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"content": "\u003cp>Another day, another environmental policy skirmish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California, 17 other states, and Washington, D.C. today challenged a Trump administration plan to limit climate change analysis for major energy and infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra called Trump’s plan “reckless” and said it “leads agencies to ignore the climate crisis, the most pressing environmental challenge of our time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re reminding President Trump once again: if you try to backslide on the safeguards protecting our nation’s environment and put polluters in the driver’s seat, we will hold you accountable,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, the White House floated new environmental review guidelines for federal projects like gas pipelines and highways. The draft guidance on consideration of greenhouse gas emissions under the National Environmental Policy Act doesn’t mention climate change or global warming.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the draft say the Trump administration seeks to downplay climate change and warming as it approves infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes would ease regulations, and the administration says they’d allow for faster permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been two years since President Trump rescinded an Obama-era rule that required agencies to study and quantify planet-warming gas emissions as part of their decision-making process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition this morning released its \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">comment\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">letter\u003c/a>, which argues that the proposal encourages agencies to violate federal environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Critics of the draft say the Trump administration seeks to downplay climate change and warming as it approves infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The changes would ease regulations, and the administration says they’d allow for faster permitting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s been two years since President Trump rescinded an Obama-era rule that required agencies to study and quantify planet-warming gas emissions as part of their decision-making process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition this morning released its \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">comment\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/NEPA%20GHG%20Guidance%20Multistate%20Comments_8-26-19.finalsubmission-w-Attachments.pdf\">letter\u003c/a>, which argues that the proposal encourages agencies to violate federal environmental rules.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Researchers Press California to Strengthen Landmark Climate Law",
"headTitle": "Researchers Press California to Strengthen Landmark Climate Law | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California’s cornerstone climate law for reducing planet warming emissions is coming under fire from a group of high-profile researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal and policy experts are challenging California’s top regulators to strengthen oversight of the state’s cap-and-trade law and to adopt changes to ensure that the state’s marketplace is reducing greenhouse gas pollution at the rate it claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors from Stanford Law School, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, among other institutions released a\u003ca href=\"https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Managing-Uncertainty-in-Carbon-Offsets-SLS-Working-Paper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> paper\u003c/a> today pressing the California Air Resources Board to strengthen accounting reviews and ensure the state’s landmark climate change law is achieving its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board monitors the cap-and-trade program, and agency leadership are vigorously defending it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers — many of whom have been active in the program’s rule making and have challenged the agency before — argue in the working paper that the emissions reductions in California’s offset program are inherently uncertain. In some cases, they wrote, the rules create “perverse incentives” toward increasing planet-warming gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California law is at the center of the state’s plans to fight climate change and the state is counting on the initiative to \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\">reduce\u003c/a> its total emissions by 40% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far, cap-and-trade programs have relied heavily on carbon offsets, as a way to meet the cap,” said lead author Barbara Haya, a UC Berkeley research fellow. “But carbon offsets have not worked very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Haya examined the board’s assumptions around its offset program for forests in the U.S. (the agency refers to it as the U.S. Forest Projects \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/protocols/usforest/forestprotocol2015.pdf\">protocol\u003c/a>). She \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Policy_Brief-US_Forest_Projects-Leakage-Haya_2.pdf\">estimates\u003c/a> landowners earn millions for reductions in planet warming emissions that might not be real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She argues that California overestimated carbon dioxide emissions reductions by 80 million tons, and the program may only have accomplished 18% of the emission reductions it claims to have made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you consider that U.S. forests comprise the vast majority of the credits the agency has issued to date, that’s a big discrepancy. The analysis raises questions about how well the state’s landmark climate program — a model for other states and even countries — is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agency is aggressively defending its cap-and-trade program saying it’s a model for the international community and the forest initiative is the product of years of policy making, hearings, and stakeholder input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Nichols, the Air Resource Board’s chair and top official, said in a letter to members of the Legislature that the agency reviewed Haya’s forest study and strongly disagreed with her analysis because it “contains errors and misunderstandings of the Forest Protocol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the letter, the agency released a detailed \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/overview.pdf\">rebuttal\u003c/a>, to which Haya \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research/working-paper-series/policy-brief-arbas-us-forest-projects-offset-protocol-underestimates-leaka\">responded\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajinder Sahota, who manages the cap-and-trade program for the agency, said she’s fully confident that the program is working. “We categorically disagree with these assertions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She vigorously defended the forest program calling it the “global gold standard” and saying that it was designed over many years, thousands of review comments, and dozens of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota categorized Haya’s studies as representing “old arguments” and pointed to the fact that in 2015 the First District Court of Appeals rejected a lawsuit from environmental groups that charged the offset program could not be ensured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They brought the assertion that the offset program didn’t meet the requirements for being real, quantifiable emissions reductions,” Sahota said. “We litigated that and we prevailed in the lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Strengthening the Program\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California cap-and-trade works in two ways. It places a limit on industrial emissions — a “cap” that is lowered over time — and it creates a marketplace for companies to buy emissions offset credits from forest managers, dairy farmers, or others who are taking steps to remove carbon from the atmosphere or prevent its release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon offsets are central to California’s landmark climate change policy, and are organized into different areas the agency calls “\u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/offsets.htm\">protocols\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than reduce its own pollution, for example, an oil refinery can buy an offset that represents a ton of carbon emissions reductions from sustainable practices in another industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to explore how can an offset program be designed,” Haya said, “so that we can trust that the credits generated represent real emissions reductions and don’t undermine the effectiveness of our cap-and-trade programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 531px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946806\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"531\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg 531w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Haya, a research fellow at UC Berkeley. A portrait of Haya was taken near the Alumni House at UC Berkeley on Saturday August 24, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key issue, she added, has to do with California’s marketplace for “trading” emissions. State law requires that all of the offset credits be “real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable, and enforceable.” Haya’s research found something different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw really clearly looking at California’s program is that the reductions from offsets are inherently uncertain,” she said. “We know how to measure emissions under a cap, but it is much harder to measure emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Cullenward, an energy economist and co-author of the paper, said that California doesn’t maintain an ongoing, formal structure to monitor how well the program is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that these protocols can be used and used well, and we rely heavily on them, and invoke the idea that they’re high quality,” he said, adding that the California approach to ensuring quality with its offsets is “ad hoc.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, saying that all of the emissions offsets are verified by a third party; if any fraud is detected, the offsets are invalidated; and all of the underlying reports are made available to the public. Also, since the forest program was first adopted, the agency has updated its rules on different occasions after a review of the latest science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘\u003cstrong>Perverse Incentives’ \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers examined California’s recent initiatives that allow regulated industries to trade emissions, they found that, in some cases, they create what Haya calls “perverse incentives” that can lead to more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, with one of its new initiatives, coal mines can make money by burning off the methane gas that leaks during production. While burning methane releases carbon dioxide — the main greenhouse gas driving climate change — methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning the methane, even though it increases the carbon wafting in the air, is a net positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the researchers identified a problem. By destroying methane, the gassiest mines in the U.S. could earn enough money to remain open for longer than they would have at a moment when coal and natural gas are competing and mines closing. “Those profits can be substantial for those mines,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, California’s marketplace for emissions can deter governments from instituting other climate change regulations. Once an agency requires coal mines to flare their leaky gas, for example, the mines can no longer sell methane offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone can’t pay someone else to reduce emissions because they are already required by law,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, and points to the fact that before California adopted the coal mine program in 2014, agency staff \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/regact/2013/capandtrade13/1mmcecon.pdf\">estimated\u003c/a> its potential impacts and found the potential revenue for the industry was minimal, a half a percent of the value of overall domestic coal production. “The protocol does not make any financial impact on bottom line decisions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota pushed back on the notion that the cap-and-trade program could deter other agencies away from regulations calling it “another falsehood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to the fact that after the board adopted a market for capturing methane from dairy farms, California \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1201862/california-targets-dairy-cows-to-combat-global-warming\">passed\u003c/a> a bill regulating heat-trapping gases from livestock operations and landfills (when cows belch, pass gas and make manure they release methane).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she acknowledged that other agencies might use California’s cap-and-trade law as an excuse not to pass regulations that they don’t want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Regulation is the best way to achieve these emissions reductions because it guarantees action,” she said. “But until such time that regulations can be formulated, offset protocols incentivize early action and actually get people doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, it’s a carrot rather than the stick way to produce emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>U.S. Forests and Amazon Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason that the quality of the program is so important is because California is a testing ground for climate policy, and the state exports its ideas to other countries, and also states like Oregon, which was poised to pass a similar law this year (until 11 Republican senators revolted, fled the state in protest, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/07/30/boeing-killed-oregons-cap-and-trade-deal-by-peeling-away-the-key-democrats-vote/\">killed\u003c/a> the bill).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quality of the state’s landmark climate law is all the more important because the board will meet next month to consider framework rules for a new tropical forest program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the agency is not yet considering adopting a program for international rainforest — that would require years of environmental review and public comment — the board will consider a methodology for what such a program might look like, a precursor to adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is important because fires are ripping across the Brazilian Amazon after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946696/fires-spread-across-brazilian-amazon-after-surge-in-deforestation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surge\u003c/a> in deforestation, and supporters of expanding California’s market \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/commentary/climate-change-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argue\u003c/a> that the state can fight climate change while saving tropical forests throughout the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California approved a new program, forest managers in Brazil could earn money by sustainably managing their forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ensuring the quality of the program in other countries with different types of governments is a difficult challenge, Cullenward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California will be overseeing the program, who’s going to do that?” he said. “If you think it’s challenging to manage a forest protocol in the continental United States and Alaska, how about operating in Acre, Brazil, right now?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Germany, Norway, and other governments invested in a fund to support sustainable forestry in this part of Brazil. But recently, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753836508/why-norway-and-germany-have-frozen-money-going-to-the-amazon-fund\">withdrew\u003c/a> their investment because Brazil’s right-of-center president, Jair Bolsonaro, encourages deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/21/753140642/tens-of-thousands-of-fires-ravage-brazilian-amazon-where-deforestation-has-spike\">reporting\u003c/a> has Bolsonaro on the record saying he wants the Amazon open to development and describing rainforest protection measures as “obstacles” to the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Pushback \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade law is a second generation carbon offset program. European leaders promoted the first generation program following the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, when an international coalition of countries promised to reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kyoto’s offsets didn’t work very well. One \u003ca href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/ets/docs/clean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf\">study\u003c/a> found that only 2% of the projects have a “high likelihood” of ensuring that emission reductions were additional and not over-estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporting in \u003ca href=\"https://features.propublica.org/brazil-carbon-offsets/inconvenient-truth-carbon-credits-dont-work-deforestation-redd-acre-cambodia/\">ProPublica\u003c/a> revealed that the program subsidized thousands of projects, including coal plants, that claimed credits for being more efficient than they would have been. The European Union stopped accepting the credits after the program became mired in technical and human rights scandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s market is meant to respond to some of the criticisms of the dysfunctional first generation program created under the United Nations climate trading regime and is different in a few key ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kyoto’s initiative was voluntary and underfunded. But California’s program allows companies to offset a small percentage of their carbon output and only recognizes forests in the U.S., where the state can presumably have more oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The offset program is one of the most transparent parts of the cap-and-trade program,” Sahota said. “We were sensitive to the concerns about distrust of offsets when we were designing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from the get-go, environmental justice groups like the Asian Pacific Environmental Network and Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability debated whether California’s cap-and-trade offsets would improve on the old model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They argue it allows industry to pay to pollute in areas already suffering from toxic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, they’ve recently eased back on their protests as long as the revenue from the market be used to meet the needs of neighborhoods most prone to dirty air; as, they hope, will be the case with California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943578/climate-funds-for-clean-water-democrats-enviro-groups-are-split\">plan\u003c/a> to use cap-and-trade money to clean dirty drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "California is vigorously defending its cap-and-trade law from research that found the state is overestimating emissions reductions.",
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"headline": "Researchers Press California to Strengthen Landmark Climate Law",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>California’s cornerstone climate law for reducing planet warming emissions is coming under fire from a group of high-profile researchers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal and policy experts are challenging California’s top regulators to strengthen oversight of the state’s cap-and-trade law and to adopt changes to ensure that the state’s marketplace is reducing greenhouse gas pollution at the rate it claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Authors from Stanford Law School, UC Berkeley, UC Santa Barbara, among other institutions released a\u003ca href=\"https://www-cdn.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Managing-Uncertainty-in-Carbon-Offsets-SLS-Working-Paper.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> paper\u003c/a> today pressing the California Air Resources Board to strengthen accounting reviews and ensure the state’s landmark climate change law is achieving its goals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The board monitors the cap-and-trade program, and agency leadership are vigorously defending it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The researchers — many of whom have been active in the program’s rule making and have challenged the agency before — argue in the working paper that the emissions reductions in California’s offset program are inherently uncertain. In some cases, they wrote, the rules create “perverse incentives” toward increasing planet-warming gases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California law is at the center of the state’s plans to fight climate change and the state is counting on the initiative to \u003ca href=\"https://www.c2es.org/content/california-cap-and-trade/\">reduce\u003c/a> its total emissions by 40% by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“So far, cap-and-trade programs have relied heavily on carbon offsets, as a way to meet the cap,” said lead author Barbara Haya, a UC Berkeley research fellow. “But carbon offsets have not worked very well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In May, Haya examined the board’s assumptions around its offset program for forests in the U.S. (the agency refers to it as the U.S. Forest Projects \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/protocols/usforest/forestprotocol2015.pdf\">protocol\u003c/a>). She \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Policy_Brief-US_Forest_Projects-Leakage-Haya_2.pdf\">estimates\u003c/a> landowners earn millions for reductions in planet warming emissions that might not be real.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She argues that California overestimated carbon dioxide emissions reductions by 80 million tons, and the program may only have accomplished 18% of the emission reductions it claims to have made.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you consider that U.S. forests comprise the vast majority of the credits the agency has issued to date, that’s a big discrepancy. The analysis raises questions about how well the state’s landmark climate program — a model for other states and even countries — is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the agency is aggressively defending its cap-and-trade program saying it’s a model for the international community and the forest initiative is the product of years of policy making, hearings, and stakeholder input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mary Nichols, the Air Resource Board’s chair and top official, said in a letter to members of the Legislature that the agency reviewed Haya’s forest study and strongly disagreed with her analysis because it “contains errors and misunderstandings of the Forest Protocol.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Beyond the letter, the agency released a detailed \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/overview.pdf\">rebuttal\u003c/a>, to which Haya \u003ca href=\"https://gspp.berkeley.edu/research/working-paper-series/policy-brief-arbas-us-forest-projects-offset-protocol-underestimates-leaka\">responded\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rajinder Sahota, who manages the cap-and-trade program for the agency, said she’s fully confident that the program is working. “We categorically disagree with these assertions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She vigorously defended the forest program calling it the “global gold standard” and saying that it was designed over many years, thousands of review comments, and dozens of public meetings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota categorized Haya’s studies as representing “old arguments” and pointed to the fact that in 2015 the First District Court of Appeals rejected a lawsuit from environmental groups that charged the offset program could not be ensured.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They brought the assertion that the offset program didn’t meet the requirements for being real, quantifiable emissions reductions,” Sahota said. “We litigated that and we prevailed in the lawsuit.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Strengthening the Program\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California cap-and-trade works in two ways. It places a limit on industrial emissions — a “cap” that is lowered over time — and it creates a marketplace for companies to buy emissions offset credits from forest managers, dairy farmers, or others who are taking steps to remove carbon from the atmosphere or prevent its release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carbon offsets are central to California’s landmark climate change policy, and are organized into different areas the agency calls “\u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/cc/capandtrade/offsets/offsets.htm\">protocols\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rather than reduce its own pollution, for example, an oil refinery can buy an offset that represents a ton of carbon emissions reductions from sustainable practices in another industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our goal was to explore how can an offset program be designed,” Haya said, “so that we can trust that the credits generated represent real emissions reductions and don’t undermine the effectiveness of our cap-and-trade programs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946806\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 531px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1946806\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"531\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi.jpg 531w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS38656_CapandTrade_004-sfi-160x108.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 531px) 100vw, 531px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Barbara Haya, a research fellow at UC Berkeley. A portrait of Haya was taken near the Alumni House at UC Berkeley on Saturday August 24, 2019. \u003ccite>(Lindsey Moore/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The key issue, she added, has to do with California’s marketplace for “trading” emissions. State law requires that all of the offset credits be “real, permanent, quantifiable, verifiable, and enforceable.” Haya’s research found something different.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we saw really clearly looking at California’s program is that the reductions from offsets are inherently uncertain,” she said. “We know how to measure emissions under a cap, but it is much harder to measure emissions reductions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Danny Cullenward, an energy economist and co-author of the paper, said that California doesn’t maintain an ongoing, formal structure to monitor how well the program is working.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People think that these protocols can be used and used well, and we rely heavily on them, and invoke the idea that they’re high quality,” he said, adding that the California approach to ensuring quality with its offsets is “ad hoc.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, saying that all of the emissions offsets are verified by a third party; if any fraud is detected, the offsets are invalidated; and all of the underlying reports are made available to the public. Also, since the forest program was first adopted, the agency has updated its rules on different occasions after a review of the latest science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>‘\u003cstrong>Perverse Incentives’ \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When researchers examined California’s recent initiatives that allow regulated industries to trade emissions, they found that, in some cases, they create what Haya calls “perverse incentives” that can lead to more emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, with one of its new initiatives, coal mines can make money by burning off the methane gas that leaks during production. While burning methane releases carbon dioxide — the main greenhouse gas driving climate change — methane gas is 84 times more potent in terms of global warming over the first 20 years it is released.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Burning the methane, even though it increases the carbon wafting in the air, is a net positive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the researchers identified a problem. By destroying methane, the gassiest mines in the U.S. could earn enough money to remain open for longer than they would have at a moment when coal and natural gas are competing and mines closing. “Those profits can be substantial for those mines,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, California’s marketplace for emissions can deter governments from instituting other climate change regulations. Once an agency requires coal mines to flare their leaky gas, for example, the mines can no longer sell methane offsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Someone can’t pay someone else to reduce emissions because they are already required by law,” Haya said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sahota disagrees, and points to the fact that before California adopted the coal mine program in 2014, agency staff \u003ca href=\"https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/regact/2013/capandtrade13/1mmcecon.pdf\">estimated\u003c/a> its potential impacts and found the potential revenue for the industry was minimal, a half a percent of the value of overall domestic coal production. “The protocol does not make any financial impact on bottom line decisions,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, Sahota pushed back on the notion that the cap-and-trade program could deter other agencies away from regulations calling it “another falsehood.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She pointed to the fact that after the board adopted a market for capturing methane from dairy farms, California \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1201862/california-targets-dairy-cows-to-combat-global-warming\">passed\u003c/a> a bill regulating heat-trapping gases from livestock operations and landfills (when cows belch, pass gas and make manure they release methane).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But, she acknowledged that other agencies might use California’s cap-and-trade law as an excuse not to pass regulations that they don’t want.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Regulation is the best way to achieve these emissions reductions because it guarantees action,” she said. “But until such time that regulations can be formulated, offset protocols incentivize early action and actually get people doing something.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Basically, it’s a carrot rather than the stick way to produce emissions reductions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>U.S. Forests and Amazon Fires\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One reason that the quality of the program is so important is because California is a testing ground for climate policy, and the state exports its ideas to other countries, and also states like Oregon, which was poised to pass a similar law this year (until 11 Republican senators revolted, fled the state in protest, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.wweek.com/news/2019/07/30/boeing-killed-oregons-cap-and-trade-deal-by-peeling-away-the-key-democrats-vote/\">killed\u003c/a> the bill).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The quality of the state’s landmark climate law is all the more important because the board will meet next month to consider framework rules for a new tropical forest program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While the agency is not yet considering adopting a program for international rainforest — that would require years of environmental review and public comment — the board will consider a methodology for what such a program might look like, a precursor to adoption.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is important because fires are ripping across the Brazilian Amazon after a \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946696/fires-spread-across-brazilian-amazon-after-surge-in-deforestation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">surge\u003c/a> in deforestation, and supporters of expanding California’s market \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/commentary/climate-change-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">argue\u003c/a> that the state can fight climate change while saving tropical forests throughout the globe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If California approved a new program, forest managers in Brazil could earn money by sustainably managing their forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But ensuring the quality of the program in other countries with different types of governments is a difficult challenge, Cullenward said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If California will be overseeing the program, who’s going to do that?” he said. “If you think it’s challenging to manage a forest protocol in the continental United States and Alaska, how about operating in Acre, Brazil, right now?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Germany, Norway, and other governments invested in a fund to support sustainable forestry in this part of Brazil. But recently, they \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/23/753836508/why-norway-and-germany-have-frozen-money-going-to-the-amazon-fund\">withdrew\u003c/a> their investment because Brazil’s right-of-center president, Jair Bolsonaro, encourages deforestation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>NPR \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2019/08/21/753140642/tens-of-thousands-of-fires-ravage-brazilian-amazon-where-deforestation-has-spike\">reporting\u003c/a> has Bolsonaro on the record saying he wants the Amazon open to development and describing rainforest protection measures as “obstacles” to the economy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Early Pushback \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s cap-and-trade law is a second generation carbon offset program. European leaders promoted the first generation program following the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, when an international coalition of countries promised to reduce emissions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Kyoto’s offsets didn’t work very well. One \u003ca href=\"https://ec.europa.eu/clima/sites/clima/files/ets/docs/clean_dev_mechanism_en.pdf\">study\u003c/a> found that only 2% of the projects have a “high likelihood” of ensuring that emission reductions were additional and not over-estimated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reporting in \u003ca href=\"https://features.propublica.org/brazil-carbon-offsets/inconvenient-truth-carbon-credits-dont-work-deforestation-redd-acre-cambodia/\">ProPublica\u003c/a> revealed that the program subsidized thousands of projects, including coal plants, that claimed credits for being more efficient than they would have been. The European Union stopped accepting the credits after the program became mired in technical and human rights scandals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California’s market is meant to respond to some of the criticisms of the dysfunctional first generation program created under the United Nations climate trading regime and is different in a few key ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kyoto’s initiative was voluntary and underfunded. But California’s program allows companies to offset a small percentage of their carbon output and only recognizes forests in the U.S., where the state can presumably have more oversight.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The offset program is one of the most transparent parts of the cap-and-trade program,” Sahota said. “We were sensitive to the concerns about distrust of offsets when we were designing it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But from the get-go, environmental justice groups like the Asian Pacific Environmental Network and Leadership Counsel for Justice and Accountability debated whether California’s cap-and-trade offsets would improve on the old model.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They argue it allows industry to pay to pollute in areas already suffering from toxic pollution.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even so, they’ve recently eased back on their protests as long as the revenue from the market be used to meet the needs of neighborhoods most prone to dirty air; as, they hope, will be the case with California’s \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1943578/climate-funds-for-clean-water-democrats-enviro-groups-are-split\">plan\u003c/a> to use cap-and-trade money to clean dirty drinking water.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Federal Court Upholds Obama-Era Smog Rules",
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"content": "\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/Murray%20Energy%20v.%20EPA.pdf\">upheld\u003c/a> Obama-era smog and air quality standards. Conservative states and industry leaders had tried to scrap them, saying that the rules were too burdensome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California joined states like New York and public health organizations including the American Lung Association in defending the standards that regulate ground-level ozone, an irritating gas that smells like chlorine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Billings, senior vice president of advocacy with the American Lung Association, called the court decision a win for public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The court upheld the health-based standards,” he said. “It firmly rejected the challenges by industry and some states that attempted to bring in external considerations like economics and background ozone levels. The court shot those claims down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said the court’s ruling prevented an attempt by corporate interests to put profits over air quality. He said the standards save upwards of 100 lives and prevent 380 asthma-related emergency room visits each year in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many, poor air quality is not just upsetting, but debilitating,” Becerra said. “It means missed days of school, work, and countless other opportunities. It’s a matter of life and death. Our children should never be left gasping for air because of government inaction or corporate greed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone standards — a cap at 70 parts per billion — were first set by the Obama administration in 2015, after it determined the previous rules weren’t strong enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Pruitt was one of the first attorneys to challenge Obama’s smog rule, back when he was Oklahoma’s attorney general and before the Trump administration named him to lead the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kamala Harris, then California’s attorney general, initially joined public health groups in defending the rules in court. Becerra replaced her when she became a U.S. senator from California. Harris is running to be the Democratic nominee for president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone, sometimes called trioxygen because it’s made up of three oxygen atoms, is a toxic air pollutant and the central ingredient of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s derived from industrial emissions, car exhaust, and other chemicals reacting to each other in the atmosphere (not to be confused with stratospheric ozone, which occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere and protects humans from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smog can cause chest pain, coughing, inflammation, and reduce lung function in people who breathe it, the EPA reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Becerra and Billings claimed a win with the court’s ruling. The Trump administration considered throwing out Obama’s smog rule, but ultimately decided to defend it in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Trump’s EPA is updating the smog standards and could issue its own rules as part of a five-year review.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A federal appeals court in Washington, D.C. today \u003ca href=\"https://oag.ca.gov/system/files/attachments/press-docs/Murray%20Energy%20v.%20EPA.pdf\">upheld\u003c/a> Obama-era smog and air quality standards. Conservative states and industry leaders had tried to scrap them, saying that the rules were too burdensome.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California joined states like New York and public health organizations including the American Lung Association in defending the standards that regulate ground-level ozone, an irritating gas that smells like chlorine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paul Billings, senior vice president of advocacy with the American Lung Association, called the court decision a win for public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The court upheld the health-based standards,” he said. “It firmly rejected the challenges by industry and some states that attempted to bring in external considerations like economics and background ozone levels. The court shot those claims down.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a statement emailed to reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra said the court’s ruling prevented an attempt by corporate interests to put profits over air quality. He said the standards save upwards of 100 lives and prevent 380 asthma-related emergency room visits each year in the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“For many, poor air quality is not just upsetting, but debilitating,” Becerra said. “It means missed days of school, work, and countless other opportunities. It’s a matter of life and death. Our children should never be left gasping for air because of government inaction or corporate greed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ozone standards — a cap at 70 parts per billion — were first set by the Obama administration in 2015, after it determined the previous rules weren’t strong enough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scott Pruitt was one of the first attorneys to challenge Obama’s smog rule, back when he was Oklahoma’s attorney general and before the Trump administration named him to lead the Environmental Protection Agency.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Kamala Harris, then California’s attorney general, initially joined public health groups in defending the rules in court. Becerra replaced her when she became a U.S. senator from California. Harris is running to be the Democratic nominee for president.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ground-level ozone, sometimes called trioxygen because it’s made up of three oxygen atoms, is a toxic air pollutant and the central ingredient of smog.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s derived from industrial emissions, car exhaust, and other chemicals reacting to each other in the atmosphere (not to be confused with stratospheric ozone, which occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere and protects humans from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smog can cause chest pain, coughing, inflammation, and reduce lung function in people who breathe it, the EPA reports.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both Becerra and Billings claimed a win with the court’s ruling. The Trump administration considered throwing out Obama’s smog rule, but ultimately decided to defend it in court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, Trump’s EPA is updating the smog standards and could issue its own rules as part of a five-year review.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Atty. Gen. Becerra: It Does Seem Like You're Fighting Trump's Environmental Policy At Every Turn",
"headTitle": "Atty. Gen. Becerra: It Does Seem Like You’re Fighting Trump’s Environmental Policy At Every Turn | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Last week, the Trump Administration \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872729/changes-to-endangered-species-act-weaken-wildlife-protections\">weakened\u003c/a> the Endangered Species Act with the broadest changes to the bedrock environmental law in decades.[aside postID=science_1946454,science_1946394]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Trump administration’s new rules make it harder to consider the future impacts of climate change when officials consider whether a species is threatened and should be placed on the endangered species list. It also introduces a factor the existing law never did, intended to calculate the economic impact of protecting a species. Indeed, the Endangered Species Act had expressly forbidden agencies from taking economic considerations into account.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During a call with reporters, California Attorney General Xavier Becerra promised he’d take the federal government to court over this. He added that California goes to court against the Trump administration only when state officials deem it “necessary.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While Becerra may not sue over each of Trump’s actions, it certainly \u003cem>seems\u003c/em> that way.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours after he promised legal action over endangered species, Becerra gathered reporters again to announce that California is suing the Trump administration over another environmental law, a rollback of Obama-era rules to reduce pollution from power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The latest suit over the Clean Power Plan raises to 27 the number of times that Becerra has sued the Trump administration over an environmental issue. A \u003ca href=\"https://calmatters.org/education/2018/03/becerra-v-trump-california-using-courts-fight-administration/\">tracker\u003c/a> by the nonprofit, nonpartisan news site CalMatters keeps a running tally. That’s almost as many as all other lawsuits he’s filed against the administration, at least 29 in total, on subjects ranging from immigration to health care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1946566\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 541px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1946566 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"541\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi.jpg 541w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2019/08/RS22958_GettyImages-584444536-sfi-160x106.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 541px) 100vw, 541px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">California Attorney General Xavier Becerra. \u003ccite>(Alex Wong/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Obama’s policy mandated that states curb pollution from power plants and aimed to reduce U.S. power sector emissions 32 percent below 2005 levels by 2030, but it also allowed states to carve out their own plans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Trump’s EPA Administrator Andrew Wheeler often criticized the Obama policy, saying it would require Americans pay more for energy. Under his plan, the Affordable Clean Energy rule, the agency will still regulate emissions by drastically lowering the bar to about a percent by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here are top takeaways about how the new federal policies will affect California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Scientists Are Concerned About Biodiversity and Climate Change\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The media focus lots of attention on megafauna— the grizzlies, the bald eagles, the California condor. But in this state, more plants are threatened than animals. And many scientists say their main concern is biodiversity; California has more endangered species than any state except Hawaii.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Northern California’s old growth forests, for example, the redwoods and Douglas fir are habitat for a lot of threatened critters. Their threatened status extends protections to the ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On the Central Coast, specific \u003ca href=\"https://calscape.org/Arctostaphylos-refugioensis-(Refugio-Manzanita)?srchcr=sc5627ff4e616af\">manzanita\u003c/a> face pressures from wildfire. So the use of climate data becomes very important in accurate analyses of the trees’ status and the threats to them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a complete change from the existing law, the Trump administration proposes that agencies conduct economic analyses and release them to the public. At the same time, the administration’s proposal says agencies won’t use that analysis in determining whether to list a species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Will the New Rules Affect California? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California maintains strong environmental laws, but animals don’t care about state boundaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The endangered grey wolf, for example, walked into California from Oregon. Laws in California protect the wolf, but the animal loses those protections if it walks into another state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, California’s strong emissions laws known as the Clean Power Plan don’t extend into other states. This state is part of a regional grid system, and coal-burning plants operate in neighboring Nevada and Arizona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About half of California’s land is public. Some of it is managed by the Federal Bureau of Land Management or the Forest Service. The military manages others — Camp Pendleton and China Lake Naval Air Station, for example. An endangered species doesn’t know whether it’s on military, state or private land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How a New State Law Might Cover the Gap\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra promised that California would push back against federal environmental deregulation through any and all means.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The California Legislature is considering a bill, SB 1, under which any federal environmental or worker safety standard in place and effective when President Trump took office would remain enforceable under California law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bill in the Assembly Appropriations Committee would apply to the Clean Power Plan and the Endangered Species Act. It has passed out of the Senate and must move out of the committee by August 30.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Why All the Lawsuits Now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The upcoming presidential election is the reason for the rapid-fire pace of the lawsuits. The Trump administration wants to see all of these legal questions answered by 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If the Democrats beat Trump, the new president may reverse the executive orders. If Trump wins, the administration wants to begin its second term with the legal disputes settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits over the Endangered Species Act and the Clean Power Plan are going to be heard either by the U.S. Supreme Court or by a panel of judges at the D.C. Circuit Court.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "California Sues Trump Administration Over Clean Power Rollback",
"headTitle": "California Sues Trump Administration Over Clean Power Rollback | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>California has joined with 21 other states, the District of Columbia, Los Angeles, and five other cities in a legal challenge to the Trump administration’s repeal of Obama-era clean power rules.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[pullquote align='right' citation='Gov. Gavin Newsom']‘I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon.’[/pullquote]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition, led by New York State, is suing the federal Environmental Protection Agency to try and block the agency from relaxing regulations on coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a Tuesday morning press conference in Sacramento, California Gov. Gavin Newsom said the Trump administration’s policy would increase air pollution and exacerbate global warming.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=science_1945609,science_1944972]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not just about fighting Donald Trump,” said Newsom. “This is about our kids and our grandkids. This is about clean air, clean water and endangered species. I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon” – whose administration authorized the EPA in nearly five decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit argues that the agency is responsible for regulating greenhouse gas emissions, and that the Trump administration’s Affordable Clean Energy rule fails this mandate. Also, the new power rules prop up aging coal-fired power plants, increase dirty air pollution and threaten the country’s most vulnerable people. The regulations replaced the Obama-era Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom announced the lawsuit flanked by state Attorney General Xavier Becerra and the California Air Resources Board Chairwoman Mary Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra called the administration’s attempt to scrap Obama climate rules foolish, unlawful, and a betrayal of “everyone who stands for cleaner air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It fails our economy, which depends on clean energy now more than ever,” he said. “We know what our energy future must look like, and we won’t get there by following President Trump’s misguided proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours before, Becerra vowed to sue the Trump administration for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act. Monday, he said California wouldn’t “pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action” but it would challenge actions when the state feels it is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols said the federal plan reverses California’s progress on combating climate change and keeps “the oldest and dirtiest power plants in the country on life support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon signed the federal Clean Air Act into law in 1970 to prevent air pollution and protect public health. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the law applies to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. After that ruling, the Obama administration said in its Clean Power Plan that carbon emissions from American power plants and cars endangered public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opened the door — or maybe requires, that’s what this lawsuit will be about — EPA to regulate emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and factories,” said Eric Biber, director of the Environmental and Energy Law Programs at UC Berkeley Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The focus here is really electric power plants,” he said. “The Obama Administration took two steps. The first step was to regulate emissions from new power plants. The second one was an effort to regulate emissions from existing power plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, whose state produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=69&t=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second most coal\u003c/a> behind Wyoming in 2017, predicted the lawsuit will ultimately fail at the U.S. Supreme Court, which stayed an earlier Obama administration attempt in 2016 at the request of a competing 27-state coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the lawsuit a “big government ‘power grab’” and argued that the Democratic attorneys general “are dead wrong” in their interpretation of the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The U.S. EPA said in a statement that it wouldn’t comment on pending litigation, but that it “worked diligently to ensure we produced a solid rule that we believe will be upheld in the courts, unlike the previous administration’s Clean Power Plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Doniger, senior strategic director for climate and clean energy for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said that the Trump administration is misreading the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goals of the Clean Power Plan were issued by Obama’s team in 2015 and are being met or surpassed,” he said. “The right thing to do at that point, because climate change is getting worse, is revise the standards and make them stronger. Instead, what the Trump administration is doing is reinterpreting the Clean Air Act so that it can’t do anything about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said his organization, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund and other groups plan Wednesday to file another lawsuit challenging the Trump administration on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two public health organizations, the American Lung Association and American Public Health Association, have already sued. Doniger said he expects all of the legal challenges will be folded into one case called American Lung Association vs. Wheeler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Andrew Wheeler became Trump’s EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don Thompson and Adam Beam from the Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dfd2bf676f89490390e9ee073f86849a\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "29 states and cities challenged the Trump administration’s repeal of Obama's Clean Power Plan. \r\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The coalition, led by New York State, is suing the federal Environmental Protection Agency to try and block the agency from relaxing regulations on coal-burning power plants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At a Tuesday morning press conference in Sacramento, California Gov. Gavin Newsom said the Trump administration’s policy would increase air pollution and exacerbate global warming.\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not just about fighting Donald Trump,” said Newsom. “This is about our kids and our grandkids. This is about clean air, clean water and endangered species. I’ll say it. I kind of miss Richard Nixon” – whose administration authorized the EPA in nearly five decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuit argues that the agency is responsible for regulating greenhouse gas emissions, and that the Trump administration’s Affordable Clean Energy rule fails this mandate. Also, the new power rules prop up aging coal-fired power plants, increase dirty air pollution and threaten the country’s most vulnerable people. The regulations replaced the Obama-era Clean Power Plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Newsom announced the lawsuit flanked by state Attorney General Xavier Becerra and the California Air Resources Board Chairwoman Mary Nichols.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Becerra called the administration’s attempt to scrap Obama climate rules foolish, unlawful, and a betrayal of “everyone who stands for cleaner air.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It fails our economy, which depends on clean energy now more than ever,” he said. “We know what our energy future must look like, and we won’t get there by following President Trump’s misguided proposal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Less than 24 hours before, Becerra vowed to sue the Trump administration for its \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1946394/trump-announces-sweeping-changes-to-endangered-species-act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plan\u003c/a> to weaken the Endangered Species Act. Monday, he said California wouldn’t “pick a fight every time this administration decides to take an action” but it would challenge actions when the state feels it is necessary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nichols said the federal plan reverses California’s progress on combating climate change and keeps “the oldest and dirtiest power plants in the country on life support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Nixon signed the federal Clean Air Act into law in 1970 to prevent air pollution and protect public health. In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the law applies to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change issues. After that ruling, the Obama administration said in its Clean Power Plan that carbon emissions from American power plants and cars endangered public health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This opened the door — or maybe requires, that’s what this lawsuit will be about — EPA to regulate emissions of greenhouse gas emissions from power plants and factories,” said Eric Biber, director of the Environmental and Energy Law Programs at UC Berkeley Law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The focus here is really electric power plants,” he said. “The Obama Administration took two steps. The first step was to regulate emissions from new power plants. The second one was an effort to regulate emissions from existing power plants.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>West Virginia Attorney General Patrick Morrisey, whose state produced the \u003ca href=\"https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=69&t=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">second most coal\u003c/a> behind Wyoming in 2017, predicted the lawsuit will ultimately fail at the U.S. Supreme Court, which stayed an earlier Obama administration attempt in 2016 at the request of a competing 27-state coalition.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He called the lawsuit a “big government ‘power grab’” and argued that the Democratic attorneys general “are dead wrong” in their interpretation of the Clean Air Act.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The White House did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The U.S. EPA said in a statement that it wouldn’t comment on pending litigation, but that it “worked diligently to ensure we produced a solid rule that we believe will be upheld in the courts, unlike the previous administration’s Clean Power Plan.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>David Doniger, senior strategic director for climate and clean energy for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said that the Trump administration is misreading the law.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The goals of the Clean Power Plan were issued by Obama’s team in 2015 and are being met or surpassed,” he said. “The right thing to do at that point, because climate change is getting worse, is revise the standards and make them stronger. Instead, what the Trump administration is doing is reinterpreting the Clean Air Act so that it can’t do anything about climate change.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Doniger said his organization, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense Fund and other groups plan Wednesday to file another lawsuit challenging the Trump administration on this issue.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two public health organizations, the American Lung Association and American Public Health Association, have already sued. Doniger said he expects all of the legal challenges will be folded into one case called American Lung Association vs. Wheeler.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In February, Andrew Wheeler became Trump’s EPA administrator.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Don Thompson and Adam Beam from the Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/dfd2bf676f89490390e9ee073f86849a\">here\u003c/a>. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Feds Extend Review For Controversial Forest Plan",
"headTitle": "Feds Extend Review For Controversial Forest Plan | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service has extended public comment period on a controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/13/2019-12195/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">plan\u003c/a> to relax environmental permitting for new logging and forest management projects across millions of acres of federal forest lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would upend long-held environmental practices that have been in place since 1970, and make it easier for timber harvesting and bulldozing forest roads in all 20 of California’s federal forests, including national forests in Mendocino, Tahoe, Los Padres, and Lassen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade.’’\u003ccite>Alejandro Camacho, UC Irvine law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nepa/revisions/index.shtml\">said\u003c/a> that, with its limited staff, extended droughts, pests, and tree diseases have made it difficult for the agency to protect people from catastrophic wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about two million acres of federal forests are treated with thinning projects, prescribed burns or logging each year. The Forest Service would like to do a lot more. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\">estimate\u003c/a> 17 million acres of federal forests at high fire risk could be logged to reduce fire danger and 35 million acres should be treated with prescribed burns. The proposed rule changes will allow them to act more quickly, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulation Rollback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s only part of the picture. In 2018, President Donald Trump issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/eo-promoting-active-management-americas-forests-rangelands-federal-lands-improve-conditions-reduce-wildfire-risk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order \u003c/a>that encouraged federal agencies to ease environmental review for industrial operations on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration has called for more ‘\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/29/642955787/will-more-logging-save-western-forests-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">active\u003c/a>’ logging in western forests and wants to open up more federal forests to the timber industry. They say it will provide badly needed jobs in rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the one hand, periodically updating federal agency regulations is a good thing,” said Alejandro Camacho, a law professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade,” he said. “The most prominent changes are concerning because they open a category of actions by the agency that they are trying to exclude from environmental review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would more than double the size of projects that can bypass the analysis. For commercial logging and timber harvesting, that means expediting any proposal smaller than 4,200 acres, Camacho said. For forest thinning projects, where forest managers clear dense stands of trees and thick brush, the threshold is 7,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists have decried the plan, calling it a giveaway for corporations and saying it has the potential to destroy the environment. They say the rule change would shield logging contracts from public and scientific scrutiny, and could extend to new oil and gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, however, most of the federal drilling occurs on land overseen by the Bureau of Land Management, which is a separate agency with its own environmental process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randi Spivak, a public lands policy advocate for the Center for Biological Diversity, said that if the rule passes as it is written, the public will have no voice on the majority of decisions the government makes about national forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the voice of the people,” Spivak said. “Public comment is an opportunity for everyday citizens who love their national forests to get to comment and raise concerns over proposals by the Forest Service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent weeks, environmentalists rallied their people to oppose the plan, who flooded the Forest Service with comments. The comment \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/08/09/2019-17071/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">period\u003c/a> was initially supposed to last 60 days, ending on August 12. But the Forest Service has extended the comment period to the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service was not available for comment at the time of publication.[emailsignup newslettername='science' align='right']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Spill That Spurred a Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On January 28, 1969, toxic sludge and gas \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/news/the-ocean-is-boiling-the-complete-oral-history-of-the-1969-santa-barbara-oil-spill\">erupted\u003c/a> from an oil platform off the coast of Santa Barbara. The spill energized a burgeoning environmental movement around the idea that society needed to protect its wild lands and regulate how it does business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act, colloquially known as NEPA\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>into law. This mandated federal agencies to study how their plans could harm natural ecosystems. Officials must present these findings to the public, and give them a chance to weigh-in. The government doesn’t have to heed the advice or requests, but it’s required to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These proceedings can take years and the law has been a punching bag of business groups who complain of cumbersome bureaucracy. But the review process is the tip of the spear for environmental justice groups, who use comments and lawsuits to press policy and advocate for protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has its own, more rigorous environmental law, the California Environmental Quality Act. But that law covers state lands and doesn’t require review for logging in federal forests, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the Forest Service’s proposal is one part of a broader campaign by the Trump administration to erode environmental protections. The administration wants to relax how the government regulates carbon dioxide emissions, for example, and has set a two year limit on assessments of major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are focused not on the quality of analysis, but just on speeding it up,” Camacho said. “Ironically, that may slow it down because of all the number of lawsuits that will come because of the rushed analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service will be accepting comments on its proposal until August 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. Forest Service has extended public comment period on a controversial \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/06/13/2019-12195/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">plan\u003c/a> to relax environmental permitting for new logging and forest management projects across millions of acres of federal forest lands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would upend long-held environmental practices that have been in place since 1970, and make it easier for timber harvesting and bulldozing forest roads in all 20 of California’s federal forests, including national forests in Mendocino, Tahoe, Los Padres, and Lassen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘This will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade.’’\u003ccite>Alejandro Camacho, UC Irvine law professor\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service has \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/emc/nepa/revisions/index.shtml\">said\u003c/a> that, with its limited staff, extended droughts, pests, and tree diseases have made it difficult for the agency to protect people from catastrophic wildfires.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only about two million acres of federal forests are treated with thinning projects, prescribed burns or logging each year. The Forest Service would like to do a lot more. They \u003ca href=\"https://www.fs.fed.us/sites/default/files/toward-shared-stewardship.pdf\">estimate\u003c/a> 17 million acres of federal forests at high fire risk could be logged to reduce fire danger and 35 million acres should be treated with prescribed burns. The proposed rule changes will allow them to act more quickly, officials say.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Regulation Rollback\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But that’s only part of the picture. In 2018, President Donald Trump issued an \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/eo-promoting-active-management-americas-forests-rangelands-federal-lands-improve-conditions-reduce-wildfire-risk/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">executive order \u003c/a>that encouraged federal agencies to ease environmental review for industrial operations on federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The administration has called for more ‘\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/08/29/642955787/will-more-logging-save-western-forests-from-wildfires\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">active\u003c/a>’ logging in western forests and wants to open up more federal forests to the timber industry. They say it will provide badly needed jobs in rural communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“On the one hand, periodically updating federal agency regulations is a good thing,” said Alejandro Camacho, a law professor at UC Irvine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“But this will be the largest change in the regulation in a decade,” he said. “The most prominent changes are concerning because they open a category of actions by the agency that they are trying to exclude from environmental review.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The proposal would more than double the size of projects that can bypass the analysis. For commercial logging and timber harvesting, that means expediting any proposal smaller than 4,200 acres, Camacho said. For forest thinning projects, where forest managers clear dense stands of trees and thick brush, the threshold is 7,000 acres.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Environmentalists have decried the plan, calling it a giveaway for corporations and saying it has the potential to destroy the environment. They say the rule change would shield logging contracts from public and scientific scrutiny, and could extend to new oil and gas drilling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In California, however, most of the federal drilling occurs on land overseen by the Bureau of Land Management, which is a separate agency with its own environmental process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Randi Spivak, a public lands policy advocate for the Center for Biological Diversity, said that if the rule passes as it is written, the public will have no voice on the majority of decisions the government makes about national forests.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s the voice of the people,” Spivak said. “Public comment is an opportunity for everyday citizens who love their national forests to get to comment and raise concerns over proposals by the Forest Service.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In recent weeks, environmentalists rallied their people to oppose the plan, who flooded the Forest Service with comments. The comment \u003ca href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/08/09/2019-17071/national-environmental-policy-act-nepa-compliance\">period\u003c/a> was initially supposed to last 60 days, ending on August 12. But the Forest Service has extended the comment period to the end of the month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service was not available for comment at the time of publication.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Spill That Spurred a Movement\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On January 28, 1969, toxic sludge and gas \u003ca href=\"https://psmag.com/news/the-ocean-is-boiling-the-complete-oral-history-of-the-1969-santa-barbara-oil-spill\">erupted\u003c/a> from an oil platform off the coast of Santa Barbara. The spill energized a burgeoning environmental movement around the idea that society needed to protect its wild lands and regulate how it does business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1970, President Richard Nixon signed the National Environmental Policy Act, colloquially known as NEPA\u003cstrong>, \u003c/strong>into law. This mandated federal agencies to study how their plans could harm natural ecosystems. Officials must present these findings to the public, and give them a chance to weigh-in. The government doesn’t have to heed the advice or requests, but it’s required to respond.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These proceedings can take years and the law has been a punching bag of business groups who complain of cumbersome bureaucracy. But the review process is the tip of the spear for environmental justice groups, who use comments and lawsuits to press policy and advocate for protections.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>California has its own, more rigorous environmental law, the California Environmental Quality Act. But that law covers state lands and doesn’t require review for logging in federal forests, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says the Forest Service’s proposal is one part of a broader campaign by the Trump administration to erode environmental protections. The administration wants to relax how the government regulates carbon dioxide emissions, for example, and has set a two year limit on assessments of major infrastructure projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They are focused not on the quality of analysis, but just on speeding it up,” Camacho said. “Ironically, that may slow it down because of all the number of lawsuits that will come because of the rushed analysis.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Forest Service will be accepting comments on its proposal until August 26.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The National Park Service has proposed to shoot a small number of elk each year as a way to reduce conflict with livestock that graze at \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft proposal for managing the national park would restrict the herd of tule elk to 120 adult animals in an area known as Drakes Beach. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">[aside postID=science_1920624,science_1866137]\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re proposing management of that herd,” said Melanie Gunn, a park spokesperson, “to cap it at a viable population level and at one that is compatible with the ranching in the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tule elk are North America’s smallest elk species and found only in California. In this bucolic area of western Marin County, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ranchers say the elk consume grass and feed meant for cattle. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service estimated it could shoot between 10 to 15 elk annually, based on the rapid growth of the herd over the past few years. In 2018, an estimated 124 elk roamed Drakes Beach, up from 76 in 2014. More than 600 elk live on the seashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two dozen dairy and ranching families have leases on the national seashore and on the adjacent Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Agriculture takes up about a third of the park’s 44 square miles (114 square kilometers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups want the park to prohibit beef and dairy operations in the park and were quick to criticize the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s appalling,” said Jeff Miller, senior conservation advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an anti wildlife plan,” he said. “I’m having a hard time understanding what the Park Service is thinking. This plan calls for shooting and harassing elk in the only national park where they exist, and it does very little to address the significant environmental damage that’s occurring from the ranching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials also want to allow some existing ranchers to raise pigs, goats, chickens and other livestock in a small area of the park, as well as grow row crops such as artichokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service drafted the plan and several alternatives to manage the land as part of a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/aab79f98f1234183912d82ee7742f1f0\">settlement\u003c/a> after conservation groups sued the Park Service in 2016. The lawsuit alleged that the federal agency was violating the law by renewing ranching leases without considering the park’s preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park employees would likely kill a few elk at various times throughout the year, ensuring a proper ratio of male and female elk, Gunn said. The venison would be donated to charity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service expects to have a final plan by early 2020, after a 45-day public comment period, Gunn said, and are hosting two public \u003ca href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/meetingNotices.cfm?projectID=74313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meetings\u003c/a> about the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first meeting will be on August 27 between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m. at the West Marin School Gymnasium in Point Reyes Station. The second will be held the following day at the same time, but will be located at the Bay Model in Sausalito .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/c48ac87a078242f3a4bc30aea34359ed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The National Park Service has proposed to shoot a small number of elk each year as a way to reduce conflict with livestock that graze at \u003ca href=\"https://www.nps.gov/pore/index.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Point Reyes National Seashore\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The draft proposal for managing the national park would restrict the herd of tule elk to 120 adult animals in an area known as Drakes Beach. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re proposing management of that herd,” said Melanie Gunn, a park spokesperson, “to cap it at a viable population level and at one that is compatible with the ranching in the area.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tule elk are North America’s smallest elk species and found only in California. In this bucolic area of western Marin County, \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">ranchers say the elk consume grass and feed meant for cattle. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service estimated it could shoot between 10 to 15 elk annually, based on the rapid growth of the herd over the past few years. In 2018, an estimated 124 elk roamed Drakes Beach, up from 76 in 2014. More than 600 elk live on the seashore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>About two dozen dairy and ranching families have leases on the national seashore and on the adjacent Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Agriculture takes up about a third of the park’s 44 square miles (114 square kilometers).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some environmental groups want the park to prohibit beef and dairy operations in the park and were quick to criticize the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s appalling,” said Jeff Miller, senior conservation advocate at the Center for Biological Diversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s an anti wildlife plan,” he said. “I’m having a hard time understanding what the Park Service is thinking. This plan calls for shooting and harassing elk in the only national park where they exist, and it does very little to address the significant environmental damage that’s occurring from the ranching.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park officials also want to allow some existing ranchers to raise pigs, goats, chickens and other livestock in a small area of the park, as well as grow row crops such as artichokes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service drafted the plan and several alternatives to manage the land as part of a 2017 \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/aab79f98f1234183912d82ee7742f1f0\">settlement\u003c/a> after conservation groups sued the Park Service in 2016. The lawsuit alleged that the federal agency was violating the law by renewing ranching leases without considering the park’s preservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Park employees would likely kill a few elk at various times throughout the year, ensuring a proper ratio of male and female elk, Gunn said. The venison would be donated to charity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Park Service expects to have a final plan by early 2020, after a 45-day public comment period, Gunn said, and are hosting two public \u003ca href=\"https://parkplanning.nps.gov/meetingNotices.cfm?projectID=74313\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">meetings\u003c/a> about the plan.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first meeting will be on August 27 between 5:00 and 7:00 p.m. at the West Marin School Gymnasium in Point Reyes Station. The second will be held the following day at the same time, but will be located at the Bay Model in Sausalito .\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Associated Press contributed to this report. Read their story \u003ca href=\"https://www.apnews.com/c48ac87a078242f3a4bc30aea34359ed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Study Suggests New Climate Threats to California's Oysters",
"headTitle": "Study Suggests New Climate Threats to California’s Oysters | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>In the winter, rainstorms soak California’s coastline. In the spring and summer, strong winds blow waves into the narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the briny bivalves that live in the bay, this is part of the natural rhythm of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, because of climate change, the torrents of winter rain run with increasing severity, and for oysters, all that freshwater can be dangerous. Summer’s waves bring increasingly acidic water, making it harder for small oysters to build their calcium-based shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification's+impact+on+oysters+and+other+shellfish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> threaten oysters, but new research from UC Davis suggests that climate change ravages\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the creatures in a multitude of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Grosholz, a marine biologist at the university, studies California’s oyster habitats in this pastoral part of West Marin County. He led a team of researchers who found changes to salinity and dissolved oxygen levels could have an even greater impact on California’s oyster growth than acidic water. The team published their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/climate-change-could-shrink-oyster-habitat-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings\u003c/a> this week in the journal \u003cem>Limnology and Oceanography\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hear a lot about ocean acidification,” Grosholz said. “We have to keep our eye on the fact that other variables that are influenced by climate change may be just as important in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Convergence of Stresses’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From warming water and air temperatures to ecological disruptions, California’s oyster populations face a “convergence of stresses,” Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water. In extreme cases, when the water temperatures rise too high, the oysters can suffocate. That trend is only expected to increase, as California experiences hotter summers with higher air and water temperatures, Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When winter storms fill estuaries with fresh water, it temporarily reduces the water’s saltiness. The rainwater upsets the oyster’s osmotic balance, Grosholz said, they need a bit of brine to survive or they stop pumping water and eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bivalves can handle the rain water for a few days. “They literally clam up and don’t open at all in low salinity,” he said. “But after a week or so they have to and that’s when they die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strong winter rainstorms driven by atmospheric rivers aren’t new, they are exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring and summer, wind drives deeper ocean water into estuaries and bays where the oysters live. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This upwelling process, Grosholz said, is like “when you put cream in your coffee and blow across the surface, you can see cream mixing up from the bottom.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawater is increasingly acidic because oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially hard for oysters to reproduce in acidic water as it can erode calcium carbonate, which they use to build their shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the seasonal issues, says Grosholz, “we’re seeing it squeeze at both ends. Climate change is reducing the critical zone where oysters do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists found similar results while \u003ca href=\"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1201015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researching\u003c/a> oysters in the coastal waters of Washington’s Puget Sound, according to Alexandria Boehm, an environmental engineer and professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Boehm co-lead a science panel in California that found that global carbon emissions were a major driver of ocean acidification and \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/OAH-Panel-Key-Findings-Recommendations-and-Actions-4.4.16-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> more studies into other threats to the oysters. Subsequently, the Legislature passed a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> to support research like the new UC Davis study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beds of the California native Olympia oyster provide habitat for small fish and invertebrates, which in turn are prey for shorebirds, salmon, and foraging sturgeon. Grosholz’s research focused on the Olympia oyster and the non-native Pacific oyster, known for its crisp texture and mild and sweet flavor. Pacific oysters support a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/economic_impact_of_shellfish_aquaculture_2013.pdf\">$25 million industry\u003c/a> in California and are a staple in oyster shacks and seafood restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED’s Michael Krasny on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872656/climate-change-may-shrink-northern-california-oyster-habitat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Forum, Oyster farmer Terry Sawyer talked about the study’s implications for his farm in Tomales Bay and operating a business in such a dynamic ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aquaculture industry challenge we are talking about is always change,” said Sawyer, a founder of \u003ca href=\"https://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hog Island Oyster Co\u003c/a>. “As a business, we have to prepare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Pacific oyster is the most commonly grown species in aquaculture around the world,” he said. “This is going on here in Tomales Bay, but the ramifications are for the entire industry on the West Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solutions and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While curbing climate change will take a global effort, Grosholz research points to a number of ways that wildlife officials in California can support oyster growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can divert the runoff away from oyster habitats, for example, and farmers can breed oysters to be more resilient to temperature changes in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, there are ongoing efforts to restore native oyster populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay and elsewhere, scientists and farmers construct reefs out of large mesh bags filled with discarded oyster shells. The restoration effort improves the habitat of bays and estuaries and help form more resilient shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oysters offer a real benefit to humans,” Grosholz said. “You see these projects actively being conducted in the San Francisco Bay, for example. That’s a reason to be hopeful about the future to me.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the winter, rainstorms soak California’s coastline. In the spring and summer, strong winds blow waves into the narrow inlet of the Pacific Ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For the briny bivalves that live in the bay, this is part of the natural rhythm of life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But now, because of climate change, the torrents of winter rain run with increasing severity, and for oysters, all that freshwater can be dangerous. Summer’s waves bring increasingly acidic water, making it harder for small oysters to build their calcium-based shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For years, scientists have warned that \u003ca href=\"https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/co2/story/Ocean+Acidification's+impact+on+oysters+and+other+shellfish\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ocean acidification\u003c/a> threaten oysters, but new research from UC Davis suggests that climate change ravages\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>the creatures in a multitude of ways.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ted Grosholz, a marine biologist at the university, studies California’s oyster habitats in this pastoral part of West Marin County. He led a team of researchers who found changes to salinity and dissolved oxygen levels could have an even greater impact on California’s oyster growth than acidic water. The team published their \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucdavis.edu/news/climate-change-could-shrink-oyster-habitat-california/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">findings\u003c/a> this week in the journal \u003cem>Limnology and Oceanography\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We hear a lot about ocean acidification,” Grosholz said. “We have to keep our eye on the fact that other variables that are influenced by climate change may be just as important in the future.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>‘Convergence of Stresses’\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From warming water and air temperatures to ecological disruptions, California’s oyster populations face a “convergence of stresses,” Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cold water. In extreme cases, when the water temperatures rise too high, the oysters can suffocate. That trend is only expected to increase, as California experiences hotter summers with higher air and water temperatures, Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When winter storms fill estuaries with fresh water, it temporarily reduces the water’s saltiness. The rainwater upsets the oyster’s osmotic balance, Grosholz said, they need a bit of brine to survive or they stop pumping water and eating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bivalves can handle the rain water for a few days. “They literally clam up and don’t open at all in low salinity,” he said. “But after a week or so they have to and that’s when they die.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While strong winter rainstorms driven by atmospheric rivers aren’t new, they are exacerbated by climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the spring and summer, wind drives deeper ocean water into estuaries and bays where the oysters live. \u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">This upwelling process, Grosholz said, is like “when you put cream in your coffee and blow across the surface, you can see cream mixing up from the bottom.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The seawater is increasingly acidic because oceans absorb the carbon dioxide we add to the air through burning fossil fuels.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s especially hard for oysters to reproduce in acidic water as it can erode calcium carbonate, which they use to build their shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With all the seasonal issues, says Grosholz, “we’re seeing it squeeze at both ends. Climate change is reducing the critical zone where oysters do well.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists found similar results while \u003ca href=\"https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/documents/1201015.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">researching\u003c/a> oysters in the coastal waters of Washington’s Puget Sound, according to Alexandria Boehm, an environmental engineer and professor at Stanford University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2016, Boehm co-lead a science panel in California that found that global carbon emissions were a major driver of ocean acidification and \u003ca href=\"http://westcoastoah.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/OAH-Panel-Key-Findings-Recommendations-and-Actions-4.4.16-FINAL.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recommended\u003c/a> more studies into other threats to the oysters. Subsequently, the Legislature passed a \u003ca href=\"https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201520160AB2139\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">bill\u003c/a> to support research like the new UC Davis study.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The beds of the California native Olympia oyster provide habitat for small fish and invertebrates, which in turn are prey for shorebirds, salmon, and foraging sturgeon. Grosholz’s research focused on the Olympia oyster and the non-native Pacific oyster, known for its crisp texture and mild and sweet flavor. Pacific oysters support a \u003ca href=\"http://www.pacshell.org/pdf/economic_impact_of_shellfish_aquaculture_2013.pdf\">$25 million industry\u003c/a> in California and are a staple in oyster shacks and seafood restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In an interview with KQED’s Michael Krasny on the \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101872656/climate-change-may-shrink-northern-california-oyster-habitat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">program\u003c/a> Forum, Oyster farmer Terry Sawyer talked about the study’s implications for his farm in Tomales Bay and operating a business in such a dynamic ecosystem.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The aquaculture industry challenge we are talking about is always change,” said Sawyer, a founder of \u003ca href=\"https://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hog Island Oyster Co\u003c/a>. “As a business, we have to prepare.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Pacific oyster is the most commonly grown species in aquaculture around the world,” he said. “This is going on here in Tomales Bay, but the ramifications are for the entire industry on the West Coast.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Solutions and Hope\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>While curbing climate change will take a global effort, Grosholz research points to a number of ways that wildlife officials in California can support oyster growth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They can divert the runoff away from oyster habitats, for example, and farmers can breed oysters to be more resilient to temperature changes in the water.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also, there are ongoing efforts to restore native oyster populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the San Francisco Bay and elsewhere, scientists and farmers construct reefs out of large mesh bags filled with discarded oyster shells. The restoration effort improves the habitat of bays and estuaries and help form more resilient shorelines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oysters offer a real benefit to humans,” Grosholz said. “You see these projects actively being conducted in the San Francisco Bay, for example. That’s a reason to be hopeful about the future to me.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtjlbI_dIYI]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cockroaches are gross to lots of people. But not to a group of robotic engineers that’s part of partnership between UC Berkeley and \u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Tsinghua\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">–\u003c/a>\u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Berkeley\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Shenzhen\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://tbsi.berkeley.edu/\">Institute.\u003c/a> Where other folks are disgusted, they’re inspired. In fact, their latest robot is built in the form of a roach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Most of the robots at this particular small scale are very fragile. If you step on them, you pretty much destroy the robot,” said Liwei Lin, a professor of mechanical engineering at UC Berkeley and senior author of the \u003ca href=\"https://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/4/32/eaax1594\">study\u003c/a> describing the robot, in a press release.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But not robo-roach.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A cockroach is a very strong insect,” said Junwen Zhong, a member of the team. “A cockroach can survive in a lot of critical environments. They are fast and flexible, and they are very difficult to kill. Even when you step on it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The roach robot weighs less than a tenth of a gram and still works after an attempted squish by someone weighing up to around 130 pounds. It also moves 20 times its body length in a single second.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So How Does It Work? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot is constructed with a special material that expands and contracts with the application of electricity. (In engineer-speak, the material is piezoelectric, Zhong said, encased in an elastic polymer.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The shape of the robot’s body is important; it’s curved and paper thin, with legs. That design, coupled with the special material, enables the robot to move rapidly back and forth when electricity is applied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The robot bends and straightens, and because of the elastic coating, its contortions are harnessed, propelling it forward. The result is that it skitters around in what Zhong describes as a “leapfrogging” motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You may be wondering: Why did the team build this, exactly?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Zhong says he hopes engineers can use the small, flexible robots to aid in the response to natural disasters. After an earthquake, for example, he thinks the resilient robot can help find survivors amongst the rubble and debris, accessing places that humans and larger, less roach-like robots can’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The team also hopes to attach a small sensor to the robot that can detect the presence of gas and toxic chemicals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“After a disaster, there are many places that are too dangerous for people to search,” Zhong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Insights from the robot research were published in a recent \u003ca href=\"https://robotics.sciencemag.org/content/4/32/eaax1594\">paper\u003c/a> from the the journal \u003cem>Science Robotics\u003c/em>. There’s also a lot of great information about the roach-inspired robot in the UC Berkeley \u003ca href=\"https://news.berkeley.edu/2019/07/31/you-cant-squash-this-roach-inspired-robot/\">news release\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The quarter-sized robot created at the Tsinghua-UC Berkeley Shenzhen Institute resembles a scrap of confetti but is built like a roach. ",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
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"order": 9
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"hyphenacion": {
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
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"order": 18
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"title": "Latino USA",
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"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
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"source": "American Public Media"
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"masters-of-scale": {
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"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
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"meta": {
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"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
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"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
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"meta": {
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"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
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},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
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"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
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"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
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},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"order": 5
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