft is pretty much out of fuel after orbiting the asteroid Vesta as well as the dwarf planet Ceres. It remains in orbit around Ceres, which, like Vesta, is in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two of NASA’s older telescopes have been hit with equipment trouble recently, but have recovered. The 28-year-old Hubble Space Telescope resumed science observations last weekend, following a three-week shutdown. The 19-year-old Chandra X-ray Telescope’s pointing system also ran into trouble briefly in October. Both cases involved critical gyroscopes, needed to point the telescopes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hertz said all the spacecraft problems were “completely independent” and coincidental in timing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now 94 million miles from Earth, Kepler should remain in a safe, stable orbit around the sun. Flight controllers will disable the spacecraft’s transmitters, before bidding a final “good night.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>___\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Science Writer Seth Borenstein contributed to this report from Washington.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>After the Big Bang, it was cold and black. And then there was light. Now, for the first time, astronomers have glimpsed that dawn of the universe 13.6 billion years ago when the earliest stars were turning on the light in the cosmic darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if that’s not enough, they may have detected mysterious dark matter at work, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If confirmed, this discovery deserves two Nobel Prizes.’\u003ccite>Avi Loeb, Astronomer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The glimpse consisted of a faint radio signal from deep space, picked up by an antenna that is slightly bigger than a refrigerator and costs less than $5 million but in certain ways can go back much farther in time and distance than the celebrated, multibillion-dollar Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judd Bowman of Arizona State University, lead author of a study in Wednesday’s journal Nature, said the signal came from the very first objects in the universe as it was emerging out of darkness 180 million years after the Big Bang.[contextly_sidebar id=”jYUPSkU2tZwLi55vgQcexrim3lcYquVw”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the universe just lighting up, even though it was only a faint signal, is even more important than the Big Bang because “we are made of star stuff, and so we are glimpsing at our origin,” said astronomer Richard Ellis, who was not involved in the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal showed unexpectedly cold temperatures and an unusually pronounced wave. When astronomers tried to figure out why, the best explanation was that elusive dark matter may have been at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If verified, that would be the first confirmation of its kind of dark matter, which is a substantial part of the universe that scientists have been searching for over decades.[contextly_sidebar id=”PmBWerFeR4tVqYlsxbEMobhjwtBFs999″]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If confirmed, this discovery deserves two Nobel Prizes” for both capturing the signal of the first stars and potential dark matter confirmation, said Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb, who wasn’t part of the research team. Cautioning that “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence,” he said independent tests are needed to verify the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The only thing we know from this signal is that something very weird is going on.’\u003ccite>Rennan Barkana, Astrophysicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bowman agreed independent tests are needed even though his team spent two years double- and triple-checking their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a time of the universe we really don’t know anything about,” Bowman said. He said the discovery is “like the first sentence” in an early chapter of the history of the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is nothing that astronomers could actually see. In fact, it’s all indirect, based on changes in the wavelengths produced by radio signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Our Cosmic Origin\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe early universe was dark and cold, filled with just hydrogen and helium. Once stars formed, they emitted ultraviolet light into the dark areas between them. That ultraviolet light changes the energy signature of hydrogen atoms, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers looked at a specific wavelength. If there were stars and ultraviolet light, they would see one signature. If there were no stars, they would see another. They saw a clear but faint signal showing there were stars, probably many of them, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding that trace signal wasn’t easy because the Milky Way galaxy alone booms with radio wave noise 10,000 times louder, said Peter Kurczynski, advanced program technology director for the National Science Foundation, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finding the impact of the first stars in that cacophony would be like trying to hear the flap of a hummingbird’s wing from inside a hurricane,” Kurczynski said in an NSF video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the high end of the frequency they were looking in is the same as FM radio, the astronomers had to go to the Australian desert to escape interference. That was where they installed their antennas.[contextly_sidebar id=”XxM9A254Z8TSh5SKWxJ62eObPNsddh6D”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then labored to confirm what they found, in part by testing it against dummy signals in the lab, and it all showed that what they spotted was the existence of the first stars, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the scientists know little about these early stars. They were probably hotter and simpler than modern stars, Ellis and Bowman said. But now that astronomers know where and how to look, others will confirm this and learn more, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research does not establish exactly when these stars turned on, except that at 180 million years after the Big Bang, they were on. Scientists had come up with many different time periods for when the first stars switched on, and 180 million years fits with current theory, said Ellis, a professor at University College London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this signal was found and examined, it showed that the hydrogen between stars was “even colder than the coldest we thought possible,” said Rennan Barkana, a Tel Aviv University astrophysicist who wrote a companion study on the dark matter implications of the discovery. The researchers expected temperatures to be 10 degrees above absolute zero, but they were 5 degrees above absolute zero (minus 451 degrees Fahrenheit, or minus 268 degrees Celsius).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only thing we know from this signal is that something very weird is going on,” Barkana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter Dark Matter\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat seems likely is dark matter — which scientists have never seen interacting with anything — may be cooling that hydrogen, he said. Dark matter makes up about 27 percent of the universe, but scientists know little about it except that it’s not made of normal matter particles called baryons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known dark matter exists, indirectly, through measurements based on gravity. If this interpretation of the data is correct, it would be the first confirmation of dark matter outside of gravity calculations, Barkana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also potentially reveals something new about the nature of dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the result is correct it constitutes an indirect detection of dark matter and, moreover suggests something of fundamental importance (its interaction with baryons),” Johns Hopkins University astrophysicist Marc Kamionkowski, who wasn’t part of the study, said in an email. “This therefore is about as important as you can get in cosmology.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>After the Big Bang, it was cold and black. And then there was light. Now, for the first time, astronomers have glimpsed that dawn of the universe 13.6 billion years ago when the earliest stars were turning on the light in the cosmic darkness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And if that’s not enough, they may have detected mysterious dark matter at work, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘If confirmed, this discovery deserves two Nobel Prizes.’\u003ccite>Avi Loeb, Astronomer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The glimpse consisted of a faint radio signal from deep space, picked up by an antenna that is slightly bigger than a refrigerator and costs less than $5 million but in certain ways can go back much farther in time and distance than the celebrated, multibillion-dollar Hubble Space Telescope.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Judd Bowman of Arizona State University, lead author of a study in Wednesday’s journal Nature, said the signal came from the very first objects in the universe as it was emerging out of darkness 180 million years after the Big Bang.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing the universe just lighting up, even though it was only a faint signal, is even more important than the Big Bang because “we are made of star stuff, and so we are glimpsing at our origin,” said astronomer Richard Ellis, who was not involved in the project.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The signal showed unexpectedly cold temperatures and an unusually pronounced wave. When astronomers tried to figure out why, the best explanation was that elusive dark matter may have been at work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If verified, that would be the first confirmation of its kind of dark matter, which is a substantial part of the universe that scientists have been searching for over decades.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If confirmed, this discovery deserves two Nobel Prizes” for both capturing the signal of the first stars and potential dark matter confirmation, said Harvard astronomer Avi Loeb, who wasn’t part of the research team. Cautioning that “extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence,” he said independent tests are needed to verify the findings.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘The only thing we know from this signal is that something very weird is going on.’\u003ccite>Rennan Barkana, Astrophysicist\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Bowman agreed independent tests are needed even though his team spent two years double- and triple-checking their work.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a time of the universe we really don’t know anything about,” Bowman said. He said the discovery is “like the first sentence” in an early chapter of the history of the cosmos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is nothing that astronomers could actually see. In fact, it’s all indirect, based on changes in the wavelengths produced by radio signals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Our Cosmic Origin\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nThe early universe was dark and cold, filled with just hydrogen and helium. Once stars formed, they emitted ultraviolet light into the dark areas between them. That ultraviolet light changes the energy signature of hydrogen atoms, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Astronomers looked at a specific wavelength. If there were stars and ultraviolet light, they would see one signature. If there were no stars, they would see another. They saw a clear but faint signal showing there were stars, probably many of them, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finding that trace signal wasn’t easy because the Milky Way galaxy alone booms with radio wave noise 10,000 times louder, said Peter Kurczynski, advanced program technology director for the National Science Foundation, which helped fund the research.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Finding the impact of the first stars in that cacophony would be like trying to hear the flap of a hummingbird’s wing from inside a hurricane,” Kurczynski said in an NSF video.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Because the high end of the frequency they were looking in is the same as FM radio, the astronomers had to go to the Australian desert to escape interference. That was where they installed their antennas.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They then labored to confirm what they found, in part by testing it against dummy signals in the lab, and it all showed that what they spotted was the existence of the first stars, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, the scientists know little about these early stars. They were probably hotter and simpler than modern stars, Ellis and Bowman said. But now that astronomers know where and how to look, others will confirm this and learn more, Bowman said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research does not establish exactly when these stars turned on, except that at 180 million years after the Big Bang, they were on. Scientists had come up with many different time periods for when the first stars switched on, and 180 million years fits with current theory, said Ellis, a professor at University College London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When this signal was found and examined, it showed that the hydrogen between stars was “even colder than the coldest we thought possible,” said Rennan Barkana, a Tel Aviv University astrophysicist who wrote a companion study on the dark matter implications of the discovery. The researchers expected temperatures to be 10 degrees above absolute zero, but they were 5 degrees above absolute zero (minus 451 degrees Fahrenheit, or minus 268 degrees Celsius).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only thing we know from this signal is that something very weird is going on,” Barkana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Enter Dark Matter\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nWhat seems likely is dark matter — which scientists have never seen interacting with anything — may be cooling that hydrogen, he said. Dark matter makes up about 27 percent of the universe, but scientists know little about it except that it’s not made of normal matter particles called baryons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have known dark matter exists, indirectly, through measurements based on gravity. If this interpretation of the data is correct, it would be the first confirmation of dark matter outside of gravity calculations, Barkana said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It also potentially reveals something new about the nature of dark matter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the result is correct it constitutes an indirect detection of dark matter and, moreover suggests something of fundamental importance (its interaction with baryons),” Johns Hopkins University astrophysicist Marc Kamionkowski, who wasn’t part of the study, said in an email. “This therefore is about as important as you can get in cosmology.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Think today’s kids want to be doctors or lawyers? Nope. YouTube stardom is the No. 1 dream career for young people today, at least according to a widely publicized \u003ca href=\"http://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/24/most-desired-career-young-people-youtube/\">survey\u003c/a> by a British newspaper last spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeal is obvious: Some 20-somethings are making millions by playing video games or dispensing beauty tips online. But the pressure of having to endlessly produce original content that makes them look accessible, transparent and authentic has proved too much for some people, including Essena O’Neill. The former social media personality went public in her posts about experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety from living an overly curated life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only time I felt better about myself, really, was the more followers, the more likes, the more praise, and the more views I got online,” she said in her \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe1Qyks8QEM\">last video\u003c/a> from 2015 before disappearing from social media entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living professionally online has also been a challenge for 24-year-old Lauren Riihimaki. More than 6 million people follow her YouTube channel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/LaurDIY\">LaurDIY,\u003c/a> which covers topics ranging from home decorating to her adoption of an adorable little dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can never just kind of turn it off and be like, ‘OK, today I don’t want to be me,’ because that’s your business,” she said during an NPR interview earlier this summer at \u003ca href=\"http://vidcon.com\">VidCon\u003c/a> in Anaheim, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riihimaki has a team of five people these days helping her manage her business, among them \u003ca href=\"http://select.co/company/\">Adam Wescott\u003c/a>, co-founder of Select Management Group, a talent agency just for YouTube stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these stars are between the ages of 20 and 26. Unlike movie stars or rock stars, Wescott says, these video celebrities do most of their work themselves. “They’re responsible for everything from developing an idea, to physically producing it, to starring in it, to directing it, to editing it, to programming it, to promoting and marketing,” Wescott says. And to keep their hungry audiences satisfied, they should be doing all that at least twice a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Lauren Riihimaki came close not just to burning out, but breaking down. “I have overcome and pushed the boundaries of my anxiety so insanely since I started YouTube,” she says in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKeltfBsGeY\">one\u003c/a> of her LaurDIY videos where she talks about the mental health pressures she’s faced and that her work entails. Riihimaki says she sees a therapist and she’s on medication. And that’s been working for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Julian, a Los Angeles therapist who does not work with Riihimaki, has a number of famous clients. She says one of the hardest things about managing life as a YouTube star is making a career out of something that can be an addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our phones have become our dopamine,” she says. “And getting those clicks and likes and followers is also that other dopamine.” Anyone with a Facebook, Twitter or Instagram account is familiar with that neurotramitter rush. But now, imagine it magnified by millions of clicks, likes and followers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help maintain her mental equilibrium, Lauren Riihimaki filters out commenters’ negative language “like ‘ugly.’ ‘Fat.’ ‘Stupid.’ ‘Loser.’ Just any bad word,” she says. “I have like, 200 words filtered out, because, it’s just like anything negative. If you don’t need to see that, then you might as well not see it if you have the option to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upside to managing YouTube stars, says Wescott, is that he can generally tell how his clients are doing because they’re on social media all the time. When they’re clearly overwhelmed, he tells them to get offline for a while. Stop being a brand. Take some time just to be a person again.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Think today’s kids want to be doctors or lawyers? Nope. YouTube stardom is the No. 1 dream career for young people today, at least according to a widely publicized \u003ca href=\"http://www.tubefilter.com/2017/05/24/most-desired-career-young-people-youtube/\">survey\u003c/a> by a British newspaper last spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The appeal is obvious: Some 20-somethings are making millions by playing video games or dispensing beauty tips online. But the pressure of having to endlessly produce original content that makes them look accessible, transparent and authentic has proved too much for some people, including Essena O’Neill. The former social media personality went public in her posts about experiencing symptoms of depression and anxiety from living an overly curated life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The only time I felt better about myself, really, was the more followers, the more likes, the more praise, and the more views I got online,” she said in her \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xe1Qyks8QEM\">last video\u003c/a> from 2015 before disappearing from social media entirely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Living professionally online has also been a challenge for 24-year-old Lauren Riihimaki. More than 6 million people follow her YouTube channel, \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/user/LaurDIY\">LaurDIY,\u003c/a> which covers topics ranging from home decorating to her adoption of an adorable little dog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You can never just kind of turn it off and be like, ‘OK, today I don’t want to be me,’ because that’s your business,” she said during an NPR interview earlier this summer at \u003ca href=\"http://vidcon.com\">VidCon\u003c/a> in Anaheim, Calif.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Riihimaki has a team of five people these days helping her manage her business, among them \u003ca href=\"http://select.co/company/\">Adam Wescott\u003c/a>, co-founder of Select Management Group, a talent agency just for YouTube stars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Most of these stars are between the ages of 20 and 26. Unlike movie stars or rock stars, Wescott says, these video celebrities do most of their work themselves. “They’re responsible for everything from developing an idea, to physically producing it, to starring in it, to directing it, to editing it, to programming it, to promoting and marketing,” Wescott says. And to keep their hungry audiences satisfied, they should be doing all that at least twice a week.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s why Lauren Riihimaki came close not just to burning out, but breaking down. “I have overcome and pushed the boundaries of my anxiety so insanely since I started YouTube,” she says in \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKeltfBsGeY\">one\u003c/a> of her LaurDIY videos where she talks about the mental health pressures she’s faced and that her work entails. Riihimaki says she sees a therapist and she’s on medication. And that’s been working for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dana Julian, a Los Angeles therapist who does not work with Riihimaki, has a number of famous clients. She says one of the hardest things about managing life as a YouTube star is making a career out of something that can be an addiction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our phones have become our dopamine,” she says. “And getting those clicks and likes and followers is also that other dopamine.” Anyone with a Facebook, Twitter or Instagram account is familiar with that neurotramitter rush. But now, imagine it magnified by millions of clicks, likes and followers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To help maintain her mental equilibrium, Lauren Riihimaki filters out commenters’ negative language “like ‘ugly.’ ‘Fat.’ ‘Stupid.’ ‘Loser.’ Just any bad word,” she says. “I have like, 200 words filtered out, because, it’s just like anything negative. If you don’t need to see that, then you might as well not see it if you have the option to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upside to managing YouTube stars, says Wescott, is that he can generally tell how his clients are doing because they’re on social media all the time. When they’re clearly overwhelmed, he tells them to get offline for a while. Stop being a brand. Take some time just to be a person again.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
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"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
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