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"content": "\u003cp>Great white sharks have a “hidden life” that is becoming a lot less hidden thanks to a scientific expedition that has been years in the making.[contextly_sidebar id=”7x1aQGoWmRFT2DRfaE8EZul4botHj0nA”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used to think the apex predators moved up and down the western coast of North America, snacking in waters with lots of food close to shore. Almost 20 years ago, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/dr-barbara-a-block/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford marine biologist Barbara Block\u003c/a> started putting tags on the sharks that could track their movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other researchers noticed something surprising — the tags showed that the sharks were moving away from these food-rich waters and heading more than a thousand miles off the coast of Baja California in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellite images suggested the area was an ocean desert, a place with very little life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mystery of what was drawing the sharks to this strange place set new research into motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to know if there was a hidden oasis that was formed by the currents that we couldn’t see from space,” Block said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the scientists tagged over 30 great white sharks last fall — more than they had ever done in a single season. They’ve already gotten to know some of these animals from years of research. They’ve even given them names, such as Eugene, Tilden and Leona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then this spring, the research team set off on a state-of-the-art ship called \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/rv-falkor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the research vessel Falkor\u003c/a> toward the mysterious area, hoping to find the sharks they tagged.[contextly_sidebar id=”fCKG7i6T6oe39MShk0LxJLEXSP9olcMQ”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of expectation when you put technology on an animal and then you take an expensive ship like the Falkor with 40 people to a box in the middle of the ocean and expect that these white sharks are going to be there,” Block said, speaking from the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure enough, the animals were indeed swimming to this remote place, which the researchers have nicknamed the “White Shark Cafe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as we predicted, the sharks showed up right in the cruise box,” Block added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tags were programmed to pop off and float to the surface right when the Falkor was there. Each tag that reached the surface gave off a signal — and kicked off what Block called an “open-ocean treasure hunt,” as the team tried to find something the size of a small microphone in an area about the size of Colorado. These sophisticated tags record temperature, pressure, light and time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We doubled our current 20-year data set in three weeks,” Block said. The tags have 2,500 days of data at one- to three-second intervals, allowing researchers to see how the white sharks move up and down through the water with unprecedented detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists will need time to parse all of this information, including new mysteries such as why male and female sharks move differently through the water. The males move up and down rapidly — sometimes 120 times a day. Females will go up to the shallow water at night, then down much deeper in the day.[contextly_sidebar id=”IaYZs5Kx7uGlt71vtem4gg4V9GpMDqFr”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The male white shark and the female white shark are doing completely different things, and that’s not something we’ve seen so much before,” Block said. “We have to spend some time studying these behaviors to try to understand if this is courtship behavior or is this really a feeding or foraging behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after the tags popped up, the scientists used a range of techniques to learn about the water nearby. They had a couple of saildrones, which are surface vehicles that can locate plankton and fish. They also gathered DNA from the water to figure out what is moving down there and observed creatures using a remotely operated underwater vehicle and by pulling them up in nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expected it to be the desert that the textbooks sort of advertised it would be,” said Bruce Robison, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/bruce-robison-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was no desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of nutrient-rich plant life exists deeper under the ocean than satellites could detect. Tiny creatures feed on it, and larger creatures feed on them. And up and up. It represents “a complete food chain, a ladder of consumption, that made us believe that there was an adequate food supply out here for big animals like tunas and the sharks,” Robison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robison was surprised by how diverse the area was, with animals such as fish, squids, crustaceans and jellyfish. They saw totally different patterns of life in sites just a few miles away from one another, an indication of the area’s complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that scientists didn’t even know this area existed until sharks led them there speaks to how much we still don’t know about the ocean. In fact, according to \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA’s National Ocean Service\u003c/a>, humans have explored just 5 percent of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t really get is why it’s like that — it’s because it’s really hard to do,” Block said. She added that there could be more ocean hot spots out there that scientists are not yet aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Robison said all the information they gathered could help build a case for why the White Shark Cafe should be officially protected by the U.N. cultural agency. UNESCO is \u003ca href=\"https://whc.unesco.org/en/highseas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">considering recognizing and protecting it\u003c/a> by making it a World Heritage Site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Great+White+Sharks+Have+A+Secret+%27Cafe%2C%27+And+They+Led+Scientists+Right+To+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Great white sharks have a “hidden life” that is becoming a lot less hidden thanks to a scientific expedition that has been years in the making.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists used to think the apex predators moved up and down the western coast of North America, snacking in waters with lots of food close to shore. Almost 20 years ago, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/dr-barbara-a-block/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanford marine biologist Barbara Block\u003c/a> started putting tags on the sharks that could track their movements.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She and other researchers noticed something surprising — the tags showed that the sharks were moving away from these food-rich waters and heading more than a thousand miles off the coast of Baja California in Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Satellite images suggested the area was an ocean desert, a place with very little life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The mystery of what was drawing the sharks to this strange place set new research into motion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We wanted to know if there was a hidden oasis that was formed by the currents that we couldn’t see from space,” Block said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To find out, the scientists tagged over 30 great white sharks last fall — more than they had ever done in a single season. They’ve already gotten to know some of these animals from years of research. They’ve even given them names, such as Eugene, Tilden and Leona.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then this spring, the research team set off on a state-of-the-art ship called \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/rv-falkor/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">the research vessel Falkor\u003c/a> toward the mysterious area, hoping to find the sharks they tagged.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a lot of expectation when you put technology on an animal and then you take an expensive ship like the Falkor with 40 people to a box in the middle of the ocean and expect that these white sharks are going to be there,” Block said, speaking from the ship.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sure enough, the animals were indeed swimming to this remote place, which the researchers have nicknamed the “White Shark Cafe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just as we predicted, the sharks showed up right in the cruise box,” Block added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tags were programmed to pop off and float to the surface right when the Falkor was there. Each tag that reached the surface gave off a signal — and kicked off what Block called an “open-ocean treasure hunt,” as the team tried to find something the size of a small microphone in an area about the size of Colorado. These sophisticated tags record temperature, pressure, light and time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We doubled our current 20-year data set in three weeks,” Block said. The tags have 2,500 days of data at one- to three-second intervals, allowing researchers to see how the white sharks move up and down through the water with unprecedented detail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scientists will need time to parse all of this information, including new mysteries such as why male and female sharks move differently through the water. The males move up and down rapidly — sometimes 120 times a day. Females will go up to the shallow water at night, then down much deeper in the day.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The male white shark and the female white shark are doing completely different things, and that’s not something we’ve seen so much before,” Block said. “We have to spend some time studying these behaviors to try to understand if this is courtship behavior or is this really a feeding or foraging behavior.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And after the tags popped up, the scientists used a range of techniques to learn about the water nearby. They had a couple of saildrones, which are surface vehicles that can locate plankton and fish. They also gathered DNA from the water to figure out what is moving down there and observed creatures using a remotely operated underwater vehicle and by pulling them up in nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We expected it to be the desert that the textbooks sort of advertised it would be,” said Bruce Robison, \u003ca href=\"https://schmidtocean.org/person/bruce-robison-2/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a senior scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But this was no desert.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A layer of nutrient-rich plant life exists deeper under the ocean than satellites could detect. Tiny creatures feed on it, and larger creatures feed on them. And up and up. It represents “a complete food chain, a ladder of consumption, that made us believe that there was an adequate food supply out here for big animals like tunas and the sharks,” Robison said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Robison was surprised by how diverse the area was, with animals such as fish, squids, crustaceans and jellyfish. They saw totally different patterns of life in sites just a few miles away from one another, an indication of the area’s complexity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fact that scientists didn’t even know this area existed until sharks led them there speaks to how much we still don’t know about the ocean. In fact, according to \u003ca href=\"https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/exploration.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NOAA’s National Ocean Service\u003c/a>, humans have explored just 5 percent of it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People don’t really get is why it’s like that — it’s because it’s really hard to do,” Block said. She added that there could be more ocean hot spots out there that scientists are not yet aware of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And Robison said all the information they gathered could help build a case for why the White Shark Cafe should be officially protected by the U.N. cultural agency. UNESCO is \u003ca href=\"https://whc.unesco.org/en/highseas\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">considering recognizing and protecting it\u003c/a> by making it a World Heritage Site.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Great+White+Sharks+Have+A+Secret+%27Cafe%2C%27+And+They+Led+Scientists+Right+To+It&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Scientists Take A Ride On The Pacific's 'Shark Highway'",
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"content": "\u003cp>For the first time, scientists have videotaped sharks traveling a 500-mile-long “shark highway” in the Pacific, and they plan to turn it into a protected wildlife corridor in the ocean.[contextly_sidebar id=”xz7uIeYNec1nMeR7ecUq53TDhuqehPaF”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have been attaching electronic tags to sharks near Costa Rica for years. They knew the sharks sometimes traveled south to the Galapagos Islands, but they’d never actually witnessed it. And they needed scientific — and visual — evidence to make their case for protecting the route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, they took some GoPro-style cameras and attached them to metal frames along with bloody fish bait. They’re called BRUVS, for “baited remote underwater video system.” The researchers dragged these contraptions behind a research vessel for almost two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they waited, and waited, spending hours watching live video of nothing but blue water — until dozens of sharks suddenly swam out of the gloom and into view. “Amazing,” biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.mespinozamen.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mario Espinoza\u003c/a> says of the moment. “We actually documented over 16 species of sharks and fish, also sea turtles and dolphins. … It’s really surprising to see that many animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks dominated — mostly hammerheads but also thresher sharks and silky sharks. Sometimes a single video frame captured dozens of them. What the scientists were witnessing is a continuous “swimway” of large marine animals. It starts in Cocos Island in Costa Rica and extends to the Galapagos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The route follows a range of underwater mountains. Called sea mounts, some of their peaks extend fairly close to the surface. “So this was the first time we actually documented animals using these seamounts,” Espinoza says. “We don’t know exactly whether they are feeding or they’re like stopping by or using these seamounts as navigation routes.”[contextly_sidebar id=”EDVOgf4QMVd6JZX8JKyrerfAYN8FchM4”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Road signs, perhaps, or drive-through restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Espinoza is at the University of Costa Rica, and the expedition was organized by a Costa Rican group called Pacifico. Zdenka Piskulich, president of the Pacifico Foundation, says it’s a challenge to get people interested in some sort of fish corridor in the middle of the ocean. “But finally we have visual evidence that there is a huge abundance in this area that needs to be protected, that there really is a highway,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cocos Island and the Galapagos already have protected areas for fish, but the highway isn’t part of that, according to Lee Crockett of the Shark Conservation Fund, one of the effort’s sponsors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once [sharks] get outside the protected area, its fair game,” he says. “And there’s lots of high seas fishing for tuna. It’s mostly long lines, and they catch a lot of sharks and a lot of turtles.” Some hammerhead shark species are endangered and others are in decline, as well as many turtle species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team and its sponsors are hoping to establish something new here: a marine protected area that’s not just a patch of ocean or reef, but a wildlife corridor in the ocean that extends for hundreds of miles. “That’s why we’re excited about this as kind of the next step in conservation,” Crockett says, “to establish these corridors or swimways between these protected areas so they get complete protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be a highway that doesn’t go \u003cem>through\u003c/em> mountains, but above them. One with a great view, for sure, but unless you’re a shark, probably not a place where you’d want to hitchhike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Take+A+Ride+On+The+Pacific%27s+%27Shark+Highway%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>For the first time, scientists have videotaped sharks traveling a 500-mile-long “shark highway” in the Pacific, and they plan to turn it into a protected wildlife corridor in the ocean.\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists have been attaching electronic tags to sharks near Costa Rica for years. They knew the sharks sometimes traveled south to the Galapagos Islands, but they’d never actually witnessed it. And they needed scientific — and visual — evidence to make their case for protecting the route.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To do that, they took some GoPro-style cameras and attached them to metal frames along with bloody fish bait. They’re called BRUVS, for “baited remote underwater video system.” The researchers dragged these contraptions behind a research vessel for almost two weeks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And they waited, and waited, spending hours watching live video of nothing but blue water — until dozens of sharks suddenly swam out of the gloom and into view. “Amazing,” biologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.mespinozamen.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mario Espinoza\u003c/a> says of the moment. “We actually documented over 16 species of sharks and fish, also sea turtles and dolphins. … It’s really surprising to see that many animals.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks dominated — mostly hammerheads but also thresher sharks and silky sharks. Sometimes a single video frame captured dozens of them. What the scientists were witnessing is a continuous “swimway” of large marine animals. It starts in Cocos Island in Costa Rica and extends to the Galapagos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The route follows a range of underwater mountains. Called sea mounts, some of their peaks extend fairly close to the surface. “So this was the first time we actually documented animals using these seamounts,” Espinoza says. “We don’t know exactly whether they are feeding or they’re like stopping by or using these seamounts as navigation routes.”\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Road signs, perhaps, or drive-through restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Espinoza is at the University of Costa Rica, and the expedition was organized by a Costa Rican group called Pacifico. Zdenka Piskulich, president of the Pacifico Foundation, says it’s a challenge to get people interested in some sort of fish corridor in the middle of the ocean. “But finally we have visual evidence that there is a huge abundance in this area that needs to be protected, that there really is a highway,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cocos Island and the Galapagos already have protected areas for fish, but the highway isn’t part of that, according to Lee Crockett of the Shark Conservation Fund, one of the effort’s sponsors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Once [sharks] get outside the protected area, its fair game,” he says. “And there’s lots of high seas fishing for tuna. It’s mostly long lines, and they catch a lot of sharks and a lot of turtles.” Some hammerhead shark species are endangered and others are in decline, as well as many turtle species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The research team and its sponsors are hoping to establish something new here: a marine protected area that’s not just a patch of ocean or reef, but a wildlife corridor in the ocean that extends for hundreds of miles. “That’s why we’re excited about this as kind of the next step in conservation,” Crockett says, “to establish these corridors or swimways between these protected areas so they get complete protection.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It would be a highway that doesn’t go \u003cem>through\u003c/em> mountains, but above them. One with a great view, for sure, but unless you’re a shark, probably not a place where you’d want to hitchhike.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Scientists+Take+A+Ride+On+The+Pacific%27s+%27Shark+Highway%27&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Greenland Shark Is At Least 272 Years Old, Baffling Scientists",
"headTitle": "Greenland Shark Is At Least 272 Years Old, Baffling Scientists | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Sharks can live to be at least 272 years old in the Arctic seas, and scientists say one recently caught shark may have lived as long as 512 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aaf1703\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> that says \u003ca href=\"https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/discover/species-profiles/somniosus-microcephalus\">Greenland sharks\u003c/a> can live longer than any other known animal advanced enough to have a backbone. Until now, the record-holder for the oldest vertebrate was the bowhead whale, known to have lived up to 211 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Greenland shark, a massive carnivore that can be more than 16 feet long, hasn’t been studied much, and its life in the cold northern waters remains largely mysterious. \u003ca href=\"http://www1.bio.ku.dk/english/staff/?pure=en/persons/288904\">Julius Nielsen\u003c/a>, at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, says that there had been some hints that Greenland sharks grow very slowly, perhaps less than a centimeter per year. That suggested the huge sharks might be ancient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We only expected that the sharks might be very old,” says Nielsen. “But we did not know in advance. And it was, of course, a very big surprise to learn that it was actually the oldest vertebrate animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and some colleagues obtained 28 female Greenland sharks taken by research vessels as unintended bycatch from 2010 to 2013. The researchers then used radiocarbon dating techniques on the lenses of the sharks’ eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a bit of uncertainty associated with the age estimates, but Nielsen says the most likely age for the oldest shark they found was about 390 years. “It was with, 95 percent certainty, between 272 and 512 years old,” he says. The researchers believe these sharks reach sexual maturity at about the age of 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Whatever sort of physiological tricks the sharks have to live that long… if we discover what it is, we might be able to adapt it to human use.’\u003ccite>Steven Austad, University of Alabama at Birmingham\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s a fascinating paper and certainly moves back the vertebrate longevity record by a substantial amount,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.uab.edu/cas/biology/people/faculty-directory/steven-n-austad\">Steven Austad\u003c/a>, who studies the biology of aging at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. “Even if you look at the low end of their estimate — 272 years — that’s still substantially longer than any other documented vertebrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there are lots of anecdotal accounts of long-lived turtles and fish, but this beats those by a long shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-914214\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/greenlandshark1_custom-b266c5bb3289d7b896682ff3252e2754d267d42e-s800-c85-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"The long lifespan of the Greenland shark, shown here in the cold, deep waters of the Uummannaq Fjord, may only be surpassed by that of the ocean quahog, a clam known to live as long as 507 years. \" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/greenlandshark1_custom-b266c5bb3289d7b896682ff3252e2754d267d42e-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/greenlandshark1_custom-b266c5bb3289d7b896682ff3252e2754d267d42e-s800-c85-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/greenlandshark1_custom-b266c5bb3289d7b896682ff3252e2754d267d42e-s800-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The long lifespan of the Greenland shark, shown here in the cold, deep waters of the Uummannaq Fjord, may only be surpassed by that of the ocean quahog, a clam known to live as long as 507 years. \u003ccite>(Julius Nielsen/Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Greenland shark’s lifespan may really only be surpassed by that of the ocean quahog. These clams have annual growth rings on their shell, and scientists have found that they can live as long as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_%28clam%29\">507\u003c/a> years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Greenland shark, the bowhead whale, and the oldest ocean quahogs spend their long lives in cold northern waters, notes Austad, suggesting that low temperatures might have something to do with their unusual longevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that cold is the whole story,” says Austad. “It’s probably playing a role. But my guess is there are plenty of short-lived animals that are swimming around with this shark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, just imagine what it would be like to have muscles, like these sharks, that have been working nonstop since the time of the Pilgrims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something going on in those muscles that we’d very much like to know about,” says Austad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that Greenland sharks would not be easy to study in the lab, but perhaps people could study shark cells grown in a dish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Probably whatever sort of physiological tricks the sharks have to live that long, and the quahogs have to live that long, they’re probably something that humans don’t have,” says Austad. “But it’s something that, if we discover what it is, we might be able to adapt it to human use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s been studying the quahog, which has a beating heart, and whenever doctors who specialize in geriatrics stop by, he likes to hand them a 200-and-something-year-old clam and tell them they’re holding a beating heart that’s older than any heart they’ll encounter in their entire career.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Some Greenland sharks could be as old as Magellan, based on radiocarbon dating. Cold temperatures, and very toned muscles, may play a role. ",
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"title": "Greenland Shark Is At Least 272 Years Old, Baffling Scientists | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Sharks can live to be at least 272 years old in the Arctic seas, and scientists say one recently caught shark may have lived as long as 512 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s according to a \u003ca href=\"http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aaf1703\">study\u003c/a> published Thursday in the journal \u003cem>Science\u003c/em> that says \u003ca href=\"https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/discover/species-profiles/somniosus-microcephalus\">Greenland sharks\u003c/a> can live longer than any other known animal advanced enough to have a backbone. Until now, the record-holder for the oldest vertebrate was the bowhead whale, known to have lived up to 211 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Greenland shark, a massive carnivore that can be more than 16 feet long, hasn’t been studied much, and its life in the cold northern waters remains largely mysterious. \u003ca href=\"http://www1.bio.ku.dk/english/staff/?pure=en/persons/288904\">Julius Nielsen\u003c/a>, at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark, says that there had been some hints that Greenland sharks grow very slowly, perhaps less than a centimeter per year. That suggested the huge sharks might be ancient.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We only expected that the sharks might be very old,” says Nielsen. “But we did not know in advance. And it was, of course, a very big surprise to learn that it was actually the oldest vertebrate animal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He and some colleagues obtained 28 female Greenland sharks taken by research vessels as unintended bycatch from 2010 to 2013. The researchers then used radiocarbon dating techniques on the lenses of the sharks’ eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s a bit of uncertainty associated with the age estimates, but Nielsen says the most likely age for the oldest shark they found was about 390 years. “It was with, 95 percent certainty, between 272 and 512 years old,” he says. The researchers believe these sharks reach sexual maturity at about the age of 150 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘Whatever sort of physiological tricks the sharks have to live that long… if we discover what it is, we might be able to adapt it to human use.’\u003ccite>Steven Austad, University of Alabama at Birmingham\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>“It’s a fascinating paper and certainly moves back the vertebrate longevity record by a substantial amount,” says \u003ca href=\"https://www.uab.edu/cas/biology/people/faculty-directory/steven-n-austad\">Steven Austad\u003c/a>, who studies the biology of aging at the University of Alabama at Birmingham. “Even if you look at the low end of their estimate — 272 years — that’s still substantially longer than any other documented vertebrate.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says there are lots of anecdotal accounts of long-lived turtles and fish, but this beats those by a long shot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_914214\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-914214\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/greenlandshark1_custom-b266c5bb3289d7b896682ff3252e2754d267d42e-s800-c85-800x532.jpg\" alt=\"The long lifespan of the Greenland shark, shown here in the cold, deep waters of the Uummannaq Fjord, may only be surpassed by that of the ocean quahog, a clam known to live as long as 507 years. \" width=\"800\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/greenlandshark1_custom-b266c5bb3289d7b896682ff3252e2754d267d42e-s800-c85.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/greenlandshark1_custom-b266c5bb3289d7b896682ff3252e2754d267d42e-s800-c85-400x266.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/08/greenlandshark1_custom-b266c5bb3289d7b896682ff3252e2754d267d42e-s800-c85-768x511.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The long lifespan of the Greenland shark, shown here in the cold, deep waters of the Uummannaq Fjord, may only be surpassed by that of the ocean quahog, a clam known to live as long as 507 years. \u003ccite>(Julius Nielsen/Science)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Greenland shark’s lifespan may really only be surpassed by that of the ocean quahog. These clams have annual growth rings on their shell, and scientists have found that they can live as long as \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_%28clam%29\">507\u003c/a> years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Greenland shark, the bowhead whale, and the oldest ocean quahogs spend their long lives in cold northern waters, notes Austad, suggesting that low temperatures might have something to do with their unusual longevity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I don’t think that cold is the whole story,” says Austad. “It’s probably playing a role. But my guess is there are plenty of short-lived animals that are swimming around with this shark.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Still, he says, just imagine what it would be like to have muscles, like these sharks, that have been working nonstop since the time of the Pilgrims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s something going on in those muscles that we’d very much like to know about,” says Austad.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He notes that Greenland sharks would not be easy to study in the lab, but perhaps people could study shark cells grown in a dish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Probably whatever sort of physiological tricks the sharks have to live that long, and the quahogs have to live that long, they’re probably something that humans don’t have,” says Austad. “But it’s something that, if we discover what it is, we might be able to adapt it to human use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He’s been studying the quahog, which has a beating heart, and whenever doctors who specialize in geriatrics stop by, he likes to hand them a 200-and-something-year-old clam and tell them they’re holding a beating heart that’s older than any heart they’ll encounter in their entire career.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "From Fish Skin to Our Teeth: Tracing the Origin of Enamel",
"headTitle": "From Fish Skin to Our Teeth: Tracing the Origin of Enamel | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>We all stare at our teeth in the mirror, but when biologists brush their teeth they wonder how these unusual parts of our skeletons evolved. Now, a study combining the anatomy of fossils and the genomes of modern species argues that teeth have their roots in the skins of ancient fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">New study argues that teeth have their roots in the skins of ancient fish.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature15259.html\">A new paper\u003c/a> published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/current_issue.html\">Nature\u003c/a> may provide an answer. Researchers at Sweden’s Uppsala University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing searched for clues in fossils of an ancient line of fish that were the ancestors of the tetrapods, and in the genomes of those species’ closest living relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish have these mineralized tissues, too, but some have them in two places — in their teeth and in spines on their skin, known as denticles. These account for the texture of shark skin, rough when stroked in one direction and smooth in the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between teeth and denticles, enamel presents a confusing set of clues. Modern bony fishes have teeth but no denticles, and their teeth are capped with a substance called acrodin instead of enamel. \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes\">Sharks and rays\u003c/a>, the oldest major class of living fishes, have both teeth and denticles, but they’re capped with a substance called enameloid instead of enamel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_271878\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-271878\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales-800x450.png\" alt=\"Shark denticles\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales-400x225.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales.png 1258w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electron micrograph showing denticles on the skin of a lemon shark. They contain enameloid, a mineralized tissue that evolved independently of enamel. \u003ccite>(Pascal Deynat/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Things get interesting in the handful of species between these two groups. The \u003ca href=\"http://vertebrates.si.edu/fishes/coelacanth/coelacanth_wider.html\">coelacanths\u003c/a>, an ancient line of lobe-finned fishes related to the tetrapods, have true enamel everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper’s authors zeroed in on a primitive bony fish called the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar\">gar\u003c/a>. Unlike other bony fish or sharks, its denticles contain an enamel-like substance called ganoin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gar’s genome, which was sequenced earlier this year, contains several of the key genes responsible for building enamel. Moreover, these genes are expressed in the skin, so the authors conclude that ganoin and enamel are the same stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks have no such enamel-making genes, and neither do modern bony fishes. The gene evidence suggests that somewhere between the rise of sharks and the modern bony fishes, fish must have evolved and then lost the ability to make enamel while the tetrapods and coelacanths and gars retained it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the researchers checked that hypothesis against the fossil record. To trace the stages in enamel evolution, they inspected fossils of three species of ancestral bony fish dating from late in the Silurian Period (about 425 million years ago).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Lophosteus\u003c/i>, a species found in Swedish rocks, had no enamel at all. \u003ci>Andreolepis,\u003c/i> also from Sweden, had enamel only on the denticles behind its head, not on its teeth or head denticles. And \u003ci>Psarolepis\u003c/i>, from China, had enamel everywhere \u003ci>but\u003c/i> its teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_271877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 782px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/enamel-evolution.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-271877\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/enamel-evolution.png\" alt=\"Evolution of enamel\" width=\"782\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/enamel-evolution.png 782w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/enamel-evolution-400x226.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scenario for the evolution of enamel. Sharks and rays (chondrichthyans) diverged from the evolutionary line before enamel appeared, and tetrapods and modern fish (teleosts) diverged afterward. \u003ccite>(Tatjana Haitina/Nature)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The authors conclude that the first true enamel evolved in the skin before it spread to the head and then to the mouth. As the tetrapods evolved, climbing onto the land, they kept those enamel teeth and lost their denticles. The bony fishes lost their enamel, evolving newer tooth materials, and kept their denticles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are denticles for? Current thinking is that they serve to streamline the skin, helping fish cut through the water. Some modern fish use them as defensive weapons, analogous to the quills of a porcupine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once teeth arose in the earliest fish, the skin and the teeth must have gone separate evolutionary ways. The paper’s authors suggest that humans, like other tetrapods, have lost all ability to grow sharklike spines from our skins, but traces of that history may be found in our genes.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>We all stare at our teeth in the mirror, but when biologists brush their teeth they wonder how these unusual parts of our skeletons evolved. Now, a study combining the anatomy of fossils and the genomes of modern species argues that teeth have their roots in the skins of ancient fish.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">New study argues that teeth have their roots in the skins of ancient fish.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature15259.html\">A new paper\u003c/a> published this week in the journal \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/current_issue.html\">Nature\u003c/a> may provide an answer. Researchers at Sweden’s Uppsala University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing searched for clues in fossils of an ancient line of fish that were the ancestors of the tetrapods, and in the genomes of those species’ closest living relatives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fish have these mineralized tissues, too, but some have them in two places — in their teeth and in spines on their skin, known as denticles. These account for the texture of shark skin, rough when stroked in one direction and smooth in the other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Between teeth and denticles, enamel presents a confusing set of clues. Modern bony fishes have teeth but no denticles, and their teeth are capped with a substance called acrodin instead of enamel. \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes\">Sharks and rays\u003c/a>, the oldest major class of living fishes, have both teeth and denticles, but they’re capped with a substance called enameloid instead of enamel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_271878\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-271878\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales-800x450.png\" alt=\"Shark denticles\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales-800x450.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales-400x225.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales-1180x664.png 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales-960x540.png 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/sharkscales.png 1258w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Electron micrograph showing denticles on the skin of a lemon shark. They contain enameloid, a mineralized tissue that evolved independently of enamel. \u003ccite>(Pascal Deynat/Wikimedia)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Things get interesting in the handful of species between these two groups. The \u003ca href=\"http://vertebrates.si.edu/fishes/coelacanth/coelacanth_wider.html\">coelacanths\u003c/a>, an ancient line of lobe-finned fishes related to the tetrapods, have true enamel everywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The paper’s authors zeroed in on a primitive bony fish called the \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar\">gar\u003c/a>. Unlike other bony fish or sharks, its denticles contain an enamel-like substance called ganoin.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The gar’s genome, which was sequenced earlier this year, contains several of the key genes responsible for building enamel. Moreover, these genes are expressed in the skin, so the authors conclude that ganoin and enamel are the same stuff.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Sharks have no such enamel-making genes, and neither do modern bony fishes. The gene evidence suggests that somewhere between the rise of sharks and the modern bony fishes, fish must have evolved and then lost the ability to make enamel while the tetrapods and coelacanths and gars retained it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Next, the researchers checked that hypothesis against the fossil record. To trace the stages in enamel evolution, they inspected fossils of three species of ancestral bony fish dating from late in the Silurian Period (about 425 million years ago).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ci>Lophosteus\u003c/i>, a species found in Swedish rocks, had no enamel at all. \u003ci>Andreolepis,\u003c/i> also from Sweden, had enamel only on the denticles behind its head, not on its teeth or head denticles. And \u003ci>Psarolepis\u003c/i>, from China, had enamel everywhere \u003ci>but\u003c/i> its teeth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_271877\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 782px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/enamel-evolution.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-271877\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/enamel-evolution.png\" alt=\"Evolution of enamel\" width=\"782\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/enamel-evolution.png 782w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/09/enamel-evolution-400x226.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Scenario for the evolution of enamel. Sharks and rays (chondrichthyans) diverged from the evolutionary line before enamel appeared, and tetrapods and modern fish (teleosts) diverged afterward. \u003ccite>(Tatjana Haitina/Nature)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The authors conclude that the first true enamel evolved in the skin before it spread to the head and then to the mouth. As the tetrapods evolved, climbing onto the land, they kept those enamel teeth and lost their denticles. The bony fishes lost their enamel, evolving newer tooth materials, and kept their denticles.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What are denticles for? Current thinking is that they serve to streamline the skin, helping fish cut through the water. Some modern fish use them as defensive weapons, analogous to the quills of a porcupine.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once teeth arose in the earliest fish, the skin and the teeth must have gone separate evolutionary ways. The paper’s authors suggest that humans, like other tetrapods, have lost all ability to grow sharklike spines from our skins, but traces of that history may be found in our genes.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "Shark Attack: Despite the Hype, Risk Along California Coast at All-Time Low",
"headTitle": "Shark Attack: Despite the Hype, Risk Along California Coast at All-Time Low | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Ever since \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucMLFO6TsFM\">trailers for the 1975 blockbuster\u003c/a>, Jaws advised filmgoers to “See it before you go swimming,” shark attacks have lurked among America’s shared national nightmares. And this being Shark Week on cable TV, it’s easy to get caught up in a fear frenzy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new study shows that the risk of a shark bite for surfers, swimmers and divers in California has dropped by 91 percent over the past five decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California ocean-goers are safer today than at any other time since the 1950s,” says Francesco Ferretti, a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station and lead author of the study to be published later this month in \u003ca href=\"http://www.frontiersinecology.org\">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark population sizes are one risk factor for an attack — but not the only one. That risk also depends on the number of humans in the water and how often people and sharks are in the same place at the same time. To see how this risk has changed, the scientists analyzed patterns of great white shark attacks in California since 1950.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Great white sharks are thought to have thrived in California’s waters over the last 60 years due to increased state and federal protections. But the human population on the coast has increased much faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So has the number of surfers, divers and swimmers in the water. According to Ferretti’s estimates, about 112 million more people visited California’s beaches in 2013, compared to 1950.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the absolute numbers of shark attacks have increased since 1950, when you consider the number of people that are engaged in ocean activity, you see that actually the expected number of attacks for the same amount of people [in the ocean] has declined,” explains Ferretti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-104857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-400x267.jpg\" alt=\"A great white shark approaches a kayaker. Although the total number of shark bites has increased since 1950, the individual risk has fallen by 91 percent.\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A great white shark approaches a kayaker. Although the total number of shark bites has increased since 1950, the individual risk has fallen by 91 percent. \u003ccite>(C & M Fallows/SeaPics.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By his math, the odds of a shark biting a surfer in California is one in 17 million, and the chances of an attack on a swimmer is one in 738 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means a Californian is 1,800 times more likely to die from drowning at the beach than from a shark attack, according to statistics from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferretti says that sharks may be spending more time near colonies of their favorite prey: elephant seals and California sea lions. They could also be learning to avoid heavily populated areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>In the Spotlight\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big predators are important parts of any ecosystem. Like the famous wolves in Yellowstone, great white sharks are considered key species in the ocean. They help keep prey populations under control and help maintain a diverse community of plants and animals along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also rarely attack humans. But attacks always make the news. For example, North Carolina has already seen a record \u003ca href=\"http://abc11.com/news/marine-injured-in-8th-shark-attack-along-nc-coast/831239/\">eight shark bites\u003c/a> this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breathless Shark Week coverage, which often seems contrived to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/07/06/420326546/after-sketchy-science-shark-week-promises-to-turn-over-a-new-fin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">advance viewer ratings more than science\u003c/a>, contributes to the hype and fear around shark attacks. But sharks are actually wimps on the list of world’s deadliest animals. That list is dominated by mosquitos and the diseases they vector. Bill Gates has famously suggested that cable TV consider switching publicity to “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mosquito Week\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_106682\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-106682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe-400x431.jpg\" alt=\"Together, mosquito-borne diseases and humans kill over 100,000-times more people per year than sharks. \" width=\"400\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe-400x431.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Together, mosquito-borne diseases and humans kill over 100,000-times more people per year than sharks. \u003ccite>(gatesnotes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attacks in the news might spur efforts to eliminate sharks, but in most cases research has shown that these strategies don’t actually reduce the risk of shark bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Ferretti says that people can minimize their risk of a shark bite by becoming more informed of when and where sharks are most likely to be near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your risk to be bitten is much higher if you go surfing in the fall than if you go and surf in the spring,” he explains. “This is really important, to empower people with the information they can use when they make their decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Murky Waters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Conceptually, this is an interesting paper looking at a species that is potentially dangerous to humans,” says Douglas Long, a research associate at the California Academy of Sciences and Professor of biology at St. Mary’s College, who studies white shark ecology and conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Long cautions that we don’t yet have reliable estimates of California’s great white shark population sizes. He also says that obtaining more precise estimates of ocean use by people would give a clearer picture of the risk of shark attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Either way, shark attacks are really rare,” he adds. “You have a greater chance of being killed in a traffic accident on the way to the beach, or even of being attacked by someone’s dog at the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "New study suggests that with more people in the ocean, shark bites are less likely than ever before",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Ever since \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ucMLFO6TsFM\">trailers for the 1975 blockbuster\u003c/a>, Jaws advised filmgoers to “See it before you go swimming,” shark attacks have lurked among America’s shared national nightmares. And this being Shark Week on cable TV, it’s easy to get caught up in a fear frenzy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a new study shows that the risk of a shark bite for surfers, swimmers and divers in California has dropped by 91 percent over the past five decades.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“California ocean-goers are safer today than at any other time since the 1950s,” says Francesco Ferretti, a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford’s Hopkins Marine Station and lead author of the study to be published later this month in \u003ca href=\"http://www.frontiersinecology.org\">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shark population sizes are one risk factor for an attack — but not the only one. That risk also depends on the number of humans in the water and how often people and sharks are in the same place at the same time. To see how this risk has changed, the scientists analyzed patterns of great white shark attacks in California since 1950.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Great white sharks are thought to have thrived in California’s waters over the last 60 years due to increased state and federal protections. But the human population on the coast has increased much faster.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So has the number of surfers, divers and swimmers in the water. According to Ferretti’s estimates, about 112 million more people visited California’s beaches in 2013, compared to 1950.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even though the absolute numbers of shark attacks have increased since 1950, when you consider the number of people that are engaged in ocean activity, you see that actually the expected number of attacks for the same amount of people [in the ocean] has declined,” explains Ferretti.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_104857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-104857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-400x267.jpg\" alt=\"A great white shark approaches a kayaker. Although the total number of shark bites has increased since 1950, the individual risk has fallen by 91 percent.\" width=\"400\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-400x267.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-1440x960.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/0175802-CMF-960x640.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A great white shark approaches a kayaker. Although the total number of shark bites has increased since 1950, the individual risk has fallen by 91 percent. \u003ccite>(C & M Fallows/SeaPics.com)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By his math, the odds of a shark biting a surfer in California is one in 17 million, and the chances of an attack on a swimmer is one in 738 million.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That means a Californian is 1,800 times more likely to die from drowning at the beach than from a shark attack, according to statistics from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.cdc.gov\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Ferretti says that sharks may be spending more time near colonies of their favorite prey: elephant seals and California sea lions. They could also be learning to avoid heavily populated areas.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>In the Spotlight\u003cbr>\n\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Big predators are important parts of any ecosystem. Like the famous wolves in Yellowstone, great white sharks are considered key species in the ocean. They help keep prey populations under control and help maintain a diverse community of plants and animals along the coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They also rarely attack humans. But attacks always make the news. For example, North Carolina has already seen a record \u003ca href=\"http://abc11.com/news/marine-injured-in-8th-shark-attack-along-nc-coast/831239/\">eight shark bites\u003c/a> this summer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The breathless Shark Week coverage, which often seems contrived to \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/2015/07/06/420326546/after-sketchy-science-shark-week-promises-to-turn-over-a-new-fin\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">advance viewer ratings more than science\u003c/a>, contributes to the hype and fear around shark attacks. But sharks are actually wimps on the list of world’s deadliest animals. That list is dominated by mosquitos and the diseases they vector. Bill Gates has famously suggested that cable TV consider switching publicity to “\u003ca href=\"http://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mosquito Week\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_106682\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003ca href=\"http://www.gatesnotes.com/Health/Most-Lethal-Animal-Mosquito-Week\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-thumbnail wp-image-106682\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe-400x431.jpg\" alt=\"Together, mosquito-borne diseases and humans kill over 100,000-times more people per year than sharks. \" width=\"400\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe-400x431.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/07/1G9DBSe.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Together, mosquito-borne diseases and humans kill over 100,000-times more people per year than sharks. \u003ccite>(gatesnotes)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Attacks in the news might spur efforts to eliminate sharks, but in most cases research has shown that these strategies don’t actually reduce the risk of shark bites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Instead, Ferretti says that people can minimize their risk of a shark bite by becoming more informed of when and where sharks are most likely to be near shore.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Your risk to be bitten is much higher if you go surfing in the fall than if you go and surf in the spring,” he explains. “This is really important, to empower people with the information they can use when they make their decisions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Murky Waters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Conceptually, this is an interesting paper looking at a species that is potentially dangerous to humans,” says Douglas Long, a research associate at the California Academy of Sciences and Professor of biology at St. Mary’s College, who studies white shark ecology and conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Long cautions that we don’t yet have reliable estimates of California’s great white shark population sizes. He also says that obtaining more precise estimates of ocean use by people would give a clearer picture of the risk of shark attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Either way, shark attacks are really rare,” he adds. “You have a greater chance of being killed in a traffic accident on the way to the beach, or even of being attacked by someone’s dog at the beach.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"order": 1
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"title": "Code Switch / Life Kit",
"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
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"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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"id": "freakonomics-radio",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
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},
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"id": "fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"hidden-brain": {
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"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
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"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"how-i-built-this": {
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"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
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"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
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"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
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"order": 15
},
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"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
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"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
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},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
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"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
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"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
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"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
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},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
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},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
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"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
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},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
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"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
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"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
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"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
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