Where Can I See Monarch Butterflies in California This Winter?
Under Earth's Surface, a Wild Menagerie of Strange Organisms
Science for the People: Grab Your Phone and Help Snap Pictures of Coastal Biodiversity
100 New Marine Species Discovered in Mysterious 'Twilight Zone'
Hikers Use Smartphones to Capture Fire Recovery on Mt. Diablo
BioBlitz: A 24-Hour Quest to Count Plants and Animals in the Golden Gate National Parks
Woolly Mammoth Fossils Raise Red Flags on the Road to Extinction
Adapting to Stress: Early Exposure Gives Amphibians Higher Tolerance To Pesticides
De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived?
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But it is far better than \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1971791/only-2000-monarch-butterflies-remain-in-california-but-they-still-dont-have-protection\">2020’s record-low count of just 2,000 butterflies \u003c/a>or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956190/just-29000-western-monarch-butterflies-are-left-in-california-thats-down-from-millions\">2021’s meager 29,000.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite ongoing efforts to save the butterflies, western monarchs face a decades-long severe decline. “A lot of insect loss — not just for monarchs — is linked to habitat loss, and part of the solution is widespread rewilding and habitat restoration,” said Emma Pelton, a monarch conservation biologist with the Xerces Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of pesticides, disease and a changing climate may also have contributed to the decline in monarch butterflies, Pelton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 400 volunteers and partners participated in the annual Thanksgiving count coordinated by the Xerces Society. “Volunteers and partners are the heartbeat of the Western Monarch Count community science effort,” said Isis Howard, who coordinates the count for the Xerces Society. “They embody a collective commitment to the conservation of western monarch butterflies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://xerces.org/volunteer/wmc\">Read more about volunteering for the monarch butterfly count\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original story from Nov. 3, 2023, continues:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall and winter are when western monarch butterflies get all the spotlight here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11901374/how-you-can-help-save-the-monarch-butterfly-and-other-pollinators\">these brilliant fluttering insects in hues of orange and black\u003c/a> make their way from west of the Rocky Mountain Range to the many overwintering sites in coastal California. Our coastal forests provide a mild seaside climate and suitable microhabitat for them to cluster to stay warm before leaving again in early spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual monarch butterfly migration cycle is one of the most spectacular events in the insect world. Western monarchs usually start showing up here in coastal California right around mid-October. This year, some of the very first clusters were reported at the very beginning of October — which is a little earlier than in the past few years, according to Emma Pelton, a conservation biologist at Xerces Society, a wildlife organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In really warm fall years, we see later aggregating and clustering,” Pelton said. But because the Pacific coast has had more “chaotic weather patterns” in recent years due to climate change, she noted, it’s not always easy to predict precisely when the monarch clustering will occur. And it’s local weather conditions that really drive a lot of these butterflies to cluster or then break up, Pelton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1985064\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2124px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1985064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2124\" height=\"1411\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669.jpg 2124w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-2048x1361.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-1920x1275.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2124px) 100vw, 2124px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) resting on a tree branch in their winter nesting area. Taken in Santa Cruz, California. \u003ccite>(GomezDavid/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Where to see monarchs near the Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Coastal groves and eucalyptus trees provide a temperate and protected environment for the butterflies during their hibernation. So, if you want to see their bright colors, you’ll want to head south on Hwy 1 from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few places in California where monarchs frequently find refuge in colder winter months:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pgmuseum.org/monarch-viewing/\">Pacific Grove’s butterfly grove\u003c/a> near Monterey\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=550\">Lighthouse Field State Beach\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=595\">Pismo State Beach\u003c/a> in San Luis Obispo\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Some lesser-known sites in Alameda county in the Bay Area where monarchs have been seen in the past include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/parks/ardenwood\">The Ardenwood Historic Farm\u003c/a> in Fremont\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://berkeleyca.gov/community-recreation/parks-recreation/parks/aquatic-park\">Berkeley Aquatic Park\u003c/a> in Berkeley\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.albanyca.org/Home/Components/FacilityDirectory/FacilityDirectory/56/1670\">Albany Hill Park\u003c/a> in Albany\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Xerces has a \u003ca href=\"https://westernmonarchcount.org/map-of-overwintering-sites/\">map of all the monarch butterfly overwintering sites in California\u003c/a>, but note that some of these locations might not be open to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Western monarch numbers over the years\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>[aside postID='science_1980427,news_11901374,science_1956190' label='Related coverage']In the 1980s, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calparks.org/monarchs\">over 4 million western monarch butterflies migrated to the coast annually\u003c/a>. But by the mid-2010s, the population had declined to around 200,000 butterflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both 2018 and 2019, volunteers counted under 30,000 monarchs. That downward pattern continued in 2020, when volunteers counted a record low of less than 2,000 monarchs, according to Xerces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some good news, however, has come in more recent years. In 2021 and 2022, the numbers went back up to around the 300,000 mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this has inspired a lot more hope that the migration can be saved. And we need to double down on our conservation actions,” said Pelton, with the Xerces Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reasons like \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956190/just-29000-western-monarch-butterflies-are-left-in-california-thats-down-from-millions\">habitat loss, use of pesticides, disease, and a changing climate\u003c/a> may have contributed to the decline in monarch butterflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I help monarch butterflies?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The easiest way to get involved is to log your monarch sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you see a monarch, Pelton encourages folks to record that on community science applications like \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a>. Not only that, you can also help by logging sightings of milkweed, \u003ca href=\"https://www.xerces.org/milkweed-faq\">the plant monarch butterfly’s need for their caterpillars\u003c/a>. The data from iNaturalist feeds into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.monarchmilkweedmapper.org/\">Western Monarch Milkweed Mapper\u003c/a>, which is used by researchers in the monarch world to “understand where and when butterflies are, where and when milkweed is,” Pelton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way people can help with monarch butterfly conservation is by planting more native milkweed in their home gardens or neighborhoods, like in community gardens, schools or at places of worship. “I think everyone has a role in planting nectar plants that support monarchs,” Pelton said. Through programs like the \u003ca href=\"https://xerces.org/pollinator-conservation/habitat-kits\">Xerces Habitat Kit\u003c/a>, folks can apply for free native milkweed and other host plants for other butterflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DC8INr7tvQ\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing to note: Pelton advises avoiding the tropical milkweed species Asclepias Curassavica. Tropical milkweed can potentially interrupt monarch migration and help spread disease caused by a parasite called Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, or OE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s increasing evidence showing that pesticides may be contributing to the declining monarch populations, Pelton said. This means that thinking about ways to lower our reliance on pesticides in general, both in our agricultural and urban areas, can be a significant way to support the habitat for monarchs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelton advocates for focusing on “the bigger picture issues like climate change policies, pesticide regulation and registration — things that support wildlife, native plants, and native habitats on our landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can I take part in the annual Thanksgiving and New Year’s count of monarchs?[pullquote align=\"right\" size=\"medium\" citation=\"Emma Pelton, a conservation biologist at Xerces Society\"]“I like to think of monarchs as a little bit of a Trojan horse. We’re going to get people hooked, and then really we’re going to get them into all these other conservation [efforts].”[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peak numbers for monarch butterflies begin in November — which is also the time when Xerces conducts their annual Thanksgiving monarch count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year will be the 27th annual \u003ca href=\"https://westernmonarchcount.org/\">Western Monarch Count\u003c/a>, and volunteers can take part between Nov. 11 and Dec. 3 during the Thanksgiving count and again between Dec. 23 and Jan. 7 during the New Year’s count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdILTQuNbV0SOT7IJ7MaGqHtTrBU8NlCCxeupxtmjtzb7xa9w/viewform\">sign up\u003c/a> to join a \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/sunrise-monarch-count-training-with-zach-zito-and-the-xerces-society-tickets-740309725317?utm_source=eventbrite&utm_medium=email&utm_content=follow_notification&utm_campaign=following_published_event&utm_term=Sunrise+Monarch+Count+Training+with+Zach+Zito+and+the+Xerces+Society&aff=ebemoffollowpublishemail\">free training on Nov. 4\u003c/a>. You’ll also have access to \u003ca href=\"https://www.westernmonarchcount.org/training-videos/\">online training videos\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Next step for conservation enthusiasts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pelton hopes that some of the excitement around western monarch conservation can spread to other insects that are maybe less beloved. “I like to think of monarchs as a little bit of a Trojan horse,” she said. “We’re going to get people hooked, and then really we’re going to get them into all these other conservation [efforts].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the conservation of California’s beautiful black and yellow bumble bees, for example. The California Bumble Bee Atlas is a community science effort to track and conserve the species, which Pelton calls “big, fuzzy, beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have very clear patterns on them,” she said — and it doesn’t take a ton of training or time to start to be able to identify individual species of the bumblebee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biodiversity crisis and how that intersects with the climate change crisis is something that we also all should be thinking about, Pelton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Habitat is just one of those really great ways where we can tackle the problem — by creating refuges and creating a diversity of habitats [wildlife] can use, so they can adapt in a changing climate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1706732496,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":38,"wordCount":1446},"headData":{"title":"Where Can I See Monarch Butterflies in California This Winter? | KQED","description":"Update, 11:30 a.m., Jan. 31 Citizen scientists and volunteers have counted over 233,300 monarch butterflies across the western United States as part of Xerces Society’s 27th annual count. This total, calculated from Nov. 11 through Dec. 3, 2023, is slightly lower than last year’s count — and remains at just 5% of their numbers from the 1980s when the monarch population was in the millions. But it is far better than 2020’s record-low count of just 2,000 butterflies or 2021’s meager 29,000. Despite ongoing efforts to save the butterflies, western monarchs face a decades-long severe decline. “A lot of insect","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Where Can I See Monarch Butterflies in California This Winter?","datePublished":"2023-11-03T17:35:16.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-31T20:21:36.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Monarch Butterflies","sticky":false,"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/science/1985049/how-to-see-monarch-butterflies-are-visiting-california","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>Update, 11:30 a.m., Jan. 31\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Citizen scientists and volunteers have counted over 233,300 monarch butterflies across the western United States as part of \u003ca href=\"https://westernmonarchcount.org/western-monarch-count-tallies-233394-butterflies/\">Xerces Society’s 27th annual count\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This total, calculated from Nov. 11 through Dec. 3, 2023, is slightly lower than last year’s count — and remains at just 5% of their \u003ca href=\"https://www.xerces.org/blog/current-status-of-western-monarch-butterflies-by-numbers\">numbers from the 1980s when the monarch population was in the millions\u003c/a>. But it is far better than \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1971791/only-2000-monarch-butterflies-remain-in-california-but-they-still-dont-have-protection\">2020’s record-low count of just 2,000 butterflies \u003c/a>or \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956190/just-29000-western-monarch-butterflies-are-left-in-california-thats-down-from-millions\">2021’s meager 29,000.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite ongoing efforts to save the butterflies, western monarchs face a decades-long severe decline. “A lot of insect loss — not just for monarchs — is linked to habitat loss, and part of the solution is widespread rewilding and habitat restoration,” said Emma Pelton, a monarch conservation biologist with the Xerces Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The use of pesticides, disease and a changing climate may also have contributed to the decline in monarch butterflies, Pelton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Over 400 volunteers and partners participated in the annual Thanksgiving count coordinated by the Xerces Society. “Volunteers and partners are the heartbeat of the Western Monarch Count community science effort,” said Isis Howard, who coordinates the count for the Xerces Society. “They embody a collective commitment to the conservation of western monarch butterflies.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://xerces.org/volunteer/wmc\">Read more about volunteering for the monarch butterfly count\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Original story from Nov. 3, 2023, continues:\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fall and winter are when western monarch butterflies get all the spotlight here in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the fall, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11901374/how-you-can-help-save-the-monarch-butterfly-and-other-pollinators\">these brilliant fluttering insects in hues of orange and black\u003c/a> make their way from west of the Rocky Mountain Range to the many overwintering sites in coastal California. Our coastal forests provide a mild seaside climate and suitable microhabitat for them to cluster to stay warm before leaving again in early spring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The annual monarch butterfly migration cycle is one of the most spectacular events in the insect world. Western monarchs usually start showing up here in coastal California right around mid-October. This year, some of the very first clusters were reported at the very beginning of October — which is a little earlier than in the past few years, according to Emma Pelton, a conservation biologist at Xerces Society, a wildlife organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In really warm fall years, we see later aggregating and clustering,” Pelton said. But because the Pacific coast has had more “chaotic weather patterns” in recent years due to climate change, she noted, it’s not always easy to predict precisely when the monarch clustering will occur. And it’s local weather conditions that really drive a lot of these butterflies to cluster or then break up, Pelton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1985064\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 2124px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1985064\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2124\" height=\"1411\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669.jpg 2124w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-800x531.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-1020x678.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-160x106.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-768x510.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-2048x1361.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2023/11/GettyImages-184945669-1920x1275.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2124px) 100vw, 2124px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) resting on a tree branch in their winter nesting area. Taken in Santa Cruz, California. \u003ccite>(GomezDavid/Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Where to see monarchs near the Bay Area\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Coastal groves and eucalyptus trees provide a temperate and protected environment for the butterflies during their hibernation. So, if you want to see their bright colors, you’ll want to head south on Hwy 1 from the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A few places in California where monarchs frequently find refuge in colder winter months:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.pgmuseum.org/monarch-viewing/\">Pacific Grove’s butterfly grove\u003c/a> near Monterey\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=541\">Natural Bridges State Beach\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=550\">Lighthouse Field State Beach\u003c/a> in Santa Cruz\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=595\">Pismo State Beach\u003c/a> in San Luis Obispo\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Some lesser-known sites in Alameda county in the Bay Area where monarchs have been seen in the past include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ebparks.org/parks/ardenwood\">The Ardenwood Historic Farm\u003c/a> in Fremont\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://berkeleyca.gov/community-recreation/parks-recreation/parks/aquatic-park\">Berkeley Aquatic Park\u003c/a> in Berkeley\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.albanyca.org/Home/Components/FacilityDirectory/FacilityDirectory/56/1670\">Albany Hill Park\u003c/a> in Albany\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>Xerces has a \u003ca href=\"https://westernmonarchcount.org/map-of-overwintering-sites/\">map of all the monarch butterfly overwintering sites in California\u003c/a>, but note that some of these locations might not be open to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Western monarch numbers over the years\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"aside","attributes":{"named":{"postid":"science_1980427,news_11901374,science_1956190","label":"Related coverage "},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>In the 1980s, \u003ca href=\"https://www.calparks.org/monarchs\">over 4 million western monarch butterflies migrated to the coast annually\u003c/a>. But by the mid-2010s, the population had declined to around 200,000 butterflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In both 2018 and 2019, volunteers counted under 30,000 monarchs. That downward pattern continued in 2020, when volunteers counted a record low of less than 2,000 monarchs, according to Xerces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some good news, however, has come in more recent years. In 2021 and 2022, the numbers went back up to around the 300,000 mark.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think this has inspired a lot more hope that the migration can be saved. And we need to double down on our conservation actions,” said Pelton, with the Xerces Society.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Reasons like \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1956190/just-29000-western-monarch-butterflies-are-left-in-california-thats-down-from-millions\">habitat loss, use of pesticides, disease, and a changing climate\u003c/a> may have contributed to the decline in monarch butterflies.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>How can I help monarch butterflies?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The easiest way to get involved is to log your monarch sightings.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When you see a monarch, Pelton encourages folks to record that on community science applications like \u003ca href=\"https://www.inaturalist.org/\">iNaturalist\u003c/a>. Not only that, you can also help by logging sightings of milkweed, \u003ca href=\"https://www.xerces.org/milkweed-faq\">the plant monarch butterfly’s need for their caterpillars\u003c/a>. The data from iNaturalist feeds into the \u003ca href=\"https://www.monarchmilkweedmapper.org/\">Western Monarch Milkweed Mapper\u003c/a>, which is used by researchers in the monarch world to “understand where and when butterflies are, where and when milkweed is,” Pelton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another way people can help with monarch butterfly conservation is by planting more native milkweed in their home gardens or neighborhoods, like in community gardens, schools or at places of worship. “I think everyone has a role in planting nectar plants that support monarchs,” Pelton said. Through programs like the \u003ca href=\"https://xerces.org/pollinator-conservation/habitat-kits\">Xerces Habitat Kit\u003c/a>, folks can apply for free native milkweed and other host plants for other butterflies.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/3DC8INr7tvQ'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/3DC8INr7tvQ'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One thing to note: Pelton advises avoiding the tropical milkweed species Asclepias Curassavica. Tropical milkweed can potentially interrupt monarch migration and help spread disease caused by a parasite called Ophryocystis elektroscirrha, or OE.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s increasing evidence showing that pesticides may be contributing to the declining monarch populations, Pelton said. This means that thinking about ways to lower our reliance on pesticides in general, both in our agricultural and urban areas, can be a significant way to support the habitat for monarchs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Pelton advocates for focusing on “the bigger picture issues like climate change policies, pesticide regulation and registration — things that support wildlife, native plants, and native habitats on our landscape.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How can I take part in the annual Thanksgiving and New Year’s count of monarchs?\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"“I like to think of monarchs as a little bit of a Trojan horse. We’re going to get people hooked, and then really we’re going to get them into all these other conservation [efforts].”","name":"pullquote","attributes":{"named":{"align":"right","size":"medium","citation":"Emma Pelton, a conservation biologist at Xerces Society","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peak numbers for monarch butterflies begin in November — which is also the time when Xerces conducts their annual Thanksgiving monarch count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This year will be the 27th annual \u003ca href=\"https://westernmonarchcount.org/\">Western Monarch Count\u003c/a>, and volunteers can take part between Nov. 11 and Dec. 3 during the Thanksgiving count and again between Dec. 23 and Jan. 7 during the New Year’s count.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdILTQuNbV0SOT7IJ7MaGqHtTrBU8NlCCxeupxtmjtzb7xa9w/viewform\">sign up\u003c/a> to join a \u003ca href=\"https://www.eventbrite.com/e/sunrise-monarch-count-training-with-zach-zito-and-the-xerces-society-tickets-740309725317?utm_source=eventbrite&utm_medium=email&utm_content=follow_notification&utm_campaign=following_published_event&utm_term=Sunrise+Monarch+Count+Training+with+Zach+Zito+and+the+Xerces+Society&aff=ebemoffollowpublishemail\">free training on Nov. 4\u003c/a>. You’ll also have access to \u003ca href=\"https://www.westernmonarchcount.org/training-videos/\">online training videos\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Next step for conservation enthusiasts\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Pelton hopes that some of the excitement around western monarch conservation can spread to other insects that are maybe less beloved. “I like to think of monarchs as a little bit of a Trojan horse,” she said. “We’re going to get people hooked, and then really we’re going to get them into all these other conservation [efforts].”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the conservation of California’s beautiful black and yellow bumble bees, for example. The California Bumble Bee Atlas is a community science effort to track and conserve the species, which Pelton calls “big, fuzzy, beautiful.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They have very clear patterns on them,” she said — and it doesn’t take a ton of training or time to start to be able to identify individual species of the bumblebee.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The biodiversity crisis and how that intersects with the climate change crisis is something that we also all should be thinking about, Pelton said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Habitat is just one of those really great ways where we can tackle the problem — by creating refuges and creating a diversity of habitats [wildlife] can use, so they can adapt in a changing climate,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1985049/how-to-see-monarch-butterflies-are-visiting-california","authors":["11631"],"categories":["science_2874","science_35","science_40","science_4450"],"tags":["science_4992","science_259","science_5178","science_194","science_205","science_83","science_157","science_703","science_2053","science_804"],"featImg":"science_1985061","label":"source_science_1985049"},"science_1935469":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1935469","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1935469","score":null,"sort":[1544451728000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"under-earths-surface-a-wild-menagerie-of-strange-organisms","title":"Under Earth's Surface, a Wild Menagerie of Strange Organisms","publishDate":1544451728,"format":"image","headTitle":"Under Earth’s Surface, a Wild Menagerie of Strange Organisms | KQED","labelTerm":{},"content":"\u003cp>There’s life \u003cem>on\u003c/em> Earth, and there’s life \u003cem>in\u003c/em> Earth. And the latter, overlooked for so long, is coming into focus as a wild menagerie of strange, diverse organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known for some time that life can thrive even under the surface of the planet, within the very crust beneath the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today a group of international scientists from the \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Carbon Observatory\u003c/a> reports at the \u003ca href=\"https://fallmeeting.agu.org/2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting\u003c/a> on nearly 10 years of discovering such organisms. The life they found beneath the planet’s surface expands our notions of its limits and opens up new terrain in the search \u003cem>off\u003c/em> the Earth, for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Kind of Life We Talking About Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deep biosphere — sometimes termed a “subterranean \u003ca href=\"http://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/discover/sustainable-development/conservation-and-sustainability/the-value-of-biodiversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galapagos\u003c/a>” — is dominated by microbial life, organisms that derive their energy from rocks. Even though two types of microbes, bacteria and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archaea,\u003c/a> are the main discoveries, other types of life, including multicellular animals, have been found as well. Genetically, life below the surface is as or even more diverse than what’s above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where \u003cem>Are\u003c/em> These Things?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All over the globe researchers are finding life by boring holes into the crust, examining deep mines or studying cracks in the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature brings the samples to us through volcanic fluids leaking out of the sea floor,” says Julie Huber, a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution microbiologist specializing in the study of life around underwater volcanoes. “Almost a mile beneath the surface of the ocean we were able to witness deep-sea lava eruptions — molten lava bombs going off. Yet right nearby the erupting pit, there were lush \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microbial mats\u003c/a> and they were shrimp eating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huber used an underwater vehicle to sample the water just above the lava plumes, water that is hellaciously hot and has a pH of around 1, the same as battery acid. Still, she could detect microbial life in the water above the plume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[gallery columns=\"4\" ids=\"1935632,1935601,1935634,1935599,1935597,1935603,1935602\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Are Some of the Wilder Discoveries?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One surprising finding of the Deep Carbon Observatory is the existence of life that can hibernate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-life/deep-underground-worms-and-zombie-microbes-rule-idUSBRE9230WM20130304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing in a state of near death\u003c/a>, for millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to describe some of this life in terms that we can even understand because they appear to be able to survive for such long periods of time with virtually no energy available,” says Rick Colwell, an oceanographer and astrobiologist at Oregon State University. “In some cases, we’ve started to refer to them as zombies — nearly dead. It appears, however, they can be revived, in some cases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this deep zombie-like state, Colwell says, the microbes are doing little more than hanging on. They are doing next to nothing in the way of feeding or reproducing, but under the right circumstances their metabolisms can kick into higher gear.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x5j4nAVZAJw\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does This Research Tell Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t yet understand the limits of the environments in which life can exist. Microbial life can survive \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/feature/how-hot-is-too-hot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to 122 C\u003c/a> (252 F) and at extreme pressure and depths, miles beneath the ocean floor where the pressure is hundreds of times greater than at sea level new records are continually set as scientists discover organisms enduring ever more extreme conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time a life-sustaining boundary is breached here on Earth, new possibilities open up for discovering life on other planets. Perhaps our nearest living neighbors reside \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the surface of the oceans of the Saturn moon Enceladus\u003c/a> or deep in the crust of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much Subsurface Life is There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tons and tons, literally. Researchers from the Deep Carbon Observatory have calculated the collective mass of deep life at 15 to 23 billion tonnes, 245 to 385 times greater than that of all humans on the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"There’s life on Earth, and there’s life \u003ci>in\u003c/i> Earth. Scientists from the Deep Carbon Observatory report Monday on nearly 10 years of discoveries that have expanded the notion of life's limits.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704927255,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":true,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":true,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":21,"wordCount":671},"headData":{"title":"Under Earth's Surface, a Wild Menagerie of Strange Organisms | KQED","description":"There’s life on Earth, and there’s life in Earth. Scientists from the Deep Carbon Observatory report Monday on nearly 10 years of discoveries that have expanded the notion of life's limits.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Under Earth's Surface, a Wild Menagerie of Strange Organisms","datePublished":"2018-12-10T14:22:08.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T22:54:15.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"source":"Biodiversity","audioUrl":"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/science/2018/12/VentonUndergroundCreatures.mp3","sticky":false,"audioTrackLength":279,"path":"/science/1935469/under-earths-surface-a-wild-menagerie-of-strange-organisms","parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>There’s life \u003cem>on\u003c/em> Earth, and there’s life \u003cem>in\u003c/em> Earth. And the latter, overlooked for so long, is coming into focus as a wild menagerie of strange, diverse organisms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We’ve known for some time that life can thrive even under the surface of the planet, within the very crust beneath the ocean floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today a group of international scientists from the \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Carbon Observatory\u003c/a> reports at the \u003ca href=\"https://fallmeeting.agu.org/2018/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting\u003c/a> on nearly 10 years of discovering such organisms. The life they found beneath the planet’s surface expands our notions of its limits and opens up new terrain in the search \u003cem>off\u003c/em> the Earth, for extraterrestrial life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Kind of Life We Talking About Here?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The deep biosphere — sometimes termed a “subterranean \u003ca href=\"http://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/discover/sustainable-development/conservation-and-sustainability/the-value-of-biodiversity/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Galapagos\u003c/a>” — is dominated by microbial life, organisms that derive their energy from rocks. Even though two types of microbes, bacteria and \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/archaea/archaea.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archaea,\u003c/a> are the main discoveries, other types of life, including multicellular animals, have been found as well. Genetically, life below the surface is as or even more diverse than what’s above.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Where \u003cem>Are\u003c/em> These Things?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All over the globe researchers are finding life by boring holes into the crust, examining deep mines or studying cracks in the Earth.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Nature brings the samples to us through volcanic fluids leaking out of the sea floor,” says Julie Huber, a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution microbiologist specializing in the study of life around underwater volcanoes. “Almost a mile beneath the surface of the ocean we were able to witness deep-sea lava eruptions — molten lava bombs going off. Yet right nearby the erupting pit, there were lush \u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">microbial mats\u003c/a> and they were shrimp eating.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Huber used an underwater vehicle to sample the water just above the lava plumes, water that is hellaciously hot and has a pH of around 1, the same as battery acid. Still, she could detect microbial life in the water above the plume.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"gallery","attributes":{"named":{"columns":"4","ids":"1935632,1935601,1935634,1935599,1935597,1935603,1935602","label":""},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Are Some of the Wilder Discoveries?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One surprising finding of the Deep Carbon Observatory is the existence of life that can hibernate, \u003ca href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-life/deep-underground-worms-and-zombie-microbes-rule-idUSBRE9230WM20130304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">existing in a state of near death\u003c/a>, for millions of years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard to describe some of this life in terms that we can even understand because they appear to be able to survive for such long periods of time with virtually no energy available,” says Rick Colwell, an oceanographer and astrobiologist at Oregon State University. “In some cases, we’ve started to refer to them as zombies — nearly dead. It appears, however, they can be revived, in some cases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In this deep zombie-like state, Colwell says, the microbes are doing little more than hanging on. They are doing next to nothing in the way of feeding or reproducing, but under the right circumstances their metabolisms can kick into higher gear.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/x5j4nAVZAJw'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/x5j4nAVZAJw'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>What Does This Research Tell Us?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We don’t yet understand the limits of the environments in which life can exist. Microbial life can survive \u003ca href=\"https://deepcarbon.net/feature/how-hot-is-too-hot\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">up to 122 C\u003c/a> (252 F) and at extreme pressure and depths, miles beneath the ocean floor where the pressure is hundreds of times greater than at sea level new records are continually set as scientists discover organisms enduring ever more extreme conditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Every time a life-sustaining boundary is breached here on Earth, new possibilities open up for discovering life on other planets. Perhaps our nearest living neighbors reside \u003ca href=\"https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/enceladus/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">beneath the surface of the oceans of the Saturn moon Enceladus\u003c/a> or deep in the crust of Mars.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>How Much Subsurface Life is There?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tons and tons, literally. Researchers from the Deep Carbon Observatory have calculated the collective mass of deep life at 15 to 23 billion tonnes, 245 to 385 times greater than that of all humans on the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1935469/under-earths-surface-a-wild-menagerie-of-strange-organisms","authors":["11088"],"categories":["science_30","science_40","science_43","science_98"],"tags":["science_259","science_3370","science_3833","science_324","science_3830"],"featImg":"science_1935518","label":"source_science_1935469"},"science_1786970":{"type":"posts","id":"science_1786970","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"1786970","score":null,"sort":[1498867306000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"science-for-the-people-grab-your-phone-and-help-snap-pictures-of-coastal-biodiversity","title":"Science for the People: Grab Your Phone and Help Snap Pictures of Coastal Biodiversity","publishDate":1498867306,"format":"standard","headTitle":"Science for the People: Grab Your Phone and Help Snap Pictures of Coastal Biodiversity | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>Your moments peering into tide pools, gazing at spiny starfish, or eyeing bashful anemones can be more than just moments. They’re observations, and scientists can learn from them about what’s happening on California’s coastline. Thousands of observations, added together—that’s valuable data.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a way for people to witness global change in a real way.’\u003ccite>Dr. Rebecca Johnson,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Academy of Sciences\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This weekend, Californians who love marine ecosystems can head to the bay or the beach, take pictures of all the animals they can see, upload them to the cell phone app iNaturalist, and take part in a statewide campaign to catalog the biodiversity of the state’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpacollaborative.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marine Protected Area Collaborative Network\u003c/a> are hosting \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/citizen-science/snapshot-cal-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Snapshot Cal Coast\u003c/a>, an annual coastal “bio-blitz” that started June 23 and wraps up on Sunday, July 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what kind of science it is—it starts with an observation,” says Dr. Rebecca Johnson, citizen science research coordinator at the Cal Academy. “We’re providing a way for people to share those observations and then we can look for patterns and ask more questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1787229\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1787229\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snapping a photo of a sea anemone, to upload to the iNaturalist app for Snapshot Cal Coast. \u003ccite>(Calla Allison/Marine Protected Areas Collaborative Network)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cal Academy and other organizations are holding cataloging parties up and down the California coastline this weekend, to encourage people to get together and collect observations. In the Bay Area, families or individuals can head down to Ocean Beach on Sunday morning to join a team for free community \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/projects/snapshot-cal-coast-2017-ocean-beach-bioblitz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">event\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Snapshot of Biodiversity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can get observations all along the coast at the same time of year, every year,” Johnson says, “we can get a snapshot of biodiversity, and the ranges of individual species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the project’s second year, and there are plans to make it an annual event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do this every year, we can see how species’ ranges are changing,” says Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A coastal animal’s range can change for a variety of reasons such as invasive species, diseases such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sea star wasting syndrome\u003c/a>, and warming waters due to climate change. Biodiversity data is also essential in order to answer questions about the efficacy of marine protected areas and other conservation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1787232\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1787232\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tidepoolers at Pillar Point look for marine life to photograph, during this year’s bio-blitz. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Johnson/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iNaturalist is an phone app and website that aggregates geo-located photos of species. And you don’t have to be an expert to use it. Users can either enter identify their observations themselves or tag something as ‘unknown.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t have to know what you’re looking at,” says Johnson, “you just have to take good enough pictures that someone else can identify it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snapshot Cal Coast is also a way for amateur naturalists, who know a lot about one place, to contribute to a larger-scale observation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”pY10qOhKQ34943XDliZmrOLeBjHYgS6z”]Over the last week, 400 participants have uploaded 8,000 observations of coastal organisms, representing close to 900 species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smart phones with great cameras, and apps like iNaturalist, make a model of citizen science possible that was never possible before. And Johnson says using a phone outdoors doesn’t have to distract from relaxing and observing natural spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technology and looking at a screen gets a bad rap for disconnecting people from each other,” she says. “Through the work that we do, we have really been able to use that technology to build community and connect people to nature and each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Demystifying Science \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the greatest beneficiaries of Snapshot Cal Coast are the citizen scientists themselves. By participating in an annual observation, people can start to see their local ecosystems with new eyes, and get hands-on experience with the scientific process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1787231\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1787231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking for marine life at Doran Beach in Sonoma County, earlier this week. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Johnson/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When participants observe changes in species biodiversity from year-to-year, these changes may prompt them to ask questions about why they’re seeing what they’re seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a way for people to witness global change in a real way,” Johnson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people see it with their own eyes, they can feel empowered by their own experience and senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of environmental threats to the rich biodiversity of the California coast—problems such as climate change and marine pollution—and the scale of the problems can be overwhelming to people. Working together on a project like this can, “help people have some power in a situation that seems powerless,” says Johnson, “and experience the joy of discovering something together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interested? If you’re in the Bay Area, check out a Snapshot Cal Coast event this Sunday, July 2, 9am at Ocean Beach. Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/projects/snapshot-cal-coast-2017-ocean-beach-bioblitz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a> for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"You don't have to be an expert at the annual Snapshot Cal Coast, with family fun at events up and down the coastline. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704928586,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":878},"headData":{"title":"Science for the People: Grab Your Phone and Help Snap Pictures of Coastal Biodiversity | KQED","description":"You don't have to be an expert at the annual Snapshot Cal Coast, with family fun at events up and down the coastline. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Science for the People: Grab Your Phone and Help Snap Pictures of Coastal Biodiversity","datePublished":"2017-07-01T00:01:46.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-10T23:16:26.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/1786970/science-for-the-people-grab-your-phone-and-help-snap-pictures-of-coastal-biodiversity","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Your moments peering into tide pools, gazing at spiny starfish, or eyeing bashful anemones can be more than just moments. They’re observations, and scientists can learn from them about what’s happening on California’s coastline. Thousands of observations, added together—that’s valuable data.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">‘It’s a way for people to witness global change in a real way.’\u003ccite>Dr. Rebecca Johnson,\u003cbr>\nCalifornia Academy of Sciences\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>This weekend, Californians who love marine ecosystems can head to the bay or the beach, take pictures of all the animals they can see, upload them to the cell phone app iNaturalist, and take part in a statewide campaign to catalog the biodiversity of the state’s coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.mpacollaborative.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marine Protected Area Collaborative Network\u003c/a> are hosting \u003ca href=\"https://www.calacademy.org/citizen-science/snapshot-cal-coast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Snapshot Cal Coast\u003c/a>, an annual coastal “bio-blitz” that started June 23 and wraps up on Sunday, July 2.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“No matter what kind of science it is—it starts with an observation,” says Dr. Rebecca Johnson, citizen science research coordinator at the Cal Academy. “We’re providing a way for people to share those observations and then we can look for patterns and ask more questions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1787229\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1787229\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-768x512.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Calla_Allison_PhotoTakingforSnapshotCalCoast-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Snapping a photo of a sea anemone, to upload to the iNaturalist app for Snapshot Cal Coast. \u003ccite>(Calla Allison/Marine Protected Areas Collaborative Network)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Cal Academy and other organizations are holding cataloging parties up and down the California coastline this weekend, to encourage people to get together and collect observations. In the Bay Area, families or individuals can head down to Ocean Beach on Sunday morning to join a team for free community \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/projects/snapshot-cal-coast-2017-ocean-beach-bioblitz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">event\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>A Snapshot of Biodiversity \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we can get observations all along the coast at the same time of year, every year,” Johnson says, “we can get a snapshot of biodiversity, and the ranges of individual species.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the project’s second year, and there are plans to make it an annual event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“If we do this every year, we can see how species’ ranges are changing,” says Johnson.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A coastal animal’s range can change for a variety of reasons such as invasive species, diseases such as \u003ca href=\"https://www.eeb.ucsc.edu/pacificrockyintertidal/data-products/sea-star-wasting/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sea star wasting syndrome\u003c/a>, and warming waters due to climate change. Biodiversity data is also essential in order to answer questions about the efficacy of marine protected areas and other conservation measures.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1787232\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1787232\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/RJohnson_PillarPoint_Tidepoolers_2017.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tidepoolers at Pillar Point look for marine life to photograph, during this year’s bio-blitz. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Johnson/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>iNaturalist is an phone app and website that aggregates geo-located photos of species. And you don’t have to be an expert to use it. Users can either enter identify their observations themselves or tag something as ‘unknown.’\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t have to know what you’re looking at,” says Johnson, “you just have to take good enough pictures that someone else can identify it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Snapshot Cal Coast is also a way for amateur naturalists, who know a lot about one place, to contribute to a larger-scale observation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>Over the last week, 400 participants have uploaded 8,000 observations of coastal organisms, representing close to 900 species.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Smart phones with great cameras, and apps like iNaturalist, make a model of citizen science possible that was never possible before. And Johnson says using a phone outdoors doesn’t have to distract from relaxing and observing natural spaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Technology and looking at a screen gets a bad rap for disconnecting people from each other,” she says. “Through the work that we do, we have really been able to use that technology to build community and connect people to nature and each other.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Demystifying Science \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some of the greatest beneficiaries of Snapshot Cal Coast are the citizen scientists themselves. By participating in an annual observation, people can start to see their local ecosystems with new eyes, and get hands-on experience with the scientific process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_1787231\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-1787231\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-768x576.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-1920x1440.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2-520x390.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2017/06/Rjohnson_BeachDiscoveries_DoranBeach_Sonoma_County_2017_2.jpg 2016w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking for marine life at Doran Beach in Sonoma County, earlier this week. \u003ccite>(Rebecca Johnson/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>When participants observe changes in species biodiversity from year-to-year, these changes may prompt them to ask questions about why they’re seeing what they’re seeing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a way for people to witness global change in a real way,” Johnson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When people see it with their own eyes, they can feel empowered by their own experience and senses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are a lot of environmental threats to the rich biodiversity of the California coast—problems such as climate change and marine pollution—and the scale of the problems can be overwhelming to people. Working together on a project like this can, “help people have some power in a situation that seems powerless,” says Johnson, “and experience the joy of discovering something together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Interested? If you’re in the Bay Area, check out a Snapshot Cal Coast event this Sunday, July 2, 9am at Ocean Beach. Click \u003ca href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org/projects/snapshot-cal-coast-2017-ocean-beach-bioblitz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">here\u003c/a> for more information.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong> \u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/1786970/science-for-the-people-grab-your-phone-and-help-snap-pictures-of-coastal-biodiversity","authors":["11361"],"categories":["science_32","science_35","science_37","science_40","science_2873"],"tags":["science_259","science_986","science_123","science_3370","science_2549"],"featImg":"science_1787233","label":"science"},"science_45701":{"type":"posts","id":"science_45701","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"45701","score":null,"sort":[1434459632000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-mysterious-twilight-zone","title":"100 New Marine Species Discovered in Mysterious 'Twilight Zone'","publishDate":1434459632,"format":"standard","headTitle":"100 New Marine Species Discovered in Mysterious ‘Twilight Zone’ | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cp>More than 100 new species of marine animals have been discovered off the coast of the Philippines, in a previously unexplored portion of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle\">Coral Triangle\u003c/a>. Located on the southern end of the Verde Island Passage, these waters are considered to be the most biologically diverse in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/?utm_expid=12551229-31.Z5QmE7CSRWmG4C8fP4hc2Q.0\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> visit the tropical reefs year after year to investigate the secrets of this underwater wonderland. In the latest seven-week venture, funded by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/\">National Science Foundation\u003c/a> and conducted this spring, their expedition took them from rocky shallows to depths reaching 150-500 feet deep, in a region known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/pressure-in-the-twilight-zone\">Twilight Zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47913\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5184px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-%C2%A9-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47913\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-%C2%A9-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg\" alt=\"One of the new species found in the Verde Island Passage, a seastar identified to be among the Neoferdina genus. (California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"5184\" height=\"2916\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg 5184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5184px) 100vw, 5184px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the new species found in the Verde Island Passage, a seastar belonging to the \u003cem>Neoferdina \u003c/em>genus. (California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here, the light is scarce, and the depth has made these waters difficult for divers to access. Recreational diving is too shallow to penetrate these regions shrouded in darkness, while \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/subs.html\">submersibles\u003c/a> (such as ROVs and submarines) are designed to scan deeper waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More people have walked on the surface of the moon, than have visited the Twilight Zone,” says Steven Bedard of Cal Academy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent advances in diving technology allow scientists to unravel a part of the water column that has remained a mystery until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the help of closed-circuit “\u003ca href=\"http://www.padi.com/scuba-diving/padi-courses/course-catalog/about-scuba-gear/rebreather/\">rebreathers\u003c/a>,” divers can extend their time at these extreme depths to 30 minutes. This specialized SCUBA equipment captures the unused oxygen from the carbon dioxide produced with each exhalation of breath, and recycles it back to the diver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second technological advance is the Cal Academy’s custom-designed \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\">decompression chamber\u003c/a> for marine life. Divers can safely transport corals, fish, and comb-jellies of various sizes and colors from the depths to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are discovering about 10 new species per hour in the Coral Triangle’s Twilight Zone; because of the area’s immense biodiversity, that rate has yet to level out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47916\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 453px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-47916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42.png\" alt=\"Highly-trained divers using decompression chambers to collect pink, orange, and red colored fishes found in the Twilight Zone. Since red light does not penetrate at these depths, the fish absorb all available wavelengths of colors and appear almost invisible to predators. (Elliott Jessup/California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"453\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42-400x225.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42-800x449.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42-960x539.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highly-trained divers use decompression chambers to collect pink, orange, and red colored fish found in the Twilight Zone. Since red light does not penetrate at these depths, the fish absorb all available wavelengths of colors and appear almost invisible to predators. (Elliott Jessup/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among the countless specimens collected on the most recent expedition were vibrant sea slugs, barnacles, urchins, and 15 live fish from the Twilight Zone. In addition to the plethora of new species, researchers saw the first-ever living examples of animals whose existence had been known only through skeletons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heart urchin, for example, was discovered in 2014, and had been nicknamed Moby for its whale-like internal skeleton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This spring divers came across a live heart urchin for the first time. With the knowledge they gained from this discovery, scientists were able to extrapolate a relationship between the oddly shaped urchin, and a fossil species that existed roughly 50 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “living fossils” enhance efforts to fill in researchers’ understanding of what makes up a sustainable environment for marine life. By drawing comparisons between living organisms and their extinct relatives, scientists can start to answer questions about why certain species succeed in specific conditions, where others do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47918\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 429px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-47918\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1.jpeg\" alt=\"Internal skeleton of the new heart urchin discovered 70 feet below the ocean's surface off Puerto Galera. (California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"429\" height=\"241\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1-400x225.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1-800x449.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1-960x539.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Internal skeleton of the new heart urchin, discovered 70 feet below the ocean’s surface off Puerto Galera. (California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite the myriad threats spanning the globe, from archaic fishing habits to climate change, marine inhabitants of the Verde Island Passage continue to thrive. In part, the immense diversity there may be due to collaborative efforts made by more than a dozen institutions across the United States and the Philippines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rich Mooi, Curator of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology at the Cal Academy, says engaging and educating the local residents and Filipino agencies is a main priority of these expeditions. The science teams also work on education programs to connect fifth graders from remote villages with the unique biodiversity in their own back yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47917\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47917\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1.jpeg\" alt=\"Tunicates are flamboyant and strange animals that share a common, distant, ancestor with humans -- chordates. The chordata phylum split into one branch that developed a vertebra, and another, beginning with tunicates, that did not. (Gary Williams/California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1-400x225.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1-800x449.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1-960x539.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tunicates are flamboyant and strange animals that share a common, distant, ancestor with humans — chordates. The chordata phylum split into one branch that developed a vertebra, and another, beginning with tunicates, that did not. (Gary Williams/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California residents can contribute to the well-being of biological gems, such as the Verde Island Passage, while never even leaving the continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our decisions on how we use natural resources like water and energy not only affect us in the Bay Area”, says Terry Gosliner, Senior Curator of Invertebrate Zoology at Cal Academy, “but has an impact on the health of coral reefs across the Pacific.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47915\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 5184px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-%C2%A9-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-%C2%A9-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg\" alt=\"Thorunna genus, one of the 40 new varieties of sea slugs, colorful nudibranchs with poisonous adaptations. (California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"5184\" height=\"2916\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg 5184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5184px) 100vw, 5184px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the 40 new varieties of sea slugs belonging to the \u003cem>Thorunna \u003c/em>genus, colorful nudibranchs with poisonous adaptations. (California Academy of Sciences) \u003ccite>(California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists do not yet know the full scope of what can be learned from the inhabitants of the Twilight Zone about why the ecosystem is nourishing to so many species. But they are getting closer to knowing where to focus protection efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to know what is there,” Mooi says, “and that is the primary purpose of these expeditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Verde Island Passage is not formally recognized as a \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ecosystems/mpa/\">marine protected area\u003c/a>, but it can act as one if humans preserve it for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public will get a chance to see many of the new species discovered in the Twilight Zone in an exhibit opening in 2016 at the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"New diving technology allows scientists to penetrate the secrets of an underwater majesty.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704931682,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":22,"wordCount":962},"headData":{"title":"100 New Marine Species Discovered in Mysterious 'Twilight Zone' | KQED","description":"New diving technology allows scientists to penetrate the secrets of an underwater majesty.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"100 New Marine Species Discovered in Mysterious 'Twilight Zone'","datePublished":"2015-06-16T13:00:32.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:08:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/45701/100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-mysterious-twilight-zone","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>More than 100 new species of marine animals have been discovered off the coast of the Philippines, in a previously unexplored portion of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/coral-triangle\">Coral Triangle\u003c/a>. Located on the southern end of the Verde Island Passage, these waters are considered to be the most biologically diverse in the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/?utm_expid=12551229-31.Z5QmE7CSRWmG4C8fP4hc2Q.0\">California Academy of Sciences\u003c/a> visit the tropical reefs year after year to investigate the secrets of this underwater wonderland. In the latest seven-week venture, funded by the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nsf.gov/\">National Science Foundation\u003c/a> and conducted this spring, their expedition took them from rocky shallows to depths reaching 150-500 feet deep, in a region known as the \u003ca href=\"http://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/pressure-in-the-twilight-zone\">Twilight Zone\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47913\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 5184px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-%C2%A9-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47913\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-%C2%A9-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg\" alt=\"One of the new species found in the Verde Island Passage, a seastar identified to be among the Neoferdina genus. (California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"5184\" height=\"2916\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg 5184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Starfish-Neoferdina-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5184px) 100vw, 5184px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the new species found in the Verde Island Passage, a seastar belonging to the \u003cem>Neoferdina \u003c/em>genus. (California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Here, the light is scarce, and the depth has made these waters difficult for divers to access. Recreational diving is too shallow to penetrate these regions shrouded in darkness, while \u003ca href=\"http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/subs/subs.html\">submersibles\u003c/a> (such as ROVs and submarines) are designed to scan deeper waters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More people have walked on the surface of the moon, than have visited the Twilight Zone,” says Steven Bedard of Cal Academy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But recent advances in diving technology allow scientists to unravel a part of the water column that has remained a mystery until now.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With the help of closed-circuit “\u003ca href=\"http://www.padi.com/scuba-diving/padi-courses/course-catalog/about-scuba-gear/rebreather/\">rebreathers\u003c/a>,” divers can extend their time at these extreme depths to 30 minutes. This specialized SCUBA equipment captures the unused oxygen from the carbon dioxide produced with each exhalation of breath, and recycles it back to the diver.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A second technological advance is the Cal Academy’s custom-designed \u003ca href=\"http://science.kqed.org/quest/video/bringing-fish-up-from-the-deep/\">decompression chamber\u003c/a> for marine life. Divers can safely transport corals, fish, and comb-jellies of various sizes and colors from the depths to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers are discovering about 10 new species per hour in the Coral Triangle’s Twilight Zone; because of the area’s immense biodiversity, that rate has yet to level out.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47916\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 453px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42.png\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-47916\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42.png\" alt=\"Highly-trained divers using decompression chambers to collect pink, orange, and red colored fishes found in the Twilight Zone. Since red light does not penetrate at these depths, the fish absorb all available wavelengths of colors and appear almost invisible to predators. (Elliott Jessup/California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"453\" height=\"254\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42.png 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42-400x225.png 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42-800x449.png 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/K1XQCwW2kZGNpov2mxs5Nlc6PJ5AxNh2OyxN4WWPie42-960x539.png 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 453px) 100vw, 453px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Highly-trained divers use decompression chambers to collect pink, orange, and red colored fish found in the Twilight Zone. Since red light does not penetrate at these depths, the fish absorb all available wavelengths of colors and appear almost invisible to predators. (Elliott Jessup/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Among the countless specimens collected on the most recent expedition were vibrant sea slugs, barnacles, urchins, and 15 live fish from the Twilight Zone. In addition to the plethora of new species, researchers saw the first-ever living examples of animals whose existence had been known only through skeletons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The heart urchin, for example, was discovered in 2014, and had been nicknamed Moby for its whale-like internal skeleton.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This spring divers came across a live heart urchin for the first time. With the knowledge they gained from this discovery, scientists were able to extrapolate a relationship between the oddly shaped urchin, and a fossil species that existed roughly 50 million years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>These “living fossils” enhance efforts to fill in researchers’ understanding of what makes up a sustainable environment for marine life. By drawing comparisons between living organisms and their extinct relatives, scientists can start to answer questions about why certain species succeed in specific conditions, where others do not.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47918\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 429px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-47918\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1.jpeg\" alt=\"Internal skeleton of the new heart urchin discovered 70 feet below the ocean's surface off Puerto Galera. (California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"429\" height=\"241\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1-400x225.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1-800x449.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/H_n0WjbYKAPQR_klQfBnSb9n_GvgJYiHbCXe-Llj0jA1-960x539.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 429px) 100vw, 429px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Internal skeleton of the new heart urchin, discovered 70 feet below the ocean’s surface off Puerto Galera. (California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Despite the myriad threats spanning the globe, from archaic fishing habits to climate change, marine inhabitants of the Verde Island Passage continue to thrive. In part, the immense diversity there may be due to collaborative efforts made by more than a dozen institutions across the United States and the Philippines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rich Mooi, Curator of Invertebrate Zoology and Geology at the Cal Academy, says engaging and educating the local residents and Filipino agencies is a main priority of these expeditions. The science teams also work on education programs to connect fifth graders from remote villages with the unique biodiversity in their own back yard.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47917\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1.jpeg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47917\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1.jpeg\" alt=\"Tunicates are flamboyant and strange animals that share a common, distant, ancestor with humans -- chordates. The chordata phylum split into one branch that developed a vertebra, and another, beginning with tunicates, that did not. (Gary Williams/California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1.jpeg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1-400x225.jpeg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1-800x449.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/CuAG2RcOGZiOrtfNwDRSYH296PYthfw41p2to1viGHs1-960x539.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tunicates are flamboyant and strange animals that share a common, distant, ancestor with humans — chordates. The chordata phylum split into one branch that developed a vertebra, and another, beginning with tunicates, that did not. (Gary Williams/California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>California residents can contribute to the well-being of biological gems, such as the Verde Island Passage, while never even leaving the continent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Our decisions on how we use natural resources like water and energy not only affect us in the Bay Area”, says Terry Gosliner, Senior Curator of Invertebrate Zoology at Cal Academy, “but has an impact on the health of coral reefs across the Pacific.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_47915\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 5184px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-%C2%A9-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-47915\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-%C2%A9-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg\" alt=\"Thorunna genus, one of the 40 new varieties of sea slugs, colorful nudibranchs with poisonous adaptations. (California Academy of Sciences)\" width=\"5184\" height=\"2916\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences.jpg 5184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-400x225.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-800x450.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-1440x810.jpg 1440w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-1180x664.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2015/06/Thorunna-genus-©-California-Academy-of-Sciences-960x540.jpg 960w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 5184px) 100vw, 5184px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">One of the 40 new varieties of sea slugs belonging to the \u003cem>Thorunna \u003c/em>genus, colorful nudibranchs with poisonous adaptations. (California Academy of Sciences) \u003ccite>(California Academy of Sciences)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists do not yet know the full scope of what can be learned from the inhabitants of the Twilight Zone about why the ecosystem is nourishing to so many species. But they are getting closer to knowing where to focus protection efforts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have to know what is there,” Mooi says, “and that is the primary purpose of these expeditions.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He says Verde Island Passage is not formally recognized as a \u003ca href=\"http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ecosystems/mpa/\">marine protected area\u003c/a>, but it can act as one if humans preserve it for future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The public will get a chance to see many of the new species discovered in the Twilight Zone in an exhibit opening in 2016 at the California Academy of Sciences, in San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/45701/100-new-marine-species-discovered-in-mysterious-twilight-zone","authors":["8640"],"categories":["science_30","science_32","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_259","science_2549"],"featImg":"science_47914","label":"science"},"science_16861":{"type":"posts","id":"science_16861","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"16861","score":null,"sort":[1398364058000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"hikers-use-smartphones-to-capture-fire-recovery-on-mt-diablo","title":"Hikers Use Smartphones to Capture Fire Recovery on Mt. Diablo","publishDate":1398364058,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Hikers Use Smartphones to Capture Fire Recovery on Mt. Diablo | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Hikers are helping document landscape recovery after the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hikers are using smartphones to document landscape recovery after the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mt. Diablo State Park is making a gradual recovery after the Morgan Fire burned more than 3,000 acres in the area last September. A citizen science group is asking local hikers to help document that recovery with their smartphones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A huge burned swath still covers one side of the mountain, but green shoots are starting to come through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things are starting to grow especially now that we’ve that little bit of rain,” says Dan Rademacher, a co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/index.html\">Nerds for Nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The all-volunteer group blends technology and the outdoors through projects like using drones to \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/bioblitz/\">document biodiversity\u003c/a> in Lake Merritt. They’ve posted \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/monitor-change/diablo.html\">a series of signs\u003c/a> along Mt. Diablo’s Summit Trail, designed to turn hikers into citizen scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been taking pictures,” says hiker Celia Mason of Danville, coming across the signs. “I came up here right up here after the fire and was just devastated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire3.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Rademacher of Nerds for Nature demonstrates how the citizen science project works on Mt. Diablo. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Rademacher of Nerds for Nature demonstrates how the citizen science project works on Mt. Diablo. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The signs have an L-shaped bracket where hikers can place their smartphones to snap a picture. That way all the photos of the burned area are taken from the same angle. Then, they upload the photos to Flickr, Twitter or Instagram with a special hashtag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, it’s really cool and I’m really interested in the wildflowers that will be triggered by the fire,” says Mason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rademacher says they’re hoping to get hundreds of photos by the end of year to \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/monitor-change/diablo.html\">document the landscape’s recovery over time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically the hikers on these trails become a sort of distributed remote sensing network to create a time lapse of fire recovery here,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos could also contribute to scientific studies being done on the recovery. A group of biologists and botanists has also volunteered to monitor the return of plants, mammals and reptiles in three ecosystems on Mt. Diablo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With fire suppression, fires aren’t as common as they should be naturally and people are excited when they can study what that natural cycle is,” says Anne Larsen, one of the volunteer botanists. “Months later, it’s green. It’s amazing to watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16871\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire4.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire4.jpg\" alt=\"Plants emerge in the remnants of the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"315\" height=\"309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants emerge in the remnants of the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Larsen says she’s seeing annual plants like whispering bells, manroots and poppies emerging because of the light and nutrients created by the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is cool about the camera-stand project is that it’s capturing what we’re doing but at a higher level,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can’t get out here every day,” Rademacher says. “There are hikers out here every day. So citizen science can supplement the professional science that’s going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is just one example of how smartphones are becoming part of the scientific data collection process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more it’s species tracking or using social media to calculate the economic value of recreation in parks to help with quantifying climate change impact,” Rademacher says. “So there are a lot of different ways that mobile social media can turn into science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/diablosliders.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"520\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Two photos taken in February and April at a citizen science monitoring station on Mt. Diablo show the fire recovery. (Images: Marie Cerda and Ken-ichi Ueda)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A citizen science group is asking hikers to use their smartphones help study how Mt. Diablo State Park is recovering from last year's Morgan Fire.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933782,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":true,"iframeSrcs":["http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/diablosliders.html"],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":607},"headData":{"title":"Hikers Use Smartphones to Capture Fire Recovery on Mt. Diablo | KQED","description":"A citizen science group is asking hikers to use their smartphones help study how Mt. Diablo State Park is recovering from last year's Morgan Fire.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Hikers Use Smartphones to Capture Fire Recovery on Mt. Diablo","datePublished":"2014-04-24T18:27:38.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:43:02.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/16861/hikers-use-smartphones-to-capture-fire-recovery-on-mt-diablo","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16865\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire2-1024x576.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-large wp-image-16865\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire2-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"Hikers are helping document landscape recovery after the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hikers are using smartphones to document landscape recovery after the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Mt. Diablo State Park is making a gradual recovery after the Morgan Fire burned more than 3,000 acres in the area last September. A citizen science group is asking local hikers to help document that recovery with their smartphones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A huge burned swath still covers one side of the mountain, but green shoots are starting to come through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Things are starting to grow especially now that we’ve that little bit of rain,” says Dan Rademacher, a co-founder of \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/index.html\">Nerds for Nature\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The all-volunteer group blends technology and the outdoors through projects like using drones to \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/bioblitz/\">document biodiversity\u003c/a> in Lake Merritt. They’ve posted \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/monitor-change/diablo.html\">a series of signs\u003c/a> along Mt. Diablo’s Summit Trail, designed to turn hikers into citizen scientists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’ve been taking pictures,” says hiker Celia Mason of Danville, coming across the signs. “I came up here right up here after the fire and was just devastated.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16868\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 340px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire3.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16868\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire3.jpg\" alt=\"Dan Rademacher of Nerds for Nature demonstrates how the citizen science project works on Mt. Diablo. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"340\" height=\"304\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dan Rademacher of Nerds for Nature demonstrates how the citizen science project works on Mt. Diablo. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The signs have an L-shaped bracket where hikers can place their smartphones to snap a picture. That way all the photos of the burned area are taken from the same angle. Then, they upload the photos to Flickr, Twitter or Instagram with a special hashtag.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oh, it’s really cool and I’m really interested in the wildflowers that will be triggered by the fire,” says Mason.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rademacher says they’re hoping to get hundreds of photos by the end of year to \u003ca href=\"http://nerdsfornature.org/monitor-change/diablo.html\">document the landscape’s recovery over time\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Basically the hikers on these trails become a sort of distributed remote sensing network to create a time lapse of fire recovery here,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The photos could also contribute to scientific studies being done on the recovery. A group of biologists and botanists has also volunteered to monitor the return of plants, mammals and reptiles in three ecosystems on Mt. Diablo.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“With fire suppression, fires aren’t as common as they should be naturally and people are excited when they can study what that natural cycle is,” says Anne Larsen, one of the volunteer botanists. “Months later, it’s green. It’s amazing to watch.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_16871\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 315px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire4.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16871\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/04/fire4.jpg\" alt=\"Plants emerge in the remnants of the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\" width=\"315\" height=\"309\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Plants emerge in the remnants of the Morgan Fire. (Lauren Sommer/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Larsen says she’s seeing annual plants like whispering bells, manroots and poppies emerging because of the light and nutrients created by the fire.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What is cool about the camera-stand project is that it’s capturing what we’re doing but at a higher level,” she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They can’t get out here every day,” Rademacher says. “There are hikers out here every day. So citizen science can supplement the professional science that’s going on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The project is just one example of how smartphones are becoming part of the scientific data collection process.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“More and more it’s species tracking or using social media to calculate the economic value of recreation in parks to help with quantifying climate change impact,” Rademacher says. “So there are a lot of different ways that mobile social media can turn into science.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"http://projects1.kqed.org/imageslider/diablosliders.html\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"640\" height=\"520\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003cbr>\n\u003cem>Two photos taken in February and April at a citizen science monitoring station on Mt. Diablo show the fire recovery. (Images: Marie Cerda and Ken-ichi Ueda)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/16861/hikers-use-smartphones-to-capture-fire-recovery-on-mt-diablo","authors":["239"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_259","science_123","science_112","science_64","science_448"],"featImg":"science_16865","label":"science"},"science_15853":{"type":"posts","id":"science_15853","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"15853","score":null,"sort":[1395930315000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"bioblitz-a-24-hour-quest-to-count-plants-and-animals-in-the-golden-gate-national-parks","title":"BioBlitz: A 24-Hour Quest to Count Plants and Animals in the Golden Gate National Parks","publishDate":1395930315,"format":"aside","headTitle":"BioBlitz: A 24-Hour Quest to Count Plants and Animals in the Golden Gate National Parks | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\" alt=\"A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists, students and volunteers are descending on the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a> this Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It’s part of an event called a \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014/\">BioBlitz\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Geographic Society has been organizing annual BioBlitz events at national parks across the country, as a lead up to the \u003ca title=\"U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/index.htm\">National Park Service’s \u003c/a>centennial celebration in 2016. The goal is to transform park visitors into citizen scientists, as they help to observe and count the parks’ biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15862\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15862 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bobcat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"346\" height=\"231\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things for the BioBlitz is to reach out and engage the citizens that live around the park lands in a different way,” says National Park Service spokeswoman Alexandra Picavet. “Students will get a closer look at a park they may already enjoy while riding their bikes or walking their dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three hundred scientists will lead teams throughout the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, from Muir Woods to Fort Point and the Marin Headlands. More than 4700 volunteers are expected to take part in this year’s BioBlitz, including 1400 students from the San Francisco Unified School District. They’ll be searching for all signs of life, from microscopic bacteria to bobcats. The counting starts at noon on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have entomologists coming from UC Davis who are going to do a lot of work in the newest part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and that’s\u003ca title=\"Rancho Corral de Tierra - Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/rcdt.htm\"> Rancho Corral de Tierra\u003c/a>,” says Picavet. “They’ll be looking for beetles, and for ticks, and for mosquitoes and all signs of insect life down there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15863\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15863 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"422\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The citizen scientists will use a smart phone app called \u003ca title=\"INaturalist.org · A Community for Naturalists\" href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org\">iNaturalis\u003c/a>t to record, photograph and map their findings, which will be added to park service databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evolution of technology has allowed more people to get involved with research, says Marie Studer, with the \u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of Life - Animals - Plants - Pictures & Information\" href=\"http://eol.org/\">Encyclopedia of Life\u003c/a>, which has partnered with iNaturalist. But she says it’s not just the technology that’s fueling events like BioBlitz. It’s a growing concern about species loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are recognizing that we’re in a biodiversity crisis,” says Studer. “It’s considered that we’re in the sixth mass extinction on the planet. We’re losing species at a very rapid rate before we’re able to recognize and catalog all that we know about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15864\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/West-Coast-Lady_WillElder.jpg\" alt=\"A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The BioBlitz species counts are all booked up with volunteers. But members of the general public are welcome to attend the \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014 Biodiversity Festival, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014-festival/\">Biodiversity Festival\u003c/a> at Crissy Field on Friday and Saturday, starting at 9am. The family-friendly event will include music from the Banana Slugs Band, photography workshops, and live animal demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the festival wraps up on Saturday afternoon, scientists will return from the field to share stories of what they found, and present a grand tally of all the plants, animals and bacteria they were able to count during the 24-hour BioBlitz.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Scientists, students and volunteers are descending on the Golden Gate National Recreation Area this Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It's part of an event called a BioBlitz.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933933,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":12,"wordCount":551},"headData":{"title":"BioBlitz: A 24-Hour Quest to Count Plants and Animals in the Golden Gate National Parks | KQED","description":"Scientists, students and volunteers are descending on the Golden Gate National Recreation Area this Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It's part of an event called a BioBlitz.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"BioBlitz: A 24-Hour Quest to Count Plants and Animals in the Golden Gate National Parks","datePublished":"2014-03-27T14:25:15.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:45:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/15853/bioblitz-a-24-hour-quest-to-count-plants-and-animals-in-the-golden-gate-national-parks","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15857\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15857\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Vivid-Dancer_Will-Elder.jpg\" alt=\"A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A vivid dancer. (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Scientists, students and volunteers are descending on the \u003ca title=\"Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/index.htm\">Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/a> this Friday and Saturday to record as many plant and animal species as possible in 24 hours. It’s part of an event called a \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014/\">BioBlitz\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Geographic Society has been organizing annual BioBlitz events at national parks across the country, as a lead up to the \u003ca title=\"U.S. National Park Service - Experience Your America\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/index.htm\">National Park Service’s \u003c/a>centennial celebration in 2016. The goal is to transform park visitors into citizen scientists, as they help to observe and count the parks’ biodiversity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15862\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 346px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15862 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bobcat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"346\" height=\"231\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A bobcat. (Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“One of the most important things for the BioBlitz is to reach out and engage the citizens that live around the park lands in a different way,” says National Park Service spokeswoman Alexandra Picavet. “Students will get a closer look at a park they may already enjoy while riding their bikes or walking their dog.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Three hundred scientists will lead teams throughout the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, from Muir Woods to Fort Point and the Marin Headlands. More than 4700 volunteers are expected to take part in this year’s BioBlitz, including 1400 students from the San Francisco Unified School District. They’ll be searching for all signs of life, from microscopic bacteria to bobcats. The counting starts at noon on Friday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have entomologists coming from UC Davis who are going to do a lot of work in the newest part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and that’s\u003ca title=\"Rancho Corral de Tierra - Golden Gate National Recreation Area (U.S. National Park Service)\" href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/rcdt.htm\"> Rancho Corral de Tierra\u003c/a>,” says Picavet. “They’ll be looking for beetles, and for ticks, and for mosquitoes and all signs of insect life down there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15863\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15863 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Bat_JessicaWeinberg.jpg\" alt=\"(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"422\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">(Jessica Weinberg/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The citizen scientists will use a smart phone app called \u003ca title=\"INaturalist.org · A Community for Naturalists\" href=\"http://www.inaturalist.org\">iNaturalis\u003c/a>t to record, photograph and map their findings, which will be added to park service databases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The evolution of technology has allowed more people to get involved with research, says Marie Studer, with the \u003ca title=\"Encyclopedia of Life - Animals - Plants - Pictures & Information\" href=\"http://eol.org/\">Encyclopedia of Life\u003c/a>, which has partnered with iNaturalist. But she says it’s not just the technology that’s fueling events like BioBlitz. It’s a growing concern about species loss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“People are recognizing that we’re in a biodiversity crisis,” says Studer. “It’s considered that we’re in the sixth mass extinction on the planet. We’re losing species at a very rapid rate before we’re able to recognize and catalog all that we know about.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15864\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15864\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/West-Coast-Lady_WillElder.jpg\" alt=\"A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A West Coast lady (Will Elder/Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The BioBlitz species counts are all booked up with volunteers. But members of the general public are welcome to attend the \u003ca title=\"BioBlitz 2014 Biodiversity Festival, Golden Gate National Parks, California Species Inventory Information, Facts -- National Geographic\" href=\"http://www.nationalgeographic.com/explorers/projects/bioblitz/golden-gate-california-2014-festival/\">Biodiversity Festival\u003c/a> at Crissy Field on Friday and Saturday, starting at 9am. The family-friendly event will include music from the Banana Slugs Band, photography workshops, and live animal demonstrations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the festival wraps up on Saturday afternoon, scientists will return from the field to share stories of what they found, and present a grand tally of all the plants, animals and bacteria they were able to count during the 24-hour BioBlitz.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/15853/bioblitz-a-24-hour-quest-to-count-plants-and-animals-in-the-golden-gate-national-parks","authors":["225"],"categories":["science_30","science_35","science_40"],"tags":["science_259","science_64","science_1349"],"featImg":"science_15857","label":"science"},"science_15727":{"type":"posts","id":"science_15727","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"15727","score":null,"sort":[1395756003000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"woolly-mammoth-fossils-raise-red-flags-on-the-road-to-extinction","title":"Woolly Mammoth Fossils Raise Red Flags on the Road to Extinction","publishDate":1395756003,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Woolly Mammoth Fossils Raise Red Flags on the Road to Extinction | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15785\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Wooly_Mammoths-e1395702786857.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15785\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Wooly_Mammoths-e1395702786857.jpg\" alt=\"Woolly mammoths near the Somme River, AMNH mural. (Charles R. Knight/AMNH)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woolly mammoths near the Somme River, AMNH mural. Click image to enlarge. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWooly_Mammoths.jpg\">Charles R. Knight/Public Domain\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Aside from the days of the dinosaur, few eras capture our imagination like the last ice age. We showed up about 60 million years too late to catch a glimpse of the building-sized \u003ca href=\"http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~kent/paleontology/sauropods/Brachiosaurus/index.html\">Brachiosaurus\u003c/a>, but our ancestors were out in full force during the Late Pleistocene, some 10,000 years ago, when the last of the ice age giants vanished from Earth’s continents. Fossils from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tarpits.org/la-brea-tar-pits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">La Brea Tar Pits\u003c/a> in Los Angeles and other parts of California suggest that saber-tooth cats, giant sloths, mammoths and the rest of their charismatic contemporaries disappeared from the state long before that. It was our first brush with mass extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What caused the ice age extinctions has sparked controversy ever since Darwin and his colleagues first recognized them in the 19th century. Then as now, climate change and human hunters seemed the most likely suspects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One school of thought holds that a warming planet caused the glaciers to melt, claiming the habitat and food sources the animals needed to survive. But, critics counter, it also cleared a path for early humans to hunt once inaccessible quarry. On this continent, the last of the Pleistocene giants vanished just 1,500 years after the arrival of the first humans, offering \u003ca href=\"http://global.oup.com/academic/product/once-and-future-giants-9780195370126;jsessionid=D258349C4151CC5998D453EDC17519FE?cc=us&lang=en&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">compelling support\u003c/a> for this “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amnh.org/science/biodiversity/extinction/Day1/overkill/Bit1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overkill hypothesis\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades of contentious debate over the primary causes of this mass extinction long hobbled efforts to understand its consequences, says Jacquelyn Gill, a paleoecologist at the University of Maine’s School of Biology & Ecology and the Climate Change Institute. But a new consensus seems to be emerging. It’s clear that climate change influences animals’ diet and behavior and that extinction rarely results from a single factor, Gill says. “But there’s increasing evidence that while animals might have been stressed by the changes we see at the end of the last ice age, in the absence of humans, it becomes really difficult to explain the extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Finding Flaws in Fossils\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists typically study fossils to identify new species and understand how new traits evolved and different species adapted to changing environments. But in a \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/318\">new study\u003c/a>, Frietson Galis and her Dutch colleagues Jelle Reumer and Clara ten Broek took what they call an evolutionary developmental approach — looking for signs of birth defects in fossils — based on a surprising discovery in Europe’s North Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the glaciers retreated, the North Sea was a vast tundra teeming with herds of woolly mammoths and their outsized contemporaries. Trawlers often find their bones among the fish jumping in their nets, and dredging projects routinely pull up ancient remains from the sandy seafloor. So when workers dredging the Rotterdam Harbor off the coast of the Netherlands recovered two woolly mammoth neck bones a few years ago, no one was surprised. But when Galis and her colleagues examined the fossils, which had been donated to Rotterdam’s Natural History Museum, they found something they didn’t expect. Two of the neck bones had a skeletal defect — a joint to hold a rib — that usually accompanies life-threatening deformities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost all mammals, from mice to humans and even giraffes, have seven neck bones, or cervical vertebrae, except for \u003ca href=\"http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/2/1/11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">manatees and sloths\u003c/a>, whose slow-paced lifestyle seems to help them survive skeletal abnormalities. That all mammals have seven, no more or less, suggests that variations on the number or form of these bones compromise fitness, meaning that few survive long enough to reproduce. When neck vertebrae sprout ribs as if they were spinal vertebrae, it’s a sign that something disturbed the intricately coordinated development of the fetus. And when one thing goes wrong, chances are other things do too.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Signs of Trouble\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Neck ribs themselves don’t typically cause serious problems, but usually arise with other defects that do. When neck ribs occur in humans, \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.weber.edu/rmeyers/Galis-Selection%20against%20homeotic.pdf\">90 percent of the afflicted\u003c/a> die before adulthood. Knowing that the neck bones retrieved from the North Sea came from one of the last local mammoth populations, Galis and her colleagues wondered if this defect hastened their demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that changes in highly conserved anatomical traits are usually indicators of medical risks,” Galis says. “Variations of the vertebral column can tell us a lot about the vulnerability of populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/3206888858_c4b6a4b895_b-e1395702408964.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15783\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/3206888858_c4b6a4b895_b-e1395702408964.jpg\" alt=\"Skeleton of a Columbian mammoth at the Utah Museum of Natural History. (Brett Neilson / Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Skeleton of a Columbian mammoth at the Utah Museum of Natural History. (Brett Neilson / \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/brettneilson/3206888858/in/photostream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To see what stories those variations might tell, Galis and her colleagues looked for the developmental defect in other Late Pleistocene mammoth fossils stored at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Lieden, the Netherlands. Then they compared their fossils (just nine were suitable for analysis) to specimens of African elephants and Asian elephants, the mammoth’s closest living relatives. They found that a third of the mammoth neck vertebrae had ribs but just a tiny fraction — 1 out of 29 —of those from the elephants did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the local populations declined, inbreeding was more likely, Galis says. And both inbreeding and famine or other harsh conditions could disturb early pregnancy. “It seems plausible that both caused cervical ribs and vulnerability in mammoths.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neck ribs could be a sign of inbreeding, much like the Florida panther’s trademark kinked tail. It’s not the tail that worries biologists, but the associated traits, like undescended testicles and susceptibility to parasites, that threaten the big cat’s ability to reproduce. As mammoth populations dwindled, the appearance of these misplaced ribs may have coincided with other genetic defects that made mammoths more vulnerable to stress — shifting climates, overzealous hunters or factors yet to be uncovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The preliminary evidence from these vertebrae suggests that these animals were stressed by something in their environment,” says Gill. The stress could have come from a change in their diet because of climate change, in their behavior because or hunting or even in who they were reproducing with because of hunting, she explains. Evidence from kill sites shows that early humans were targeting adult males — like trophy hunters do today — rather than the young as carnivores do, compromising females’ chances of reproductive success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”e78550e1fb32c408f5416918dbe3736a”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study generates some interesting ideas to test, Gill adds, and supports the hypothesis that these animals were very stressed out during the final moments before their extinction. “Whether that’s from environmental stressors or humans or the ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5693/70.full?sid=b8bd569f-901d-4482-9c25-304a1dc6e538\">one-two punch\u003c/a>‘ of climate change plus hunting is where we need to look at other data to complement the fossil evidence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Farke, a dinosaur expert who edited the paper (published in the \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">open access journal PeerJ\u003c/a>), allows that the sample size analyzed was small. But he thinks it’s not just coincidence that so many of the fossils had the defect. And though most of the samples were found from dredging rather than rock layers that can be precisely dated, Farke thinks the evidence is compelling enough to inspire others to explore links between fossil anomalies and potential developmental flaws that might contribute to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool to be able to make this connection between something that might be just a curiosity in a museum collection but a little deeper work shows that there might be something going on with it,” he says. He’d also like to see someone examine older fossils to see if the defect disappears further back in time, when the populations were presumably healthier.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Tool for Today\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Though scientists may debate the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis for years to come, there’s no doubt that we’re to blame for the catastrophic decline of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/elephantidae.php\">mammoth’s living cousins\u003c/a>. Poaching of African elephants for the ivory in their tusks remains the number one \u003ca href=\"https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/african_elephant_summit_background_document_2013_en.pdf\">threat to their survival.\u003c/a> An unfathomable 62 percent of African forest elephants were killed between 2002 and 2011, a\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0059469\"> team of researchers reported\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If neck ribs did portend the beginning of the end for the mammoth, might the same defect start to appear more frequently in elephants under intense hunting pressure? Elephants are keenly intelligent animals that \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140221-elephants-poaching-empathy-grief-extinction-science/\">grieve for fallen kin\u003c/a> — a stress that may well affect developing young. Assuming that neck ribs do signal genetic or developmental stress, Farke says, using portable x-rays to screen for the defect could be a good way to gauge the health of not just elephants but any at-risk vertebrate population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes more paleontologists will start to study fossils for the developmental pathologies they reveal — not just to understand what happened to the mythic megafauna we lost long ago, but to save those still in our midst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From time to time, the great beasts send us reminders that they once walked the streets of San Francisco, then savannah grasslands, replete with large-mammal menageries now found only in Africa. Just last September, a crane operator at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Mammoth-tooth-found-at-Transbay-dig-3861381.php\">Transbay Transit Center\u003c/a> construction site unearthed the tooth of a Columbian mammoth, the species common in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Pleistocene, the large-bodied mammals took the biggest hit. Today, we’re losing species across all classes at an unprecedented rate, and no one disputes that the hand of humans — in climate change and hunting — is driving the crisis. The biggest question now is what we’re going to do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"A surprising discovery in woolly mammoth fossils recovered from the North Sea off the coast of the Netherlands suggests that inbreeding and harsh conditions plagued the ice age giants near the end of their reign on Earth.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704933953,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":24,"wordCount":1611},"headData":{"title":"Woolly Mammoth Fossils Raise Red Flags on the Road to Extinction | KQED","description":"A surprising discovery in woolly mammoth fossils recovered from the North Sea off the coast of the Netherlands suggests that inbreeding and harsh conditions plagued the ice age giants near the end of their reign on Earth.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Woolly Mammoth Fossils Raise Red Flags on the Road to Extinction","datePublished":"2014-03-25T14:00:03.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T00:45:53.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/15727/woolly-mammoth-fossils-raise-red-flags-on-the-road-to-extinction","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15785\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Wooly_Mammoths-e1395702786857.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15785\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/Wooly_Mammoths-e1395702786857.jpg\" alt=\"Woolly mammoths near the Somme River, AMNH mural. (Charles R. Knight/AMNH)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woolly mammoths near the Somme River, AMNH mural. Click image to enlarge. (\u003ca class=\"nofancybox\" href=\"http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AWooly_Mammoths.jpg\">Charles R. Knight/Public Domain\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Aside from the days of the dinosaur, few eras capture our imagination like the last ice age. We showed up about 60 million years too late to catch a glimpse of the building-sized \u003ca href=\"http://ix.cs.uoregon.edu/~kent/paleontology/sauropods/Brachiosaurus/index.html\">Brachiosaurus\u003c/a>, but our ancestors were out in full force during the Late Pleistocene, some 10,000 years ago, when the last of the ice age giants vanished from Earth’s continents. Fossils from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.tarpits.org/la-brea-tar-pits\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">La Brea Tar Pits\u003c/a> in Los Angeles and other parts of California suggest that saber-tooth cats, giant sloths, mammoths and the rest of their charismatic contemporaries disappeared from the state long before that. It was our first brush with mass extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What caused the ice age extinctions has sparked controversy ever since Darwin and his colleagues first recognized them in the 19th century. Then as now, climate change and human hunters seemed the most likely suspects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One school of thought holds that a warming planet caused the glaciers to melt, claiming the habitat and food sources the animals needed to survive. But, critics counter, it also cleared a path for early humans to hunt once inaccessible quarry. On this continent, the last of the Pleistocene giants vanished just 1,500 years after the arrival of the first humans, offering \u003ca href=\"http://global.oup.com/academic/product/once-and-future-giants-9780195370126;jsessionid=D258349C4151CC5998D453EDC17519FE?cc=us&lang=en&\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">compelling support\u003c/a> for this “\u003ca href=\"http://www.amnh.org/science/biodiversity/extinction/Day1/overkill/Bit1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">overkill hypothesis\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Decades of contentious debate over the primary causes of this mass extinction long hobbled efforts to understand its consequences, says Jacquelyn Gill, a paleoecologist at the University of Maine’s School of Biology & Ecology and the Climate Change Institute. But a new consensus seems to be emerging. It’s clear that climate change influences animals’ diet and behavior and that extinction rarely results from a single factor, Gill says. “But there’s increasing evidence that while animals might have been stressed by the changes we see at the end of the last ice age, in the absence of humans, it becomes really difficult to explain the extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Finding Flaws in Fossils\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Paleontologists typically study fossils to identify new species and understand how new traits evolved and different species adapted to changing environments. But in a \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/articles/318\">new study\u003c/a>, Frietson Galis and her Dutch colleagues Jelle Reumer and Clara ten Broek took what they call an evolutionary developmental approach — looking for signs of birth defects in fossils — based on a surprising discovery in Europe’s North Sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Before the glaciers retreated, the North Sea was a vast tundra teeming with herds of woolly mammoths and their outsized contemporaries. Trawlers often find their bones among the fish jumping in their nets, and dredging projects routinely pull up ancient remains from the sandy seafloor. So when workers dredging the Rotterdam Harbor off the coast of the Netherlands recovered two woolly mammoth neck bones a few years ago, no one was surprised. But when Galis and her colleagues examined the fossils, which had been donated to Rotterdam’s Natural History Museum, they found something they didn’t expect. Two of the neck bones had a skeletal defect — a joint to hold a rib — that usually accompanies life-threatening deformities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Almost all mammals, from mice to humans and even giraffes, have seven neck bones, or cervical vertebrae, except for \u003ca href=\"http://www.evodevojournal.com/content/2/1/11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">manatees and sloths\u003c/a>, whose slow-paced lifestyle seems to help them survive skeletal abnormalities. That all mammals have seven, no more or less, suggests that variations on the number or form of these bones compromise fitness, meaning that few survive long enough to reproduce. When neck vertebrae sprout ribs as if they were spinal vertebrae, it’s a sign that something disturbed the intricately coordinated development of the fetus. And when one thing goes wrong, chances are other things do too.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>Signs of Trouble\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Neck ribs themselves don’t typically cause serious problems, but usually arise with other defects that do. When neck ribs occur in humans, \u003ca href=\"http://faculty.weber.edu/rmeyers/Galis-Selection%20against%20homeotic.pdf\">90 percent of the afflicted\u003c/a> die before adulthood. Knowing that the neck bones retrieved from the North Sea came from one of the last local mammoth populations, Galis and her colleagues wondered if this defect hastened their demise.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that changes in highly conserved anatomical traits are usually indicators of medical risks,” Galis says. “Variations of the vertebral column can tell us a lot about the vulnerability of populations.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_15783\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/3206888858_c4b6a4b895_b-e1395702408964.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15783\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2014/03/3206888858_c4b6a4b895_b-e1395702408964.jpg\" alt=\"Skeleton of a Columbian mammoth at the Utah Museum of Natural History. (Brett Neilson / Flickr)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Skeleton of a Columbian mammoth at the Utah Museum of Natural History. (Brett Neilson / \u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/brettneilson/3206888858/in/photostream/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Flickr\u003c/a>)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To see what stories those variations might tell, Galis and her colleagues looked for the developmental defect in other Late Pleistocene mammoth fossils stored at the Naturalis Biodiversity Center in Lieden, the Netherlands. Then they compared their fossils (just nine were suitable for analysis) to specimens of African elephants and Asian elephants, the mammoth’s closest living relatives. They found that a third of the mammoth neck vertebrae had ribs but just a tiny fraction — 1 out of 29 —of those from the elephants did.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the local populations declined, inbreeding was more likely, Galis says. And both inbreeding and famine or other harsh conditions could disturb early pregnancy. “It seems plausible that both caused cervical ribs and vulnerability in mammoths.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The neck ribs could be a sign of inbreeding, much like the Florida panther’s trademark kinked tail. It’s not the tail that worries biologists, but the associated traits, like undescended testicles and susceptibility to parasites, that threaten the big cat’s ability to reproduce. As mammoth populations dwindled, the appearance of these misplaced ribs may have coincided with other genetic defects that made mammoths more vulnerable to stress — shifting climates, overzealous hunters or factors yet to be uncovered.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The preliminary evidence from these vertebrae suggests that these animals were stressed by something in their environment,” says Gill. The stress could have come from a change in their diet because of climate change, in their behavior because or hunting or even in who they were reproducing with because of hunting, she explains. Evidence from kill sites shows that early humans were targeting adult males — like trophy hunters do today — rather than the young as carnivores do, compromising females’ chances of reproductive success.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The study generates some interesting ideas to test, Gill adds, and supports the hypothesis that these animals were very stressed out during the final moments before their extinction. “Whether that’s from environmental stressors or humans or the ‘\u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5693/70.full?sid=b8bd569f-901d-4482-9c25-304a1dc6e538\">one-two punch\u003c/a>‘ of climate change plus hunting is where we need to look at other data to complement the fossil evidence.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Andrew Farke, a dinosaur expert who edited the paper (published in the \u003ca href=\"https://peerj.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">open access journal PeerJ\u003c/a>), allows that the sample size analyzed was small. But he thinks it’s not just coincidence that so many of the fossils had the defect. And though most of the samples were found from dredging rather than rock layers that can be precisely dated, Farke thinks the evidence is compelling enough to inspire others to explore links between fossil anomalies and potential developmental flaws that might contribute to extinction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really cool to be able to make this connection between something that might be just a curiosity in a museum collection but a little deeper work shows that there might be something going on with it,” he says. He’d also like to see someone examine older fossils to see if the defect disappears further back in time, when the populations were presumably healthier.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>A Tool for Today\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Though scientists may debate the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis for years to come, there’s no doubt that we’re to blame for the catastrophic decline of the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/elephantidae.php\">mammoth’s living cousins\u003c/a>. Poaching of African elephants for the ivory in their tusks remains the number one \u003ca href=\"https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/african_elephant_summit_background_document_2013_en.pdf\">threat to their survival.\u003c/a> An unfathomable 62 percent of African forest elephants were killed between 2002 and 2011, a\u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0059469\"> team of researchers reported\u003c/a> last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If neck ribs did portend the beginning of the end for the mammoth, might the same defect start to appear more frequently in elephants under intense hunting pressure? Elephants are keenly intelligent animals that \u003ca href=\"http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/02/140221-elephants-poaching-empathy-grief-extinction-science/\">grieve for fallen kin\u003c/a> — a stress that may well affect developing young. Assuming that neck ribs do signal genetic or developmental stress, Farke says, using portable x-rays to screen for the defect could be a good way to gauge the health of not just elephants but any at-risk vertebrate population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He hopes more paleontologists will start to study fossils for the developmental pathologies they reveal — not just to understand what happened to the mythic megafauna we lost long ago, but to save those still in our midst.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>From time to time, the great beasts send us reminders that they once walked the streets of San Francisco, then savannah grasslands, replete with large-mammal menageries now found only in Africa. Just last September, a crane operator at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Mammoth-tooth-found-at-Transbay-dig-3861381.php\">Transbay Transit Center\u003c/a> construction site unearthed the tooth of a Columbian mammoth, the species common in California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the Pleistocene, the large-bodied mammals took the biggest hit. Today, we’re losing species across all classes at an unprecedented rate, and no one disputes that the hand of humans — in climate change and hunting — is driving the crisis. The biggest question now is what we’re going to do about it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/15727/woolly-mammoth-fossils-raise-red-flags-on-the-road-to-extinction","authors":["6322"],"categories":["science_30","science_31"],"tags":["science_259","science_205","science_260"],"featImg":"science_15783","label":"science"},"science_6359":{"type":"posts","id":"science_6359","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"6359","score":null,"sort":[1375292453000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"adapting-to-stress-early-exposure-gives-amphibians-higher-tolerance-to-pesticides","title":"Adapting to Stress: Early Exposure Gives Amphibians Higher Tolerance To Pesticides","publishDate":1375292453,"format":"aside","headTitle":"Adapting to Stress: Early Exposure Gives Amphibians Higher Tolerance To Pesticides | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/chorus-frog-resized-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6364\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/chorus-frog-resized-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in a meadow located in Yosemite National Park. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Yosemite National Park. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extinction is part of life. Nearly all species that ever lived are extinct, with new species arising as old ones disappear. But we’ve been losing species so fast over the past several decades that a field once dominated by paleontologists pouring over evidence spanning millions of years, now commands the attention of ecologists grappling with the global hemorrhaging of species in real time — right before our eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No class of animals dramatizes the magnitude of the biodiversity crisis better than amphibians. Ecologists first reported their disappearance from protected areas in the 1980s. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.fullhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.fullhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.full\">a third of Earth’s 6,000 frog\u003c/a>, toad, salamander, newt and \u003ca href=\"http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/caecilian\">caecilian\u003c/a> species face extinction. With as many as 122 species presumed lost forever and 43 percent in decline, amphibians are \u003ca href=\"http://irceb.asu.edu/amphibians/pdf/ACAP%20Summit%20Declaration.pdf\">vanishing faster\u003c/a> any other animal class in human history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists with the U.S. Geological Service \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/05/24/186451082/amphibians-population-decline-marked-in-new-u-s-study\">delivered more bad news in May\u003c/a>, reporting that American amphibian populations are vanishing at an average rate of 3.7 percent a year. Echoing the first reports of serious trouble more than three decades ago, the researchers found losses even in protected parks and wildlife refuges managed to conserve biodiversity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As amphibians continue their downward spiral, ecologists struggle to understand the animals’ responses to the likely agents of their destruction, including habitat loss or disturbance, disease, climate change and contaminants. It’s extremely difficult to tease apart which of these factors, acting alone or in combination, are driving declines in any one region. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/eva.12083/asset/eva12083.pdf?v=1&t=hjs0kssd&s=09f9fc3a16e444457fdaa0b8deee50181b4a808f\">recent study\u003c/a> from the lab of aquatic ecologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.pitt.edu/person/rick-relyea\">Rick Relyea\u003c/a>, a professor of ecology and evolution at the University of Pittsburgh, shines a small ray of light on a very dark picture. In an earlier study, Relyea found that glyphosate (otherwise known as Roundup), an herbicide widely used to control weeds in agriculture, killed 98% of tadpoles in his study within three weeks and 79% of juveniles in just one day. But pesticides can also cause defects without killing. Maybe stresses that don’t kill offer enough of a cushion for individuals to cope with the stress until more enduring adaptations can emerge in a population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/lavo_hyre-1024x768.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6367\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/lavo_hyre-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Lassen Volcanic National Park. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6367\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Lassen Volcanic National Park. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more than 500 pest species now resistant to the insecticides used against them, Relyea reasoned, maybe frogs, and other unintentionally exposed species, could adapt to these chemicals over time too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.12069/pdf\">Earlier this year\u003c/a>, Relyea found that frogs living close to farms were less sensitive to the insecticide chlorpyrifos (but not Roundup), suggesting an ability to evolve resistance to at least one pesticide. In the recent study, Relyea and his team probed the roots of resistance by seeing how individual frogs living farther afield from farms would respond to different concentrations of insecticides early in development. They reasoned that exposing frogs to low levels of pesticides as embryos and tadpoles could induce tolerance to a subsequent higher dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test this possibility, they collected wood frog eggs from four different ponds around agricultural fields, two populations close to farms and two about half a mile away. They exposed embryos and hatchlings first to low levels of the insecticide carbaryl and then to (typically) lethal doses to assess tolerance, indicated by how many survived the follow-up lethal dose. As expected, frogs taken from ponds farther away from fields responded with increased tolerance to the insecticide—not as many died—after an initial exposure, while early exposures had little effect on frogs born near farms. These frogs were likely selected for greater tolerance or resistance to the pesticide after generations of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Boone, an associate professor of zoology at Miami University of Ohio who studies pesticide effects on amphibians, finds reason for cautious optimism in the results, which suggest that individual tadpoles may respond to a given stress in a way that helps them later in life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know amphibians have amazing abilities to respond to their natural environmental conditions—they can alter their rate of development, their coloration and even their body shape,” Boone says. “So it’s very cool to see that they may be able to respond to some of the stressors we inadvertently throw at them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains to be seen whether this induced tolerance is widespread in tadpoles or helps amphibians deal with pesticides in ecological communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability of an individual organism to adapt to pesticides and other environmental stresses—a phenomenon called “phenotypic plasticity”—could play a critical role in helping species tolerate and then adapt to rapid changes. But species will benefit only if the traits that help the individual cope with stress are passed on to the next generation. And evolving resistance to pesticides could come at the cost of other traits, such as increased susceptibility to pathogens or predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How these results can help current conservation efforts isn’t clear, says Gary Fellers, a USGS research biologist who contributed to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064347#authcontrib\">May report\u003c/a> showing amphibian declines across the country and to a recent study that measured two common agricultural fungicides in Pacific chorus frogs collected from parks across the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a really good first step toward understanding frogs’ capacity to tolerate pesticides, Fellers says, though he would have liked to see how populations much farther from farms respond. Pesticides can travel on winds and rains and likely reached the Sierra Nevada chorus frogs from Central Valley farms. And though amphibians encounter a slew of pesticides (and other contaminants) on a daily basis, Fellers thinks the crisis calls for triage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to figure out if we can find one or two pesticides that are driving amphibian declines, he says. “Then we can work with agriculture folks to try to find out if there are alternative pesticides that might work just as well for them but don’t have such a significant impact on nontarget wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1670/0022-1511%282007%2941%5B483%3AADOECD%5D2.0.CO%3B2\">some estimates \u003c/a>placing contemporary amphibian extinction rates at more than 200 times the historic rate seen in the fossil record, reversing the decline of Earth’s amphibians will require herculean efforts, and all hands on deck.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Amphibians are going extinct faster than any other class of organisms in human history. Experiments suggest that some species might be able to tolerate certain pesticides in the short run. Whether that could give them enough of a cushion to adapt over the long run remains to be seen.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935379,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1052},"headData":{"title":"Adapting to Stress: Early Exposure Gives Amphibians Higher Tolerance To Pesticides | KQED","description":"Amphibians are going extinct faster than any other class of organisms in human history. Experiments suggest that some species might be able to tolerate certain pesticides in the short run. Whether that could give them enough of a cushion to adapt over the long run remains to be seen.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Adapting to Stress: Early Exposure Gives Amphibians Higher Tolerance To Pesticides","datePublished":"2013-07-31T17:40:53.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:09:39.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"WpOldSlug":"adaptating-to-stress-early-exposure-gives-amphibians-higher-tolerance-to-pesticides","path":"/science/6359/adapting-to-stress-early-exposure-gives-amphibians-higher-tolerance-to-pesticides","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6364\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/chorus-frog-resized-1024x575.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6364\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/chorus-frog-resized-1024x575.jpg\" alt=\"A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in a meadow located in Yosemite National Park. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6364\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Yosemite National Park. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Extinction is part of life. Nearly all species that ever lived are extinct, with new species arising as old ones disappear. But we’ve been losing species so fast over the past several decades that a field once dominated by paleontologists pouring over evidence spanning millions of years, now commands the attention of ecologists grappling with the global hemorrhaging of species in real time — right before our eyes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>No class of animals dramatizes the magnitude of the biodiversity crisis better than amphibians. Ecologists first reported their disappearance from protected areas in the 1980s. Today, \u003ca href=\"http://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.fullhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.fullhttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/306/5702/1783.full\">a third of Earth’s 6,000 frog\u003c/a>, toad, salamander, newt and \u003ca href=\"http://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/caecilian\">caecilian\u003c/a> species face extinction. With as many as 122 species presumed lost forever and 43 percent in decline, amphibians are \u003ca href=\"http://irceb.asu.edu/amphibians/pdf/ACAP%20Summit%20Declaration.pdf\">vanishing faster\u003c/a> any other animal class in human history. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Biologists with the U.S. Geological Service \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2013/05/24/186451082/amphibians-population-decline-marked-in-new-u-s-study\">delivered more bad news in May\u003c/a>, reporting that American amphibian populations are vanishing at an average rate of 3.7 percent a year. Echoing the first reports of serious trouble more than three decades ago, the researchers found losses even in protected parks and wildlife refuges managed to conserve biodiversity. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As amphibians continue their downward spiral, ecologists struggle to understand the animals’ responses to the likely agents of their destruction, including habitat loss or disturbance, disease, climate change and contaminants. It’s extremely difficult to tease apart which of these factors, acting alone or in combination, are driving declines in any one region. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But a \u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/eva.12083/asset/eva12083.pdf?v=1&t=hjs0kssd&s=09f9fc3a16e444457fdaa0b8deee50181b4a808f\">recent study\u003c/a> from the lab of aquatic ecologist \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.pitt.edu/person/rick-relyea\">Rick Relyea\u003c/a>, a professor of ecology and evolution at the University of Pittsburgh, shines a small ray of light on a very dark picture. In an earlier study, Relyea found that glyphosate (otherwise known as Roundup), an herbicide widely used to control weeds in agriculture, killed 98% of tadpoles in his study within three weeks and 79% of juveniles in just one day. But pesticides can also cause defects without killing. Maybe stresses that don’t kill offer enough of a cushion for individuals to cope with the stress until more enduring adaptations can emerge in a population.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_6367\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/lavo_hyre-1024x768.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-6367\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/07/lavo_hyre-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Lassen Volcanic National Park. (Photo: USGS)\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" class=\"size-large wp-image-6367\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A Pacific chorus frog (Pseudacris regilla) in Lassen Volcanic National Park. (Photo: USGS)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>With more than 500 pest species now resistant to the insecticides used against them, Relyea reasoned, maybe frogs, and other unintentionally exposed species, could adapt to these chemicals over time too. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.12069/pdf\">Earlier this year\u003c/a>, Relyea found that frogs living close to farms were less sensitive to the insecticide chlorpyrifos (but not Roundup), suggesting an ability to evolve resistance to at least one pesticide. In the recent study, Relyea and his team probed the roots of resistance by seeing how individual frogs living farther afield from farms would respond to different concentrations of insecticides early in development. They reasoned that exposing frogs to low levels of pesticides as embryos and tadpoles could induce tolerance to a subsequent higher dose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To test this possibility, they collected wood frog eggs from four different ponds around agricultural fields, two populations close to farms and two about half a mile away. They exposed embryos and hatchlings first to low levels of the insecticide carbaryl and then to (typically) lethal doses to assess tolerance, indicated by how many survived the follow-up lethal dose. As expected, frogs taken from ponds farther away from fields responded with increased tolerance to the insecticide—not as many died—after an initial exposure, while early exposures had little effect on frogs born near farms. These frogs were likely selected for greater tolerance or resistance to the pesticide after generations of exposure.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Boone, an associate professor of zoology at Miami University of Ohio who studies pesticide effects on amphibians, finds reason for cautious optimism in the results, which suggest that individual tadpoles may respond to a given stress in a way that helps them later in life. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know amphibians have amazing abilities to respond to their natural environmental conditions—they can alter their rate of development, their coloration and even their body shape,” Boone says. “So it’s very cool to see that they may be able to respond to some of the stressors we inadvertently throw at them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It remains to be seen whether this induced tolerance is widespread in tadpoles or helps amphibians deal with pesticides in ecological communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The ability of an individual organism to adapt to pesticides and other environmental stresses—a phenomenon called “phenotypic plasticity”—could play a critical role in helping species tolerate and then adapt to rapid changes. But species will benefit only if the traits that help the individual cope with stress are passed on to the next generation. And evolving resistance to pesticides could come at the cost of other traits, such as increased susceptibility to pathogens or predators. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>How these results can help current conservation efforts isn’t clear, says Gary Fellers, a USGS research biologist who contributed to the \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064347#authcontrib\">May report\u003c/a> showing amphibian declines across the country and to a recent study that measured two common agricultural fungicides in Pacific chorus frogs collected from parks across the Sierra Nevada.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s a really good first step toward understanding frogs’ capacity to tolerate pesticides, Fellers says, though he would have liked to see how populations much farther from farms respond. Pesticides can travel on winds and rains and likely reached the Sierra Nevada chorus frogs from Central Valley farms. And though amphibians encounter a slew of pesticides (and other contaminants) on a daily basis, Fellers thinks the crisis calls for triage.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We need to figure out if we can find one or two pesticides that are driving amphibian declines, he says. “Then we can work with agriculture folks to try to find out if there are alternative pesticides that might work just as well for them but don’t have such a significant impact on nontarget wildlife.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With \u003ca href=\"http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1670/0022-1511%282007%2941%5B483%3AADOECD%5D2.0.CO%3B2\">some estimates \u003c/a>placing contemporary amphibian extinction rates at more than 200 times the historic rate seen in the fossil record, reversing the decline of Earth’s amphibians will require herculean efforts, and all hands on deck.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/6359/adapting-to-stress-early-exposure-gives-amphibians-higher-tolerance-to-pesticides","authors":["6322"],"categories":["science_30","science_35"],"tags":["science_392","science_259","science_116","science_260","science_521"],"featImg":"science_6420","label":"science"},"science_3935":{"type":"posts","id":"science_3935","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"science","id":"3935","score":null,"sort":[1370419245000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"deextinction-debate-should-extinct-species-be-revived","title":"De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived?","publishDate":1370419245,"format":"aside","headTitle":"De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived? | KQED","labelTerm":{"site":"science"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3950\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3950 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" alt=\"Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age, in the Pleistocene, until planetary warming--which the most recent evidence suggests came from a meteorite--killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age until rapid planetary warming–which the most recent evidence suggests followed a meteor strike–killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, hundreds of experts who study human-environment interactions called on policymakers to take immediate action to curb humanity’s ecologically destructive ways. Accelerating trends of human-driven extinction, ecosystem loss, climate change, pollution, and consumption, the scientists wrote in \u003ca href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/consensus-statement-from-global-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a consensus statement\u003c/a>, “are threatening the life-support systems upon which we all depend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If current rates of extinction continue, the statement warns, we could see the loss of 75 percent of vertebrate species within three centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As conservation scientists struggle to stem the \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Barnosky%20et%20al%20Sixth%20Extinction%20Nature.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic loss of biodiversity\u003c/a>, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. You might think the two groups would be working together. But until recently, most conservation biologists knew little of the so-called “Revive and Restore” movement, which until the TEDxDeExtinction conference in March, had been meeting largely behind closed doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a private meeting of “de-extinction” pioneers at Harvard Medical School last February, the National Geographic Society and San Francisco’s Long Now Foundation brought molecular biologists and conservation biologists together in October to discuss strategies for resurrecting extinct species. The organizers admitted just one journalist to the October meeting, and orchestrated media coverage of de-extinction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/tedx/events/7650\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TEDx conference\u003c/a> and a National Geographic cover story a few weeks later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revive and Restore Project\u003c/a> is the brainchild of \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Long Now Foundation\u003c/a> co-founder Stewart Brand and his wife Ryan Phelan, a serial entrepreneur who most recently sold her consumer genetic testing business DNA Direct to Fortune 500 company Medco. Their top candidates for de-extinction include the passenger pigeon and the woolly mammoth. Brand and Phelan promote the project as a way to restore lost genetic diversity with its mission of ensuring “deep ecological enrichment through extinct species revival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some working on the front lines of biodiversity conservation are skeptical. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary published in April\u003c/a>, leading conservation scientists noted that few of their colleagues had considered synthetic biology’s potential effects on conservation, even though it might “transform…the prospects for maintaining biodiversity.” The authors outlined several ways that recreated extinct organisms could potentially affect strategic biodiversity goals—some positive, many negative. Their point was that no one knows, but conservation biologists better start paying attention (see chart, below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3953\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\" alt=\"Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity's Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3953\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity’s Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hank Greely, director of Stanford University’s Center for Law and the Biosciences, admits a longstanding fascination with the prospect of reviving extinct species, but couldn’t decide whether it was really a good idea. So he organized a \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.stanford.edu/event/2013/05/31/de-extinction-ethics-law-politics\">conference at Stanford last week\u003c/a> and invited philosophers, lawyers, biologists, and wildlife professionals to think through the complex ethical, legal and political issues de-extinction raises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think one of the reasons this issue has bubbled to the surface so quickly is that the technology is converging with the coolness of the idea of bringing things back, mixing with a sense of guilt we feel with driving things extinct,” University of Kansas law professor Andrew Torrance told me. But de-extinction raises several “definitional conundrums,” he said in this talk. Are de-extinct organisms GMOs? Invasive species?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where would a resurrected species fit into environmental law? Conference co-organizer Alex Camacho, director of UC Irvine’s Law Center for Land, Environment and Natural Resources, said the Endangered Species Act has no framework for de-extinction, since its creators couldn’t possibly have imagined the prospect. Shortly after revival of an organism, a species could potentially be listed as endangered, but is it the same species? A new species? An endangered species? The ESA \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/improving_esa/SPR_draft_policy_FAQs_FINAL_12-7-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defines endangered\u003c/a> as “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” But what is its range? Does it have a range? Presumably not, if you have one organism sitting in a lab, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck Bonham, who directs the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife agency but was not representing the agency at the conference, wrestled with the management implications of de-extinction. “How can you be extinct if you’re always available for revival?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>De-extinction technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technologies for recreating extinct species include back-breeding, cloning and genetic engineering. Though all have the potential to accomplish the task, said Beth Shapiro, an evolutionary biologist and ancient-DNA expert at the University of California at Santa Cruz, they also have drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With back-breeding, scientists identify traits in the closest living relative and selectively breed offspring expressing desired traits until the animals resemble their extinct cousins. Sequencing bone and tooth fragments from extinct species speeds up the work of homing in on similar genome sequences in closely related descendants. Scientists in the Netherlands are using this approach to \u003ca href=\"http://www.taurosproject.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recreate the auroch\u003c/a>, giant wild European cattle that went extinct in 1627, from domestic cattle. Cattle have a generation time of three to six years. Trying to revive mammoths from increasingly bigger and hairier elephants, which start reproducing on average at 20 to 25 years, could take centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More problematic is cloning, where scientists remove the nucleus of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleus from a donor cell, tweak it to grow as an embryo and implant it in a surrogate mother. The process is highly fraught. Dolly, the famous cloned sheep, was the only lamb \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/Biol540/12cloningfullCSS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">born out of 277 attempts\u003c/a>—all the other clones died in utero or shortly after birth. In what’s considered the first successful de-extinction using this method, a Pyrenean ibex (a large wild goat that went extinct less than 15 years ago) carried by a hybrid ibex-goat, lived all of 12 minutes, and all in acute respiratory distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If researchers attempt this with elephants as surrogates, it’s likely that the much smaller elephant mother would not fare well carrying a mammoth to term.* That doesn’t account for the ethics of turning such highly intelligent social animals, who appear to grieve the death of their kin, into mammoth-resurrection machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3960\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3960\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3960\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" alt=\"A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\" width=\"256\" height=\"354\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both methods, however, require intact genomes, which means you’d have to freeze cell lines taken from species before they went extinct. “If we’re going to de-extinct something that’s any older than something that we recently killed, we’re stuck with ancient DNA,” Shapiro said. And that means dealing with tiny fragments of DNA that are often tainted with bacteria and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves genome editing, finding the sequences that code for traits of interest and pasting them into an existing genome. But researchers are still refining methods to find the right place in the genome and deliver the DNA without creating problems like cancer. An even bigger problem is figuring out which parts of the genome make a mammoth woolly, the sea cow so big or passenger pigeons flock together, Shapiro said. Even if you could reconstruct the genome of an extinct species, the jump to assigning function to sequences is enormous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given all these issues, Shapiro said, “I think we should consider deeply \u003cem>why\u003c/em> do we want to de-extinct things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, for many working to conserve biodiversity, is the primary question. “Conservation biologists worry that if people think we can revive species they won’t care about protecting what’s left,” said Kate Jones, joint chair of ecology and biodiversity at University of College London and the Zoological Society of London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones, who spent most of her career thinking about what makes species go extinct, told me she understands the appeal of de-extinction. “Who wouldn’t be excited about the prospect of seeing a mammoth?” she allowed. “But the practicalities of doing it are actually quite terrifying.” And as a conservation strategy, “it’s a bit useless. It’s dressed up as conservation, but it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jones, this isn’t about de-extinction. “It’s about creating new species. They’re just flashy GMOs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some senior conservation biologists refuse to engage with the topic because they think it’s not a legitimate debate, Jones told me. “But I think it’s kind of inevitable that this is going to happen whether it’s Stewart Brand or someone in their back garden.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the question of what you do with a species you’ve revived. Jamie Rappaport Clark, who served as head of US Fish and Wildlife under the Clinton Administration and now leads Defenders of Wildlife, urged de-extinction proponents to consider the politics of reviving species. De-extinction could justify stalling action on restoring habitat or saving species, for example. That would have doomed the Florida panther, which received an influx of genes from airlifted Texas cougars under her watch in a desperate move to save the big cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also worried that de-extinction will provide political cover for defunding conservation. “They’ll say, ‘We shouldn’t be funding recovery and preventing the extinction of species because we have a way out.’ It will undermine the entire integrity of the ESA, which is already under serious distress now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\" alt=\"Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\" width=\"640\" height=\"474\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3954\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During a roundtable discussion, Brand raised the prospect of bringing back the saber-toothed cat to California to replace lost ecological roles of predators, at which point Bonham leapt up from his chair, joking, “I’m out of here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He retrieved a piece a paper from his brief case and returned to tell Brand a story about the public’s uneasy relationship with predators. “We shot the last wolf in California about 100 years ago,” Bonham said. “One month after I came on the job, we got our first wolf back in California in 100 years.” Half the state wants him to create a wolf preserve. The other half wants to see history repeated. “We’re not ready,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonham read a passage from the 1982 Fish and Wildlife grizzly bear recovery plan. “This is an animal that cannot compromise or adjust its way of life to ours. Could not by its very nature, could not even if we allowed it the opportunity, which we did not.” The only place for the grizzly bear in California remains on the state flag. “How in the world do you expect a saber tooth to fare any better than…the grizzly bear?” he asked Brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brand did not answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones asked Brand if any of the concerns conference participants raised about de-extinctinon had altered his vision. “Not yet,” he answered. “It makes me more determined…that we make completely sure that everybody understands that de-extinction and conservation are in no way competitive.” He said there’s now a generation of kids who now want to see woolly mammoths in a zoo. “When they do I think they’ll adopt a non-tragic relationship to nature and conservation with a sense that humans can…undo even serious damage like extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Hadly, a Stanford paleontologist and Paul S. and Billie Achilles Chair of Environmental Biology, helped craft the recent call to action to policymakers. She thinks laboratory innovation rather than on-the-ground research is behind the de-extinction push. Funding for ecology and conservation pales compared to the big grants funding genomics and synthetic biology. Although she’s at Stanford, Hadly did not attend the conference. It pains her to think about what that money could do to protect the species already here—some hanging on by a thread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way we’re killing elephants now, we won’t have any more left in 10 or 20 years, she said. “And people are talking about mammoths? First of all, they were alive in an ice age. This is the completely wrong environment to bring them back to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She calls de-extinction “gee-whiz science at its worst” and thinks justifying it in terms of genetic diversity and ecosystem services makes no sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spending money to reintroduce recently lost existing species—even California’s grizzly bear—and restore habitat is a much better use of our time and energy”, she said. “Without habitat restoration”, she added, “the 750 mountain gorillas left on the planet won’t make it. I’d much rather combine the tiger subspecies together to create a better genetic reservoir than bring back some extinct organism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark, who spent her career working with species on the brink of extinction, offered a similar view. “The real question,” she told me, “is why would we spend all this energy and effort to bring back ancient animals but let so many others just disappear?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been spending a lot of time thinking about our moral obligation to future generations. “Is it to create a couple of sad woolly mammoths that live in a zoo? Or is it to save the wolves and the panther and the Delhi sands flower-loving flies and the fisheries?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Clark, there’s no question. “We need to do a better job of stewarding what we have,” she said, “before we go rushing off after cool science experiments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Note: Scientists think woolly mammoths were \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/elephantidae.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">roughly the same size as Asian elephants\u003c/a>, though the Columbian mammoth (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/rancho-la-brea/about-zed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which once lived in California\u003c/a>) was bigger.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"As conservation scientists struggle to stem the catastrophic loss of biodiversity, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. Some believe it's the right thing to do to atone for driving species extinct. But many conservation biologists say it's far more important to save those still among us.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1704935673,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":39,"wordCount":2456},"headData":{"title":"De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived? | KQED","description":"As conservation scientists struggle to stem the catastrophic loss of biodiversity, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. Some believe it's the right thing to do to atone for driving species extinct. But many conservation biologists say it's far more important to save those still among us.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"De-Extinction Debate: Should Extinct Species Be Revived?","datePublished":"2013-06-05T08:00:45.000Z","dateModified":"2024-01-11T01:14:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"sticky":false,"path":"/science/3935/deextinction-debate-should-extinct-species-be-revived","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3950\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3950\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-3950 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/woollymammoth-e1370469708815.jpg\" alt=\"Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age, in the Pleistocene, until planetary warming--which the most recent evidence suggests came from a meteorite--killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Woolly mammoths thrived during the last ice age until rapid planetary warming–which the most recent evidence suggests followed a meteor strike–killed them off thousands of years ago. (Image: Mauricio Anton, PLOS Biology)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last month, hundreds of experts who study human-environment interactions called on policymakers to take immediate action to curb humanity’s ecologically destructive ways. Accelerating trends of human-driven extinction, ecosystem loss, climate change, pollution, and consumption, the scientists wrote in \u003ca href=\"http://mahb.stanford.edu/consensus-statement-from-global-scientists/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a consensus statement\u003c/a>, “are threatening the life-support systems upon which we all depend.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If current rates of extinction continue, the statement warns, we could see the loss of 75 percent of vertebrate species within three centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As conservation scientists struggle to stem the \u003ca href=\"http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/barnosky/Barnosky%20et%20al%20Sixth%20Extinction%20Nature.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">catastrophic loss of biodiversity\u003c/a>, some synthetic biologists are working to bring extinct species back to life. You might think the two groups would be working together. But until recently, most conservation biologists knew little of the so-called “Revive and Restore” movement, which until the TEDxDeExtinction conference in March, had been meeting largely behind closed doors.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Following a private meeting of “de-extinction” pioneers at Harvard Medical School last February, the National Geographic Society and San Francisco’s Long Now Foundation brought molecular biologists and conservation biologists together in October to discuss strategies for resurrecting extinct species. The organizers admitted just one journalist to the October meeting, and orchestrated media coverage of de-extinction with the \u003ca href=\"http://www.ted.com/tedx/events/7650\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TEDx conference\u003c/a> and a National Geographic cover story a few weeks later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/revive/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Revive and Restore Project\u003c/a> is the brainchild of \u003ca href=\"http://longnow.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Long Now Foundation\u003c/a> co-founder Stewart Brand and his wife Ryan Phelan, a serial entrepreneur who most recently sold her consumer genetic testing business DNA Direct to Fortune 500 company Medco. Their top candidates for de-extinction include the passenger pigeon and the woolly mammoth. Brand and Phelan promote the project as a way to restore lost genetic diversity with its mission of ensuring “deep ecological enrichment through extinct species revival.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some working on the front lines of biodiversity conservation are skeptical. In a \u003ca href=\"http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001530\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">commentary published in April\u003c/a>, leading conservation scientists noted that few of their colleagues had considered synthetic biology’s potential effects on conservation, even though it might “transform…the prospects for maintaining biodiversity.” The authors outlined several ways that recreated extinct organisms could potentially affect strategic biodiversity goals—some positive, many negative. Their point was that no one knows, but conservation biologists better start paying attention (see chart, below).\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3953\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/pbiogoals-e1370477025321.jpg\" alt=\"Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity's Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3953\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Examples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity TargetsExamples of how synthetic biology, promised or developed at even modest scales, could significantly affect the Aichi Biodiversity Targets, adopted by the 2010 Convention on Biodiversity’s Conference of the Parties. Click the image to see a larger version. (PLOS Biology, Redford et al.)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hank Greely, director of Stanford University’s Center for Law and the Biosciences, admits a longstanding fascination with the prospect of reviving extinct species, but couldn’t decide whether it was really a good idea. So he organized a \u003ca href=\"http://www.law.stanford.edu/event/2013/05/31/de-extinction-ethics-law-politics\">conference at Stanford last week\u003c/a> and invited philosophers, lawyers, biologists, and wildlife professionals to think through the complex ethical, legal and political issues de-extinction raises.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think one of the reasons this issue has bubbled to the surface so quickly is that the technology is converging with the coolness of the idea of bringing things back, mixing with a sense of guilt we feel with driving things extinct,” University of Kansas law professor Andrew Torrance told me. But de-extinction raises several “definitional conundrums,” he said in this talk. Are de-extinct organisms GMOs? Invasive species?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And where would a resurrected species fit into environmental law? Conference co-organizer Alex Camacho, director of UC Irvine’s Law Center for Land, Environment and Natural Resources, said the Endangered Species Act has no framework for de-extinction, since its creators couldn’t possibly have imagined the prospect. Shortly after revival of an organism, a species could potentially be listed as endangered, but is it the same species? A new species? An endangered species? The ESA \u003ca href=\"http://www.fws.gov/endangered/improving_esa/SPR_draft_policy_FAQs_FINAL_12-7-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defines endangered\u003c/a> as “in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” But what is its range? Does it have a range? Presumably not, if you have one organism sitting in a lab, Camacho said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chuck Bonham, who directs the state’s Department of Fish and Wildlife agency but was not representing the agency at the conference, wrestled with the management implications of de-extinction. “How can you be extinct if you’re always available for revival?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>De-extinction technology\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Technologies for recreating extinct species include back-breeding, cloning and genetic engineering. Though all have the potential to accomplish the task, said Beth Shapiro, an evolutionary biologist and ancient-DNA expert at the University of California at Santa Cruz, they also have drawbacks.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With back-breeding, scientists identify traits in the closest living relative and selectively breed offspring expressing desired traits until the animals resemble their extinct cousins. Sequencing bone and tooth fragments from extinct species speeds up the work of homing in on similar genome sequences in closely related descendants. Scientists in the Netherlands are using this approach to \u003ca href=\"http://www.taurosproject.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recreate the auroch\u003c/a>, giant wild European cattle that went extinct in 1627, from domestic cattle. Cattle have a generation time of three to six years. Trying to revive mammoths from increasingly bigger and hairier elephants, which start reproducing on average at 20 to 25 years, could take centuries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>More problematic is cloning, where scientists remove the nucleus of an egg cell, replace it with the nucleus from a donor cell, tweak it to grow as an embryo and implant it in a surrogate mother. The process is highly fraught. Dolly, the famous cloned sheep, was the only lamb \u003ca href=\"http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/Biol540/12cloningfullCSS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">born out of 277 attempts\u003c/a>—all the other clones died in utero or shortly after birth. In what’s considered the first successful de-extinction using this method, a Pyrenean ibex (a large wild goat that went extinct less than 15 years ago) carried by a hybrid ibex-goat, lived all of 12 minutes, and all in acute respiratory distress.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If researchers attempt this with elephants as surrogates, it’s likely that the much smaller elephant mother would not fare well carrying a mammoth to term.* That doesn’t account for the ethics of turning such highly intelligent social animals, who appear to grieve the death of their kin, into mammoth-resurrection machines.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3960\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 256px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-3960\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3960\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Passenger_Pigeon_001.jpg\" alt=\"A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\" width=\"256\" height=\"354\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A specimen of the passenger pigeon, (Ectopistes migratorius), at Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. Passenger pigeons once numbered in the billions. Overhunting and habitat loss led to a catastrophic decline within 20 years, and extinction by 1914.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Both methods, however, require intact genomes, which means you’d have to freeze cell lines taken from species before they went extinct. “If we’re going to de-extinct something that’s any older than something that we recently killed, we’re stuck with ancient DNA,” Shapiro said. And that means dealing with tiny fragments of DNA that are often tainted with bacteria and other contaminants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That leaves genome editing, finding the sequences that code for traits of interest and pasting them into an existing genome. But researchers are still refining methods to find the right place in the genome and deliver the DNA without creating problems like cancer. An even bigger problem is figuring out which parts of the genome make a mammoth woolly, the sea cow so big or passenger pigeons flock together, Shapiro said. Even if you could reconstruct the genome of an extinct species, the jump to assigning function to sequences is enormous.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Given all these issues, Shapiro said, “I think we should consider deeply \u003cem>why\u003c/em> do we want to de-extinct things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And that, for many working to conserve biodiversity, is the primary question. “Conservation biologists worry that if people think we can revive species they won’t care about protecting what’s left,” said Kate Jones, joint chair of ecology and biodiversity at University of College London and the Zoological Society of London.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones, who spent most of her career thinking about what makes species go extinct, told me she understands the appeal of de-extinction. “Who wouldn’t be excited about the prospect of seeing a mammoth?” she allowed. “But the practicalities of doing it are actually quite terrifying.” And as a conservation strategy, “it’s a bit useless. It’s dressed up as conservation, but it’s not.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Jones, this isn’t about de-extinction. “It’s about creating new species. They’re just flashy GMOs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some senior conservation biologists refuse to engage with the topic because they think it’s not a legitimate debate, Jones told me. “But I think it’s kind of inevitable that this is going to happen whether it’s Stewart Brand or someone in their back garden.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then there’s the question of what you do with a species you’ve revived. Jamie Rappaport Clark, who served as head of US Fish and Wildlife under the Clinton Administration and now leads Defenders of Wildlife, urged de-extinction proponents to consider the politics of reviving species. De-extinction could justify stalling action on restoring habitat or saving species, for example. That would have doomed the Florida panther, which received an influx of genes from airlifted Texas cougars under her watch in a desperate move to save the big cat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s also worried that de-extinction will provide political cover for defunding conservation. “They’ll say, ‘We shouldn’t be funding recovery and preventing the extinction of species because we have a way out.’ It will undermine the entire integrity of the ESA, which is already under serious distress now.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_3954\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/science/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2013/06/Buffalo-Skulls-1870-e1370476943363.jpg\" alt=\"Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\" width=\"640\" height=\"474\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3954\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for fertilizer, circa 1870. (Burton Historical Collection/Detroit Public Library/Public domain)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>During a roundtable discussion, Brand raised the prospect of bringing back the saber-toothed cat to California to replace lost ecological roles of predators, at which point Bonham leapt up from his chair, joking, “I’m out of here!”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He retrieved a piece a paper from his brief case and returned to tell Brand a story about the public’s uneasy relationship with predators. “We shot the last wolf in California about 100 years ago,” Bonham said. “One month after I came on the job, we got our first wolf back in California in 100 years.” Half the state wants him to create a wolf preserve. The other half wants to see history repeated. “We’re not ready,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bonham read a passage from the 1982 Fish and Wildlife grizzly bear recovery plan. “This is an animal that cannot compromise or adjust its way of life to ours. Could not by its very nature, could not even if we allowed it the opportunity, which we did not.” The only place for the grizzly bear in California remains on the state flag. “How in the world do you expect a saber tooth to fare any better than…the grizzly bear?” he asked Brand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Brand did not answer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jones asked Brand if any of the concerns conference participants raised about de-extinctinon had altered his vision. “Not yet,” he answered. “It makes me more determined…that we make completely sure that everybody understands that de-extinction and conservation are in no way competitive.” He said there’s now a generation of kids who now want to see woolly mammoths in a zoo. “When they do I think they’ll adopt a non-tragic relationship to nature and conservation with a sense that humans can…undo even serious damage like extinction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elizabeth Hadly, a Stanford paleontologist and Paul S. and Billie Achilles Chair of Environmental Biology, helped craft the recent call to action to policymakers. She thinks laboratory innovation rather than on-the-ground research is behind the de-extinction push. Funding for ecology and conservation pales compared to the big grants funding genomics and synthetic biology. Although she’s at Stanford, Hadly did not attend the conference. It pains her to think about what that money could do to protect the species already here—some hanging on by a thread.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The way we’re killing elephants now, we won’t have any more left in 10 or 20 years, she said. “And people are talking about mammoths? First of all, they were alive in an ice age. This is the completely wrong environment to bring them back to.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She calls de-extinction “gee-whiz science at its worst” and thinks justifying it in terms of genetic diversity and ecosystem services makes no sense.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Spending money to reintroduce recently lost existing species—even California’s grizzly bear—and restore habitat is a much better use of our time and energy”, she said. “Without habitat restoration”, she added, “the 750 mountain gorillas left on the planet won’t make it. I’d much rather combine the tiger subspecies together to create a better genetic reservoir than bring back some extinct organism.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clark, who spent her career working with species on the brink of extinction, offered a similar view. “The real question,” she told me, “is why would we spend all this energy and effort to bring back ancient animals but let so many others just disappear?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She’s been spending a lot of time thinking about our moral obligation to future generations. “Is it to create a couple of sad woolly mammoths that live in a zoo? Or is it to save the wolves and the panther and the Delhi sands flower-loving flies and the fisheries?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Clark, there’s no question. “We need to do a better job of stewarding what we have,” she said, “before we go rushing off after cool science experiments.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>*Note: Scientists think woolly mammoths were \u003ca href=\"http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/mesaxonia/elephantidae.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">roughly the same size as Asian elephants\u003c/a>, though the Columbian mammoth (\u003ca href=\"http://www.nhm.org/site/research-collections/rancho-la-brea/about-zed\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">which once lived in California\u003c/a>) was bigger.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/science/3935/deextinction-debate-should-extinct-species-be-revived","authors":["6322"],"categories":["science_30","science_31","science_35"],"tags":["science_259","science_261","science_260"],"featImg":"science_3950","label":"science"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. 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But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. 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Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. 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