Whistleblower Alerts Congress of Secret US Program to Capture UFOs
Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri?
Feds Reluctant to Fund ET Search, Says 'Contact' Scientist in New Book
Moon Travel Must: Have a Big Checkbook
Why the Recent Rumors of E.T. ‘Phoning Home’ Were Exaggerated
Designing the Interstellar Doorbell (Or How to Talk to ET)
Jupiter's Moon Has Vast Geysers, Says NASA
Meteor Crashed with the Force of 600,000 Tons of TNT, Say Scientists (And It'll Happen Again)
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Her science radio stories appear on KQED and NPR.\r\n\r\nEmail her at astanden@kqed.org","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"news","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"futureofyou","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"stateofhealth","roles":["subscriber"]},{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Amy Standen | KQED","description":null,"ogImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twImgSrc":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/3d021b72de685a788b0487b059d0a6a1?s=600&d=blank&r=g"},"isLoading":false,"link":"/author/amystanden"},"ben-burress":{"type":"authors","id":"6180","meta":{"index":"authors_1591205172","id":"6180","found":true},"name":"Ben Burress","firstName":"Ben","lastName":"Burress","slug":"ben-burress","email":"bburress@chabotspace.org","display_author_email":false,"staff_mastheads":[],"title":null,"bio":"\u003cstrong>Benjamin Burress\u003c/strong> has been a staff astronomer at Chabot Space & Science Center since July 1999. He graduated from Sonoma State University in 1985 with a bachelor’s degree in physics (and minor in astronomy), after which he signed on for a two-year stint in the Peace Corps, where he taught physics and mathematics in the African nation of Cameroon. From 1989-96 he served on the crew of NASA’s Kuiper Airborne Observatory at Ames Research Center in Mountain View, CA. From 1996-99, he was Head Observer at the Naval Prototype Optical Interferometer program at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, AZ.\r\n\r\nRead his \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/author/ben-burress/\">previous contributions\u003c/a> to \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/\">QUEST\u003c/a>, a project dedicated to exploring the Science of Sustainability.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/8263bffa345b7e4923a0b8b9f0f6a161?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["subscriber"]}],"headData":{"title":"Ben Burress | 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affiliate.","avatar":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/5a295ff49cf82a8c0f30937d3f788b2f?s=600&d=blank&r=g","twitter":null,"facebook":null,"instagram":null,"linkedin":null,"sites":[{"site":"science","roles":["contributor"]},{"site":"quest","roles":["editor"]},{"site":"food","roles":["contributor"]}],"headData":{"title":"KQED Science | 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FM","link":"/"}},"science_1983602":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1983602","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1983602","score":null,"sort":[1690402635000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"whistleblower-alerts-congress-of-secret-us-program-to-capture-ufos","title":"Whistleblower Alerts Congress of Secret US Program to Capture UFOs","publishDate":1690402635,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Whistleblower Alerts Congress of Secret US Program to Capture UFOs | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>The U.S. is concealing a longstanding program that retrieves and reverse engineers \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/7227512231fa206da624f813455c2f0b\">unidentified flying objects\u003c/a>, a former Air Force intelligence officer testified Wednesday to Congress. The Pentagon has denied his claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retired Maj. David Grusch’s highly anticipated testimony before a House Oversight subcommittee was Congress’ \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/science-politics-government-and-congress-4234f7cd9379fa1cc4ffd3cf8d5b230a\">latest foray into the world of UAPs\u003c/a> — or “unidentified aerial phenomena,” which is the official term the U.S. government uses instead of UFOs. While the study of mysterious aircraft or objects often evokes talk of aliens and “little green men,” Democrats and Republicans in recent years have pushed for more research as a national security matter due to concerns that sightings observed by pilots may be tied to U.S. adversaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grusch said he was asked in 2019 by \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/technology-government-and-politics-f5f24502d97072fd4bef34b6fe36c81d\">the head of a government task force on UAPs\u003c/a> to identify all highly classified programs relating to the task force’s mission. At the time, Grusch was detailed to the National Reconnaissance Office, the agency that operates U.S. spy satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was informed in the course of my official duties of a multi-decade UAP crash retrieval and reverse engineering program to which I was denied access,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"LIVE | Congress holds UFO hearing with retired Maj. David Grusch\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/SpzJnrwob1A?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether the U.S. government had information about extraterrestrial life, Grusch said the U.S. likely has been aware of “non-human” activity since the 1930s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pentagon has denied Grusch’s claims of a coverup. In a statement, Defense Department spokeswoman Sue Gough said investigators have not discovered “any verifiable information to substantiate claims that any programs regarding the possession or reverse-engineering of extraterrestrial materials have existed in the past or exist currently.” The statement did not address UFOs that are not suspected of being extraterrestrial objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grusch says he became a government whistleblower after his discovery and has faced retaliation for coming forward. He declined to be more specific about the retaliatory tactics, citing an ongoing investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was very brutal and very unfortunate, some of the tactics they used to hurt me both professionally and personally,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Glenn Grothman (R-Wis.) chaired the panel’s hearing and joked to a packed audience, “Welcome to the most exciting subcommittee in Congress this week.” But members of both parties asked Grusch about his study of UFOs and the consequences he faced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take it that you’re arguing what we need is real transparency and reporting systems so we can get some clarity on what’s going on out there,” said Rep. Jamie Raskin (D-Md.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers criticized the Pentagon for not providing more details in a classified briefing or releasing images that could be shown to the public. In previous hearings, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/science-politics-government-and-congress-4234f7cd9379fa1cc4ffd3cf8d5b230a\">Pentagon officials showed\u003c/a> a video taken from an F-18 military plane that showed an image of one balloon-like shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pentagon officials in December said they had received “several hundreds” of new reports since \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/7227512231fa206da624f813455c2f0b\">launching a renewed effort\u003c/a> to investigate reports of UFOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, “we have not seen anything, and we’re still very early on, that would lead us to believe that any of the objects that we have seen are of alien origin,” said Ronald Moultrie, the undersecretary of defense for intelligence and security. “Any unauthorized system in our airspace we deem as a threat to safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A former Air Force intelligence officer has testified that the US is concealing a longstanding program that retrieves and reverse engineers unidentified flying objects.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704845948,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":16,"wordCount":580},"headData":{"title":"Whistleblower Alerts Congress of Secret US Program to Capture UFOs | KQED","description":"A former Air Force intelligence officer has testified that the US is concealing a longstanding program that retrieves and reverse engineers unidentified flying objects.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Whistleblower Alerts Congress of Secret US Program to Capture UFOs","datePublished":"2023-07-26T20:17:15.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:19:08.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"nprByline":"\u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/author/nomaan-merchant\">Nomaan Merchant\u003c/a>\u003cbr>The Associated Press","excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","showOnAuthorArchivePages":"No","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1983602/whistleblower-alerts-congress-of-secret-us-program-to-capture-ufos","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The U.S. is concealing a longstanding program that retrieves and reverse engineers \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/7227512231fa206da624f813455c2f0b\">unidentified flying objects\u003c/a>, a former Air Force intelligence officer testified Wednesday to Congress. The Pentagon has denied his claims.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Retired Maj. David Grusch’s highly anticipated testimony before a House Oversight subcommittee was Congress’ \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/science-politics-government-and-congress-4234f7cd9379fa1cc4ffd3cf8d5b230a\">latest foray into the world of UAPs\u003c/a> — or “unidentified aerial phenomena,” which is the official term the U.S. government uses instead of UFOs. While the study of mysterious aircraft or objects often evokes talk of aliens and “little green men,” Democrats and Republicans in recent years have pushed for more research as a national security matter due to concerns that sightings observed by pilots may be tied to U.S. adversaries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grusch said he was asked in 2019 by \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/technology-government-and-politics-f5f24502d97072fd4bef34b6fe36c81d\">the head of a government task force on UAPs\u003c/a> to identify all highly classified programs relating to the task force’s mission. At the time, Grusch was detailed to the National Reconnaissance Office, the agency that operates U.S. spy satellites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I was informed in the course of my official duties of a multi-decade UAP crash retrieval and reverse engineering program to which I was denied access,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"LIVE | Congress holds UFO hearing with retired Maj. David Grusch\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/SpzJnrwob1A?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" allowfullscreen>\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Asked whether the U.S. government had information about extraterrestrial life, Grusch said the U.S. likely has been aware of “non-human” activity since the 1930s.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Pentagon has denied Grusch’s claims of a coverup. In a statement, Defense Department spokeswoman Sue Gough said investigators have not discovered “any verifiable information to substantiate claims that any programs regarding the possession or reverse-engineering of extraterrestrial materials have existed in the past or exist currently.” The statement did not address UFOs that are not suspected of being extraterrestrial objects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grusch says he became a government whistleblower after his discovery and has faced retaliation for coming forward. He declined to be more specific about the retaliatory tactics, citing an ongoing investigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was very brutal and very unfortunate, some of the tactics they used to hurt me both professionally and personally,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Glenn Grothman (R-Wis.) chaired the panel’s hearing and joked to a packed audience, “Welcome to the most exciting subcommittee in Congress this week.” But members of both parties asked Grusch about his study of UFOs and the consequences he faced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I take it that you’re arguing what we need is real transparency and reporting systems so we can get some clarity on what’s going on out there,” said Rep. Jamie Raskin (D-Md.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some lawmakers criticized the Pentagon for not providing more details in a classified briefing or releasing images that could be shown to the public. In previous hearings, \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/science-politics-government-and-congress-4234f7cd9379fa1cc4ffd3cf8d5b230a\">Pentagon officials showed\u003c/a> a video taken from an F-18 military plane that showed an image of one balloon-like shape.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pentagon officials in December said they had received “several hundreds” of new reports since \u003ca href=\"https://apnews.com/article/7227512231fa206da624f813455c2f0b\">launching a renewed effort\u003c/a> to investigate reports of UFOs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At that point, “we have not seen anything, and we’re still very early on, that would lead us to believe that any of the objects that we have seen are of alien origin,” said Ronald Moultrie, the undersecretary of defense for intelligence and security. “Any unauthorized system in our airspace we deem as a threat to safety.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1983602/whistleblower-alerts-congress-of-secret-us-program-to-capture-ufos","authors":["byline_science_1983602"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_1073","science_922","science_577"],"featImg":"science_1975110","label":"science"},"science_1972249":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1972249","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1972249","score":null,"sort":[1611174465000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"did-earth-receive-a-radio-transmission-from-proxima-centauri","title":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? ","publishDate":1611174465,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A team of astronomers is hard at work analyzing an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://public.nrao.edu/blogs/whats-that-radio-signal-from-proxima-centauri/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">unusual radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> detected early in 2019 by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Facilities/ATNF/Parkes-radio-telescope/About-Parkes\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parkes telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a 64-meter radio dish in eastern Australia. The signal appears to have come from the direction of Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to our solar system, and its characteristics are more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural radio source. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is this the long-awaited sign of intelligent life out there among the stars, proof that we are not alone in the universe? More exciting — or concerning, depending on how you feel about space aliens — are there ETs living in the next star system over, our closest neighbor in the galaxy? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s tantalizing to imagine this. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972091\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972091\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest and faintest member of the triple Alpha Centauri star system, and the closest star to our solar system. \u003ccite>(ESA/NASA/Hubble)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, even the signal’s discoverers, researchers with a group called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/breakthrough-listen\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, caution that although the signal had very particular qualities that set it apart from typical natural radio emissions, it will most likely turn out to be noise or interference caused by our own communication technology here on Earth, or even a natural phenomenon that has simply not been observed before. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, at this moment, the possibility has not been ruled out for an intercepted alien transmission, so there’s still some space to let our imaginations play with the idea a bit. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Signal\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.com/news/2020/12/heres-what-we-know-about-the-signal-from-proxima-centauri\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that has stirred up so much excitement was detected during observations of flares erupting from the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest member of the triple Alpha Centauri system. At a distance of only 4.25 light years, Proxima Centauri is a stone’s throw away, astronomically speaking.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The signal was concentrated in a very narrow slice of the radio frequency spectrum, at 982 megahertz, which is typical of an artificial transmission. Signals from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/ems/05_radiowaves\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">natural sources\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> contain a wider mix of frequencies. Researchers listen for exactly this kind of narrow signal as they monitor star systems for any of non-natural, non-human origin. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE.-160x70.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the surface of the super-Earth-sized exoplanet Proxima Centauri b, which orbits the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri within its habitable zone where it is warm enough for the existence of liquid surface water. We have no close-up pictures of this world, and whether water exists on its surface is yet unknown. \u003ccite>(ESO/M.-Kornmesser/UNIGE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s exciting to imagine that we have heard the radio whispers from extraterrestrial technology, whether it was a deliberate transmission aimed at us or merely ET’s television broadcasts drifting through space. Adding to the excitement, Proxima Centauri is known to possess at least two planets. One of them, a “super-Earth” called \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7167/proxima-centauri-b/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proxima Centauri b\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, orbits within its star’s habitable zone, at the right distance for the star’s warmth to support liquid surface water and a potentially life-friendly environment. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/did-proxima-centauri-just-call-say-hello-not-really\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">researchers at Breakthrough Listen Initiative caution\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that with further analysis, the unusual signal will most likely turn out to be only radio interference from human technology — which has happened before — a final conclusion hasn’t been made. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Breakthrough Listen Initiative is a $100 million international effort to discover radio transmissions from extraterrestrial civilizations. Kicked off by Israeli-Russian billionaire Yuri Milner and Stephen Hawking in 2015, the Initiative is the most advanced and comprehensive ET-finding program humans have ever embarked on. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 10-year project will survey a million nearby stars, the entire plane of the Milky Way galaxy, and 100 nearby galaxies. The ambitious scale of these goals speaks loudly. There is still huge enthusiasm for answering the question: Is humanity alone in the cosmos, or do we share the galaxy with other intelligent, technological civilizations?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa-160x119.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which is currently surveying the closest stars to our solar system for extrasolar planets. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To help guide its search, the Breakthrough Listen Initiative is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/press-release/breakthrough-listen-collaborate-scientists-nasas-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite-tess-team\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">partnering with a NASA \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission searching the nearest stars for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft is expected to find thousands of exoplanets, including worlds the size of Earth, orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones. Targeting stars where TESS has discovered potentially life-friendly worlds improves the initiative’s chances of finding one with an intelligent, technological civilization. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists have been using radio telescopes for decades to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-search-for-extraterre/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">search for transmissions of intelligent origin\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, going back practically to the genesis of radio technology in the early 20th century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://seti.org/?gclid=CjwKCAiA_9r_BRBZEiwAHZ_v1yV8BAR7KdwOg4GbNz_xsD63nCOyj0b8bIe3lsPgNWnwjHKwL6wAJxoCqn0QAvD_BwE\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">SETI\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, brought scientists together in the 1980s in a coordinated effort to detect ET radio signals, and was popularized in the 1997 movie “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118884/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contact\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Piecing together the facts around Proxima Centauri and the unusual signal detected by the Parkes radio telescope, it’s tempting to envision some far-out possibilities. A seemingly artificial signal coming from the closest star system? An Earth-sized planet with an environment possibly friendly to life? The discovery excites the imagination. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if the signal ultimately turns out to be a trick of our own technology, while there’s still a fleeting chance of a world-changing event like discovering extraterrestrial intelligence, we can enjoy a moment reveling in the possibility. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A team of astronomers is working to analyze an unusual radio signal detected early in 2019 with characteristics more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural source. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704846823,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":938},"headData":{"title":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? | KQED","description":"A team of astronomers is working to analyze an unusual radio signal detected early in 2019 with characteristics more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural source. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Did Earth Receive a Radio Transmission From Proxima Centauri? ","datePublished":"2021-01-20T20:27:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T00:33:43.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Astronomy","sticky":false,"path":"/science/1972249/did-earth-receive-a-radio-transmission-from-proxima-centauri","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">A team of astronomers is hard at work analyzing an \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://public.nrao.edu/blogs/whats-that-radio-signal-from-proxima-centauri/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">unusual radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> detected early in 2019 by the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.csiro.au/en/Research/Facilities/ATNF/Parkes-radio-telescope/About-Parkes\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Parkes telescope\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a 64-meter radio dish in eastern Australia. The signal appears to have come from the direction of Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to our solar system, and its characteristics are more typical of an artificial broadcast than a natural radio source. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Is this the long-awaited sign of intelligent life out there among the stars, proof that we are not alone in the universe? More exciting — or concerning, depending on how you feel about space aliens — are there ETs living in the next star system over, our closest neighbor in the galaxy? \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s tantalizing to imagine this. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972091\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972091\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST.jpg 600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/ProximaCentaur-ESA-NASA-HST-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hubble Space Telescope image of the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest and faintest member of the triple Alpha Centauri star system, and the closest star to our solar system. \u003ccite>(ESA/NASA/Hubble)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, even the signal’s discoverers, researchers with a group called the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/breakthrough-listen\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, caution that although the signal had very particular qualities that set it apart from typical natural radio emissions, it will most likely turn out to be noise or interference caused by our own communication technology here on Earth, or even a natural phenomenon that has simply not been observed before. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Still, at this moment, the possibility has not been ruled out for an intercepted alien transmission, so there’s still some space to let our imaginations play with the idea a bit. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>The Signal\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://astronomy.com/news/2020/12/heres-what-we-know-about-the-signal-from-proxima-centauri\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">radio signal\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that has stirred up so much excitement was detected during observations of flares erupting from the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri, the smallest member of the triple Alpha Centauri system. At a distance of only 4.25 light years, Proxima Centauri is a stone’s throw away, astronomically speaking.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The signal was concentrated in a very narrow slice of the radio frequency spectrum, at 982 megahertz, which is typical of an artificial transmission. Signals from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://science.nasa.gov/ems/05_radiowaves\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">natural sources\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> contain a wider mix of frequencies. Researchers listen for exactly this kind of narrow signal as they monitor star systems for any of non-natural, non-human origin. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972093\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 750px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972093\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"750\" height=\"329\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE..jpg 750w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/Proxima-b-surface-artist-concept-ESO-M.-Kornmesser-UNIGE.-160x70.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist concept of the surface of the super-Earth-sized exoplanet Proxima Centauri b, which orbits the red dwarf star Proxima Centauri within its habitable zone where it is warm enough for the existence of liquid surface water. We have no close-up pictures of this world, and whether water exists on its surface is yet unknown. \u003ccite>(ESO/M.-Kornmesser/UNIGE)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">It’s exciting to imagine that we have heard the radio whispers from extraterrestrial technology, whether it was a deliberate transmission aimed at us or merely ET’s television broadcasts drifting through space. Adding to the excitement, Proxima Centauri is known to possess at least two planets. One of them, a “super-Earth” called \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/7167/proxima-centauri-b/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Proxima Centauri b\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, orbits within its star’s habitable zone, at the right distance for the star’s warmth to support liquid surface water and a potentially life-friendly environment. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">While \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/did-proxima-centauri-just-call-say-hello-not-really\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">researchers at Breakthrough Listen Initiative caution\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that with further analysis, the unusual signal will most likely turn out to be only radio interference from human technology — which has happened before — a final conclusion hasn’t been made. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Breakthrough Listen Initiative\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Breakthrough Listen Initiative is a $100 million international effort to discover radio transmissions from extraterrestrial civilizations. Kicked off by Israeli-Russian billionaire Yuri Milner and Stephen Hawking in 2015, the Initiative is the most advanced and comprehensive ET-finding program humans have ever embarked on. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The 10-year project will survey a million nearby stars, the entire plane of the Milky Way galaxy, and 100 nearby galaxies. The ambitious scale of these goals speaks loudly. There is still huge enthusiasm for answering the question: Is humanity alone in the cosmos, or do we share the galaxy with other intelligent, technological civilizations?\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1972094\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1972094\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2021/01/tess__2-nasa-160x119.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which is currently surveying the closest stars to our solar system for extrasolar planets. \u003ccite>(NASA)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To help guide its search, the Breakthrough Listen Initiative is \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/press-release/breakthrough-listen-collaborate-scientists-nasas-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite-tess-team\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">partnering with a NASA \u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">mission searching the nearest stars for \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">extrasolar planets\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. The \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/tess-transiting-exoplanet-survey-satellite/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">TESS\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> spacecraft is expected to find thousands of exoplanets, including worlds the size of Earth, orbiting within their stars’ habitable zones. Targeting stars where TESS has discovered potentially life-friendly worlds improves the initiative’s chances of finding one with an intelligent, technological civilization. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cb>Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Scientists have been using radio telescopes for decades to \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-search-for-extraterre/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">search for transmissions of intelligent origin\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, going back practically to the genesis of radio technology in the early 20th century. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://seti.org/?gclid=CjwKCAiA_9r_BRBZEiwAHZ_v1yV8BAR7KdwOg4GbNz_xsD63nCOyj0b8bIe3lsPgNWnwjHKwL6wAJxoCqn0QAvD_BwE\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">SETI\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, brought scientists together in the 1980s in a coordinated effort to detect ET radio signals, and was popularized in the 1997 movie “\u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0118884/\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Contact\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">,” adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Piecing together the facts around Proxima Centauri and the unusual signal detected by the Parkes radio telescope, it’s tempting to envision some far-out possibilities. A seemingly artificial signal coming from the closest star system? An Earth-sized planet with an environment possibly friendly to life? The discovery excites the imagination. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Even if the signal ultimately turns out to be a trick of our own technology, while there’s still a fleeting chance of a world-changing event like discovering extraterrestrial intelligence, we can enjoy a moment reveling in the possibility. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1972249/did-earth-receive-a-radio-transmission-from-proxima-centauri","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_19","science_584","science_922"],"featImg":"science_1972251","label":"source_science_1972249"},"science_1857795":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1857795","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1857795","score":null,"sort":[1500483014000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"feds-reluctant-to-fund-et-search-says-contact-scientist-in-new-book","title":"Feds Reluctant to Fund ET Search, Says 'Contact' Scientist in New Book","publishDate":1500483014,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Feds Reluctant to Fund ET Search, Says ‘Contact’ Scientist in New Book | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003cem>Berkeley scientist Jill Tarter was a key figure in launching the legendary program known as SETI. Her determination inspired Jodie Foster’s character in the 1997 film, \u003c/em>Contact\u003cem>. In the first biography of her, Tarter recalls that SETI was no easy sell in Congress, and almost didn’t get off the ground.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Excerpted from \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Making-Contact-Tarter-Extraterrestrial-Intelligence/dp/1681774410/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1500344586&sr=1-1&keywords=making+contact\">Making Contact: Jill Tarter and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence\u003c/a>\u003cem> by Sarah Scoles, published by Pegasus Books. Reprinted with permission from the publisher. All other rights reserved. © Sarah Scoles.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n Columbus Day Eve, 1992, Jill Tarter paced the \u003ca href=\"http://www.naic.edu/\">Arecibo Observatory\u003c/a> control room, making sure every winding blue cable was in place, every signal pathway was sound, and every cryogenic dewar did its job. She looked out the panoramic window into the ancient sinkhole below. The giant radio dish—1,000 feet across—filled the space perfectly. Engineers had picked the telescope’s location by spreading out a topographic map of Puerto Rico and sliding a quarter around to see which valley could hold it. The quarter nestled precisely within a sinkhole 10 miles from the town of Arecibo. Three concrete pillars, which summer interns (and Tarter) occasionally climb to impress each other, rise from the edges of the basin, which the dish fills almost completely. Steel cables as thick as your forearm reach from the pillars toward the middle of the dish (although 500 feet above it). They hold aloft the radio-wave detectors and the electronics that make this huge contraption more than just a big bowl of chicken wire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1861396\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1950px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1861396\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo.jpeg\" alt=\"The 1,000-foot-diameter radio telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico.\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1545\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo.jpeg 1950w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-160x127.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-800x634.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-768x608.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-1020x808.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-1920x1521.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-1180x935.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-960x761.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-240x190.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-375x297.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-520x412.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1950px) 100vw, 1950px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 1,000-foot-diameter radio telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico. \u003ccite>(NAIC/NSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Columbus Day Eve sun began to set, and the sky streaked the colors of an airbrushed ’80s T-shirt. Maybe somewhere else, on some other planet, some other sky was streaked the same colors. Maybe someone was there to watch. These someones wouldn’t know what the ’80s or T-shirts were, but they would know starsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter turned from the window and prepared to test the equipment with Backus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ready?” he asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She nodded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They pointed the telescope toward Pioneer 10, testing just like always. It showed up, a slash on the screen, just like always. Then, they turned toward a few stars—more tests. The computers they had built talked back to them, delivering good and unexpected news: they had found an interesting signal, interesting enough to “send a shiver of excitement through everyone in the control room,” Backus told the \u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em>. “Then it struck me,” Backus continued. “Maybe what we were seeing on the screen is exactly what we are looking for. Sometime in the next couple of weeks we might do it for real. Who knows?” The signal turned out to be from a physical, not a biological, source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter stayed in the control room until 3 a.m. When she walked back to her two-room hut, with its floral-upholstered couch and bamboo table, the chirping of the jungle frogs was deafening. But the natural noise was a welcome change, taking her mind for a moment off the nervous hum of electronics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few hours later Tarter awoke and got dressed for the press. It was the day Her Majesty’s Royal SETI began. She prepared to keep the \u003cem>Cyclops Report\u003c/em>’s promise. Outside the control room, where coder Jane Jordan’s software prepared to search for alien signals, a crowd gathered, including Shana and her brand-new husband, who also took their honeymoon photos on the telescope’s catwalk during the same trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You’re going to roll an awful lot of rocks up an awful lot of hills, and they’re all going to come tumbling down. That’s just the price of trying to do something new.’\u003ccite>Barney Oliver, SETI pioneer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Billingham stepped before the crowd to give an opening speech. He had spent even longer than Tarter waiting for this moment. “This is the beginning of the next age of discovery,” he said. “We sail into the future, just as Columbus did on this day five hundred years ago. We accept the challenge of searching for a new world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audience, including the scientists who had worked for more than a decade to make sure someone like Billingham could make a speech something like this, smiled taut smiles and looked out toward the radio dish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re going to do this,” Barney Oliver had long ago told Tarter, setting a gold statue of Sisyphus and his boulder on her desk, “you’re going to need this. Because you’re going to roll an awful lot of rocks up an awful lot of hills, and they’re all going to come tumbling down. And you’re going to have to do it again. That’s just the price of trying to do something new.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter thought maybe the boulder had finally crested—today, Columbus Day, 1992. She pressed the buttons that told the telescope to start observing. “We begin the search,” she declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simultaneously, Sam Gulkis did the same at the Goldstone telescope in California, starting the survey portion of the search. The Arecibo Radio Telescope pointed at the star GL615.1A, 63 light-years away in the constellation Hercules. GL615.1A is like our sun but smaller and cooler. \u003cem>God, this is a really amazing day for humans\u003c/em>, Tarter thought. \u003cem>Here we are launching this exploration simply because we’re curious. That’s a big milestone for humanity. We’re doing this\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em> reporter covering the event waxed philosophical, too, about the telescope itself: “There was speculation as to what future archeologists might surmise if they happened on the ruins of these stone pillars, aluminum panels and huge steel cables and girders. Here a society with scientist-priests communicated with their gods in the heavens? Some Columbuses sought the cosmic Indies, never found? Or this was the place where humans listened in the jungle stillness and for the first time heard that they are not alone in the universe?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858494\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1858494 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet.jpg\" alt=\"Jill Tarter was the inspiration for Jodie Foster's character in the 1997 film, Contact, based on the book by Carl Sagan.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jill Tarter was the inspiration for Jodie Foster’s character in the 1997 film, Contact, based on the book by Carl Sagan. \u003ccite>(Warner Bros.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Senator Richard Bryan, perhaps via this very \u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em> piece (newspapers were always causing trouble for SETI), caught wind of the celebration. He had wanted SETI gone, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/\">here SETI was\u003c/a>, starting up in earnest. At a hearing for fiscal year 1994, Bryan’s words sent a shiver through Tarter when she watched on C-SPAN: “Mr. Goldin,” Bryan said to Daniel Goldin, the head of NASA, “something in your budget doesn’t pass the smell test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was talking about SETI,” Tarter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldin says he was caught off-guard by the congressional opposition, in general, to SETI. As a new administrator, he knew the research program existed, but he didn’t know much about its specifics. He says he wished someone had warned him about what he was walking into. “I was so frustrated that I had only a layman’s understanding of the program,” he says, “and I’m a detail person, and I always do homework before I do anything, and especially before hearings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that hearing, Tarter leaned toward the television, like it was a black box that could tell her future. Having knocked on as many White-House doors as she could, all she could do was wait for the final hearing, where people she didn’t know would decide whether her career lived or died. “It’s hard to elevate the consciousness of Congressmen from mundane to heavenly matters,” Barney Oliver once said in an interview with the \u003cem>Times\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858643\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1858643 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2.jpg\" alt=\"Tarter (background) gets comfortable in the control room at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in 1976.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-1920x1372.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-1180x843.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-960x686.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tarter (background) gets comfortable in the control room at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in 1976. \u003ccite>(Jill Tarter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In September 1993, Congress met to talk about science and technology projects. To build solid rocket motors or to not build solid rocket motors? To build the superconducting supercollider (yes, a real thing) or to not build the superconducting supercollider? They had been going at it for days, slashing this and cutting that. Tarter watched C-SPAN for hours, thinking how much more boring it must be in that room. She switched off the television and went to pack her suitcase. She was scheduled to give a talk in Huntsville, Alabama, as part of the Wernher Von Braun Lecture Series at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center. The whole night—meant for the public—was about exploration and the human spirit. Tarter would speak about SETI, of course, and folk musician John Denver would serenade the audience with world-uniting songs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She stood backstage as Denver performed “White Horses,” swaying and watching the crowd do the same. They were all there together, in this moment in the dark in Huntsville, thinking about the long future, the big space, and their place in it all. It was kind of beautiful. But at the same time, Congress sat behind long desks discussing whether to interrupt that line of questioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was all overwhelming,” she says in 2015, looking toward the wall of her Berkeley home, where the plaque commemorating the Von Braun lecture hangs. “I was overwhelmed by the star power on the stage and the DC shenanigans threatening to terminate my world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just before she was to succeed Denver on the stage, a staffer whispered in her ear: Senator Bryan had put in an eleventh-hour proposal to cancel the SETI program. Congress would vote in the morning. She calls Denver’s performance a Rocky Mountain high. This whispered news, though, she calls a Death Valley low. She debated whether she should give her lecture as planned or instead deliver an impassioned plea to bombard senators with letters of SETI support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t have done any good,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter usually accepts the boulders and the grades up which they must be shoved. But she for once accepted that another person’s will could defeat her own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858759\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1858759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie.jpeg\" alt='Tarter and Foster on the film set. The inscription from Foster reads, in part: \"Thank you for all of your inspiration on Contact.\"' width=\"2000\" height=\"1637\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie.jpeg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-160x131.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-800x655.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-768x629.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-1020x835.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-1920x1572.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-1180x966.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-960x786.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-240x196.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-375x307.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-520x426.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tarter and Foster on the film set. The inscription from Foster reads, in part: “Thank you for all of your inspiration on Contact.” \u003ccite>(Jill Tarter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The next morning, before the debate began, she left on a jet plane back to California. The congressional conversation took place while she was in the air. Even cruising altitude was not quite high enough to give perspective. While she looked down at the clouds and flipped through\u003cem> Skymall\u003c/em>, her father’s voice came into her head. “I don’t see why you couldn’t do anything, if you work hard enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe he had been wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ran to a phone as soon as the plane landed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are we okay?” she asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No,” a colleague said. “It’s done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan had won. His press release, typed onto stationery mocked up to look like the SETI Institute’s letterhead, was headlined “Senator Bryan Ends the Great Martian Chase. “As of today, millions have been spent and we have yet to bag a single little green fellow,” the release continued. “Not a single Martian has said ‘take me to your leader,’ and not a single flying saucer has applied for FAA approval. It may be funny to some, except the punchline includes a $12.3 million price tag to the taxpayer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t leave me alone with any sharp objects,” Tarter said to her husband, Jack Welch, when she arrived home. Just a year earlier, at the High Resolution Microwave Survey launch, she had been so hopeful, had thought such grand thoughts, had compared her team to Columbus, for God’s sake. And now the dream was dead. She couldn’t even push a boulder if she’d tried. All the boulders had, in fact, been summarily carted away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the world, though, she showed a stoic face. “This is an enormous setback,” she said to the \u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em>. “NASA has spent 20 years and more than $50 million to develop sophisticated digital receivers capable of listening to tens of millions of frequencies at a time. Now, with the observations getting under way, the project is killed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barney Oliver was less circumspect when he wrote for the science newsletter \u003cem>Signals\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Millions of transistors, memory cells, and other high-tech products of our ingenuity have been woven into a brain whose sole aim in life is to detect and verify the origin of tiny signals—less energetic than the smallest atomic particle— that have crossed the light years we cannot. Such signals will tell us that we are not alone, that the astonishing process that has produced us out of the fiery furnace of the Big Bang has also occurred elsewhere. Lo, from that single fact, all our philosophy would be enriched. To save the American Taxpayer about eight cents per year, we are to be denied the chance to explore the universe and the sentient life forms that fill it.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the kind of oratory Tarter would later give. But that October she could only mope and avoid her knife block. The next day, though, a call came from the targeted-search project scientist John Dreher, who had joined the team in 1989 after leaving a physics position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know,” he said, “if what we were doing yesterday made sense, it’s still going to make sense on Monday. We just have to find some other way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ed. Note: despite occasional setbacks, and some continued opposition, SETI is still \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/node/647\">alive and well \u003c/a>in 2017, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/laser-seti-first-ever-all-sky-all-the-time-search-science#/\">currently raising funds \u003c/a>for a new optical approach to the search.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Today we take programs like SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) for granted. But getting it started and keeping it going were no slam dunks.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928514,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":41,"wordCount":2386},"headData":{"title":"Feds Reluctant to Fund ET Search, Says 'Contact' Scientist in New Book | KQED","description":"Today we take programs like SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) for granted. But getting it started and keeping it going were no slam dunks.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Feds Reluctant to Fund ET Search, Says 'Contact' Scientist in New Book","datePublished":"2017-07-19T16:50:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:15:14.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1857795/feds-reluctant-to-fund-et-search-says-contact-scientist-in-new-book","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Berkeley scientist Jill Tarter was a key figure in launching the legendary program known as SETI. Her determination inspired Jodie Foster’s character in the 1997 film, \u003c/em>Contact\u003cem>. In the first biography of her, Tarter recalls that SETI was no easy sell in Congress, and almost didn’t get off the ground.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Excerpted from \u003c/em>\u003ca href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Making-Contact-Tarter-Extraterrestrial-Intelligence/dp/1681774410/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1500344586&sr=1-1&keywords=making+contact\">Making Contact: Jill Tarter and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence\u003c/a>\u003cem> by Sarah Scoles, published by Pegasus Books. Reprinted with permission from the publisher. All other rights reserved. © Sarah Scoles.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 4.6875em;float: left;line-height: 0.733em;padding: 0.05em 0.1em 0 0;font-family: times, serif, georgia\">O\u003c/span>n Columbus Day Eve, 1992, Jill Tarter paced the \u003ca href=\"http://www.naic.edu/\">Arecibo Observatory\u003c/a> control room, making sure every winding blue cable was in place, every signal pathway was sound, and every cryogenic dewar did its job. She looked out the panoramic window into the ancient sinkhole below. The giant radio dish—1,000 feet across—filled the space perfectly. Engineers had picked the telescope’s location by spreading out a topographic map of Puerto Rico and sliding a quarter around to see which valley could hold it. The quarter nestled precisely within a sinkhole 10 miles from the town of Arecibo. Three concrete pillars, which summer interns (and Tarter) occasionally climb to impress each other, rise from the edges of the basin, which the dish fills almost completely. Steel cables as thick as your forearm reach from the pillars toward the middle of the dish (although 500 feet above it). They hold aloft the radio-wave detectors and the electronics that make this huge contraption more than just a big bowl of chicken wire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1861396\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1950px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1861396\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo.jpeg\" alt=\"The 1,000-foot-diameter radio telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico.\" width=\"1950\" height=\"1545\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo.jpeg 1950w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-160x127.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-800x634.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-768x608.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-1020x808.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-1920x1521.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-1180x935.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-960x761.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-240x190.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-375x297.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/4F-Arecibo-520x412.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1950px) 100vw, 1950px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The 1,000-foot-diameter radio telescope at Arecibo, Puerto Rico. \u003ccite>(NAIC/NSF)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Columbus Day Eve sun began to set, and the sky streaked the colors of an airbrushed ’80s T-shirt. Maybe somewhere else, on some other planet, some other sky was streaked the same colors. Maybe someone was there to watch. These someones wouldn’t know what the ’80s or T-shirts were, but they would know starsets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter turned from the window and prepared to test the equipment with Backus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ready?” he asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She nodded.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>They pointed the telescope toward Pioneer 10, testing just like always. It showed up, a slash on the screen, just like always. Then, they turned toward a few stars—more tests. The computers they had built talked back to them, delivering good and unexpected news: they had found an interesting signal, interesting enough to “send a shiver of excitement through everyone in the control room,” Backus told the \u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em>. “Then it struck me,” Backus continued. “Maybe what we were seeing on the screen is exactly what we are looking for. Sometime in the next couple of weeks we might do it for real. Who knows?” The signal turned out to be from a physical, not a biological, source.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter stayed in the control room until 3 a.m. When she walked back to her two-room hut, with its floral-upholstered couch and bamboo table, the chirping of the jungle frogs was deafening. But the natural noise was a welcome change, taking her mind for a moment off the nervous hum of electronics.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few hours later Tarter awoke and got dressed for the press. It was the day Her Majesty’s Royal SETI began. She prepared to keep the \u003cem>Cyclops Report\u003c/em>’s promise. Outside the control room, where coder Jane Jordan’s software prepared to search for alien signals, a crowd gathered, including Shana and her brand-new husband, who also took their honeymoon photos on the telescope’s catwalk during the same trip.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘You’re going to roll an awful lot of rocks up an awful lot of hills, and they’re all going to come tumbling down. That’s just the price of trying to do something new.’\u003ccite>Barney Oliver, SETI pioneer\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Billingham stepped before the crowd to give an opening speech. He had spent even longer than Tarter waiting for this moment. “This is the beginning of the next age of discovery,” he said. “We sail into the future, just as Columbus did on this day five hundred years ago. We accept the challenge of searching for a new world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The audience, including the scientists who had worked for more than a decade to make sure someone like Billingham could make a speech something like this, smiled taut smiles and looked out toward the radio dish.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If you’re going to do this,” Barney Oliver had long ago told Tarter, setting a gold statue of Sisyphus and his boulder on her desk, “you’re going to need this. Because you’re going to roll an awful lot of rocks up an awful lot of hills, and they’re all going to come tumbling down. And you’re going to have to do it again. That’s just the price of trying to do something new.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter thought maybe the boulder had finally crested—today, Columbus Day, 1992. She pressed the buttons that told the telescope to start observing. “We begin the search,” she declared.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Simultaneously, Sam Gulkis did the same at the Goldstone telescope in California, starting the survey portion of the search. The Arecibo Radio Telescope pointed at the star GL615.1A, 63 light-years away in the constellation Hercules. GL615.1A is like our sun but smaller and cooler. \u003cem>God, this is a really amazing day for humans\u003c/em>, Tarter thought. \u003cem>Here we are launching this exploration simply because we’re curious. That’s a big milestone for humanity. We’re doing this\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A \u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em> reporter covering the event waxed philosophical, too, about the telescope itself: “There was speculation as to what future archeologists might surmise if they happened on the ruins of these stone pillars, aluminum panels and huge steel cables and girders. Here a society with scientist-priests communicated with their gods in the heavens? Some Columbuses sought the cosmic Indies, never found? Or this was the place where humans listened in the jungle stillness and for the first time heard that they are not alone in the universe?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858494\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1858494 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet.jpg\" alt=\"Jill Tarter was the inspiration for Jodie Foster's character in the 1997 film, Contact, based on the book by Carl Sagan.\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/Contact_onesheet-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jill Tarter was the inspiration for Jodie Foster’s character in the 1997 film, Contact, based on the book by Carl Sagan. \u003ccite>(Warner Bros.)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Senator Richard Bryan, perhaps via this very \u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em> piece (newspapers were always causing trouble for SETI), caught wind of the celebration. He had wanted SETI gone, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.seti.org/\">here SETI was\u003c/a>, starting up in earnest. At a hearing for fiscal year 1994, Bryan’s words sent a shiver through Tarter when she watched on C-SPAN: “Mr. Goldin,” Bryan said to Daniel Goldin, the head of NASA, “something in your budget doesn’t pass the smell test.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was talking about SETI,” Tarter says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Goldin says he was caught off-guard by the congressional opposition, in general, to SETI. As a new administrator, he knew the research program existed, but he didn’t know much about its specifics. He says he wished someone had warned him about what he was walking into. “I was so frustrated that I had only a layman’s understanding of the program,” he says, “and I’m a detail person, and I always do homework before I do anything, and especially before hearings.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During that hearing, Tarter leaned toward the television, like it was a black box that could tell her future. Having knocked on as many White-House doors as she could, all she could do was wait for the final hearing, where people she didn’t know would decide whether her career lived or died. “It’s hard to elevate the consciousness of Congressmen from mundane to heavenly matters,” Barney Oliver once said in an interview with the \u003cem>Times\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858643\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1858643 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2.jpg\" alt=\"Tarter (background) gets comfortable in the control room at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in 1976.\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1429\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-160x114.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-800x572.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-768x549.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-1020x729.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-1920x1372.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-1180x843.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-960x686.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-240x171.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-375x268.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/2-300-Jill_Jeff_2-520x372.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tarter (background) gets comfortable in the control room at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in 1976. \u003ccite>(Jill Tarter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In September 1993, Congress met to talk about science and technology projects. To build solid rocket motors or to not build solid rocket motors? To build the superconducting supercollider (yes, a real thing) or to not build the superconducting supercollider? They had been going at it for days, slashing this and cutting that. Tarter watched C-SPAN for hours, thinking how much more boring it must be in that room. She switched off the television and went to pack her suitcase. She was scheduled to give a talk in Huntsville, Alabama, as part of the Wernher Von Braun Lecture Series at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center. The whole night—meant for the public—was about exploration and the human spirit. Tarter would speak about SETI, of course, and folk musician John Denver would serenade the audience with world-uniting songs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She stood backstage as Denver performed “White Horses,” swaying and watching the crowd do the same. They were all there together, in this moment in the dark in Huntsville, thinking about the long future, the big space, and their place in it all. It was kind of beautiful. But at the same time, Congress sat behind long desks discussing whether to interrupt that line of questioning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was all overwhelming,” she says in 2015, looking toward the wall of her Berkeley home, where the plaque commemorating the Von Braun lecture hangs. “I was overwhelmed by the star power on the stage and the DC shenanigans threatening to terminate my world.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just before she was to succeed Denver on the stage, a staffer whispered in her ear: Senator Bryan had put in an eleventh-hour proposal to cancel the SETI program. Congress would vote in the morning. She calls Denver’s performance a Rocky Mountain high. This whispered news, though, she calls a Death Valley low. She debated whether she should give her lecture as planned or instead deliver an impassioned plea to bombard senators with letters of SETI support.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It wouldn’t have done any good,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tarter usually accepts the boulders and the grades up which they must be shoved. But she for once accepted that another person’s will could defeat her own.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1858759\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1858759\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie.jpeg\" alt='Tarter and Foster on the film set. The inscription from Foster reads, in part: \"Thank you for all of your inspiration on Contact.\"' width=\"2000\" height=\"1637\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie.jpeg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-160x131.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-800x655.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-768x629.jpeg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-1020x835.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-1920x1572.jpeg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-1180x966.jpeg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-960x786.jpeg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-240x196.jpeg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-375x307.jpeg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/07/15-JillJodie-520x426.jpeg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tarter and Foster on the film set. The inscription from Foster reads, in part: “Thank you for all of your inspiration on Contact.” \u003ccite>(Jill Tarter)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The next morning, before the debate began, she left on a jet plane back to California. The congressional conversation took place while she was in the air. Even cruising altitude was not quite high enough to give perspective. While she looked down at the clouds and flipped through\u003cem> Skymall\u003c/em>, her father’s voice came into her head. “I don’t see why you couldn’t do anything, if you work hard enough.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Maybe he had been wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She ran to a phone as soon as the plane landed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are we okay?” she asked.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No,” a colleague said. “It’s done.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bryan had won. His press release, typed onto stationery mocked up to look like the SETI Institute’s letterhead, was headlined “Senator Bryan Ends the Great Martian Chase. “As of today, millions have been spent and we have yet to bag a single little green fellow,” the release continued. “Not a single Martian has said ‘take me to your leader,’ and not a single flying saucer has applied for FAA approval. It may be funny to some, except the punchline includes a $12.3 million price tag to the taxpayer.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Don’t leave me alone with any sharp objects,” Tarter said to her husband, Jack Welch, when she arrived home. Just a year earlier, at the High Resolution Microwave Survey launch, she had been so hopeful, had thought such grand thoughts, had compared her team to Columbus, for God’s sake. And now the dream was dead. She couldn’t even push a boulder if she’d tried. All the boulders had, in fact, been summarily carted away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To the world, though, she showed a stoic face. “This is an enormous setback,” she said to the \u003cem>New York Times\u003c/em>. “NASA has spent 20 years and more than $50 million to develop sophisticated digital receivers capable of listening to tens of millions of frequencies at a time. Now, with the observations getting under way, the project is killed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Barney Oliver was less circumspect when he wrote for the science newsletter \u003cem>Signals\u003c/em>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Millions of transistors, memory cells, and other high-tech products of our ingenuity have been woven into a brain whose sole aim in life is to detect and verify the origin of tiny signals—less energetic than the smallest atomic particle— that have crossed the light years we cannot. Such signals will tell us that we are not alone, that the astonishing process that has produced us out of the fiery furnace of the Big Bang has also occurred elsewhere. Lo, from that single fact, all our philosophy would be enriched. To save the American Taxpayer about eight cents per year, we are to be denied the chance to explore the universe and the sentient life forms that fill it.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was the kind of oratory Tarter would later give. But that October she could only mope and avoid her knife block. The next day, though, a call came from the targeted-search project scientist John Dreher, who had joined the team in 1989 after leaving a physics position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You know,” he said, “if what we were doing yesterday made sense, it’s still going to make sense on Monday. We just have to find some other way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Ed. Note: despite occasional setbacks, and some continued opposition, SETI is still \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/node/647\">alive and well \u003c/a>in 2017, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/laser-seti-first-ever-all-sky-all-the-time-search-science#/\">currently raising funds \u003c/a>for a new optical approach to the search.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1857795/feds-reluctant-to-fund-et-search-says-contact-scientist-in-new-book","authors":["6387"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_3370","science_5175","science_922"],"featImg":"science_1861607","label":"science"},"science_1446539":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1446539","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1446539","score":null,"sort":[1488830426000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"moon-travel-must-have-a-big-checkbook","title":"Moon Travel Must: Have a Big Checkbook","publishDate":1488830426,"format":"audio","headTitle":"Moon Travel Must: Have a Big Checkbook | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX, surprised pretty much everyone recently when he \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/news/2017/02/27/spacex-send-privately-crewed-dragon-spacecraft-beyond-moon-next-year\">revealed \u003c/a>that sometime late next year, the company will use one of its unmanned spacecraft to fly two lucky, unnamed wealthy space tourists all the way around the moon, into deep space and back again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s historic in many ways — not least because it would be the first time in more than 40 years that any human has gone that far into space. And the logo on the rocket will be SpaceX, not NASA — a fact that is \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/35861-spacex-could-beat-nasa-to-the-moon.html?utm_source=sp-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20170301-sdc\">lost on no one\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement raises interesting questions about the state of space tourism and private space exploration. For answers, we turned to \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/users/sshostak\">Seth Shostak\u003c/a>, Senior Astronomer with the SETI Institute in Mountain View. He sat down with KQED Morning News anchor Brian Watt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt\u003c/strong>: \u003cstrong>So if this mission goes as planned, it would be the first time in 45 years any human has gone this far into space. This would be a remotely piloted spacecraft. When was the last time we went to the moon, and why haven’t we been back?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: That was\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_598.html\"> the Apollo mission in 1972\u003c/a>, and it was the last time anyone went any distance farther than the distance between San Francisco and Los Angeles, into space. So this is a big thing. It’s 1,000 times farther.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Apollo program ended, the assumption was, we’d done what we wanted to do, which was largely geopolitical — we wanted to beat the Russians to the moon, and we did that. And after that, the financial incentive to do more than that kind of faded away. There was a plan to send at least three more manned missions to the moon — they didn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It seems easy to build rockets in the movies, it always works. But in real life, it’s not what you would call a mature technology.’\u003ccite>Seth Shostak, SETI Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Everyone assumed what was coming down the pike was to send people to our little ruddy buddy, Mars. And so there were plans drawn up, and the president said to NASA, “Okay, figure out how much that’s going to cost.” And they came up with a price tag of something like $500 billion, and he said, “Think again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So that hasn’t happened. We haven’t sent people any farther into orbit. And I think that on some level, the public is aware that we haven’t done anything spectacular in space for a very long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Has Mars essentially usurped the moon as our destination of choice? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: I think so. The moon is only 240,000 miles away, which is more or less what I have on my Honda. Mars, on the other hand, is like 30 million miles away. That’s a much bigger trip. You can get to the moon in a couple of days. To get to Mars would take you half a year. And Mars has attractions that the moon doesn’t have. Mars was once a kinder, gentler world with waters on the surface — rivers, lakes, maybe even oceans. It may even still have life under the surface. None of that can be said for the moon. Mars is a more interesting, if a more difficult, target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So what does it say about the state of space exploration that a private company is getting astronauts back to the moon before NASA can? Are we going to see more of this kind of private space travel, do you think?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: I kind of hope that we will, actually. The idea that NASA may over-engineer some things or that they’re too conservative – these may be legitimate complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”MFGF5Gx16tH0wKns0uccb6HcGZXniikX”]NASA is sensitive to the fact that when it kills a couple of people, there’s a big reaction. And private industry doesn’t have that problem yet, because it hasn’t killed anybody. But space is dangerous. I think you liken it to aviation – after the Wright brothers, for many years it was basically a U.S. Army project to develop aircraft. But if the government had stayed the sole developer of airplanes, it would cost you a lot of money to go anywhere in an aircraft today. The private sector got involved, they were able to drive down costs and commercialize it. Today, you can buy an airline ticket for what some people would consider a reasonable price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the same thing may happen in space. If you’re really going to open up space to more people than just a few astronauts every year, then privatization’s a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You touched on something very important. SpaceX has never flown people before, and it actually has had \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/28/technology/spacex-rocket/\">two rockets\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2016/10/cause-spacexs-explosion-gets-little-clearer/\">blow up\u003c/a> in the last two years. Are there some unique risks to a mission like this because it involves a private company? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: Well, there is the question of, do you trust their engineering, have they done enough testing? That sort of thing. It seems easy to build rockets in the movies, it always works. But in real life, it’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a25065/spacex-uphill-battle-crew-approval/\"> not what you would call a mature technology\u003c/a>. So there is that danger. And there’s also the case that if you’re going to send somebody up a couple of hundred thousand miles into space – if they get into trouble up there, it’s very, very hard to get them back. It’s really tricky, because they’re so far away. If you send them up into orbit — and there’s been plenty of talk about sending tourists into orbit around the Earth — they’re only a couple of hundred miles away. So if they get into trouble, you might be able to bring them back right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re on the back side of the moon, sailing through space out there, it’s hard to do anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: We still don’t know who’s going to be on this flight. The Falcon Heavy rocket system that would launch these tourists into space costs\u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/about/capabilities\"> $90 million dollars\u003c/a> by itself, without factoring in the riders. How much could we expect something like this to cost? And what kind of space tourist can afford something like this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: The estimates I’ve seen are in the millions of dollars. That’s a lot of money to spend on an interesting weekend. If you’re a billionaire — and there are plenty of billionaires these days — then you’re talking about one-thousandth of your annual income to make this ride. If it cost $3 million to go and see the moon, I think you’d have people every weekend who’d want to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So, drawing on your expertise here: How long would a trip around the moon and back take, and is there a trajectory through space you need to take to get there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: Generally you choose the trajectory that involves the least amount of energy, meaning fuel. Keep in mind that the moon is moving around in space, so whatever way you’re going to go to the moon, you have to loop around a moving target. But we have plenty of experience doing that. The moon is, as I mentioned, 240,000 miles away. This rocket will sail past the moon, and eventually the gravity of the Earth will bring it around, and bring it back to Earth, where it will land. It may go 300,000 or 400,000 miles from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So if I’m a space tourist and my check doesn’t bounce, I can tell my family, “I’ll see you in a few days”?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: Well, there’s no guarantee you’ll see them in a few days, but probably you will. I have to point out that the Russians, have been taking people to the International Space Station for years, and the tab for that is $20 million. So this is a lot farther. It sounds like a deal to me.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"SETI Astronomer Seth Shostak says privatized space tourism, like SpaceX's moonshot for millionaires, will bring the price of space travel down for everyone. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929020,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":1435},"headData":{"title":"Moon Travel Must: Have a Big Checkbook | KQED","description":"SETI Astronomer Seth Shostak says privatized space tourism, like SpaceX's moonshot for millionaires, will bring the price of space travel down for everyone. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Moon Travel Must: Have a Big Checkbook","datePublished":"2017-03-06T20:00:26.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:23:40.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2017/03/WEBSETI2wayWatt170306.mp3","sticky":false,"nprByline":"KQED Science ","path":"/science/1446539/moon-travel-must-have-a-big-checkbook","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX, surprised pretty much everyone recently when he \u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/news/2017/02/27/spacex-send-privately-crewed-dragon-spacecraft-beyond-moon-next-year\">revealed \u003c/a>that sometime late next year, the company will use one of its unmanned spacecraft to fly two lucky, unnamed wealthy space tourists all the way around the moon, into deep space and back again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s historic in many ways — not least because it would be the first time in more than 40 years that any human has gone that far into space. And the logo on the rocket will be SpaceX, not NASA — a fact that is \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/35861-spacex-could-beat-nasa-to-the-moon.html?utm_source=sp-newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=20170301-sdc\">lost on no one\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The announcement raises interesting questions about the state of space tourism and private space exploration. For answers, we turned to \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/users/sshostak\">Seth Shostak\u003c/a>, Senior Astronomer with the SETI Institute in Mountain View. He sat down with KQED Morning News anchor Brian Watt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This conversation has been edited for brevity and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt\u003c/strong>: \u003cstrong>So if this mission goes as planned, it would be the first time in 45 years any human has gone this far into space. This would be a remotely piloted spacecraft. When was the last time we went to the moon, and why haven’t we been back?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: That was\u003ca href=\"https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_598.html\"> the Apollo mission in 1972\u003c/a>, and it was the last time anyone went any distance farther than the distance between San Francisco and Los Angeles, into space. So this is a big thing. It’s 1,000 times farther.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When the Apollo program ended, the assumption was, we’d done what we wanted to do, which was largely geopolitical — we wanted to beat the Russians to the moon, and we did that. And after that, the financial incentive to do more than that kind of faded away. There was a plan to send at least three more manned missions to the moon — they didn’t happen.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It seems easy to build rockets in the movies, it always works. But in real life, it’s not what you would call a mature technology.’\u003ccite>Seth Shostak, SETI Institute\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Everyone assumed what was coming down the pike was to send people to our little ruddy buddy, Mars. And so there were plans drawn up, and the president said to NASA, “Okay, figure out how much that’s going to cost.” And they came up with a price tag of something like $500 billion, and he said, “Think again.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So that hasn’t happened. We haven’t sent people any farther into orbit. And I think that on some level, the public is aware that we haven’t done anything spectacular in space for a very long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: Has Mars essentially usurped the moon as our destination of choice? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: I think so. The moon is only 240,000 miles away, which is more or less what I have on my Honda. Mars, on the other hand, is like 30 million miles away. That’s a much bigger trip. You can get to the moon in a couple of days. To get to Mars would take you half a year. And Mars has attractions that the moon doesn’t have. Mars was once a kinder, gentler world with waters on the surface — rivers, lakes, maybe even oceans. It may even still have life under the surface. None of that can be said for the moon. Mars is a more interesting, if a more difficult, target.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So what does it say about the state of space exploration that a private company is getting astronauts back to the moon before NASA can? Are we going to see more of this kind of private space travel, do you think?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: I kind of hope that we will, actually. The idea that NASA may over-engineer some things or that they’re too conservative – these may be legitimate complaints.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>NASA is sensitive to the fact that when it kills a couple of people, there’s a big reaction. And private industry doesn’t have that problem yet, because it hasn’t killed anybody. But space is dangerous. I think you liken it to aviation – after the Wright brothers, for many years it was basically a U.S. Army project to develop aircraft. But if the government had stayed the sole developer of airplanes, it would cost you a lot of money to go anywhere in an aircraft today. The private sector got involved, they were able to drive down costs and commercialize it. Today, you can buy an airline ticket for what some people would consider a reasonable price.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I think the same thing may happen in space. If you’re really going to open up space to more people than just a few astronauts every year, then privatization’s a good thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: You touched on something very important. SpaceX has never flown people before, and it actually has had \u003ca href=\"http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/28/technology/spacex-rocket/\">two rockets\u003c/a> \u003ca href=\"https://www.wired.com/2016/10/cause-spacexs-explosion-gets-little-clearer/\">blow up\u003c/a> in the last two years. Are there some unique risks to a mission like this because it involves a private company? \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: Well, there is the question of, do you trust their engineering, have they done enough testing? That sort of thing. It seems easy to build rockets in the movies, it always works. But in real life, it’s\u003ca href=\"http://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a25065/spacex-uphill-battle-crew-approval/\"> not what you would call a mature technology\u003c/a>. So there is that danger. And there’s also the case that if you’re going to send somebody up a couple of hundred thousand miles into space – if they get into trouble up there, it’s very, very hard to get them back. It’s really tricky, because they’re so far away. If you send them up into orbit — and there’s been plenty of talk about sending tourists into orbit around the Earth — they’re only a couple of hundred miles away. So if they get into trouble, you might be able to bring them back right away.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you’re on the back side of the moon, sailing through space out there, it’s hard to do anything.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: We still don’t know who’s going to be on this flight. The Falcon Heavy rocket system that would launch these tourists into space costs\u003ca href=\"http://www.spacex.com/about/capabilities\"> $90 million dollars\u003c/a> by itself, without factoring in the riders. How much could we expect something like this to cost? And what kind of space tourist can afford something like this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: The estimates I’ve seen are in the millions of dollars. That’s a lot of money to spend on an interesting weekend. If you’re a billionaire — and there are plenty of billionaires these days — then you’re talking about one-thousandth of your annual income to make this ride. If it cost $3 million to go and see the moon, I think you’d have people every weekend who’d want to go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So, drawing on your expertise here: How long would a trip around the moon and back take, and is there a trajectory through space you need to take to get there?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: Generally you choose the trajectory that involves the least amount of energy, meaning fuel. Keep in mind that the moon is moving around in space, so whatever way you’re going to go to the moon, you have to loop around a moving target. But we have plenty of experience doing that. The moon is, as I mentioned, 240,000 miles away. This rocket will sail past the moon, and eventually the gravity of the Earth will bring it around, and bring it back to Earth, where it will land. It may go 300,000 or 400,000 miles from Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Watt: So if I’m a space tourist and my check doesn’t bounce, I can tell my family, “I’ll see you in a few days”?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shostak: Well, there’s no guarantee you’ll see them in a few days, but probably you will. I have to point out that the Russians, have been taking people to the International Space Station for years, and the tab for that is $20 million. So this is a lot farther. It sounds like a deal to me.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1446539/moon-travel-must-have-a-big-checkbook","authors":["byline_science_1446539"],"categories":["science_28","science_40","science_42"],"tags":["science_5189","science_5179","science_5175","science_922","science_970"],"featImg":"science_1447002","label":"science"},"science_992707":{"type":"posts","id":"science_992707","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"992707","score":null,"sort":[1474030848000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"why-the-recent-rumors-of-e-t-phoning-home-were-exaggerated","title":"Why the Recent Rumors of E.T. ‘Phoning Home’ Were Exaggerated","publishDate":1474030848,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Why the Recent Rumors of E.T. ‘Phoning Home’ Were Exaggerated | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>A couple of weeks ago, at the end of August, our collective ear perked up at a possible sign of intelligent life out in the universe. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/health/seti-signal-hd-164595-alien-civilization/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The buzz\u003c/a> was caused by a report that a Russian radio telescope detected a relatively strong signal at an unusual frequency for natural radio sources, from the direction of a star named \u003ca href=\"http://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com/planet/HD%20164595%20b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HD 164595\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If the radio signal came from star HD 164595, it would require nearly as much power as our civilization consumes. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For those who saw the movie “Contact,” this might have brought up images of Jodi Foster wearing a headset and looking quite startled by a very unambiguous intelligent radio signal of extraterrestrial origin. What a world-changer that would be!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sao.ru/Doc-en/SciNews/2016/Sotnikova/\">apparent detection of the signal\u003c/a> was nothing short of a whimper, one might even say, fizzle, as far as the E.T.-listening world is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/a-seti-signal\">the initial buzz\u003c/a> focused on the signal’s possible origin — a Sun-sized star 94 light years away (HD 164595) — follow-up observations failed to net a second detection. And subsequent analysis now indicates that the signal was likely Earth-based — that is, a spurious blip of noise from our own civilization. (If so, then the origin of the signal might, in fact, be an intelligent civilization: ours.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the report, scientists at Mountain View’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> pointed the powerful radio-ear of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/ata\">Allen Telescope Array\u003c/a> at HD 164595 for a few hours on August 28 to see if the signal could be verified, though so far have not heard anything unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SETI stands for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence and the non-profit researches the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_993028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-993028\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg\" alt=\"Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco\" width=\"630\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg 630w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco \u003ccite>(SETI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cosmicdiary.org/fmarchis/2016/08/29/lets-be-careful-about-this-seti-signal/\">Looking at the HD 164595 E.T. rumor\u003c/a> more soberly, and doing the math on the signal strength and the power necessary to produce it, it’s evident that for the transmission to have originated from an intelligent civilization in that star system, the E.T.s’ technology would have to exceed our own considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A general broadcast from that star, transmitted in every direction into space, would have required a hundred billion billion\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>watts of power to produce the signal reported by the researchers. Yep, you read that right — billion \u003cem>billion\u003c/em>. That’s millions of times more power than our own civilization currently consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a more efficient and targeted communication — say, a tightly focused radio beam directed intentionally at us — would require a trillion watts, nearly as much power as our entire civilization consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both scenarios require an effort far, far beyond what we ourselves could do,” says SETI senior scientist Seth Shostak, “and it’s hard to understand why anyone would want to target our solar system with a strong signal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The E.T.-scenario supposes that the would-be denizens of HD 164595 know that a radio-receptive civilization exists on our planet, and want to send us a message. However, being 94 light years away, none of our own radio and television broadcasts will have reached them, and won’t for another couple of decades (at which time “I Love Lucy” will be one of the first shows they see).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the numbers just don’t add up to explaining the observation as E.T.-originated — not without some extraordinary assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, \u003ca href=\"http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/aliens-line-one-180960067/?no-ist\">we keep on listening for signals\u003c/a> of extraterrestrial, intelligent origin. The payoff could be huge, if we ever detect any. If E.T. sends us a directed message, “Dear people of the planet Earth…,” what would it consist of? Design instructions for advanced technologies? Descriptions of the life and times of the people on their planet? A simple hello? Or possibly, “Look out, Earthlings, here we come….”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just knowing that another intelligent, technological civilization exists elsewhere in the universe would be a mind-blowing thing, even if all we detect are weak and inadvertent broadcasts of E.T.’s version of “Gilligan’s Island.”\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"It caused a stir at first, but did the Russians really detect a signal from a star 94 light years away and what are American scientists doing to replicate their finding?\r\n\r\n","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704929626,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":736},"headData":{"title":"Why the Recent Rumors of E.T. ‘Phoning Home’ Were Exaggerated | KQED","description":"It caused a stir at first, but did the Russians really detect a signal from a star 94 light years away and what are American scientists doing to replicate their finding?\r\n\r\n","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Why the Recent Rumors of E.T. ‘Phoning Home’ Were Exaggerated","datePublished":"2016-09-16T13:00:48.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:33:46.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/992707/why-the-recent-rumors-of-e-t-phoning-home-were-exaggerated","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A couple of weeks ago, at the end of August, our collective ear perked up at a possible sign of intelligent life out in the universe. \u003ca href=\"http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/30/health/seti-signal-hd-164595-alien-civilization/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The buzz\u003c/a> was caused by a report that a Russian radio telescope detected a relatively strong signal at an unusual frequency for natural radio sources, from the direction of a star named \u003ca href=\"http://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com/planet/HD%20164595%20b/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HD 164595\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">If the radio signal came from star HD 164595, it would require nearly as much power as our civilization consumes. \u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>For those who saw the movie “Contact,” this might have brought up images of Jodi Foster wearing a headset and looking quite startled by a very unambiguous intelligent radio signal of extraterrestrial origin. What a world-changer that would be!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, the \u003ca href=\"https://www.sao.ru/Doc-en/SciNews/2016/Sotnikova/\">apparent detection of the signal\u003c/a> was nothing short of a whimper, one might even say, fizzle, as far as the E.T.-listening world is concerned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/a-seti-signal\">the initial buzz\u003c/a> focused on the signal’s possible origin — a Sun-sized star 94 light years away (HD 164595) — follow-up observations failed to net a second detection. And subsequent analysis now indicates that the signal was likely Earth-based — that is, a spurious blip of noise from our own civilization. (If so, then the origin of the signal might, in fact, be an intelligent civilization: ours.)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In response to the report, scientists at Mountain View’s \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> pointed the powerful radio-ear of its \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/ata\">Allen Telescope Array\u003c/a> at HD 164595 for a few hours on August 28 to see if the signal could be verified, though so far have not heard anything unusual.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>SETI stands for Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence and the non-profit researches the origin, nature and prevalence of life in the universe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_993028\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 630px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-993028\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg\" alt=\"Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco\" width=\"630\" height=\"418\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1.jpg 630w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2016/09/ATA_pix1-400x265.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 630px) 100vw, 630px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Radio telescope dishes of the Allen Telescope Array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory 290 miles northeast of San Francisco \u003ccite>(SETI)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://cosmicdiary.org/fmarchis/2016/08/29/lets-be-careful-about-this-seti-signal/\">Looking at the HD 164595 E.T. rumor\u003c/a> more soberly, and doing the math on the signal strength and the power necessary to produce it, it’s evident that for the transmission to have originated from an intelligent civilization in that star system, the E.T.s’ technology would have to exceed our own considerably.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A general broadcast from that star, transmitted in every direction into space, would have required a hundred billion billion\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>watts of power to produce the signal reported by the researchers. Yep, you read that right — billion \u003cem>billion\u003c/em>. That’s millions of times more power than our own civilization currently consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even a more efficient and targeted communication — say, a tightly focused radio beam directed intentionally at us — would require a trillion watts, nearly as much power as our entire civilization consumes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Both scenarios require an effort far, far beyond what we ourselves could do,” says SETI senior scientist Seth Shostak, “and it’s hard to understand why anyone would want to target our solar system with a strong signal.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The E.T.-scenario supposes that the would-be denizens of HD 164595 know that a radio-receptive civilization exists on our planet, and want to send us a message. However, being 94 light years away, none of our own radio and television broadcasts will have reached them, and won’t for another couple of decades (at which time “I Love Lucy” will be one of the first shows they see).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, the numbers just don’t add up to explaining the observation as E.T.-originated — not without some extraordinary assumptions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nevertheless, \u003ca href=\"http://www.airspacemag.com/history-of-flight/aliens-line-one-180960067/?no-ist\">we keep on listening for signals\u003c/a> of extraterrestrial, intelligent origin. The payoff could be huge, if we ever detect any. If E.T. sends us a directed message, “Dear people of the planet Earth…,” what would it consist of? Design instructions for advanced technologies? Descriptions of the life and times of the people on their planet? A simple hello? Or possibly, “Look out, Earthlings, here we come….”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just knowing that another intelligent, technological civilization exists elsewhere in the universe would be a mind-blowing thing, even if all we detect are weak and inadvertent broadcasts of E.T.’s version of “Gilligan’s Island.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/992707/why-the-recent-rumors-of-e-t-phoning-home-were-exaggerated","authors":["6180"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_922"],"featImg":"science_994931","label":"science"},"science_24915":{"type":"posts","id":"science_24915","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"24915","score":null,"sort":[1418652025000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"designing-the-inter-stellar-doorbell-or-how-to-talk-to-et","title":"Designing the Interstellar Doorbell (Or How to Talk to ET)","publishDate":1418652025,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Designing the Interstellar Doorbell (Or How to Talk to ET) | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/12/20141215science.mp3\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25008\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 718px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/10-Lone-Signal-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25008\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/10-Lone-Signal-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Hands and moon\" width=\"718\" height=\"478\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> in Mountain View, an international group of scientists, linguists, philosophers and others \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/weeky-lecture/communicating-across-cosmos-summary-workshop-interstellar-message-design\">convened in a workshop\u003c/a> to discuss what might be the most challenging conversation in the history of humankind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we could send a message to an intelligent extra-terrestrial on some distant planet, they asked, what would we say?This is not a new question. NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_plaque\">asked it\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_Message_%281962%29\">Russians\u003c/a> and the Japanese have asked it. Doritos \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080612122817.htm\">asked it\u003c/a>. They seem to have asked it a lot in the 1970s. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We aren’t just sending messages out into the aether anymore. We have addresses.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kepler’s Contribution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a very good reason to be asking it again now, in 2014. Thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler Telescope\u003c/a>, we won’t just be sending messages out into the aether anymore. We have addresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since its launch in 2009, Kepler has identified \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/science/space/keplers-tally-of-planets.html?_r=0\">hundreds of planets\u003c/a> outside our solar system. Some are rocky and Earth-like, orbiting distant stars. Maybe they have -– or, like Mars billions of years ago, they might once have had — mountains, clouds, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/27950-mars-crater-lake-curiosity-rover.html\">lakes\u003c/a> and oceans, even life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can direct powerful radio transmissions at these planets and hope some form of life knows how to receive them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s life out there,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/users/douglas-vakoch\">Douglas Vakoch\u003c/a>, SETI’s Director of Interstellar Message Composition, “our chances of finding it have increased astronomically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What Should We Say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humanity’s attempts to answer this question (maybe \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201210/dmt-aliens-and-reality-part-1\">not all\u003c/a> attempts) take two basic forms. There are physical objects (e.g., the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_plaque\">Pioneer Plaques\u003c/a>) that we’ve attached to unmanned spaceships on a one-way mission — like messages in a bottle that some space-faring alien might stumble upon. Then there are powerful radio signals such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/project/details/arecibo-message\">Arecibo message\u003c/a>, which was broadcast from a radio telescope in Puerto Rico in 1974.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in terms of messages that try to sum up the subjective experience of being alive on Earth, the gold standard is a \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/goldenrec.html\">pair of 12-inch copper discs\u003c/a> that were attached to the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts in 1977. The Voyagers were launched on missions to explore Saturn and Jupiter (plus Uranus and Neptune for Voyager 2) then drift into the universe, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/12sep_voyager1/\">indefinitely\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/7-Across-the-Universe.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25026\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/7-Across-the-Universe.jpg\" alt=\"NASA broadcast the Beatle’s hit “Across the Universe” toward the star Polaris on the 40th anniversary of the song’s recording in 2008. (NASA/JPL)\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA broadcast the Beatle’s hit “Across the Universe” toward the star Polaris on the 40th anniversary of the song’s recording in 2008. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Golden Records were an afterthought. A team led by Carl Sagan saw the opportunity for an interstellar postcard and filled the discs with \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/scenes.html\">images\u003c/a>, with \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/greetings.html\">greetings in different languages\u003c/a> and with \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/music.html\">music\u003c/a> from Beethoven to Blind Willie Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the sound of a \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/audio/footsteps.wav\">heartbeat\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/audio/volcanoes.wav\">volcano\u003c/a>. A mother \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/audio/kiss.wav\">comforting\u003c/a> her child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Have you eaten yet?” asks a speaker of Min Chinese. “Please contact us,” pleads a man speaking Gujarati.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One musical passage in particular captures a range of human experience, Vakoch says, moving from an orderly Bach piano piece into mournful bagpipes and then into a thunderous passage of Stravinsky’s Rites of Spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will an extra-terrestrial understand what it means?” he asks. “Certainly not in the way we do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be a moot point. Vakoch says at its current pace, the Voyager spacecraft — and the records inside it –- won’t come close to another star for another 75,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radio messages could take “only” hundreds of years to reach their destination. But that’d still make for an awkward conversation. If ET got our message and responded, no one on Earth today would be alive to hear it. Would our great-great-great-grandchildren even remember what we’d said?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That quandary assumes an even greater feat: that the extra-terrestrials are able to decode our message in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you communicate with a life form you know absolutely nothing about? Will these extra-terrestrials have language? If we sent an image, could they see it? Even a simple series of numbers — say a Fibonacci sequence — may be as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KveKjHIipgo\">anthropocentric\u003c/a> as a line of Shakespeare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Send Everything? Or Just One Thing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with all this uncertainty, participants at the SETI workshop last month fell into two rough camps: Send ET everything — as in the entire Internet — or send them one thing -– a kind of interstellar doorbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Do extra terrestrials have language? What if a simple series of numbers, say a Fibonacci sequence, is as anthropocentric as a line of Shakespeare?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I’ll explain the doorbell in a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The send-them-everything camp, Vakoch says, argues that a smarter, more technologically advanced alien civilization might search the Internet and find patterns. Eventually, they might crack the code of human language, even without an interstellar Rosetta Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These civilizations are likely much older than ours, says SETI’s \u003ca href=\"http://communicating.seti.org/?q=speakers/seth-shostak\">Seth Shostak\u003c/a>, since any message we receive would have been sent hundreds of years ago. And they’re likely more technologically advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These aren’t soft squishy guys who are interested in arts or music, at least our art and music,” he says. “They’re machines of some sort. Advanced societies will say that more bits are better. More information is better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This struck the other camp at the conference as a really bad idea, maybe even impolite, the equivalent of meeting someone at a party and just screaming at them for an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if, they said, we sent them something drastically smaller: a simple signal, a kind of doorbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of a doorbell indicates a query, an openness,” Vakoch says. “It’s not a demand to be let in. It’s an indication of the desire to make contact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Olfactory Message\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles artist \u003ca href=\"http://sites.artsblock.ucr.edu/free-enterprise/carrie-paterson/\">Carrie Paterson\u003c/a> came to the conference to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWQlop5Yedk\">present\u003c/a> a radical idea, even among a crowd of unconventional thinkers: that our message might consist of a “symphony of smells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the whole point is to send a kind of poem that provokes some curiosity about us,” she says, “some desire to respond.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 399px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/6-Teen-Age-Message.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/6-Teen-Age-Message.jpg\" alt=\"The content for the Teen-Age Message was decided by Russian adolescents. It included the “1st Theremin Concert for Aliens” and was sent toward six nearby stars in 2001. (Rumlin/Creative Commons)\" width=\"399\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The content for the Teen-Age Message was decided by Russian adolescents. It included the “1st Theremin Concert for Aliens” and was sent toward six nearby stars in 2001. (Rumlin/Creative Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smells, Paterson points out, are chemical cues, the same language used by thousands of species on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, she says, is that we might “create something a tree would understand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How, exactly, do you transmit a smell 25 million light years? No one really knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paterson’s point is that whatever we send should represent all of our planet. Not just humans. Not just scientists. Not just Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vakoch agrees. He’d love to see the United Nations involved, to make this a global question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the Secretary-General calls us up,” Vakoch says, “and says, ‘We’d like to have a special session on this,’ I’d be delighted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Vakoch has built a website to collect suggestions from all over the world: \u003ca href=\"http://earthspeaks.seti.org/\">Earth Speaks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever some kind of consensus emerges, maybe it’s time to hit send, and hope someone out there is listening.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Humans have been sending messages into outer space for decades, hoping some intelligent extra-terrestrial might come upon them. Now, for the first time in history, we have addresses. So, what should we say? ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704932514,"stats":{"hasAudio":true,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":41,"wordCount":1300},"headData":{"title":"Designing the Interstellar Doorbell (Or How to Talk to ET) | KQED","description":"Humans have been sending messages into outer space for decades, hoping some intelligent extra-terrestrial might come upon them. Now, for the first time in history, we have addresses. So, what should we say? ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Designing the Interstellar Doorbell (Or How to Talk to ET)","datePublished":"2014-12-15T14:00:25.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:21:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"audioUrl":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/12/20141215science.mp3","sticky":false,"path":"/science/24915/designing-the-inter-stellar-doorbell-or-how-to-talk-to-et","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv class=\"audio-wrap\">\n\u003ch2>Listen:\u003c/h2>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"audioLink","attributes":{"named":{"src":"http://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2014/12/20141215science.mp3"},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/div>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25008\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 718px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/10-Lone-Signal-1024x682.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-25008\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/10-Lone-Signal-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"Hands and moon\" width=\"718\" height=\"478\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/\">SETI Institute\u003c/a> in Mountain View, an international group of scientists, linguists, philosophers and others \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/weeky-lecture/communicating-across-cosmos-summary-workshop-interstellar-message-design\">convened in a workshop\u003c/a> to discuss what might be the most challenging conversation in the history of humankind.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If we could send a message to an intelligent extra-terrestrial on some distant planet, they asked, what would we say?This is not a new question. NASA’s \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_plaque\">asked it\u003c/a>. The \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_Message_%281962%29\">Russians\u003c/a> and the Japanese have asked it. Doritos \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/06/080612122817.htm\">asked it\u003c/a>. They seem to have asked it a lot in the 1970s. \u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">We aren’t just sending messages out into the aether anymore. We have addresses.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Kepler’s Contribution\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s a very good reason to be asking it again now, in 2014. Thanks to the \u003ca href=\"http://kepler.nasa.gov/\">Kepler Telescope\u003c/a>, we won’t just be sending messages out into the aether anymore. We have addresses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since its launch in 2009, Kepler has identified \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/science/space/keplers-tally-of-planets.html?_r=0\">hundreds of planets\u003c/a> outside our solar system. Some are rocky and Earth-like, orbiting distant stars. Maybe they have -– or, like Mars billions of years ago, they might once have had — mountains, clouds, \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/27950-mars-crater-lake-curiosity-rover.html\">lakes\u003c/a> and oceans, even life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We can direct powerful radio transmissions at these planets and hope some form of life knows how to receive them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If there’s life out there,” says \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/users/douglas-vakoch\">Douglas Vakoch\u003c/a>, SETI’s Director of Interstellar Message Composition, “our chances of finding it have increased astronomically.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>So What Should We Say?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Humanity’s attempts to answer this question (maybe \u003ca href=\"http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201210/dmt-aliens-and-reality-part-1\">not all\u003c/a> attempts) take two basic forms. There are physical objects (e.g., the \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_plaque\">Pioneer Plaques\u003c/a>) that we’ve attached to unmanned spaceships on a one-way mission — like messages in a bottle that some space-faring alien might stumble upon. Then there are powerful radio signals such as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.seti.org/seti-institute/project/details/arecibo-message\">Arecibo message\u003c/a>, which was broadcast from a radio telescope in Puerto Rico in 1974.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But in terms of messages that try to sum up the subjective experience of being alive on Earth, the gold standard is a \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/goldenrec.html\">pair of 12-inch copper discs\u003c/a> that were attached to the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecrafts in 1977. The Voyagers were launched on missions to explore Saturn and Jupiter (plus Uranus and Neptune for Voyager 2) then drift into the universe, \u003ca href=\"http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2013/12sep_voyager1/\">indefinitely\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25026\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/7-Across-the-Universe.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-25026\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/7-Across-the-Universe.jpg\" alt=\"NASA broadcast the Beatle’s hit “Across the Universe” toward the star Polaris on the 40th anniversary of the song’s recording in 2008. (NASA/JPL)\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">NASA broadcast the Beatle’s hit “Across the Universe” toward the star Polaris on the 40th anniversary of the song’s recording in 2008. (NASA/JPL)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Golden Records were an afterthought. A team led by Carl Sagan saw the opportunity for an interstellar postcard and filled the discs with \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/scenes.html\">images\u003c/a>, with \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/greetings.html\">greetings in different languages\u003c/a> and with \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/music.html\">music\u003c/a> from Beethoven to Blind Willie Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s also the sound of a \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/audio/footsteps.wav\">heartbeat\u003c/a> and a \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/audio/volcanoes.wav\">volcano\u003c/a>. A mother \u003ca href=\"http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/audio/kiss.wav\">comforting\u003c/a> her child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Have you eaten yet?” asks a speaker of Min Chinese. “Please contact us,” pleads a man speaking Gujarati.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One musical passage in particular captures a range of human experience, Vakoch says, moving from an orderly Bach piano piece into mournful bagpipes and then into a thunderous passage of Stravinsky’s Rites of Spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will an extra-terrestrial understand what it means?” he asks. “Certainly not in the way we do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That may be a moot point. Vakoch says at its current pace, the Voyager spacecraft — and the records inside it –- won’t come close to another star for another 75,000 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Radio messages could take “only” hundreds of years to reach their destination. But that’d still make for an awkward conversation. If ET got our message and responded, no one on Earth today would be alive to hear it. Would our great-great-great-grandchildren even remember what we’d said?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That quandary assumes an even greater feat: that the extra-terrestrials are able to decode our message in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How do you communicate with a life form you know absolutely nothing about? Will these extra-terrestrials have language? If we sent an image, could they see it? Even a simple series of numbers — say a Fibonacci sequence — may be as \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KveKjHIipgo\">anthropocentric\u003c/a> as a line of Shakespeare.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Send Everything? Or Just One Thing?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Faced with all this uncertainty, participants at the SETI workshop last month fell into two rough camps: Send ET everything — as in the entire Internet — or send them one thing -– a kind of interstellar doorbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">Do extra terrestrials have language? What if a simple series of numbers, say a Fibonacci sequence, is as anthropocentric as a line of Shakespeare?\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>I’ll explain the doorbell in a minute.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The send-them-everything camp, Vakoch says, argues that a smarter, more technologically advanced alien civilization might search the Internet and find patterns. Eventually, they might crack the code of human language, even without an interstellar Rosetta Stone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These civilizations are likely much older than ours, says SETI’s \u003ca href=\"http://communicating.seti.org/?q=speakers/seth-shostak\">Seth Shostak\u003c/a>, since any message we receive would have been sent hundreds of years ago. And they’re likely more technologically advanced.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These aren’t soft squishy guys who are interested in arts or music, at least our art and music,” he says. “They’re machines of some sort. Advanced societies will say that more bits are better. More information is better.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This struck the other camp at the conference as a really bad idea, maybe even impolite, the equivalent of meeting someone at a party and just screaming at them for an hour.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What if, they said, we sent them something drastically smaller: a simple signal, a kind of doorbell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea of a doorbell indicates a query, an openness,” Vakoch says. “It’s not a demand to be let in. It’s an indication of the desire to make contact.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>An Olfactory Message\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Los Angeles artist \u003ca href=\"http://sites.artsblock.ucr.edu/free-enterprise/carrie-paterson/\">Carrie Paterson\u003c/a> came to the conference to \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FWQlop5Yedk\">present\u003c/a> a radical idea, even among a crowd of unconventional thinkers: that our message might consist of a “symphony of smells.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the whole point is to send a kind of poem that provokes some curiosity about us,” she says, “some desire to respond.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_25032\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 399px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/6-Teen-Age-Message.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-25032\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/12/6-Teen-Age-Message.jpg\" alt=\"The content for the Teen-Age Message was decided by Russian adolescents. It included the “1st Theremin Concert for Aliens” and was sent toward six nearby stars in 2001. (Rumlin/Creative Commons)\" width=\"399\" height=\"280\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The content for the Teen-Age Message was decided by Russian adolescents. It included the “1st Theremin Concert for Aliens” and was sent toward six nearby stars in 2001. (Rumlin/Creative Commons)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Smells, Paterson points out, are chemical cues, the same language used by thousands of species on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The hope, she says, is that we might “create something a tree would understand.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How, exactly, do you transmit a smell 25 million light years? No one really knows.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Paterson’s point is that whatever we send should represent all of our planet. Not just humans. Not just scientists. Not just Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vakoch agrees. He’d love to see the United Nations involved, to make this a global question.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the Secretary-General calls us up,” Vakoch says, “and says, ‘We’d like to have a special session on this,’ I’d be delighted.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the meantime, Vakoch has built a website to collect suggestions from all over the world: \u003ca href=\"http://earthspeaks.seti.org/\">Earth Speaks\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Whenever some kind of consensus emerges, maybe it’s time to hit send, and hope someone out there is listening.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/24915/designing-the-inter-stellar-doorbell-or-how-to-talk-to-et","authors":["210"],"categories":["science_28","science_46","science_40","science_43"],"tags":["science_922"],"featImg":"science_25008","label":"science"},"science_11980":{"type":"posts","id":"science_11980","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"11980","score":null,"sort":[1386895034000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"jupiters-moon-has-vast-geysers-says-nasa","title":"Jupiter's Moon Has Vast Geysers, Says NASA","publishDate":1386895034,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Jupiter’s Moon Has Vast Geysers, Says NASA | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/artistsconcept_13-371.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11981\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11981 \" title=\"Vapor plumes on Europa\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/artistsconcept_13-371.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"404\" height=\"523\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of a giant geyser erupting from the icy surface of Europa, about 500 million miles from the sun. (NASA/ESA/K)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today in San Francisco, NASA scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/december/hubble-space-telescope-sees-evidence-of-water-vapor-venting-off-jovian-moon/#.Uqnyz439qmE\">announced\u003c/a> that Europa — one of dozens of moons belonging to the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter – appears to have giant geysers erupting from its southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The existence of geysers bolsters the current belief that Europa’s icy crust covers a vast saltwater ocean, possibly with underwater volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there’s life swimming around down there, the geysers are most certainly spewing it onto Europa’s surface and into the atmosphere — at a rate of approximately seven tons of material per second — where future NASA missions might be able to grab and study it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the vapor comes from the oceans below, then we have a new way to explore its composition,” said NASA’s Kurt Retherford, also of Southwest Research Institute, speaking at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Who would have thought that a moon around a giant planet could have the conditions necessary for life to begin?” – James Green, NASA\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The observations come from the Hubble Space Telescope’s spectrograph, which captures ultraviolet images. They wouldn’t have been possible without astronauts who, in 2009, completed one of the longest \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6712-astronauts-repair-key-hubble-device-tough-spacewalk.html\">space walks\u003c/a> in history — over eight hours — to fix the instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that Europa could harbor life. But without a way to puncture the moon’s thick icy crust, further understanding seemed elusive. The vapor plumes could change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists have only spotted the plumes at Europa’s south pole, but north pole plumes may exist as well, said scientists at the press conference. “We want to explore those too,” said James Green, NASA’s Chief of Planetary Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plumes appear to come and go as the moon is influenced by Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When Europa gets close to Jupiter,” said Francis Nimmo, a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at UC Santa Cruz, the moon “gets stretched and the poles get squished. And so when the poles are getting squished, all the cracks close up. And then as it moves further away, it becomes unsquished, the poles move outwards. And that’s when the cracks open.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/pia17657-full.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11985\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11985 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/pia17657-full.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's concept of an explosion on Europa's surface resulting from an impact from a space rock. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\" width=\"278\" height=\"289\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of an explosion on Europa’s surface resulting from an impact from a space rock. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With its liquid water and internal heat source, Europa is starting to look like one of, if not the best, candidate for finding extra-terrestrial life in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes as a surprise to astronomers who long believed the solar system’s “habitable zone” — where heat from the sun would allow for the presence of liquid water — ended at Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we saw Europa and realized that it had the energy, the organics, and certainly the water,” said Green, “it changed our ideas to where habitable zones can exist. We now believe habitable zones can exist around these large planets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A spectacular collision with an asteroid or comet could have delivered the building blocks of life.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This week scientists also announced new findings based on 15-year old data collected by NASA’s Galileo Mission, showing that clay-type minerals on Europa’s surface appear to have been delivered by a spectacular collision with an asteroid or comet about the size of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/meet-comet-ison-our-icyfiery-visitor-from-the-oort-cloud/\">Comet ISON\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That object may have delivered organic materials that could, over time, give rise to life in Europa’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Shirley, a research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, says if life exists on Europa, it might be comparable to life found near deep-sea vents here on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know on Earth that life can evolve in the absence of light, with the right chemistry,” said Shirley. “And so one of the questions about this is how would we get carbon, the building blocks of life, into the ocean? And we have evidence now that impacts can bring the carbon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the energy, the water, and now organics,” said Green, “that really means life could exist on Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One mission, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Clipper\u003c/a>, currently in the concept stage, could send a spacecraft into Europa’s plumes to sample and analyze the vapor and any traces of life. But with an estimated price tag of several billion dollars – similar to the cost of the Curiosity Mars Rover – that mission could be a decade off, or more, said Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If there’s life swimming around in Europa's ice-covered oceans, the geysers are most certainly spewing it into the atmosphere, where future NASA missions might be able to grab and study it.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934554,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":815},"headData":{"title":"Jupiter's Moon Has Vast Geysers, Says NASA | KQED","description":"If there’s life swimming around in Europa's ice-covered oceans, the geysers are most certainly spewing it into the atmosphere, where future NASA missions might be able to grab and study it.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Jupiter's Moon Has Vast Geysers, Says NASA","datePublished":"2013-12-13T00:37:14.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:55:54.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/11980/jupiters-moon-has-vast-geysers-says-nasa","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11981\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 404px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/artistsconcept_13-371.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11981\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11981 \" title=\"Vapor plumes on Europa\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/artistsconcept_13-371.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"404\" height=\"523\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of a giant geyser erupting from the icy surface of Europa, about 500 million miles from the sun. (NASA/ESA/K)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today in San Francisco, NASA scientists \u003ca href=\"http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/december/hubble-space-telescope-sees-evidence-of-water-vapor-venting-off-jovian-moon/#.Uqnyz439qmE\">announced\u003c/a> that Europa — one of dozens of moons belonging to the largest planet in our solar system, Jupiter – appears to have giant geysers erupting from its southern pole.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The existence of geysers bolsters the current belief that Europa’s icy crust covers a vast saltwater ocean, possibly with underwater volcanoes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If there’s life swimming around down there, the geysers are most certainly spewing it onto Europa’s surface and into the atmosphere — at a rate of approximately seven tons of material per second — where future NASA missions might be able to grab and study it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If the vapor comes from the oceans below, then we have a new way to explore its composition,” said NASA’s Kurt Retherford, also of Southwest Research Institute, speaking at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">“Who would have thought that a moon around a giant planet could have the conditions necessary for life to begin?” – James Green, NASA\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>The observations come from the Hubble Space Telescope’s spectrograph, which captures ultraviolet images. They wouldn’t have been possible without astronauts who, in 2009, completed one of the longest \u003ca href=\"http://www.space.com/6712-astronauts-repair-key-hubble-device-tough-spacewalk.html\">space walks\u003c/a> in history — over eight hours — to fix the instrument.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists have long suspected that Europa could harbor life. But without a way to puncture the moon’s thick icy crust, further understanding seemed elusive. The vapor plumes could change that.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So far, scientists have only spotted the plumes at Europa’s south pole, but north pole plumes may exist as well, said scientists at the press conference. “We want to explore those too,” said James Green, NASA’s Chief of Planetary Science.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The plumes appear to come and go as the moon is influenced by Jupiter’s powerful magnetic field.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When Europa gets close to Jupiter,” said Francis Nimmo, a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences at UC Santa Cruz, the moon “gets stretched and the poles get squished. And so when the poles are getting squished, all the cracks close up. And then as it moves further away, it becomes unsquished, the poles move outwards. And that’s when the cracks open.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11985\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 278px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/pia17657-full.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-11985\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-11985 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/12/pia17657-full.jpg\" alt=\"Artist's concept of an explosion on Europa's surface resulting from an impact from a space rock. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\" width=\"278\" height=\"289\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Artist’s concept of an explosion on Europa’s surface resulting from an impact from a space rock. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With its liquid water and internal heat source, Europa is starting to look like one of, if not the best, candidate for finding extra-terrestrial life in our solar system.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This comes as a surprise to astronomers who long believed the solar system’s “habitable zone” — where heat from the sun would allow for the presence of liquid water — ended at Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When we saw Europa and realized that it had the energy, the organics, and certainly the water,” said Green, “it changed our ideas to where habitable zones can exist. We now believe habitable zones can exist around these large planets.”\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A spectacular collision with an asteroid or comet could have delivered the building blocks of life.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This week scientists also announced new findings based on 15-year old data collected by NASA’s Galileo Mission, showing that clay-type minerals on Europa’s surface appear to have been delivered by a spectacular collision with an asteroid or comet about the size of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/audio/meet-comet-ison-our-icyfiery-visitor-from-the-oort-cloud/\">Comet ISON\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That object may have delivered organic materials that could, over time, give rise to life in Europa’s ocean.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jim Shirley, a research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, says if life exists on Europa, it might be comparable to life found near deep-sea vents here on Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know on Earth that life can evolve in the absence of light, with the right chemistry,” said Shirley. “And so one of the questions about this is how would we get carbon, the building blocks of life, into the ocean? And we have evidence now that impacts can bring the carbon.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With the energy, the water, and now organics,” said Green, “that really means life could exist on Europa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One mission, called \u003ca href=\"http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/europa-clipper/\">Clipper\u003c/a>, currently in the concept stage, could send a spacecraft into Europa’s plumes to sample and analyze the vapor and any traces of life. But with an estimated price tag of several billion dollars – similar to the cost of the Curiosity Mars Rover – that mission could be a decade off, or more, said Green.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/11980/jupiters-moon-has-vast-geysers-says-nasa","authors":["210"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_1064","science_351","science_5175","science_922"],"featImg":"science_11987","label":"science"},"science_10745":{"type":"posts","id":"science_10745","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"10745","score":null,"sort":[1383777853000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"new-scientific-findings-on-the-chelyabinsk-meteor","title":"Meteor Crashed with the Force of 600,000 Tons of TNT, Say Scientists (And It'll Happen Again)","publishDate":1383777853,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Meteor Crashed with the Force of 600,000 Tons of TNT, Say Scientists (And It’ll Happen Again) | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Last February 15, at 9:20 in the morning, residents of Chelyabinsk, Russia, looked out their windows and saw a giant ball of fire fly through the sky.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=svzB0QYNIWI\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Chelyabinsk meteor was a 65-foot hunk of space rock that entered the Earth’s atmosphere at about 12 miles per second before exploding with a force equal to 600,000 tons of TNT, enough to level buildings and send 1,200 people to local hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scary thing is: No one saw it coming, says the author of a paper, out today in the journal Science by researchers who studied the Chelyabinsk event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chelyabinsk was not detected in space at all,” said Peter Jenniskens, an astronomer with NASA Ames and the SETI Insitute. “It couldn’t be detected because it was coming from the direction of the sun.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over at Slate, the Bad Astronomer explains what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/11/06/science.1242642.abstract\">Science \u003c/a>paper, as well as another Chelyabinsk paper published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12671.html\">Nature\u003c/a>, say about the meteor’s trajectory and what it was made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/17/watchforfallingrocks.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/11/06/chelyabinsk_asteroid_impact_small_rocks_may_hit_us_more_often_than_thought.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelyabinsk-sized Asteroid Impacts May Happen More Often Than Previously Thought\u003c/a>They found that if you were 100 km (62 miles) from the Chelyabinsk impact, at peak brightness — and this stuns me — the asteroid was 30 times brighter than the Sun! I haven’t heard any anecdotes about this specifically, but the thermal pulse, the flash of heat, must have been palpable, even from that distance. Incredible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fbad_astronomy%2F2013%2F11%2F06%2Fchelyabinsk_asteroid_impact_small_rocks_may_hit_us_more_often_than_thought.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.slate.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Slate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who’s keeping an eye on these “near-Earth objects” as they’re called, and devising plans to keep us from going the way of the dinosaurs? KQED Science’s video team looked into it.\u003cbr>\n\u003cembed src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" height=\"359\" width=\"639\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=303a_asteroids.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F303a_asteroids_640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the United Nations General Assembly is mulling a plan for the world’s space agencies to defend the Earth against asteroids, reports NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://a.s.kqed.net/img/nav/og-news.png\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/11/03/128233/space_agencies_of_the_world_unite_the_uns_asteroid_defense_plan?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Space Agencies Of The World, Unite: The U.N.’s Asteroid Defense Plan\u003c/a>Science The United Nations General Assembly may approve a plan soon for the world’s space agencies to defend the Earth against asteroids. The plan, introduced last week, is expected to be adopted by the General Assembly in December.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2013%2F11%2F03%2F128233%2Fspace_agencies_of_the_world_unite_the_uns_asteroid_defense_plan%3Fsource%3Dnpr%26category%3Dscience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kqed\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The Chelyabinsk meteor was a 65-foot hunk of space rock that entered the Earth's atmosphere at about 12 miles per second before exploding with a force equal to 600,000 tons of TNT, enough to level buildings and send 1,200 people to local hospitals.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704934739,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":378},"headData":{"title":"Meteor Crashed with the Force of 600,000 Tons of TNT, Say Scientists (And It'll Happen Again) | KQED","description":"The Chelyabinsk meteor was a 65-foot hunk of space rock that entered the Earth's atmosphere at about 12 miles per second before exploding with a force equal to 600,000 tons of TNT, enough to level buildings and send 1,200 people to local hospitals.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Meteor Crashed with the Force of 600,000 Tons of TNT, Say Scientists (And It'll Happen Again)","datePublished":"2013-11-06T22:44:13.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:58:59.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/10745/new-scientific-findings-on-the-chelyabinsk-meteor","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Last February 15, at 9:20 in the morning, residents of Chelyabinsk, Russia, looked out their windows and saw a giant ball of fire fly through the sky.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/svzB0QYNIWI'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/svzB0QYNIWI'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>The Chelyabinsk meteor was a 65-foot hunk of space rock that entered the Earth’s atmosphere at about 12 miles per second before exploding with a force equal to 600,000 tons of TNT, enough to level buildings and send 1,200 people to local hospitals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The scary thing is: No one saw it coming, says the author of a paper, out today in the journal Science by researchers who studied the Chelyabinsk event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Chelyabinsk was not detected in space at all,” said Peter Jenniskens, an astronomer with NASA Ames and the SETI Insitute. “It couldn’t be detected because it was coming from the direction of the sun.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over at Slate, the Bad Astronomer explains what the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2013/11/06/science.1242642.abstract\">Science \u003c/a>paper, as well as another Chelyabinsk paper published in \u003ca href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature12671.html\">Nature\u003c/a>, say about the meteor’s trajectory and what it was made of.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://www.slate.com/content/dam/slate/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/02/17/watchforfallingrocks.jpg/_jcr_content/renditions/cq5dam.web.1280.1280.jpeg\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.slate.com/blogs/bad_astronomy/2013/11/06/chelyabinsk_asteroid_impact_small_rocks_may_hit_us_more_often_than_thought.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chelyabinsk-sized Asteroid Impacts May Happen More Often Than Previously Thought\u003c/a>They found that if you were 100 km (62 miles) from the Chelyabinsk impact, at peak brightness — and this stuns me — the asteroid was 30 times brighter than the Sun! I haven’t heard any anecdotes about this specifically, but the thermal pulse, the flash of heat, must have been palpable, even from that distance. Incredible.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fblogs%2Fbad_astronomy%2F2013%2F11%2F06%2Fchelyabinsk_asteroid_impact_small_rocks_may_hit_us_more_often_than_thought.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.slate.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Slate\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Who’s keeping an eye on these “near-Earth objects” as they’re called, and devising plans to keep us from going the way of the dinosaurs? KQED Science’s video team looked into it.\u003cbr>\n\u003cembed src=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/files/jw-player-plugin-for-wordpress/player/player.swf\" height=\"359\" width=\"639\" flashvars=\"&bandwidth=2841&controlbar=over&dock=false&file=303a_asteroids.flv&image=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fposter_frames%2F303a_asteroids_640.jpg&gapro.accountid=UA-1538528-1&gapro.height=359&gapro.pluginmode=FLASH&gapro.trackpercentage=true&gapro.trackstarts=true&gapro.tracktime=true&gapro.visible=true&gapro.width=639&gapro.x=0&gapro.y=0&plugins=gapro-1&skin=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.kqed.org%2Fquest%2Fwp-content%2Fplugins%2Fjw-player-plugin-for-wordpress%2Fskins%2Fglow.zip&streamer=rtmp%3A%2F%2Fkqed-flash02.streamguys.us%2Fquest%2F&viral.allowmenu=true&viral.bgcolor=0x333333&viral.fgcolor=0xffffff&viral.functions=embed&viral.matchplayercolors=true&viral.oncomplete=false&viral.pluginmode=FLASH\">\u003c/embed>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, the United Nations General Assembly is mulling a plan for the world’s space agencies to defend the Earth against asteroids, reports NPR.\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" class=\"thumb embedly-thumbnail-small\" src=\"http://a.s.kqed.net/img/nav/og-news.png\" alt=\"\">\u003ca class=\"embedly-title\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org/news/story/2013/11/03/128233/space_agencies_of_the_world_unite_the_uns_asteroid_defense_plan?source=npr&category=science\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Space Agencies Of The World, Unite: The U.N.’s Asteroid Defense Plan\u003c/a>Science The United Nations General Assembly may approve a plan soon for the world’s space agencies to defend the Earth against asteroids. The plan, introduced last week, is expected to be adopted by the General Assembly in December.\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan class=\"embedly-powered\" style=\"float: right\">\u003ca title=\"Powered by Embedly\" href=\"http://embed.ly/code?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kqed.org%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F2013%2F11%2F03%2F128233%2Fspace_agencies_of_the_world_unite_the_uns_asteroid_defense_plan%3Fsource%3Dnpr%26category%3Dscience\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://static.embed.ly/images/logos/embedly-powered-small-light.png\" alt=\"Embedly Powered\">\u003c/a>\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"media-attribution\">via \u003ca class=\"media-attribution-link\" href=\"http://www.kqed.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kqed\u003c/a>\u003c/div>\n\u003cdiv class=\"embedly-clear\">\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/10745/new-scientific-findings-on-the-chelyabinsk-meteor","authors":["210"],"categories":["science_28","science_40"],"tags":["science_541","science_5175","science_922"],"featImg":"science_10755","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. 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