Dumpster Fire, Mansplain and Welp Just Got Added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary
Literally Now Also Means Figuratively: A History of Controversial Dictionary Additions
The Smiley Face Dilemma: Using (and Abusing) the World's Most Popular Emoticon
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It's the metaphor we wouldn't want to live without — though the dictionary says the phrase's first-known usage was just ten years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-102525 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2018/03/dumpster-fire-gif.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"299\" height=\"200\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If a word is frequently used enough by \u003cem>some \u003c/em>people, it has to be placed into a reference for \u003cem>all \u003c/em>people,\" Merriam-Webster editor-at-large Peter Sokolowski tells NPR. He says the word has turned up often enough in print — and on social media — to merit its inclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Merriam-Webster sadly didn't release the full list of new words, the additions \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/new-words-in-the-dictionary-march-2018\">announced today\u003c/a> are like a Lexicographer's Guide to 2018 — in all its self-conscious, millennial-obsessed glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/embiggen\">embiggen\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mansplain\">mansplain\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hate-watch\">hate-watch\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glamping\">Glamping\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-care\">self-care\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/welp\">welp\u003c/a>. And just in case you feel compelled to render a diagnosis: here's a definition for \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/narcissistic%20personality%20disorder\">narcissistic personality disorder\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-102526 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2018/03/tenor.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"172\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jargon gets its day, too. See \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bandwidth\">bandwidth\u003c/a>'s third meaning: \"the emotional or mental capacity necessary to do or consider something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the novelty of these terms, Sokolowski says Merriam-Webster isn't trying to emulate Urban Dictionary — which has had \u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Dumpster%20Fire\">a definition for dumpster fire\u003c/a> since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Informal and vulgar language changes more quickly than standard English, Sokolowski says, and Urban Dictionary is valuable because it records changes in informal language in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But we, as a dictionary, are not looking in real time. We are kind of a lag indicator, in financial terms,\" he explains. \"We are really interested in the terms that are here to stay, that we are very unlikely to ever take away from the dictionary.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dumpster fire is always going to be in the dictionary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he cautions that lexicographers make terrible prognosticators, Sokolowski thinks the term will last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phrase had narrow usage on Reddit, he says, before blossoming into a go-to meme on Facebook and Twitter for a wide array of disasters – be they cultural, political or sporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Its breadth is so great today, I am relatively sure it's here to stay,\" he says. \"It's been used so broadly, in the last two to three years especially, that people in the future will have to know what it meant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Phrase+For+Our+Time%3A+Merriam-Webster+Adds+%27Dumpster+Fire%27+To+Dictionary&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"If the last couple of years could be summed up in three terms, these new additions would do the job. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1520369790,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":20,"wordCount":461},"headData":{"title":"Dumpster Fire, Mansplain and Welp Just Got Added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary | KQED","description":"If the last couple of years could be summed up in three terms, these new additions would do the job. ","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Dumpster Fire, Mansplain and Welp Just Got Added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary","datePublished":"2018-03-06T21:25:27.000Z","dateModified":"2018-03-06T20:56:30.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"102520 https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/?p=102520","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/2018/03/06/dumpster-fire-mansplain-and-welp-just-got-added-to-the-merriam-webster-dictionary/","disqusTitle":"Dumpster Fire, Mansplain and Welp Just Got Added to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary","nprImageCredit":"Renee Klahr","nprByline":"Laurel Wamsley","nprImageAgency":"NPR","nprStoryId":"590919849","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=590919849&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/03/05/590919849/a-phrase-for-our-time-merriam-webster-adds-dumpster-fire-to-dictionary?ft=nprml&f=590919849","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 05 Mar 2018 16:54:00 -0500","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 05 Mar 2018 16:32:00 -0500","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 05 Mar 2018 16:54:25 -0500","path":"/pop/102520/dumpster-fire-mansplain-and-welp-just-got-added-to-the-merriam-webster-dictionary","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>What qualifies as a dumpster fire depends on who's watching, but \u003ca href=\"https://www.oyez.org/justices/potter_stewart\">you tend know it when you see it.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But if \u003cem>forced \u003c/em>to define it for someone not prone to hashtagging, you might quote Merriam-Webster:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dumpster%20fire\">Dumpster fire\u003c/a> (noun, US informal): \"an utterly calamitous or mismanaged situation or occurrence: disaster.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>The gleefully catastrophic phrase is one of 850 new additions to the online dictionary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Dumpster fire\u003c/em>'s inclusion marks a crowning moment for the treasured declaration and \u003ca href=\"https://giphy.com/gifs/fire-dumpster-26FPy3QZQqGtDcrja\">its oft-tweeted GIF\u003c/a>. It's the metaphor we wouldn't want to live without — though the dictionary says the phrase's first-known usage was just ten years ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-102525 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2018/03/dumpster-fire-gif.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"299\" height=\"200\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If a word is frequently used enough by \u003cem>some \u003c/em>people, it has to be placed into a reference for \u003cem>all \u003c/em>people,\" Merriam-Webster editor-at-large Peter Sokolowski tells NPR. He says the word has turned up often enough in print — and on social media — to merit its inclusion.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though Merriam-Webster sadly didn't release the full list of new words, the additions \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/new-words-in-the-dictionary-march-2018\">announced today\u003c/a> are like a Lexicographer's Guide to 2018 — in all its self-conscious, millennial-obsessed glory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/embiggen\">embiggen\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mansplain\">mansplain\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hate-watch\">hate-watch\u003c/a>. \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/glamping\">Glamping\u003c/a>, \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-care\">self-care\u003c/a>, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/welp\">welp\u003c/a>. And just in case you feel compelled to render a diagnosis: here's a definition for \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/narcissistic%20personality%20disorder\">narcissistic personality disorder\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-102526 aligncenter\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2018/03/tenor.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"220\" height=\"172\">\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jargon gets its day, too. See \u003ca href=\"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bandwidth\">bandwidth\u003c/a>'s third meaning: \"the emotional or mental capacity necessary to do or consider something.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite the novelty of these terms, Sokolowski says Merriam-Webster isn't trying to emulate Urban Dictionary — which has had \u003ca href=\"https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Dumpster%20Fire\">a definition for dumpster fire\u003c/a> since 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Informal and vulgar language changes more quickly than standard English, Sokolowski says, and Urban Dictionary is valuable because it records changes in informal language in real time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"But we, as a dictionary, are not looking in real time. We are kind of a lag indicator, in financial terms,\" he explains. \"We are really interested in the terms that are here to stay, that we are very unlikely to ever take away from the dictionary.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Dumpster fire is always going to be in the dictionary?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though he cautions that lexicographers make terrible prognosticators, Sokolowski thinks the term will last.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The phrase had narrow usage on Reddit, he says, before blossoming into a go-to meme on Facebook and Twitter for a wide array of disasters – be they cultural, political or sporting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Its breadth is so great today, I am relatively sure it's here to stay,\" he says. \"It's been used so broadly, in the last two to three years especially, that people in the future will have to know what it meant.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">\u003cem>Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=A+Phrase+For+Our+Time%3A+Merriam-Webster+Adds+%27Dumpster+Fire%27+To+Dictionary&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/em>\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/pop/102520/dumpster-fire-mansplain-and-welp-just-got-added-to-the-merriam-webster-dictionary","authors":["byline_pop_102520"],"categories":["pop_1041"],"tags":["pop_1153"],"featImg":"pop_102521","label":"pop"},"pop_8836":{"type":"posts","id":"pop_8836","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"pop","id":"8836","score":null,"sort":[1380826812000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"literally-now-also-means-figuratively-a-history-of-controversial-dictionary-additions","title":"Literally Now Also Means Figuratively: A History of Controversial Dictionary Additions","publishDate":1380826812,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Pop | KQED Arts","labelTerm":{"site":"pop"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8837\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-8837\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/10/verbing_weirds_language.gif\" alt=\"verbing_weirds_language\" width=\"800\" height=\"254\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I will take any opportunity to use this Calvin & Hobbes strip. Image via \u003ca href=\"//www.gocomics.com/calvinandhobbes/1993/01/25#.Uk2ruYasim4\">Go Comics\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I am not language police, nor do I play a word cop on TV (mental note: pitch a pilot for a show about word cops). That said, I admit that I’ve been known to cringe over bad spelling or blatant misuse of some words in writing. I have a few pet peeves: chiefly, shortening of words when the full word isn’t even that long, and excessive use of hyperbole in non-dramatic situations. (I know, that’s totes ridic, but it’s THE absolute worst.) I’m not, however, going to insist that everyone use the Queen’s English, sentences and clauses stripped of any sense of modern exuberance. I’d like to continue being invited to friends’ parties and important life events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linguist Ferdinand de Saussure \u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/354299-time-changes-all-things-there-is-no-reason-why-language\" target=\"_blank\">said\u003c/a>, “Time changes all things: there is no reason why language should escape this universal law.” Over the decades, a lot of new terms have become part of \u003ca href=\"http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2013/08/new-words-august-2013/\" target=\"_blank\">our daily lexicon\u003c/a> while some have \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/08/the-rad-new-words-added-to-the-dictionary-in-the-90s-where-are-they-now/279145/\" target=\"_blank\">faded into obscurity\u003c/a>. The most recent additions to the Oxford Dictionary Online include such terms as “squee,” “srsly” and “jorts.” While the world of lexicography isn’t exactly a hotbed of drama and intrigue, it’s still seen its share of controversy. When \u003cem>Webster’s New International Dictionary, Third Edition\u003c/em> was published in 1961, its editor Philip Gove didn’t make too many friends over it. Gove not only expanded previous definitions, but he also introduced over 100,000 new entries to the dictionary, incorporating slang and providing context for word use. While some changes he made to the categorization and structure of the dictionary were drastic, he was mostly in the Saussure school of thought \u003ca href=\"http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2009/julyaugust/feature/ain%E2%80%99t-the-truth\" target=\"_blank\">when he said\u003c/a>, “The basic responsibility of a dictionary is to record language, not set its style.” Unfortunately, while he tried to build a reference volume that would reflect the cultural shifts in the usage of the English language, Gove was also pilloried for supposedly trying to destroy \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/when-a-dictionary-could-outrage.html?_r=1&\" target=\"_blank\">“every surviving influence that makes for the upholding of standards.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gove’s attempt at practical and objective documentation aside, the history of many modern words and their common use is pretty fascinating, regardless of how you might feel about them. Presented here for your edutainment (yes, that’s also an accepted term) is a small smattering of words, some surrounded in controversy, some just plain interesting. Let’s start with one of the most reviled culprits, “literally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>lit·er·al·ly\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nadverb\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. in a literal manner or sense; exactly.\u003cbr>\n2. (informal) used for emphasis or to express strong feeling while not being literally true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This secondary definition for the word tiptoed into \u003ca href=\"http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/informal-literally-definition-creeps-into-dictionaries_b66376\" target=\"_blank\">online versions\u003c/a> of such dictionaries as the \u003cem>OED\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Merriam-Webster\u003c/em> a couple of years ago. Taking its place alongside words like “fast” or “awful,” “literally” has now become an \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-antonym\" target=\"_blank\">auto-antonym\u003c/a> – a word with two meanings that contradict each other. But while there has been quite a bit of clamoring over this recently, many esteemed figures of literature have been using the word as hyperbole for several centuries. “Lily, the caretaker’s daughter, was literally run off her feet,” wrote James Joyce in \u003cem>Dubliners\u003c/em>. Or how about \u003cem>Pale Fire\u003c/em>, Vladimir Nabokov’s poem-novel:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All colors made me happy: even gray.\u003cbr>\nMy eyes were such that literally they\u003cbr>\nTook photographs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word’s use as an “intensifier” \u003ca href=\"http://stancarey.wordpress.com/2011/01/31/literally-centuries-of-non-literal-literally/\" target=\"_blank\">goes back even further than modern fiction\u003c/a>. There’s something to be said for the power “literally” has in continuing to stir up debate, even after \u003ca href=\"http://xkcd.com/1108/\" target=\"_blank\">a visit from the Cautionary Ghost\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ir·re·gard·less\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nadjective & adverb\u003cbr>\n1. regardless\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word is considered non-standard – basically, its existence is acknowledged, but still not welcomed with open arms. It’s one of those words that’s like your rude, jocular third cousin at the family reunion. Picking through the canapés and mingling with the guests, his or her presence is accepted very begrudgingly and everyone averts their eyes when it’s time for a drunken, fully clothed belly flop into the pool. Irregardless, cousin continues being invited to all social functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem like a lazy term that has popped up fairly recently, but its usage actually can be traced to at least 1912, but \u003ca href=\"http://motivatedgrammar.wordpress.com/2009/08/31/irregardless-has-a-posse/\" target=\"_blank\">perhaps even earlier\u003c/a>. Should we keep using it? This is one of those instances where I would personally err on the side of caution and simply say “regardless.” It’s a couple of letters shorter, but it still means the exact same thing. On the other hand, I won’t begrudge you if you think it’s a perfectly \u003ca href=\"http://www.cracked.com/article_15269_from-cromulent-to-craptacular-top-12-simpsons-created-words_p2.html\" target=\"_blank\">cromulent\u003c/a> word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mc·Job\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nnoun\u003cbr>\n1. a low-paying job that requires little skill and provides little opportunity for advancement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word gained popularity in 1991 when Douglas Coupland included it in his satirical novel \u003cem>Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture\u003c/em>, but its appearance in print goes further back than that. In 1986, sociologist Amitai Etzioni published an article titled \"The Fast-Food Factories: McJobs are Bad for Kids,\" in which he thoroughly criticized places like McDonald's, KFC and the like as detrimental to the growth and education of teenagers they employed. Etzioni described the fast-food chains as \u003ca href=\"http://amitaietzioni.org/documents/B170.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">“breeding grounds for robots working for yesterday's assembly lines, not tomorrow's high-tech posts.”\u003c/a> Going to need some ice for that burn. Mostly due to Coupland’s popularization of the word, though, McDonald's complained, indignant at the disrespect aimed at the company by associating it with \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3255883.stm\" target=\"_blank\">such a negative definition\u003c/a>. It’s hard to feel sympathetic to a multi-million dollar corporation when they \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/07/mcdonalds-cant-figure-out-how-its-workers-survive-on-minimum-wage/277845/\" target=\"_blank\">do stuff like this\u003c/a>, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>hip·ster\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nnoun\u003cbr>\n1. a person who follows the latest trends and fashions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methinks it’s time for an expanded definition for the word “hipster.” Considering how often it’s trotted out in articles, conversations and lists on Buzzfeed, it could be defined as “member of an arbitrarily categorized group of individuals or trends that journalists don’t quite know how to tackle but feel like they should still say something about it, right?” In his piece \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/life/culturebox/2013/09/proud_of_being_a_hipster_one_bearded_indie_rock_loving_contrarian_article.html\" target=\"_blank\">on \u003cem>Slate\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Luke O’Neil points out that the word has become “a choose-your-own-ending story where every option leads to the same page, you standing there in some silly hat or other.” The etymology of the word itself is almost as much debated and divergent as the definition of a hipster. Due in part to the research David Dalby, a scholar of West African languages, some credence has been given to the word “hip/hep” deriving from the Wolof “hipi” – “to open one’s eyes.” The first written definition of “hipster” appeared on Harry Gibson’s 1944 album “Boogie Woogie in Blue,” defined as \u003ca href=\"http://www.listsofnote.com/2011/12/for-characters-who-dont-dig-jive-talk.html\" target=\"_blank\">“characters who like hot jazz.”\u003c/a> Maybe rigorously researching the etymology of the word can be the next cool thing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, that was fun. I’d like to give a shout out to two more words: avocado and dord. Avocado, because I couldn’t help but giggle like a teenager when I first found out that the fruit gets its name from āhuacatl, the Nahuan word for “testicles.” Dord, on the other hand, is the little word that could. It never should have existed, but it made its way into the dictionary regardless and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fun-with-words.com/websters_dord.html\" target=\"_blank\">stuck around for a number of years\u003c/a>. You can be a word if you like, dord, go on.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The intrigue and scandal of changing dictionary definitions!","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1392072584,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1357},"headData":{"title":"Literally Now Also Means Figuratively: A History of Controversial Dictionary Additions | KQED","description":"The intrigue and scandal of changing dictionary definitions!","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Literally Now Also Means Figuratively: A History of Controversial Dictionary Additions","datePublished":"2013-10-03T19:00:12.000Z","dateModified":"2014-02-10T22:49:44.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"8836 http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/?p=8836","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/2013/10/03/literally-now-also-means-figuratively-a-history-of-controversial-dictionary-additions/","disqusTitle":"Literally Now Also Means Figuratively: A History of Controversial Dictionary Additions","path":"/pop/8836/literally-now-also-means-figuratively-a-history-of-controversial-dictionary-additions","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_8837\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-8837\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/10/verbing_weirds_language.gif\" alt=\"verbing_weirds_language\" width=\"800\" height=\"254\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">I will take any opportunity to use this Calvin & Hobbes strip. Image via \u003ca href=\"//www.gocomics.com/calvinandhobbes/1993/01/25#.Uk2ruYasim4\">Go Comics\u003c/a>.\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>I am not language police, nor do I play a word cop on TV (mental note: pitch a pilot for a show about word cops). That said, I admit that I’ve been known to cringe over bad spelling or blatant misuse of some words in writing. I have a few pet peeves: chiefly, shortening of words when the full word isn’t even that long, and excessive use of hyperbole in non-dramatic situations. (I know, that’s totes ridic, but it’s THE absolute worst.) I’m not, however, going to insist that everyone use the Queen’s English, sentences and clauses stripped of any sense of modern exuberance. I’d like to continue being invited to friends’ parties and important life events.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Linguist Ferdinand de Saussure \u003ca href=\"https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/354299-time-changes-all-things-there-is-no-reason-why-language\" target=\"_blank\">said\u003c/a>, “Time changes all things: there is no reason why language should escape this universal law.” Over the decades, a lot of new terms have become part of \u003ca href=\"http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2013/08/new-words-august-2013/\" target=\"_blank\">our daily lexicon\u003c/a> while some have \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/08/the-rad-new-words-added-to-the-dictionary-in-the-90s-where-are-they-now/279145/\" target=\"_blank\">faded into obscurity\u003c/a>. The most recent additions to the Oxford Dictionary Online include such terms as “squee,” “srsly” and “jorts.” While the world of lexicography isn’t exactly a hotbed of drama and intrigue, it’s still seen its share of controversy. When \u003cem>Webster’s New International Dictionary, Third Edition\u003c/em> was published in 1961, its editor Philip Gove didn’t make too many friends over it. Gove not only expanded previous definitions, but he also introduced over 100,000 new entries to the dictionary, incorporating slang and providing context for word use. While some changes he made to the categorization and structure of the dictionary were drastic, he was mostly in the Saussure school of thought \u003ca href=\"http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2009/julyaugust/feature/ain%E2%80%99t-the-truth\" target=\"_blank\">when he said\u003c/a>, “The basic responsibility of a dictionary is to record language, not set its style.” Unfortunately, while he tried to build a reference volume that would reflect the cultural shifts in the usage of the English language, Gove was also pilloried for supposedly trying to destroy \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/books/review/when-a-dictionary-could-outrage.html?_r=1&\" target=\"_blank\">“every surviving influence that makes for the upholding of standards.”\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Gove’s attempt at practical and objective documentation aside, the history of many modern words and their common use is pretty fascinating, regardless of how you might feel about them. Presented here for your edutainment (yes, that’s also an accepted term) is a small smattering of words, some surrounded in controversy, some just plain interesting. Let’s start with one of the most reviled culprits, “literally.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>lit·er·al·ly\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nadverb\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. in a literal manner or sense; exactly.\u003cbr>\n2. (informal) used for emphasis or to express strong feeling while not being literally true.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This secondary definition for the word tiptoed into \u003ca href=\"http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/informal-literally-definition-creeps-into-dictionaries_b66376\" target=\"_blank\">online versions\u003c/a> of such dictionaries as the \u003cem>OED\u003c/em> and \u003cem>Merriam-Webster\u003c/em> a couple of years ago. Taking its place alongside words like “fast” or “awful,” “literally” has now become an \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-antonym\" target=\"_blank\">auto-antonym\u003c/a> – a word with two meanings that contradict each other. But while there has been quite a bit of clamoring over this recently, many esteemed figures of literature have been using the word as hyperbole for several centuries. “Lily, the caretaker’s daughter, was literally run off her feet,” wrote James Joyce in \u003cem>Dubliners\u003c/em>. Or how about \u003cem>Pale Fire\u003c/em>, Vladimir Nabokov’s poem-novel:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"All colors made me happy: even gray.\u003cbr>\nMy eyes were such that literally they\u003cbr>\nTook photographs.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word’s use as an “intensifier” \u003ca href=\"http://stancarey.wordpress.com/2011/01/31/literally-centuries-of-non-literal-literally/\" target=\"_blank\">goes back even further than modern fiction\u003c/a>. There’s something to be said for the power “literally” has in continuing to stir up debate, even after \u003ca href=\"http://xkcd.com/1108/\" target=\"_blank\">a visit from the Cautionary Ghost\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>ir·re·gard·less\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nadjective & adverb\u003cbr>\n1. regardless\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word is considered non-standard – basically, its existence is acknowledged, but still not welcomed with open arms. It’s one of those words that’s like your rude, jocular third cousin at the family reunion. Picking through the canapés and mingling with the guests, his or her presence is accepted very begrudgingly and everyone averts their eyes when it’s time for a drunken, fully clothed belly flop into the pool. Irregardless, cousin continues being invited to all social functions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It might seem like a lazy term that has popped up fairly recently, but its usage actually can be traced to at least 1912, but \u003ca href=\"http://motivatedgrammar.wordpress.com/2009/08/31/irregardless-has-a-posse/\" target=\"_blank\">perhaps even earlier\u003c/a>. Should we keep using it? This is one of those instances where I would personally err on the side of caution and simply say “regardless.” It’s a couple of letters shorter, but it still means the exact same thing. On the other hand, I won’t begrudge you if you think it’s a perfectly \u003ca href=\"http://www.cracked.com/article_15269_from-cromulent-to-craptacular-top-12-simpsons-created-words_p2.html\" target=\"_blank\">cromulent\u003c/a> word.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Mc·Job\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nnoun\u003cbr>\n1. a low-paying job that requires little skill and provides little opportunity for advancement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The word gained popularity in 1991 when Douglas Coupland included it in his satirical novel \u003cem>Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture\u003c/em>, but its appearance in print goes further back than that. In 1986, sociologist Amitai Etzioni published an article titled \"The Fast-Food Factories: McJobs are Bad for Kids,\" in which he thoroughly criticized places like McDonald's, KFC and the like as detrimental to the growth and education of teenagers they employed. Etzioni described the fast-food chains as \u003ca href=\"http://amitaietzioni.org/documents/B170.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">“breeding grounds for robots working for yesterday's assembly lines, not tomorrow's high-tech posts.”\u003c/a> Going to need some ice for that burn. Mostly due to Coupland’s popularization of the word, though, McDonald's complained, indignant at the disrespect aimed at the company by associating it with \u003ca href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/3255883.stm\" target=\"_blank\">such a negative definition\u003c/a>. It’s hard to feel sympathetic to a multi-million dollar corporation when they \u003ca href=\"http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/07/mcdonalds-cant-figure-out-how-its-workers-survive-on-minimum-wage/277845/\" target=\"_blank\">do stuff like this\u003c/a>, however.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>hip·ster\u003c/strong>\u003cbr>\nnoun\u003cbr>\n1. a person who follows the latest trends and fashions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Methinks it’s time for an expanded definition for the word “hipster.” Considering how often it’s trotted out in articles, conversations and lists on Buzzfeed, it could be defined as “member of an arbitrarily categorized group of individuals or trends that journalists don’t quite know how to tackle but feel like they should still say something about it, right?” In his piece \u003ca href=\"http://www.slate.com/articles/life/culturebox/2013/09/proud_of_being_a_hipster_one_bearded_indie_rock_loving_contrarian_article.html\" target=\"_blank\">on \u003cem>Slate\u003c/em>\u003c/a>, Luke O’Neil points out that the word has become “a choose-your-own-ending story where every option leads to the same page, you standing there in some silly hat or other.” The etymology of the word itself is almost as much debated and divergent as the definition of a hipster. Due in part to the research David Dalby, a scholar of West African languages, some credence has been given to the word “hip/hep” deriving from the Wolof “hipi” – “to open one’s eyes.” The first written definition of “hipster” appeared on Harry Gibson’s 1944 album “Boogie Woogie in Blue,” defined as \u003ca href=\"http://www.listsofnote.com/2011/12/for-characters-who-dont-dig-jive-talk.html\" target=\"_blank\">“characters who like hot jazz.”\u003c/a> Maybe rigorously researching the etymology of the word can be the next cool thing?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Well, that was fun. I’d like to give a shout out to two more words: avocado and dord. Avocado, because I couldn’t help but giggle like a teenager when I first found out that the fruit gets its name from āhuacatl, the Nahuan word for “testicles.” Dord, on the other hand, is the little word that could. It never should have existed, but it made its way into the dictionary regardless and \u003ca href=\"http://www.fun-with-words.com/websters_dord.html\" target=\"_blank\">stuck around for a number of years\u003c/a>. You can be a word if you like, dord, go on.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/pop/8836/literally-now-also-means-figuratively-a-history-of-controversial-dictionary-additions","authors":["2520"],"categories":["pop_1041"],"tags":["pop_1267","pop_242","pop_1153","pop_243"],"featImg":"pop_8838","label":"pop"},"pop_7751":{"type":"posts","id":"pop_7751","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"pop","id":"7751","score":null,"sort":[1377262850000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon","title":"The Smiley Face Dilemma: Using (and Abusing) the World's Most Popular Emoticon","publishDate":1377262850,"format":"aside","headTitle":"KQED Pop | KQED Arts","labelTerm":{"site":"pop"},"content":"\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/emo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7760\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emo.jpg\" alt=\"emo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emo.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emo-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image by Lizzy Acker\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To be honest, I've never been one for smiley faces. I've always felt I am just like one year too old for them. At my brother's high school graduation I listened to a popular teacher give his whole speech on the scourge of emoticons and I thought, \"really, this is a thing that happens?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My brother is 13 months younger than me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, I resisted the lure of the emoticon for a long time. I'm a writer, allegedly, so why couldn't I just use words to express my feelings? Or if a facial expression was required, why not just find the person I had an expression for and smile or frown at them? But like any trend in language that English majors decry--the preposition at the end of the sentence, saying \"me and Steve\" instead of \"Steve and I\"--the pull of the smiley was hard to resist. More and more of my communication started being in short written sentences: chats, texts, emails. I started being friends with AND RESPECTING several heavy smiley users. And because I am the kind of person who frequently does the exact thing she said she would never do, I decided to throw myself into the world of expression through colons and parenthesis and see what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After much intense, personal research on the subject of the most popular of all the emoticons, I have come up with the following findings:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Contrary to popular belief, it's okay to use smiley faces in work emails. SOMETIMES.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strangely enough, work was my gateway drug into emoticons. Here is the problem at work that the smiley has solved for me: that moment when someone has sent me an email thanking me for something I have done for them and I can't decide if I should respond or just leave it because there really isn't anything left to say but if I just leave it, will that be misconstrued as rude? Will the colleague think I am ignoring them or I don't care that they said thank you? Recently, I stopped freaking out and started responding: \":)\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, the smiley face works in the situation that an email chain is going on too long for any reason and needs to be stopped. At work, 🙂 means \"The End\" (please see exceptions to this rule about four paragraphs down).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stick with the classics.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A warning about work email: Outlook changes the simple 🙂 into a symbol that people outside of Outlook see as a \"J.\" This gets confusing (one co-worker told me he thought I was just really bad at typing for months before he figured out what was going on) so it's best to just undo and make it a straight up colon and closed parenthesis. The same can be said for basically all \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji\" target=\"_blank\">Emojis\u003c/a> on the phones of people who don't get Emojis. They look like alien bugs in swimsuits. My experience is it is best to save Emojis for silliness and Instagram comments. Someday we will all implicitly understand the meaning of baby frog face, side eye and ice cream cone, but for now \u003ca href=\"http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/disruptions-texting-your-feelings-symbol-by-symbol/?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\">those things can mean roughly anything\u003c/a> and before you know it, someone will be breaking up with you because of your weird skin condition and you will think they are just asking if you want to eat pizza for dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7756\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/emoji-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7756\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-7756 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emoji1.jpg\" alt=\"emoji\" width=\"427\" height=\"84\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emoji1.jpg 427w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emoji1-400x78.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Are you asking me to move out or to go surfing in Hawaii? WHAT IS HAPPENING?!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Boys like to use smileys as much or more than girls.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though some people might think \"teen girl\" when they think smiley face, in my experience it is actually boys, actually MEN (I'm trying to refer to my male peers as \"men\" now that I am in my thirties), who rely on the smiley in text. As one friend told me: \"I'm worried I'm going to sound like an ass without a smiley face.\" This idea seems to be the real driving force behind the use of the smiley in short, text-based communications and I am developing a theory about this: men and women \u003ca href=\"http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/10-ways-men-women-comminucate-differently.htm\" target=\"_blank\">communicate way differently\u003c/a>, and in real life (IRL, if you're a kid), men are, either through socialization or whatever, taught to be more direct than women are. In real life, sometimes this gets them into big trouble with the ladies. Like \"oh no that girl is crying and all I wanted was for her to park the car correctly without killing us and how did this happen oh my god I don't want her to be crying!\"-type trouble. In real life, when one of these gender miscommunications happens, a guy can apologize and give you a hug, because honestly, he hates it when you start crying (\"you\" equals me in this scientific study). Over text, boys cannot see your face. They cannot see if you are crying. They don't have the heavily attuned telepathic reflexes of those of us raised as women, who have to judge how other people are feeling at every turn, in millions of contexts, based on the tiniest clues. To combat this fear, that somewhere a girl is sobbing as soon as she reads their texts, nice boys like to use the smiley face. And that's okay. It's kind of cute actually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 98px\">\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/smiley5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7754\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7754 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/smiley5.png\" alt=\"smiley5\" width=\"98\" height=\"96\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/smiley5.png 98w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/smiley5-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/smiley5-64x64.png 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 98px) 100vw, 98px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">🙂\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>However, there are many, many occasions when a smiley face is not appropriate.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As my unimpeachable evidence suggests, smiley faces have a time and a place. They are disarming and they can be used to represent a smiley feeling behind the surface meaning of whatever words you send over the internet tubes or whatever magic gets your texts sent to your friends. But, like any form of communication, they can be misused, and they are, frequently. Here is an incomplete list of the times when you are NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES to use a smiley emoticon. Also, please note, you are not allowed to use a 😉 (winky face), a 🙁 (frowny face) or a :/ (ambivalent face) in these situations either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Death of any kind. Even a dog. Even a cat. Even a hamster.\u003cbr>\n2. Reporting STDs.\u003cbr>\n3. Any possibility that you will be breaking up with the recipient of the smiley within the next 12 hours.\u003cbr>\n4. Quitting your job.\u003cbr>\n5. Cancer.\u003cbr>\n6. In response to any of the following: a long phone call, a tearful IRL interaction, an email longer than two paragraphs or which contains anything remotely emotional, an actual letter, a job offer, a wedding invitation, an interview request.\u003cbr>\n7. Friend's divorce.\u003cbr>\n8. Announcement of pregnancy: anyone's, including yours. Wanted or unwanted.\u003cbr>\n9. In a work context that is not one stated above AND/OR is with someone who you have not met IRL or you know is anti-smiley or two levels or more of boss above you.\u003cbr>\n10. During a fight.\u003cbr>\n11. When admitting to destroying someone's property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7786\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 459px\">\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/photo-10/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7786\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/photo.png\" alt=\"photo\" width=\"459\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/photo.png 459w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/photo-400x177.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 459px) 100vw, 459px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sorry/not sorry for ruining your favorite item of clothing!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's a good rule that when actual face-time is needed, a smiley will not suffice. And if there is a chance that your smiley will come off as dickish or passive-aggressive at anytime in the future when your audience of one is pouring over your writing, searching for meaning, best to just use your words/your voice/your real-life smile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what do you think? Are smiley faces allowed now? And what is your worst smiley face experience? Tell me in the comments. See you there 🙂\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7755\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 247px\">\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/hate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7755\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/hate.png\" alt=\"hate\" width=\"247\" height=\"89\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You're kidding, right?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Is the smiley face ruining our language or is it time for us to embrace it as a new, functional part of the way we communicate?","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1386209051,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":18,"wordCount":1282},"headData":{"title":"The Smiley Face Dilemma: Using (and Abusing) the World's Most Popular Emoticon | KQED","description":"Is the smiley face ruining our language or is it time for us to embrace it as a new, functional part of the way we communicate?","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"The Smiley Face Dilemma: Using (and Abusing) the World's Most Popular Emoticon","datePublished":"2013-08-23T13:00:50.000Z","dateModified":"2013-12-05T02:04:11.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"7751 http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/?p=7751","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/","disqusTitle":"The Smiley Face Dilemma: Using (and Abusing) the World's Most Popular Emoticon","path":"/pop/7751/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/emo/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7760\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7760\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emo.jpg\" alt=\"emo\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emo.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emo-400x225.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Image by Lizzy Acker\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To be honest, I've never been one for smiley faces. I've always felt I am just like one year too old for them. At my brother's high school graduation I listened to a popular teacher give his whole speech on the scourge of emoticons and I thought, \"really, this is a thing that happens?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My brother is 13 months younger than me.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Anyway, I resisted the lure of the emoticon for a long time. I'm a writer, allegedly, so why couldn't I just use words to express my feelings? Or if a facial expression was required, why not just find the person I had an expression for and smile or frown at them? But like any trend in language that English majors decry--the preposition at the end of the sentence, saying \"me and Steve\" instead of \"Steve and I\"--the pull of the smiley was hard to resist. More and more of my communication started being in short written sentences: chats, texts, emails. I started being friends with AND RESPECTING several heavy smiley users. And because I am the kind of person who frequently does the exact thing she said she would never do, I decided to throw myself into the world of expression through colons and parenthesis and see what happened.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After much intense, personal research on the subject of the most popular of all the emoticons, I have come up with the following findings:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Contrary to popular belief, it's okay to use smiley faces in work emails. SOMETIMES.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Strangely enough, work was my gateway drug into emoticons. Here is the problem at work that the smiley has solved for me: that moment when someone has sent me an email thanking me for something I have done for them and I can't decide if I should respond or just leave it because there really isn't anything left to say but if I just leave it, will that be misconstrued as rude? Will the colleague think I am ignoring them or I don't care that they said thank you? Recently, I stopped freaking out and started responding: \":)\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Similarly, the smiley face works in the situation that an email chain is going on too long for any reason and needs to be stopped. At work, 🙂 means \"The End\" (please see exceptions to this rule about four paragraphs down).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Stick with the classics.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A warning about work email: Outlook changes the simple 🙂 into a symbol that people outside of Outlook see as a \"J.\" This gets confusing (one co-worker told me he thought I was just really bad at typing for months before he figured out what was going on) so it's best to just undo and make it a straight up colon and closed parenthesis. The same can be said for basically all \u003ca href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji\" target=\"_blank\">Emojis\u003c/a> on the phones of people who don't get Emojis. They look like alien bugs in swimsuits. My experience is it is best to save Emojis for silliness and Instagram comments. Someday we will all implicitly understand the meaning of baby frog face, side eye and ice cream cone, but for now \u003ca href=\"http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/disruptions-texting-your-feelings-symbol-by-symbol/?_r=1\" target=\"_blank\">those things can mean roughly anything\u003c/a> and before you know it, someone will be breaking up with you because of your weird skin condition and you will think they are just asking if you want to eat pizza for dinner.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7756\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 427px\">\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/emoji-2/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7756\">\u003cimg class=\" wp-image-7756 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emoji1.jpg\" alt=\"emoji\" width=\"427\" height=\"84\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emoji1.jpg 427w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/emoji1-400x78.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Are you asking me to move out or to go surfing in Hawaii? WHAT IS HAPPENING?!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Boys like to use smileys as much or more than girls.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Though some people might think \"teen girl\" when they think smiley face, in my experience it is actually boys, actually MEN (I'm trying to refer to my male peers as \"men\" now that I am in my thirties), who rely on the smiley in text. As one friend told me: \"I'm worried I'm going to sound like an ass without a smiley face.\" This idea seems to be the real driving force behind the use of the smiley in short, text-based communications and I am developing a theory about this: men and women \u003ca href=\"http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/10-ways-men-women-comminucate-differently.htm\" target=\"_blank\">communicate way differently\u003c/a>, and in real life (IRL, if you're a kid), men are, either through socialization or whatever, taught to be more direct than women are. In real life, sometimes this gets them into big trouble with the ladies. Like \"oh no that girl is crying and all I wanted was for her to park the car correctly without killing us and how did this happen oh my god I don't want her to be crying!\"-type trouble. In real life, when one of these gender miscommunications happens, a guy can apologize and give you a hug, because honestly, he hates it when you start crying (\"you\" equals me in this scientific study). Over text, boys cannot see your face. They cannot see if you are crying. They don't have the heavily attuned telepathic reflexes of those of us raised as women, who have to judge how other people are feeling at every turn, in millions of contexts, based on the tiniest clues. To combat this fear, that somewhere a girl is sobbing as soon as she reads their texts, nice boys like to use the smiley face. And that's okay. It's kind of cute actually.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7754\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 98px\">\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/smiley5/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7754\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7754 \" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/smiley5.png\" alt=\"smiley5\" width=\"98\" height=\"96\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/smiley5.png 98w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/smiley5-32x32.png 32w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/smiley5-64x64.png 64w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 98px) 100vw, 98px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">🙂\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>However, there are many, many occasions when a smiley face is not appropriate.\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As my unimpeachable evidence suggests, smiley faces have a time and a place. They are disarming and they can be used to represent a smiley feeling behind the surface meaning of whatever words you send over the internet tubes or whatever magic gets your texts sent to your friends. But, like any form of communication, they can be misused, and they are, frequently. Here is an incomplete list of the times when you are NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES to use a smiley emoticon. Also, please note, you are not allowed to use a 😉 (winky face), a 🙁 (frowny face) or a :/ (ambivalent face) in these situations either.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>1. Death of any kind. Even a dog. Even a cat. Even a hamster.\u003cbr>\n2. Reporting STDs.\u003cbr>\n3. Any possibility that you will be breaking up with the recipient of the smiley within the next 12 hours.\u003cbr>\n4. Quitting your job.\u003cbr>\n5. Cancer.\u003cbr>\n6. In response to any of the following: a long phone call, a tearful IRL interaction, an email longer than two paragraphs or which contains anything remotely emotional, an actual letter, a job offer, a wedding invitation, an interview request.\u003cbr>\n7. Friend's divorce.\u003cbr>\n8. Announcement of pregnancy: anyone's, including yours. Wanted or unwanted.\u003cbr>\n9. In a work context that is not one stated above AND/OR is with someone who you have not met IRL or you know is anti-smiley or two levels or more of boss above you.\u003cbr>\n10. During a fight.\u003cbr>\n11. When admitting to destroying someone's property.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7786\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 459px\">\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/photo-10/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7786\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7786\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/photo.png\" alt=\"photo\" width=\"459\" height=\"204\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/photo.png 459w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/photo-400x177.png 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 459px) 100vw, 459px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sorry/not sorry for ruining your favorite item of clothing!\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>It's a good rule that when actual face-time is needed, a smiley will not suffice. And if there is a chance that your smiley will come off as dickish or passive-aggressive at anytime in the future when your audience of one is pouring over your writing, searching for meaning, best to just use your words/your voice/your real-life smile.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So what do you think? Are smiley faces allowed now? And what is your worst smiley face experience? Tell me in the comments. See you there 🙂\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_7755\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 247px\">\u003ca href=\"http://blogs.kqed.org/pop/2013/08/23/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon/hate/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7755\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-7755\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/pop/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2013/08/hate.png\" alt=\"hate\" width=\"247\" height=\"89\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">You're kidding, right?\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/pop/7751/the-smiley-face-dilemma-use-and-abusin-the-worlds-most-popular-emoticon","authors":["2130"],"categories":["pop_5","pop_1041"],"tags":["pop_1151","pop_1150","pop_128","pop_1154","pop_1153","pop_1152"],"featImg":"pop_7760","label":"pop"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. Michel Martin hosts on the weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 1pm-2pm, 4:30pm-6:30pm\u003cbr />SAT-SUN 5pm-6pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/All-Things-Considered-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/all-things-considered/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/all-things-considered"},"american-suburb-podcast":{"id":"american-suburb-podcast","title":"American Suburb: The Podcast","tagline":"The flip side of gentrification, told through one town","info":"Gentrification is changing cities across America, forcing people from neighborhoods they have long called home. Call them the displaced. Now those priced out of the Bay Area are looking for a better life in an unlikely place. American Suburb follows this migration to one California town along the Delta, 45 miles from San Francisco. But is this once sleepy suburb ready for them?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/American-Suburb-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"13"},"link":"/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=1287748328","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/American-Suburb-p1086805/","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/series/american-suburb-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkMzMDExODgxNjA5"}},"baycurious":{"id":"baycurious","title":"Bay Curious","tagline":"Exploring the Bay Area, one question at a time","info":"KQED’s new podcast, Bay Curious, gets to the bottom of the mysteries — both profound and peculiar — that give the Bay Area its unique identity. And we’ll do it with your help! You ask the questions. You decide what Bay Curious investigates. And you join us on the journey to find the answers.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Bay-Curious-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"\"KQED Bay Curious","officialWebsiteLink":"/news/series/baycurious","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"4"},"link":"/podcasts/baycurious","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious","rss":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/category/bay-curious-podcast/feed/podcast","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvbmV3cy9jYXRlZ29yeS9iYXktY3VyaW91cy1wb2RjYXN0L2ZlZWQvcG9kY2FzdA","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/bay-curious","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/6O76IdmhixfijmhTZLIJ8k"}},"bbc-world-service":{"id":"bbc-world-service","title":"BBC World Service","info":"The day's top stories from BBC News compiled twice daily in the week, once at weekends.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9pm-10pm, TUE-FRI 1am-2am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/BBC-World-Service-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/live:bbc_world_service","meta":{"site":"news","source":"BBC World Service"},"link":"/radio/program/bbc-world-service","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/global-news-podcast/id135067274?mt=2","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/BBC-World-Service-p455581/","rss":"https://podcasts.files.bbci.co.uk/p02nq0gn.rss"}},"code-switch-life-kit":{"id":"code-switch-life-kit","title":"Code Switch / Life Kit","info":"\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />","airtime":"SUN 9pm-10pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Code-Switch-Life-Kit-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/code-switch-life-kit","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/1112190608?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnByLm9yZy9yc3MvcG9kY2FzdC5waHA_aWQ9NTEwMzEy","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3bExJ9JQpkwNhoHvaIIuyV","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"}},"commonwealth-club":{"id":"commonwealth-club","title":"Commonwealth Club of California Podcast","info":"The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.","airtime":"THU 10pm, FRI 1am","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Commonwealth Club of California"},"link":"/radio/program/commonwealth-club","subscribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/commonwealth-club-of-california-podcast/id976334034?mt=2","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"}},"considerthis":{"id":"considerthis","title":"Consider This","tagline":"Make sense of the day","info":"Make sense of the day. Every weekday afternoon, Consider This helps you consider the major stories of the day in less than 15 minutes, featuring the reporting and storytelling resources of NPR. Plus, KQED’s Bianca Taylor brings you the local KQED news you need to know.","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Consider-This-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"Consider This from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/considerthis","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"7"},"link":"/podcasts/considerthis","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1503226625?mt=2&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/coronavirusdaily","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM1NS9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbA","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/3Z6JdCS2d0eFEpXHKI6WqH"}},"forum":{"id":"forum","title":"Forum","tagline":"The conversation starts here","info":"KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.","airtime":"MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal","officialWebsiteLink":"/forum","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"8"},"link":"/forum","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/kqeds-forum/id73329719","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432307980/forum","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqedfm-kqeds-forum-podcast","rss":"https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC9557381633"}},"freakonomics-radio":{"id":"freakonomics-radio","title":"Freakonomics Radio","info":"Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png","officialWebsiteLink":"http://freakonomics.com/","airtime":"SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"WNYC"},"link":"/radio/program/freakonomics-radio","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/","rss":"https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"}},"fresh-air":{"id":"fresh-air","title":"Fresh Air","info":"Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.","airtime":"MON-FRI 7pm-8pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Fresh-Air-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.npr.org/programs/fresh-air/","meta":{"site":"radio","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/fresh-air","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/4s8b","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Fresh-Air-p17/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"}},"here-and-now":{"id":"here-and-now","title":"Here & Now","info":"A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.","airtime":"MON-THU 11am-12pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"http://www.wbur.org/hereandnow","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/here-and-now","subsdcribe":{"apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?mt=2&id=426698661","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/Here--Now-p211/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"}},"how-i-built-this":{"id":"how-i-built-this","title":"How I Built This with Guy Raz","info":"Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. 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