50 Years After the Fall of Saigon, How Can Vietnamese American Families Process the Past?
San José’s Vietnamese American Community Remembers 50 Years Since the Fall of Saigon
‘Beginning of Our Identity’: How San José Became Home for Betty Duong and Vietnamese Americans
When Martin Luther King Jr. Spoke Out Against the Vietnam War
Remembering Martin Luther King Jr.'s Fight Against Poverty and the Vietnam War
How a Teen and a Marine Resisted the Vietnam War and Racism at Home
Hmong Veterans Ask Congress for Right to Burial in National Cemeteries
'We Made It by Praying to Everybody'
Congressman Ro Khanna, GOP Tax Plan and Sexual Harrassment, USS Hornet Vietnam Town Hall
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"content": "\u003cp>Growing up in Orange County’s Little Saigon, HaNhi Tran said she didn’t have time for many conversations with her parents about their past in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t the norm to talk. They were focused on surviving and working. She was focused on school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have a lot of time together,” Tran said. “I didn’t even know what to ask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knew the broad strokes around what happened to her family in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12037680/san-jose-became-home-betty-duong-vietnamese-americans\">April 1975\u003c/a>, or “Black April”: when American soldiers pulled out of South Vietnam and the decades-long war officially ended. Over those years, it’s estimated that approximately \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/29/50-years-on-from-the-fall-of-saigon-and-the-end-of-the-vietnam-war\">2 million Vietnamese civilians\u003c/a> were killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tran knew how harrowing the war was for her parents. Her father, who was in the South Vietnamese military, was imprisoned in a labor camp for years. After his release, he met her mother and the pair fled the country, just the two of them. They arrived in America as refugees by boat — a journey so dangerous \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/lastdays/firstdaysstoryproject/slideshow/boat-peoples-journey/\">many people were lost at sea\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recalling her family’s story makes Tran tear up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have so much gratitude that I’m not sure I knew to have back then,” she said. “I wouldn’t be able to go to school here, be a professional, be a lawyer and now giving back to the community in the way that I am, without that sacrifice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Opening up conversations \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tran is currently the senior manager at Santa Clara County’s \u003ca href=\"https://vasc.santaclaracounty.gov/home\">Vietnamese American Service Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county was a major place for refugees to settle after the war, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccoe.org/news/NR/Pages/NewModelCurriculumUnveiledtoEducators.aspx\">10% of San José residents identify\u003c/a> as Vietnamese American — making it the largest Vietnamese population for a single city outside of Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://vasc.santaclaracounty.gov/about-us\">VASC was born in 2022 \u003c/a>out of \u003ca href=\"https://files.santaclaracounty.gov/migrated/vha-full-2011_0.pdf?VersionId=htyMDKO7wy0w3nfVLKUp6R3k3X4z17j8\">an earlier county health assessment\u003c/a> that found disparities in mental and physical health care for the Vietnamese population — as well as trouble accessing services due to language barriers. Tran described VASC as a “one stop shop,” helping people access \u003ca href=\"https://vasc.santaclaracounty.gov/services/find-healthcare-services\">resources as varied\u003c/a> as legal help to the senior nutrition programs and internal medicine, but also functioning as a community space where people — especially elders — gather for yoga, dancing and karaoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=forum_2010101909727 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2025/04/GettyImages-515513498-1-1020x574.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am so proud to say in the three years that we’ve existed and operated, we’ve become a really trusted place for the community,” Tran said, adding that VASC also serves other communities like Spanish speakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the month of April, VASC held a series of events exploring the 50th anniversary of Black April. During these events, Tran saw that some seniors are eager to share their story with the younger generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re worried … as we move farther and farther away from 1975, that what they experienced, it’s going to be forgotten,” Tran said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passing of this anniversary — which is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12037680/san-jose-became-home-betty-duong-vietnamese-americans\">complex within the diaspora itself\u003c/a> — and the attendant media coverage may be bringing up painful memories for many Vietnamese and Vietnamese Americans. But if you’re seeing this up-close, how can you sensitively talk about these complicated feelings and events?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times, this is an experience many people don’t want to revisit.” said Justin Hu-Nguyen, the co-executive director of mobility justice at Bike East Bay who previously worked at the Southeast Asian Development Center in San Francisco. “They want to stay closed, but that is what makes it harder for them to process that trauma and really build forward on it … it seems like yesterday for a lot of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED spoke to community leaders, activists and mental health experts on how to connect with older family and community members about this particular anniversary — balanced with the complexities of navigating your family’s history for your own mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12038198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12038198\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Vietnamese American Service Center in San José, stands inside the center on April 29, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Doing the research …\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Michelle Vo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.michellevolcsw.com/\">a social worker based in Cupertino\u003c/a> whose clients are majority Asian American, is herself is the daughter of Vietnamese immigrants — and suggested that \u003cem>before \u003c/em>starting a conversation with elders, younger generations in the diaspora should first try doing their own research about the Fall of Saigon, to put things into context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My dad was only 12. My mother was only 10,” Vo said — and knowing this, she said,“provides a very compassionate approach of, ‘They were just children trying to survive, or growing up, in such an unstable and traumatizing situation.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tran said she became more familiar with the details about Black April — and thus about the context for her family’s history — through her involvement with the Vietnamese American community growing up, and helping with events about Black April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I learned so much that I didn’t know,” she said. “Because I didn’t even know \u003cem>what \u003c/em>questions to ask my parents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12038193\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12038193\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Therapist Michelle Vo stands outside of her office in Cupertino on April 24, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Knowing more about the circumstances also helped Tran understand the context of some of the decisions her parents made for her family — and let go of some lingering resentments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s just so important: to have a conversation with them where it’s truly about understanding,” she said. “Versus coming from a place of some of this generational trauma [and] defensiveness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>… while acknowledging the challenges for your own mental health\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Vo said many Asian American children “carry ancestral wounds” of elders who have survived or grown up during war. Guilt is a major emotion her clients struggle with — “guilt of the sacrifice of what our parents and elders did, and then the pressure to uphold and make them proud.”[aside postID=news_12037893 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20250412_MIENGAMEMORIES_23-KQED-1020x680.jpg']But Vo said it is important for younger generations to know that they “are not responsible for healing their elders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a pressure to uphold these unspoken and direct expectations to fulfill the ‘filial piety’ — which is respecting our elders, caring for them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this can be difficult in many Asian American households, who may have a more collectivist view of family, said Vo. “It’s definitely a privilege to learn from our heritage and the stories of suffering and resilience shared by our elders,” she said — but “it is also a privilege to be given the opportunity to take care of ourselves and forge a path because of their sacrifices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu-Nguyen also stressed the long-term role of intergenerational trauma for Vietnamese Americans — a phenomenon formally known as the “intergenerational transfer of trauma,” first recognized in the descendants of Holocaust survivors, in which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11616586/just-like-my-mother-how-we-inherit-our-parents-traits-and-tragedies\">trauma can literally be passed down genetically to the next generations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether you are first generation or 1.5 or second generation, this generational trauma is something that we’re all growing with,” he said. “This is a long haul.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12038199\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12038199\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attendees participate in a yoga and dancercise class at the Vietnamese American Service Center in San José on April 29, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://files.santaclaracounty.gov/migrated/vha-full-2011_0.pdf?VersionId=htyMDKO7wy0w3nfVLKUp6R3k3X4z17j8\">The Santa Clara Vietnamese American health survey\u003c/a> that spurred the creation of VASC found that nearly 1 in 10 Vietnamese adults reported feeling like they might need to see a health professional due to issues with their mental health, emotions, nerves, or alcohol or drugs. Meanwhile, a higher percentage of the county’s Vietnamese middle and high school students reported symptoms of depression than all Asian and Pacific Islanders, white people and students in the county overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>”Losing your home, losing your country, sometimes the chemical warfare used back then … is very impactful to generations and generations after,” said Hu-Nguyen.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Learning to communicate, listen and watch for cues\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People can practice active learning skills, like nodding your head, validating comments and avoiding judgement, Vo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said that younger generations can also allow loved ones to share at a “high level, without going into detail.” For example, they could ask holistic questions about their family’s favorite foods from Vietnam, or about their memories of school before the end of the war.[aside postID=news_11616586 hero='https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/My-Linh-Le-packing-1180x885.jpg']“Concern about re-traumatization of ‘opening old wounds’ is a very natural worry during any type of anniversary, any grief anniversary, death anniversary,” Vo said. But family members are “not the mental health professionals, so we don’t need to ‘heal’ or ‘solve’ … just be active listeners, with ears perked up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During this conversation, Vo said that it helps to keep track of your elder’s physical cues — in case it’s time to pause and assess how they are feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are they making eye contact?” Vo explained. “Are they breathing a different way? Are they pacing or kind of moving? Are they getting teary?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said many in the community find it difficult to express their feelings verbally, so it can be helpful to be lightly vigilant for family members giving any physical cues for hitting pause on a conversation that’s perhaps getting too intense for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might say, actually, ‘I’m hungry. Oh, Mom has a headache,’” Vo advised.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Meeting people where they’re at — and decentering therapy\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Vo said one of the most important tips is meeting people “where they are” — and not insisting that elders immediately open up or go to therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mental health, she explained, is still “very much stigmatized” in \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/confronting-mental-health-barriers-asian-american-and-2\">Asian and Vietnamese communities\u003c/a>. “We might have our agenda to heal and support, but the best way that we can be compassionate is to be curious about where people would like to go,” she said. “And most importantly, meet people where they are, shoulder by shoulder: ‘I’m here with you.’”[aside postID=news_12037680 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-12-KQED-1020x680.jpg']Vo said people should think on how they’ve seen their elders manage their emotions or discuss vulnerable topics in the past. Younger generations should try asking themselves, “Is this something I even want to talk about? Is it healthy for us to do?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talking about trauma can be, of course, important,” she said. “However, what is most important is that individuals who \u003cem>experience \u003c/em>that trauma have control over their reaction and emotional responses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where you can take the lead from your elders, Vo said. If they want to talk, listen attentively. If they don’t, you can reassure them that you are still interested and can perhaps nudge them to talk to someone else in their family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Elders also want to protect their young,” stressed Vo, “so talking about emotions can bring up feelings of shame. And because they have had such a different lived experience here in America, transferring that emotional burden to our children can also be very difficult for elders too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you sense your family member is just not ready to talk with you, you can care for them in other ways, she said. On or around Black April, she said, you could suggest going on walks, having meals together as a family, going on errands or joining them on their favorite activities — just staying present.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Knowing talk therapy may not be for everyone\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Hu-Nguyen notes that therapy “is a very Western way of seeing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we really give them the support and really feel included as a community and a way that they can find healing and restoration?” he said. “A lot of people feel, especially elders, [they] haven’t been talking about it. [They] feel that they’re alone in this hurt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But “there’s a community there to help,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vo added that not everyone “benefits from externally speaking and processing,” and that “some people and some cultures or generations benefit from a sense of belonging and security of having their families present with them without directly saying it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu-Nguyen said culturally, some people may find it hard to ask elders intrusive questions. There are ways he recommended to circumvent this feeling, by asking people to write down their stories, share a poem, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12037891/how-paris-by-night-became-the-spirit-of-vietnamese-american-life\">watch other stories around Vietnam\u003c/a> or immerse themselves in art projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those things are really important for sharing what’s on their heart and how to approach it — in a way that isn’t as direct or confrontational,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘Leveling expectations’ and finding other spaces\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Flooding someone’s feelings by asking many questions about the past, Vo said, can be “a lot for anyone to experience.” And some younger generations may need to acknowledge that “some people might not feel ready to speak about it, while some folks might not want to ever stop talking about it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vo said that as you prepare to speak with someone, “level your expectations” and “think about how they showed up in the past.”[aside postID=arts_13975100 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/04/tony-looking-at-urns-4-1020x574.jpeg']“Of course, we will feel disappointed when they don’t show up fully as warm or accepting,” Vo said. In these situations, she said, it’s important for younger generations not just to check their patience and learn “the skills to self-soothe,” but also to have “other spaces to allow us to open up fully.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other spaces could include Vietnamese American community centers and groups. Tran said at VASC, she noticed that some elders were willing to open up about their family history to younger generations \u003cem>not \u003c/em>in their family — especially those who are eager listeners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re more willing to share it because you don’t have the same complications or potential baggage sometimes that exists within a family,” she said. She added that staff members and other community members often work as “proxies” for their younger family members. And it works both ways — for the staff, elders may likely have a similar experience as their parents or grandparents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that it’s two-way,” she said. “Learning their stories is healing for me and my generation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tran said her connection to Vietnamese American communities gave her a “stronger sense of identity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes me feel like you want to really honor our collective communities’ resilience,” she said, “but then in some ways it inspires me, and us, to think about other communities that may be facing challenges now — other refugee communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That preservation of history — and connection to culture and traditions — is important, Hu-Nguyen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There [was] a moment where I think a lot of the community wanted to close their eyes and not remember it,” he said. “But … here we are, we build our community up from so little to one where people are graduates. We have people in Congress … We have people in leadership roles, entrepreneurs. And that’s such a joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even more so with the context of where we are and who we are, and who our community was, and who our ancestors are,” he said. “And I think that’s lost if we become ahistorical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How you can find more resources and support\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Having mental health support that is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13881725/where-to-find-affordable-culturally-competent-therapy-in-bay-area-and-beyond\">culturally competent and familiar with a client’s background\u003c/a> can be a major way to build trust — especially with groups who historically have a stigma surrounding mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a person walks into VASC, “you’ll see that even though we provide behavioral health services, we don’t label it as such,” Tran said. “Because we don’t want them to feel, ‘Oh, my neighbor is going to know my business if I show up to that clinic that has a sign on it that has ‘behavior health.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said that the connections VASC is able to make with programming — like exercise classes — allows staff members to build relationships with elders, and then nudge them to the clinic, if the time is right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12038194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12038194\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attendees participate in a yoga and dancercise class at the Vietnamese American Service Center in San José on April 29, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the latest data from the American Psychological Association, only \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/workforce/data-tools/demographics\">around 4% of active psychologists in the United States\u003c/a> identify as Asian, compared to 79% white psychologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another major barrier for Asian American communities in accessing mental health and other resources in California is language — especially when those languages are as varied as, say, Khmer and Lao, Hu-Nguyen said. And without language access or culturally competent resources, people who “need it the most” will be missed entirely, he warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the hard part is that the diaspora is so diasporic,” Hu-Nguyen said — not every Asian American population around the Bay Area is as dense as Santa Clara’s Vietnamese American community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talking to your elected officials really helps find resources,” he advised. “Pushing for these community centers to have different language access is really important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu-Nguyen said another major way to fill these gaps is directly training young people of the diaspora — whether Cambodian or Burmese or Vietnamese — into mental health and community programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making sure the community can serve the community is really important,” he said. “They’re the ones that share a narrative with their elders and also carry that. And how do they help process together, as a community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physical and mental health resources for Asian American communities in the Bay Area include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.asianmhc.org/\">Asian Mental Health Collective\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.asianmentalhealthproject.com/\">Asian Mental Health Project\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://vasc.santaclaracounty.gov/home\">Vietnamese American Service Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://aaci.org/\">Asian Americans for Community Involvement\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Local churches and temples\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reaching out to a local nonprofit or community center focused on mental health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vacceb.org/\">Vietnamese American Community Center of The East Bay\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://seadcenter.org/\">Southeast Asian Development Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/778/how-to-do-therapy-with-sahaj-kohli\">Brown Girl Therapy\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://searac.org/\">Southeast Asian Community Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.viet-care.org/mental-health-outreach-services\">Viet Care\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ocapica.org/shine.html\">Project SHINE-OC\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "The passing of this anniversary and the attendant media coverage may be bringing up painful memories for many Vietnamese Americans. Intergenerational dialogue could help cope with complex and often painful feelings in the Vietnamese diaspora 50 years on.",
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"title": "50 Years After the Fall of Saigon, How Can Vietnamese American Families Process the Past? | KQED",
"description": "The passing of this anniversary and the attendant media coverage may be bringing up painful memories for many Vietnamese Americans. Intergenerational dialogue could help cope with complex and often painful feelings in the Vietnamese diaspora 50 years on.",
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"headline": "50 Years After the Fall of Saigon, How Can Vietnamese American Families Process the Past?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Growing up in Orange County’s Little Saigon, HaNhi Tran said she didn’t have time for many conversations with her parents about their past in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It wasn’t the norm to talk. They were focused on surviving and working. She was focused on school.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We didn’t have a lot of time together,” Tran said. “I didn’t even know what to ask.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But she knew the broad strokes around what happened to her family in \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12037680/san-jose-became-home-betty-duong-vietnamese-americans\">April 1975\u003c/a>, or “Black April”: when American soldiers pulled out of South Vietnam and the decades-long war officially ended. Over those years, it’s estimated that approximately \u003ca href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/apr/29/50-years-on-from-the-fall-of-saigon-and-the-end-of-the-vietnam-war\">2 million Vietnamese civilians\u003c/a> were killed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tran knew how harrowing the war was for her parents. Her father, who was in the South Vietnamese military, was imprisoned in a labor camp for years. After his release, he met her mother and the pair fled the country, just the two of them. They arrived in America as refugees by boat — a journey so dangerous \u003ca href=\"https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/lastdays/firstdaysstoryproject/slideshow/boat-peoples-journey/\">many people were lost at sea\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Recalling her family’s story makes Tran tear up.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I have so much gratitude that I’m not sure I knew to have back then,” she said. “I wouldn’t be able to go to school here, be a professional, be a lawyer and now giving back to the community in the way that I am, without that sacrifice.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Opening up conversations \u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Tran is currently the senior manager at Santa Clara County’s \u003ca href=\"https://vasc.santaclaracounty.gov/home\">Vietnamese American Service Center\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The county was a major place for refugees to settle after the war, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.sccoe.org/news/NR/Pages/NewModelCurriculumUnveiledtoEducators.aspx\">10% of San José residents identify\u003c/a> as Vietnamese American — making it the largest Vietnamese population for a single city outside of Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://vasc.santaclaracounty.gov/about-us\">VASC was born in 2022 \u003c/a>out of \u003ca href=\"https://files.santaclaracounty.gov/migrated/vha-full-2011_0.pdf?VersionId=htyMDKO7wy0w3nfVLKUp6R3k3X4z17j8\">an earlier county health assessment\u003c/a> that found disparities in mental and physical health care for the Vietnamese population — as well as trouble accessing services due to language barriers. Tran described VASC as a “one stop shop,” helping people access \u003ca href=\"https://vasc.santaclaracounty.gov/services/find-healthcare-services\">resources as varied\u003c/a> as legal help to the senior nutrition programs and internal medicine, but also functioning as a community space where people — especially elders — gather for yoga, dancing and karaoke.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I am so proud to say in the three years that we’ve existed and operated, we’ve become a really trusted place for the community,” Tran said, adding that VASC also serves other communities like Spanish speakers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Through the month of April, VASC held a series of events exploring the 50th anniversary of Black April. During these events, Tran saw that some seniors are eager to share their story with the younger generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re worried … as we move farther and farther away from 1975, that what they experienced, it’s going to be forgotten,” Tran said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The passing of this anniversary — which is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12037680/san-jose-became-home-betty-duong-vietnamese-americans\">complex within the diaspora itself\u003c/a> — and the attendant media coverage may be bringing up painful memories for many Vietnamese and Vietnamese Americans. But if you’re seeing this up-close, how can you sensitively talk about these complicated feelings and events?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“A lot of times, this is an experience many people don’t want to revisit.” said Justin Hu-Nguyen, the co-executive director of mobility justice at Bike East Bay who previously worked at the Southeast Asian Development Center in San Francisco. “They want to stay closed, but that is what makes it harder for them to process that trauma and really build forward on it … it seems like yesterday for a lot of them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>KQED spoke to community leaders, activists and mental health experts on how to connect with older family and community members about this particular anniversary — balanced with the complexities of navigating your family’s history for your own mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12038198\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12038198\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-16-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Vietnamese American Service Center in San José, stands inside the center on April 29, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Doing the research …\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Michelle Vo, \u003ca href=\"https://www.michellevolcsw.com/\">a social worker based in Cupertino\u003c/a> whose clients are majority Asian American, is herself is the daughter of Vietnamese immigrants — and suggested that \u003cem>before \u003c/em>starting a conversation with elders, younger generations in the diaspora should first try doing their own research about the Fall of Saigon, to put things into context.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My dad was only 12. My mother was only 10,” Vo said — and knowing this, she said,“provides a very compassionate approach of, ‘They were just children trying to survive, or growing up, in such an unstable and traumatizing situation.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tran said she became more familiar with the details about Black April — and thus about the context for her family’s history — through her involvement with the Vietnamese American community growing up, and helping with events about Black April.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I learned so much that I didn’t know,” she said. “Because I didn’t even know \u003cem>what \u003c/em>questions to ask my parents.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12038193\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12038193\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250424-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Therapist Michelle Vo stands outside of her office in Cupertino on April 24, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Knowing more about the circumstances also helped Tran understand the context of some of the decisions her parents made for her family — and let go of some lingering resentments.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think that’s just so important: to have a conversation with them where it’s truly about understanding,” she said. “Versus coming from a place of some of this generational trauma [and] defensiveness.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>… while acknowledging the challenges for your own mental health\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Vo said many Asian American children “carry ancestral wounds” of elders who have survived or grown up during war. Guilt is a major emotion her clients struggle with — “guilt of the sacrifice of what our parents and elders did, and then the pressure to uphold and make them proud.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>But Vo said it is important for younger generations to know that they “are not responsible for healing their elders.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There’s a pressure to uphold these unspoken and direct expectations to fulfill the ‘filial piety’ — which is respecting our elders, caring for them,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, this can be difficult in many Asian American households, who may have a more collectivist view of family, said Vo. “It’s definitely a privilege to learn from our heritage and the stories of suffering and resilience shared by our elders,” she said — but “it is also a privilege to be given the opportunity to take care of ourselves and forge a path because of their sacrifices.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu-Nguyen also stressed the long-term role of intergenerational trauma for Vietnamese Americans — a phenomenon formally known as the “intergenerational transfer of trauma,” first recognized in the descendants of Holocaust survivors, in which \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11616586/just-like-my-mother-how-we-inherit-our-parents-traits-and-tragedies\">trauma can literally be passed down genetically to the next generations\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Whether you are first generation or 1.5 or second generation, this generational trauma is something that we’re all growing with,” he said. “This is a long haul.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12038199\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12038199\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-09-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attendees participate in a yoga and dancercise class at the Vietnamese American Service Center in San José on April 29, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://files.santaclaracounty.gov/migrated/vha-full-2011_0.pdf?VersionId=htyMDKO7wy0w3nfVLKUp6R3k3X4z17j8\">The Santa Clara Vietnamese American health survey\u003c/a> that spurred the creation of VASC found that nearly 1 in 10 Vietnamese adults reported feeling like they might need to see a health professional due to issues with their mental health, emotions, nerves, or alcohol or drugs. Meanwhile, a higher percentage of the county’s Vietnamese middle and high school students reported symptoms of depression than all Asian and Pacific Islanders, white people and students in the county overall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>”Losing your home, losing your country, sometimes the chemical warfare used back then … is very impactful to generations and generations after,” said Hu-Nguyen.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Learning to communicate, listen and watch for cues\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>People can practice active learning skills, like nodding your head, validating comments and avoiding judgement, Vo said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said that younger generations can also allow loved ones to share at a “high level, without going into detail.” For example, they could ask holistic questions about their family’s favorite foods from Vietnam, or about their memories of school before the end of the war.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Concern about re-traumatization of ‘opening old wounds’ is a very natural worry during any type of anniversary, any grief anniversary, death anniversary,” Vo said. But family members are “not the mental health professionals, so we don’t need to ‘heal’ or ‘solve’ … just be active listeners, with ears perked up.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During this conversation, Vo said that it helps to keep track of your elder’s physical cues — in case it’s time to pause and assess how they are feeling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Are they making eye contact?” Vo explained. “Are they breathing a different way? Are they pacing or kind of moving? Are they getting teary?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said many in the community find it difficult to express their feelings verbally, so it can be helpful to be lightly vigilant for family members giving any physical cues for hitting pause on a conversation that’s perhaps getting too intense for them.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They might say, actually, ‘I’m hungry. Oh, Mom has a headache,’” Vo advised.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Meeting people where they’re at — and decentering therapy\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Vo said one of the most important tips is meeting people “where they are” — and not insisting that elders immediately open up or go to therapy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mental health, she explained, is still “very much stigmatized” in \u003ca href=\"https://www.uclahealth.org/news/article/confronting-mental-health-barriers-asian-american-and-2\">Asian and Vietnamese communities\u003c/a>. “We might have our agenda to heal and support, but the best way that we can be compassionate is to be curious about where people would like to go,” she said. “And most importantly, meet people where they are, shoulder by shoulder: ‘I’m here with you.’”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Vo said people should think on how they’ve seen their elders manage their emotions or discuss vulnerable topics in the past. Younger generations should try asking themselves, “Is this something I even want to talk about? Is it healthy for us to do?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talking about trauma can be, of course, important,” she said. “However, what is most important is that individuals who \u003cem>experience \u003c/em>that trauma have control over their reaction and emotional responses.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is where you can take the lead from your elders, Vo said. If they want to talk, listen attentively. If they don’t, you can reassure them that you are still interested and can perhaps nudge them to talk to someone else in their family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Elders also want to protect their young,” stressed Vo, “so talking about emotions can bring up feelings of shame. And because they have had such a different lived experience here in America, transferring that emotional burden to our children can also be very difficult for elders too.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If you sense your family member is just not ready to talk with you, you can care for them in other ways, she said. On or around Black April, she said, you could suggest going on walks, having meals together as a family, going on errands or joining them on their favorite activities — just staying present.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Knowing talk therapy may not be for everyone\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Hu-Nguyen notes that therapy “is a very Western way of seeing things.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“How do we really give them the support and really feel included as a community and a way that they can find healing and restoration?” he said. “A lot of people feel, especially elders, [they] haven’t been talking about it. [They] feel that they’re alone in this hurt.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But “there’s a community there to help,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vo added that not everyone “benefits from externally speaking and processing,” and that “some people and some cultures or generations benefit from a sense of belonging and security of having their families present with them without directly saying it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu-Nguyen said culturally, some people may find it hard to ask elders intrusive questions. There are ways he recommended to circumvent this feeling, by asking people to write down their stories, share a poem, \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12037891/how-paris-by-night-became-the-spirit-of-vietnamese-american-life\">watch other stories around Vietnam\u003c/a> or immerse themselves in art projects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Those things are really important for sharing what’s on their heart and how to approach it — in a way that isn’t as direct or confrontational,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>‘Leveling expectations’ and finding other spaces\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Flooding someone’s feelings by asking many questions about the past, Vo said, can be “a lot for anyone to experience.” And some younger generations may need to acknowledge that “some people might not feel ready to speak about it, while some folks might not want to ever stop talking about it,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vo said that as you prepare to speak with someone, “level your expectations” and “think about how they showed up in the past.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“Of course, we will feel disappointed when they don’t show up fully as warm or accepting,” Vo said. In these situations, she said, it’s important for younger generations not just to check their patience and learn “the skills to self-soothe,” but also to have “other spaces to allow us to open up fully.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Other spaces could include Vietnamese American community centers and groups. Tran said at VASC, she noticed that some elders were willing to open up about their family history to younger generations \u003cem>not \u003c/em>in their family — especially those who are eager listeners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They’re more willing to share it because you don’t have the same complications or potential baggage sometimes that exists within a family,” she said. She added that staff members and other community members often work as “proxies” for their younger family members. And it works both ways — for the staff, elders may likely have a similar experience as their parents or grandparents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that it’s two-way,” she said. “Learning their stories is healing for me and my generation.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tran said her connection to Vietnamese American communities gave her a “stronger sense of identity.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It makes me feel like you want to really honor our collective communities’ resilience,” she said, “but then in some ways it inspires me, and us, to think about other communities that may be facing challenges now — other refugee communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That preservation of history — and connection to culture and traditions — is important, Hu-Nguyen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There [was] a moment where I think a lot of the community wanted to close their eyes and not remember it,” he said. “But … here we are, we build our community up from so little to one where people are graduates. We have people in Congress … We have people in leadership roles, entrepreneurs. And that’s such a joy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Even more so with the context of where we are and who we are, and who our community was, and who our ancestors are,” he said. “And I think that’s lost if we become ahistorical.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>How you can find more resources and support\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Having mental health support that is \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/arts/13881725/where-to-find-affordable-culturally-competent-therapy-in-bay-area-and-beyond\">culturally competent and familiar with a client’s background\u003c/a> can be a major way to build trust — especially with groups who historically have a stigma surrounding mental health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When a person walks into VASC, “you’ll see that even though we provide behavioral health services, we don’t label it as such,” Tran said. “Because we don’t want them to feel, ‘Oh, my neighbor is going to know my business if I show up to that clinic that has a sign on it that has ‘behavior health.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said that the connections VASC is able to make with programming — like exercise classes — allows staff members to build relationships with elders, and then nudge them to the clinic, if the time is right.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12038194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12038194\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/250429-FALLOFSAIGON-02-BL-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Attendees participate in a yoga and dancercise class at the Vietnamese American Service Center in San José on April 29, 2025. \u003ccite>(Beth LaBerge/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>According to the latest data from the American Psychological Association, only \u003ca href=\"https://www.apa.org/workforce/data-tools/demographics\">around 4% of active psychologists in the United States\u003c/a> identify as Asian, compared to 79% white psychologists.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another major barrier for Asian American communities in accessing mental health and other resources in California is language — especially when those languages are as varied as, say, Khmer and Lao, Hu-Nguyen said. And without language access or culturally competent resources, people who “need it the most” will be missed entirely, he warned.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think the hard part is that the diaspora is so diasporic,” Hu-Nguyen said — not every Asian American population around the Bay Area is as dense as Santa Clara’s Vietnamese American community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Talking to your elected officials really helps find resources,” he advised. “Pushing for these community centers to have different language access is really important.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hu-Nguyen said another major way to fill these gaps is directly training young people of the diaspora — whether Cambodian or Burmese or Vietnamese — into mental health and community programs.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Making sure the community can serve the community is really important,” he said. “They’re the ones that share a narrative with their elders and also carry that. And how do they help process together, as a community?”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Physical and mental health resources for Asian American communities in the Bay Area include:\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.asianmhc.org/\">Asian Mental Health Collective\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.asianmentalhealthproject.com/\">Asian Mental Health Project\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://vasc.santaclaracounty.gov/home\">Vietnamese American Service Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://aaci.org/\">Asian Americans for Community Involvement\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Local churches and temples\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Reaching out to a local nonprofit or community center focused on mental health\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.vacceb.org/\">Vietnamese American Community Center of The East Bay\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://seadcenter.org/\">Southeast Asian Development Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/podcasts/778/how-to-do-therapy-with-sahaj-kohli\">Brown Girl Therapy\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://searac.org/\">Southeast Asian Community Center\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.viet-care.org/mental-health-outreach-services\">Viet Care\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ocapica.org/shine.html\">Project SHINE-OC\u003c/a>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"title": "San José’s Vietnamese American Community Remembers 50 Years Since the Fall of Saigon",
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"content": "\u003cp>Wednesday marked 50 years since the end of the Vietnam War. As a result of the north’s victory, an estimated 120,000 Vietnamese refugees fled to communities all over the U.S. — including to San José. Today, it’s hard to imagine San José without the Vietnamese American community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC5499242058\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ci>Some members of the KQED podcast team are represented by The Screen Actors Guild, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. San Francisco Northern California Local.\u003c/i>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:01:25] The whole identity of San Jose is very much, you know, influenced by the Vietnamese American community at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:01:34] Joseph Geha is a South Bay reporter for KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:01:41] San Jose has become one of the main loci of Vietnamese-Americans in the country. The latest U.S. Census five-year American Community Survey data, we’re looking at about 122,000 people in San Jose proper that identify as Vietnamese-American or of Vietnamese descent. And within the Santa Clara County as a whole, about 150,000 plus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:02:08] As you’ve just been talking about, Joseph, that wasn’t always the case. And Wednesday marked 50 years since the fall of Saigon. How did that moment begin to lay the groundwork for the community that exists in the South Bay now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:02:26] Yeah, I mean, it was a very intense time. You had an initial drawdown of American troops happening already in Vietnam in the years before 1975 through the Paris Peace Accords. But on April 30th, 1975, that was the last American military presence to be removed out of Vietnam or being pulled out of Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:02:54] And that is when Northern Vietnamese communist forces took Saigon, and that kind of represented the formal ending of the war. So you’ve got an untold number, really, but at least 130,000 some odd Vietnamese refugees who were concerned that their anti-communist sentiments and work potentially with U.S. Forces would get them into severe trouble, possibly even injured or killed, put into like a reeducation camp by the communist forces if they were to stay. And so those people, with some assistance from the U.S. And other forces, were able to get airlifted out of Vietnam right at the fall of Saigon or shortly thereafter. Their journey was not a simple one. They were often put at different military bases in the Southern Pacific and different island nations where the US had military bases and then eventually transferred to America and dispersed there. There was a lot of steps along the way. Santa Clara County was one of the first places to kind of establish at the county level a formal refugee resettlement program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:03:58] And one of the families who arrived to Santa Clara County under this resettlement program was the family of Betty Duong, the first Vietnamese American county supervisor in Santa Clara. What is her family’s immigration story? And also, why did you wanna talk with her?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:04:19] Yeah, well, as you noted, she is the first Vietnamese-American supervisor in Santa Clara County. She was just elected in last year’s election. I felt that she has a very good perspective to share with people because she grew up in San Jose, because her parents fled Vietnam, and because she has a daughter that she’s raising in San José.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:04:37] I feel a huge sense of pride that our families are so much part of the fabric of this community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:04:49] So her parents had recently been married. They were living in Saigon, and they fled the country in 1977, just a couple years after the fall of Saigon. And her mother at the time was only 22 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:05:04] They left in the middle of the night, they pushed off on a fishing boat, and then they were out at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:05:12] And just nearby on like another boat, she was able to see her brother, you know, this is Betty Duong’s uncle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:05:19] And she saw the boat that her brother was on be taken by pirates. So for years, for years she didn’t know what happened to her brother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:05:31] He ended up surviving, but her family didn’t know that until years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:05:37] On day three or four, the boat ran out of gas. It’s now just floating on the open seas. And then on day five…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:05:45] A container ship picks up the people on that boat with Betty Duong’s parents and takes them to an island nation before they are resettled in the U.S. And eventually San Jose, where Betty Duong was born a short time later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:06:04] So Santa Clara County is one of the few places to open its doors to refugees like Betty Duong’s family. Where does she grow up and did her family feel welcomed where they were?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:06:19] Betty Duong grew up in and around downtown San Jose. She said she lived in section eight housing for a time right across from San Jose State University. And she kind of believed as a young girl that the whole world looked like the five block radius around her apartment, right? With lots of Vietnamese and Latino families living side by side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:06:40] The door was always left open because no one had air conditioning, music, Vietnamese music was blasting like from 7 a.m. In the morning throughout the whole weekend, and that’s where we grew up relying on county services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:06:55] But as far as feeling welcome, I mean, her family experienced a lot of racism and a lot of bigotry here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:07:02] In my childhood, it was very normal for someone to shout at us on the street, like go back home to your country ch***.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:07:09] People were berating them for not knowing English, her parents, at medical appointments or even out in public and at restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:07:19] It just kind of always made you feel like your identity was under attack or that your family was under attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:07:26] Certainly there was, you know, at a very generous interpretation, a mixed feeling about refugees here even in Santa Clara County, and her parents experienced that firsthand, and so did she.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:07:45] Yeah, I mean, what was the political context in the US at this time, especially around immigrants and immigration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:07:53] First of all, the U.S. and its residents were very divided about the war in Vietnam, right? Whether it was a good or bad war to be fighting is a very simple way of saying it, whether or not we needed to be there or should have been there. And also very divided over whether to accept refugees. Just the year before the fall of Saigon, you had President Richard Nixon leaving office over the Watergate scandal. And all of this is kind of laid on top of this background of skyrocketing on unemployment and inflation and kind of an economic crisis. So it was a very fraught time when Vietnamese refugees started arriving in waves to America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Professor Hien Duc Do \u003c/strong>[00:08:34] Vietnamese refugees came at a time when it was pretty contradictory or conflicting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:08:41] I also spoke to Professor Hien Duc Do, and he’s a professor of sociology and Asian-American studies at San Jose State University. He’s essentially saying that these refugees were arriving at a time that was very difficult for Americans already. And the question of whether to accept refugees from this, you know, very controversial war effort that America had gotten itself involved in was a tough one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Professor Hien Duc Do \u003c/strong>[00:09:09] A lot of them came literally without anything but the clothes on their backs and you know as a young teenager it’s very it was very uncertain times right it’s just as it was for a lot of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:09:25] I mean, that said, how does Betty Duong describe life as a child of refugees growing up in San Jose and Santa Clara County?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:09:35] She has a lot of gratitude for the county welcoming her family and others like her family here, but there were a lot challenges for her family, and others here. The county services that her family relied on, they weren’t always implemented in a very culturally appropriate way, or they were implemented in ways that just didn’t really understand or consider the daily realities for people like her parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:10:01] It always kind of felt short and it always added like a sense of chaos. It seemed like it was always someone else’s decision. It was always somebody else’s call. What we were going to eat, how we were gonna eat, where we were gonna live, how are we gonna live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:10:15] People like her family and others who live nearby receive food assistance boxes from food banks in the county, and a lot of times it would include a large block or several rations of what’s known as government cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:10:28] People lovingly reference government cheese, right? But for a population that’s like 90% lactose intolerant, that was just not a viable option. It’s not part of the culture. It’s not part of culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:10:39] Also things like health care. Her mother and father needed health care appointments like everybody else, and sometimes she’d have to go with her mom to these medical appointments or consultations, and they’re spread out around the city, and her mom was using public transit, so she’d be taking several different bus trips around different parts of the city or the county to get from one appointment to the next. So there just wasn’t this consideration of how difficult that might be for somebody without a lot of money or resources or a daily car to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:11:05] And she’s joining them because as a child, she’s also translating for her parents, right? Which as I know is a very common experience for many children of immigrants in the US.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:11:16] Yeah, children of immigrants, children of refugees, this is a common experience, exactly. And Betty Duong was learning English at the same time as her parents. She was growing up in public schools in San Jose and learning English, but she had also learned Vietnamese at home. So English was technically a second language for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:11:33] Neighbors would come over with their kids’ enrollment papers, like, can your daughter help me out with this? Or new prospective tenants were coming to try to rent an apartment, and if they spoke only Vietnamese, the landlord asked my mom if I could help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:11:50] And she even talked about serious situations, like if the police showed up on her block and needed to talk to somebody in her apartment building, she might have to translate through a police officer. And that’s something, you know, she reflects on now is something that no child should ever have to go through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:12:05] There’s many little memories of just good policy, but with bad implementation, right? Or good intentions, government programs, or support programs, but it just kind of fell short because it didn’t take into account what is it that folks were really challenged with. And I felt that really defined my childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:12:47] I mean, it sounds like throughout her childhood, Betty Duong is really picking up on all the ways that the systems in place were sort of failing Vietnamese refugees like our family, despite being open to them. And then I feel like this knowledge and this feeling really comes to a head in the summer of 2003, what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:13:12] Yeah, in July 2003, there was a fatal police shooting of a young Vietnamese-American woman, Bich Cau Thi Tran. She’s a young, Vietnamese- American woman with two boys, and she had struggled with her mental health. And she was fatally shot by San Jose police officer Chad Marshall. Essentially, police got called out by a neighbor who was worried about, like, a domestic issue at the apartment complex there where Ms. Tran lived. And when the officers arrived you know, they found her in the kitchen and she was holding a Vietnamese style vegetable peeler, which the officer would later say he thought was a large knife and he thought, you know he was going to be killed by Ms. Tran and he shot her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:13:53] When the story first broke, we were hearing on TV that this woman attacked the officer with a butcher knife. And then when we saw there was the same vegetable peeler that’s in every single Asian household, right? It was just some really heartbreaking that this woman, she was killed by a police officer in front of her children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:14:20] So this shooting happened in July of 2003, and it really shook up the community. Betty Duong said she was at community college at the time, but she remembers it vividly. I mean, the moment I asked her about this woman in this shooting, she immediately became emotional, because even 22 years later, she said it was a defining moment for her in her life and in the community\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:14:44] One of the rare times that my very Republican, very conservative dad and I, like, had full agreement, right, that something was wrong. And this is where he and I really agreed that significant missteps, that inherent biases, camouflaged racism, like these were all at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:15:03] And, you know, that killing really, really motivated the community to organize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tam Nguyen \u003c/strong>[00:15:13] That woke people up, that we need to stand up. We need to raise our voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:15:17] We had spoken to Tam Nguyen. He’s a former city council member who was elected in 2014. He’s also an attorney and a community advocate. And he essentially told us that this was a wake-up call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tam Nguyen \u003c/strong>[00:15:30] We need to get our act together, get our votes together, so people learn that the power, the political, and then resource and benefit come through your votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:15:42] What are some of the things that the Vietnamese American community really pushes for and also wins in the years since the shooting in 2003?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:15:51] There were desires for more cultural sensitivity training for police officers and language training, right? To avoid this horrible outcome from happening again, but also there, in the years following that and since then, there have been bigger asks for continued increases in representation, for language access across a series of services and programs, not just at the county level, but at the city level for small business programs, for council meetings. The protests, the marches, the demonstrations, and the demands for better representation. You know, it helped propel Madison Nguyen, who would be the very first person elected to San Jose City Council of this community. It helped propels her into that seat. As many immigrant and refugee communities in the South Bay have also advocated for, the Vietnamese-American community also wanted to see more opportunities for business owners to get a piece of the pie in the South Bay, right? San Jose’s a large city with a big budget. And we’ve heard from people like Tam Nguyen and others that there still isn’t really enough representation of business owners getting contracts in San Jose and the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:17:01] So it sounds like this is like the beginning of not just the sort of existence of Vietnamese Americans in the South Bay, but really like the integration of them into the fabric of the community as business owners, as people who are politically active and engaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:17:18] Absolutely, and for, you know, for working continually as so many people in the South Bay are to erase the structures of the past that have put communities of color lower in the rankings for a variety of services, opportunities, etc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:17:39] And of course, we’re talking about all this, Joseph, because Wednesday was the 50th anniversary of the fall of Saigon, and I feel like so much of this story is about how this moment in time has really shaped San Jose as we know it today. I mean, how is the community reflecting on this moment? Like, what have you seen in San Jose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:18:05] When I spoke with Betty Duong about this, she told us that, you know, for her parents’ generation, it’s essentially a day of national mourning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:18:14] When I talk to my elders, they say it’s the day we lost our country. It’s the we lost home. It’s a day of national regret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:18:21] But for people of her generation, they’re still very connected to their parents’ stories and to that first generation’s stories. But as second-generation people here in the county and in the city of San Jose, they are working to kind of create a new and better future here in the South Bay. And they’re also raising their kids, their third generation, like Betty Duong’s kids, and they have to decide, as many immigrants or refugee families do, how to raise their kids and what to teach them and what emphasize and what kind of hold back on. So that the traumas of the past are a lesson that will be learned and absorbed, but also that they, you know, so that they don’t affect too harshly the path of these future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:19:08] Well Joseph, thank you so much for sharing your reporting with us, I appreciate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:19:13] Thank you for having me.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Wednesday marked 50 years since the end of the Vietnam War. As a result of the north’s victory, an estimated 120,000 Vietnamese refugees fled to communities all over the U.S. — including to San José. Today, it’s hard to imagine San José without the Vietnamese American community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!-- iframe plugin v.4.3 wordpress.org/plugins/iframe/ -->\u003cbr>\n\u003ciframe loading=\"lazy\" frameborder=\"0\" height=\"200\" scrolling=\"no\" src=\"https://playlist.megaphone.fm?e=KQINC5499242058\" width=\"100%\" class=\"iframe-class\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ci>Some members of the KQED podcast team are represented by The Screen Actors Guild, American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. San Francisco Northern California Local.\u003c/i>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This is a computer-generated transcript. While our team has reviewed it, there may be errors.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:01:25] The whole identity of San Jose is very much, you know, influenced by the Vietnamese American community at this point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:01:34] Joseph Geha is a South Bay reporter for KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:01:41] San Jose has become one of the main loci of Vietnamese-Americans in the country. The latest U.S. Census five-year American Community Survey data, we’re looking at about 122,000 people in San Jose proper that identify as Vietnamese-American or of Vietnamese descent. And within the Santa Clara County as a whole, about 150,000 plus.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:02:08] As you’ve just been talking about, Joseph, that wasn’t always the case. And Wednesday marked 50 years since the fall of Saigon. How did that moment begin to lay the groundwork for the community that exists in the South Bay now?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:02:26] Yeah, I mean, it was a very intense time. You had an initial drawdown of American troops happening already in Vietnam in the years before 1975 through the Paris Peace Accords. But on April 30th, 1975, that was the last American military presence to be removed out of Vietnam or being pulled out of Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:02:54] And that is when Northern Vietnamese communist forces took Saigon, and that kind of represented the formal ending of the war. So you’ve got an untold number, really, but at least 130,000 some odd Vietnamese refugees who were concerned that their anti-communist sentiments and work potentially with U.S. Forces would get them into severe trouble, possibly even injured or killed, put into like a reeducation camp by the communist forces if they were to stay. And so those people, with some assistance from the U.S. And other forces, were able to get airlifted out of Vietnam right at the fall of Saigon or shortly thereafter. Their journey was not a simple one. They were often put at different military bases in the Southern Pacific and different island nations where the US had military bases and then eventually transferred to America and dispersed there. There was a lot of steps along the way. Santa Clara County was one of the first places to kind of establish at the county level a formal refugee resettlement program.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:03:58] And one of the families who arrived to Santa Clara County under this resettlement program was the family of Betty Duong, the first Vietnamese American county supervisor in Santa Clara. What is her family’s immigration story? And also, why did you wanna talk with her?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:04:19] Yeah, well, as you noted, she is the first Vietnamese-American supervisor in Santa Clara County. She was just elected in last year’s election. I felt that she has a very good perspective to share with people because she grew up in San Jose, because her parents fled Vietnam, and because she has a daughter that she’s raising in San José.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:04:37] I feel a huge sense of pride that our families are so much part of the fabric of this community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:04:49] So her parents had recently been married. They were living in Saigon, and they fled the country in 1977, just a couple years after the fall of Saigon. And her mother at the time was only 22 years old.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:05:04] They left in the middle of the night, they pushed off on a fishing boat, and then they were out at sea.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:05:12] And just nearby on like another boat, she was able to see her brother, you know, this is Betty Duong’s uncle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:05:19] And she saw the boat that her brother was on be taken by pirates. So for years, for years she didn’t know what happened to her brother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:05:31] He ended up surviving, but her family didn’t know that until years later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:05:37] On day three or four, the boat ran out of gas. It’s now just floating on the open seas. And then on day five…\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:05:45] A container ship picks up the people on that boat with Betty Duong’s parents and takes them to an island nation before they are resettled in the U.S. And eventually San Jose, where Betty Duong was born a short time later.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:06:04] So Santa Clara County is one of the few places to open its doors to refugees like Betty Duong’s family. Where does she grow up and did her family feel welcomed where they were?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:06:19] Betty Duong grew up in and around downtown San Jose. She said she lived in section eight housing for a time right across from San Jose State University. And she kind of believed as a young girl that the whole world looked like the five block radius around her apartment, right? With lots of Vietnamese and Latino families living side by side.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:06:40] The door was always left open because no one had air conditioning, music, Vietnamese music was blasting like from 7 a.m. In the morning throughout the whole weekend, and that’s where we grew up relying on county services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:06:55] But as far as feeling welcome, I mean, her family experienced a lot of racism and a lot of bigotry here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:07:02] In my childhood, it was very normal for someone to shout at us on the street, like go back home to your country ch***.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:07:09] People were berating them for not knowing English, her parents, at medical appointments or even out in public and at restaurants.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:07:19] It just kind of always made you feel like your identity was under attack or that your family was under attack.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:07:26] Certainly there was, you know, at a very generous interpretation, a mixed feeling about refugees here even in Santa Clara County, and her parents experienced that firsthand, and so did she.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:07:45] Yeah, I mean, what was the political context in the US at this time, especially around immigrants and immigration?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:07:53] First of all, the U.S. and its residents were very divided about the war in Vietnam, right? Whether it was a good or bad war to be fighting is a very simple way of saying it, whether or not we needed to be there or should have been there. And also very divided over whether to accept refugees. Just the year before the fall of Saigon, you had President Richard Nixon leaving office over the Watergate scandal. And all of this is kind of laid on top of this background of skyrocketing on unemployment and inflation and kind of an economic crisis. So it was a very fraught time when Vietnamese refugees started arriving in waves to America.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Professor Hien Duc Do \u003c/strong>[00:08:34] Vietnamese refugees came at a time when it was pretty contradictory or conflicting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:08:41] I also spoke to Professor Hien Duc Do, and he’s a professor of sociology and Asian-American studies at San Jose State University. He’s essentially saying that these refugees were arriving at a time that was very difficult for Americans already. And the question of whether to accept refugees from this, you know, very controversial war effort that America had gotten itself involved in was a tough one.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Professor Hien Duc Do \u003c/strong>[00:09:09] A lot of them came literally without anything but the clothes on their backs and you know as a young teenager it’s very it was very uncertain times right it’s just as it was for a lot of people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:09:25] I mean, that said, how does Betty Duong describe life as a child of refugees growing up in San Jose and Santa Clara County?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:09:35] She has a lot of gratitude for the county welcoming her family and others like her family here, but there were a lot challenges for her family, and others here. The county services that her family relied on, they weren’t always implemented in a very culturally appropriate way, or they were implemented in ways that just didn’t really understand or consider the daily realities for people like her parents.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:10:01] It always kind of felt short and it always added like a sense of chaos. It seemed like it was always someone else’s decision. It was always somebody else’s call. What we were going to eat, how we were gonna eat, where we were gonna live, how are we gonna live.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:10:15] People like her family and others who live nearby receive food assistance boxes from food banks in the county, and a lot of times it would include a large block or several rations of what’s known as government cheese.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:10:28] People lovingly reference government cheese, right? But for a population that’s like 90% lactose intolerant, that was just not a viable option. It’s not part of the culture. It’s not part of culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:10:39] Also things like health care. Her mother and father needed health care appointments like everybody else, and sometimes she’d have to go with her mom to these medical appointments or consultations, and they’re spread out around the city, and her mom was using public transit, so she’d be taking several different bus trips around different parts of the city or the county to get from one appointment to the next. So there just wasn’t this consideration of how difficult that might be for somebody without a lot of money or resources or a daily car to use.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:11:05] And she’s joining them because as a child, she’s also translating for her parents, right? Which as I know is a very common experience for many children of immigrants in the US.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:11:16] Yeah, children of immigrants, children of refugees, this is a common experience, exactly. And Betty Duong was learning English at the same time as her parents. She was growing up in public schools in San Jose and learning English, but she had also learned Vietnamese at home. So English was technically a second language for her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:11:33] Neighbors would come over with their kids’ enrollment papers, like, can your daughter help me out with this? Or new prospective tenants were coming to try to rent an apartment, and if they spoke only Vietnamese, the landlord asked my mom if I could help.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:11:50] And she even talked about serious situations, like if the police showed up on her block and needed to talk to somebody in her apartment building, she might have to translate through a police officer. And that’s something, you know, she reflects on now is something that no child should ever have to go through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:12:05] There’s many little memories of just good policy, but with bad implementation, right? Or good intentions, government programs, or support programs, but it just kind of fell short because it didn’t take into account what is it that folks were really challenged with. And I felt that really defined my childhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:12:47] I mean, it sounds like throughout her childhood, Betty Duong is really picking up on all the ways that the systems in place were sort of failing Vietnamese refugees like our family, despite being open to them. And then I feel like this knowledge and this feeling really comes to a head in the summer of 2003, what happened?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:13:12] Yeah, in July 2003, there was a fatal police shooting of a young Vietnamese-American woman, Bich Cau Thi Tran. She’s a young, Vietnamese- American woman with two boys, and she had struggled with her mental health. And she was fatally shot by San Jose police officer Chad Marshall. Essentially, police got called out by a neighbor who was worried about, like, a domestic issue at the apartment complex there where Ms. Tran lived. And when the officers arrived you know, they found her in the kitchen and she was holding a Vietnamese style vegetable peeler, which the officer would later say he thought was a large knife and he thought, you know he was going to be killed by Ms. Tran and he shot her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:13:53] When the story first broke, we were hearing on TV that this woman attacked the officer with a butcher knife. And then when we saw there was the same vegetable peeler that’s in every single Asian household, right? It was just some really heartbreaking that this woman, she was killed by a police officer in front of her children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:14:20] So this shooting happened in July of 2003, and it really shook up the community. Betty Duong said she was at community college at the time, but she remembers it vividly. I mean, the moment I asked her about this woman in this shooting, she immediately became emotional, because even 22 years later, she said it was a defining moment for her in her life and in the community\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:14:44] One of the rare times that my very Republican, very conservative dad and I, like, had full agreement, right, that something was wrong. And this is where he and I really agreed that significant missteps, that inherent biases, camouflaged racism, like these were all at play.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:15:03] And, you know, that killing really, really motivated the community to organize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tam Nguyen \u003c/strong>[00:15:13] That woke people up, that we need to stand up. We need to raise our voice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:15:17] We had spoken to Tam Nguyen. He’s a former city council member who was elected in 2014. He’s also an attorney and a community advocate. And he essentially told us that this was a wake-up call.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Tam Nguyen \u003c/strong>[00:15:30] We need to get our act together, get our votes together, so people learn that the power, the political, and then resource and benefit come through your votes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:15:42] What are some of the things that the Vietnamese American community really pushes for and also wins in the years since the shooting in 2003?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:15:51] There were desires for more cultural sensitivity training for police officers and language training, right? To avoid this horrible outcome from happening again, but also there, in the years following that and since then, there have been bigger asks for continued increases in representation, for language access across a series of services and programs, not just at the county level, but at the city level for small business programs, for council meetings. The protests, the marches, the demonstrations, and the demands for better representation. You know, it helped propel Madison Nguyen, who would be the very first person elected to San Jose City Council of this community. It helped propels her into that seat. As many immigrant and refugee communities in the South Bay have also advocated for, the Vietnamese-American community also wanted to see more opportunities for business owners to get a piece of the pie in the South Bay, right? San Jose’s a large city with a big budget. And we’ve heard from people like Tam Nguyen and others that there still isn’t really enough representation of business owners getting contracts in San Jose and the South Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:17:01] So it sounds like this is like the beginning of not just the sort of existence of Vietnamese Americans in the South Bay, but really like the integration of them into the fabric of the community as business owners, as people who are politically active and engaged.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:17:18] Absolutely, and for, you know, for working continually as so many people in the South Bay are to erase the structures of the past that have put communities of color lower in the rankings for a variety of services, opportunities, etc.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:17:39] And of course, we’re talking about all this, Joseph, because Wednesday was the 50th anniversary of the fall of Saigon, and I feel like so much of this story is about how this moment in time has really shaped San Jose as we know it today. I mean, how is the community reflecting on this moment? Like, what have you seen in San Jose?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:18:05] When I spoke with Betty Duong about this, she told us that, you know, for her parents’ generation, it’s essentially a day of national mourning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Betty Duong \u003c/strong>[00:18:14] When I talk to my elders, they say it’s the day we lost our country. It’s the we lost home. It’s a day of national regret.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:18:21] But for people of her generation, they’re still very connected to their parents’ stories and to that first generation’s stories. But as second-generation people here in the county and in the city of San Jose, they are working to kind of create a new and better future here in the South Bay. And they’re also raising their kids, their third generation, like Betty Duong’s kids, and they have to decide, as many immigrants or refugee families do, how to raise their kids and what to teach them and what emphasize and what kind of hold back on. So that the traumas of the past are a lesson that will be learned and absorbed, but also that they, you know, so that they don’t affect too harshly the path of these future generations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Ericka Cruz Guevarra \u003c/strong>[00:19:08] Well Joseph, thank you so much for sharing your reporting with us, I appreciate it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Joseph Geha \u003c/strong>[00:19:13] Thank you for having me.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"title": "‘Beginning of Our Identity’: How San José Became Home for Betty Duong and Vietnamese Americans",
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"headTitle": "‘Beginning of Our Identity’: How San José Became Home for Betty Duong and Vietnamese Americans | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12017754/meet-betty-duong-santa-clara-countys-first-vietnamese-american-supervisor\">Betty Duong\u003c/a> said that everyone she speaks with in her Vietnamese American community has a different feeling about April 30, 1975, when American soldiers pulled out of South Vietnam and the war officially ended. But they all agree on its significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two years after that day, Duong’s recently married mother fled Vietnam in the middle of the night with her husband on a fishing boat packed with people. She watched helplessly as her brother, who was on board a different vessel, was captured by pirates. Their survival was uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s still a very painful part of time in their lives, that I don’t know if they’ve completely gotten past or processed fully,” Duong, 44, said of her family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her parents’ generation, that day marks the loss of their home country and a day of mourning. Duong’s peers see it somewhat differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I talk to my second-generation colleagues and counterparts, they say it was the beginning of our identity as a diaspora,” she said. “It’s how we end up here in America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Duong stands as an example of the growth and influence of the Vietnamese American diaspora in San José. Beginning with the arrival of tens of thousands of refugees in the years after the war, the community has grown, along with its political power, spurred by a need for cultural understanding and by critical events, like the police killing of a Vietnamese American mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12034774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12034774 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left, Betty Duong holding her daughter, Harper, and her marriage photo with her husband, Khai, are displayed in her office at the Santa Clara County Administration Building in San José on April 3, 2025. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Duong grew up in the city and attended local schools before going on to UC Berkeley and Davis. After graduating, she became an attorney and then began work in the public sector for the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last November, she became the first Vietnamese American elected to the office of Santa Clara County Supervisor. Her success, some say, is rooted in her ability to connect with varied voting groups, developed through her own upbringing in the community and her reliance on public services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duong was born in San José after her parents arrived here with the help of Santa Clara County’s refugee resettlement program; her uncle, after escaping from the pirates, eventually ended up in Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She learned English in school, picking it up faster than her parents, and she often found herself translating for them at parent-teacher conferences, medical appointments and the DMV, an experience children of many immigrants and refugees are familiar with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037737\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12037737 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/ECEFCE9F-8AED-48FC-8C07-64265BE40EB9_KQED-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/ECEFCE9F-8AED-48FC-8C07-64265BE40EB9_KQED-1.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/ECEFCE9F-8AED-48FC-8C07-64265BE40EB9_KQED-1-160x203.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Duong as a baby, being held by her father, Thông Dương, and her sister, Kathy, being held by her mother, Ngọc Từ, outside of San José State University. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Betty Duong)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This was also during the time when police officers and first responders didn’t have a language line or language access, so when 911 was called, I was also volunteered to help translate these very serious situations,” Duong said, something she feels a child should never have to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Section 8 housing in downtown San José, Duong thought the whole world looked like the five-block radius around her, made up largely of Vietnamese and Latino families, with doors left open all day in the warmer months for lack of air conditioning. Many families were reliant on county services to help make ends meet, put food on the table and access medical care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duong sings the praises of the county for welcoming Vietnamese refugees with open arms and offering support to her family at a critical time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, her work in public service has been shaped by her family’s experience with poorly implemented or culturally insensitive safety net programs that didn’t consider the different ways people might need assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It always kind of fell short, and it always added a sense of chaos to the world,” she said of the services she received. “It was always somebody else’s call what we were going to eat, how we were going to eat, where we were going to live, how are we going to live and what that entailed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Vietnamese American culture helps define San José and the region, and politicians have understood for many years the value of the group as a coveted voting bloc. About 122,000 residents identify as Vietnamese American, representing more than 10% of the city’s population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vietnamese Americans had to make major strides to overcome ignorance, racism, systemic exclusion and cultural and language access barriers along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>“We weren’t wanted”\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When Duong was growing up, her family experienced blunt racism and bigotry, with people directing slurs at her parents, or telling her father to learn English or go back to his country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vietnamese refugees arrived in America at a fraught time. The country was in an economic recession, and the war itself was causing division, according to Hien Duc Do, a professor of sociology and Asian American studies at San José State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037728\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12037728 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1072\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2.jpeg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2-800x536.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2-1020x683.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2-1536x1029.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Duong as a toddler with her mom, Ngọc Từ, standing outside an apartment complex on South Fifth Street where they lived at the time, across from San José State University. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Betty Duong)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There were people who were happy with the refugees. There were people who weren’t happy with refugees,” said Do, who has written extensively about Vietnamese Americans. “ You have about 100,000 people or so coming from a war-torn country and a lot of them came literally without anything but the clothes on their backs. So for them, it was a very traumatic experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Gerald Ford, in his attempt to avoid “ghettoism,” ordered the initial waves of refugees from Vietnam to be dispersed into different areas in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do said that broke apart networks of extended families and people who had come to know each other in refugee camps, making it harder for them to find stability. Ford’s plan didn’t last long, as groups of refugees eventually coalesced around warm weather areas such as Orange County, the Bay Area, and Texas, according to the Immigration Policy Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are all these laws that were passed against people like us when we first came, because we weren’t wanted, in the same way that every community had gone through that,” Do said. “And sometimes people tend to forget that. Sometimes, success breeds this idea that America is this land of meritocracy, it’s this open society, when in fact it is not. It could be, but it’s not quite there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Government cheese\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Duong recalls how she and other low-income families received so-called “government cheese” from food banks. “But for a population that’s like 90% lactose intolerant, that was just not a viable option,” Duong said of her family and other Vietnamese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just one example of the sometimes ham-fisted approaches to public welfare that she experienced growing up. She learned that building effective safety net programs requires collective input and designing empathetically for the unique needs of people with different backgrounds and experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037745\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2184px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12037745 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2184\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2.jpg 2184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-1020x717.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-1536x1080.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-2048x1440.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-1920x1350.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2184px) 100vw, 2184px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Duong’s parents, Thông Dương and Ngọc Từ, seen in front of the old Hammer Theater in San José. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Betty Duong)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To receive health care, her mother often had to make elaborate public transit plans, seeing a primary doctor in one area of San José and then being sent to see a specialist across the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wasn’t alone. Decades later, a 2012 county study showed that Vietnamese Americans still faced physical and mental health challenges, as well as intergenerational conflict and difficulty in navigating county services, according to the county.[aside postID=news_12017754 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/Betty-and-Community-Member-1020x680.jpg']To help address those needs, former Santa Clara County Supervisors Dave Cortese and Cindy Chavez, for whom Duong served as chief of staff, helped spearhead the opening of the Vietnamese American Services Center in 2021 on Senter Road, close to Vietnamese American neighborhoods and businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is meant to be a one-stop shop, with culturally competent services for mental and behavioral health, a general health center, dental clinic, pharmacy, social services and nutrition programs for older adults. Duong was the project’s lead for the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why does it take this long for us to have this?” Duong said of equitable services and centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There needs to be more Vietnamese representation. There needs to be more Latino representation. There needs to be more South Asian representation. Our elected bodies don’t look like our communities yet, quite yet,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Duong and so much of the Vietnamese American community, the need for that representation became more urgent about two decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Police killing of Bich Cau Thi Tran\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2003, Duong was attending De Anza College when she, like many others in the community, was shaken by the fatal police shooting of a Vietnamese American woman who was experiencing a mental health crisis in her San José home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bich Cau Thi Tran was a small woman weighing less than 100 pounds, and a mother of two young boys who struggled with her mental health. She was killed by San José Police Officer Chad Marshall when he responded to a call about a domestic concern at Tran’s apartment in the Northside neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tran was holding a Vietnamese-style vegetable peeler, known as a dao bào. Marshall said later he thought it was a knife, and he thought she was going to kill him. Seconds after confronting Tran, he shot her in the chest, and she died on her kitchen floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12034770\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12034770 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Duong, Santa Clara County Supervisor, speaks to KQED reporter Joseph Geha for an interview at the Santa Clara County Administration Building in San José on April 3, 2025. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When the story first broke, we were hearing on TV that this woman attacked the officer with a butcher knife,” Duong said. It was only through testimony in a rare open grand jury proceeding that more details were revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then, when we saw that it was the same vegetable peeler that’s in every single Asian household … it was just really heartbreaking,” Duong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The killing touched off protests, marches and a reckoning within the community about how police treat residents in American communities. It helped propel Madison Nguyen into a San José City Council seat in 2005, becoming the first Vietnamese American person elected in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tam Nguyen, a 45-year resident of San José, attorney and former council member, said before Tran’s killing, the Vietnamese American community was less engaged in local politics, and often treated as an afterthought by power brokers and the establishment in City Hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we were poor, we were busy earning a living, we didn’t know about politics or civic engagement. So out of ignorance, out of economic and cultural disadvantage, and also because of the system and how it was designed, to keep Asian people quiet,” Nguyen said. “That was the mentality, and how things were going during the 80s and 90s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1804px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12037760 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1804\" height=\"1145\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497.jpg 1804w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497-1020x647.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497-1536x975.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1804px) 100vw, 1804px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters marched to the civic center about a mile away from Bich Cau Thi Tran’s home. The Vietnamese community and others from around the Santa Clara Valley turned out in force for a vigil and march on City Hall on July 16, 2003, in San José to denounce the fatal police shooting of the single mother. \u003ccite>(Paul Chinn/The San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He recalls being on Mayor Tom McEnery’s Advisory Group on Minority Affairs, which amounted to monthly meetings where the mayor told the group things were going well, but didn’t seek their input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, Nguyen said the community began clamoring about the lack of Vietnamese American representation on the city council and in city staffing ranks, and the lack of a clear path to apply for city contracts or grants. In response, a city hall emissary was sent to tell the community they were being heard, but not to “burden yourself” by putting up a Vietnamese American candidate for office, and not to confuse “equal rights for equal representation,” Nguyen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always been that things don’t change until people speak out, get together and act with their votes,” he said. Tran’s killing “woke people up, that we need to stand up, we need to raise our voice, we need to get our act together, get our votes together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Konda, the executive director of the Asian Law Alliance, also helped form the Coalition for Justice and Accountability in the wake of Tran’s killing, calling for greater cultural sensitivity in San José’s policing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Konda said the shooting shifted the sole focus of many in the Vietnamese American community in San José away from the issues in their home country, which were still looming large in the collective consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037773\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12037773\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flags at City Hall in San José, California, on Aug. 1, 2023. \u003ccite>(Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“For many of them, they weren’t really looking inward in terms of the politics of local or state government,” Konda said. “This may have been, I don’t know if you want to call it a triggering point, but something that maybe caused some people to kind of think about, ‘Hey, we need to maybe get more involved locally.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duong called Tran’s death a “defining moment” for herself and her community, and she still becomes emotional when speaking about her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ms. Tran’s killing — that was the first time that we were faced with this reality that, as a whole, as a community, it was really undeniable at that point that there is a problem, a challenge. There is a rift between police and community in this country,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duong, who translated for her community in police interactions as a child, said those experiences inspired her to help develop language access policies in 2014. The county built on that, establishing a dedicated language access unit in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said it was a rare moment that she and her father saw eye to eye on law enforcement during that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My dad has been very, very, very pro-police, very pro-law and order,” Duong said. However, as more details emerged about the killing, “he and I really agreed that significant missteps, inherent biases, camouflaged racism — these were all at play.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Since then, the community has grown in power and influence, and for decades now, politicians and city and county officials have courted Vietnamese American voters. They often show up to celebrations or events near the Grand Century Mall and the Vietnam Town shopping center in Little Saigon to talk with residents. Some wear traditional Vietnamese clothing known as an ao dai, or carry the flag of South Vietnam, and learn short phrases in Vietnamese to show solidarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But having a seat at the table is a recent accomplishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only five Vietnamese Americans have been elected to the San José City Council in 50 years, and Duong is the first to become a county supervisor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12037727 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/IMG_9346.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/IMG_9346.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/IMG_9346-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/IMG_9346-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/IMG_9346-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Duong family at Betty Duong’s Santa Clara County Supervisor swearing-in ceremony in January 2025. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Betty Duong)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Do, the San José State professor, credits Duong’s election victory to her ability to appeal to the common humanity across many different constituencies, not just Vietnamese Americans, which he said represents a maturation for politicians from the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was able to build this coalition that she’s not only seen as this great, amazing, young politician, but one that really understands how to work the system to benefit all of us, not just her own Vietnamese American community, because that would not have been enough to elect her,” he said. “She really can bridge a lot of these amazing stories from different communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking forward, looking back\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This year marks half a century as a Vietnamese American community for so many in San José. As the culture continues to change, newer generations keep the memories and feelings of their elders close at heart, but also hold different concerns, like how to best honor the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duong, like so many Vietnamese Americans, said she faces a “constant negotiation” about how to share her Vietnamese American identity with her young, third-generation daughter, and what to reinforce and what to let go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12017798\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12017798\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/Betty-and-Community-Member-scaled-e1745619585830.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Duong won the election to represent Santa Clara County’s District 2, which includes San José, Alum Rock and the East Foothills. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Betty Duong)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our ancestors, our heritage, why we eat certain foods, why we do certain things, our cultural traditions and ceremonies — that originated in a country called Vietnam,” she said, as she tells her daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that my daughter will learn as much as possible, know as much as I do about her grandparents’ journey to America and how that translates to why we need to take care of each other in community,” Duong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do noted that over the decades, as groups hold annual remembrances for the Fall of Saigon, there has at times been tension between the generations, or a disconnect about what they experienced. He attributed that to a lack of education in American schools about the war, and that elders may sometimes be hesitant to share details about their trauma, guilt and memories because they want to protect youth from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many Vietnamese refugees who ended up in San José were forced to start over professionally, facing major setbacks. Even if they were business professionals, educators or high-ranking military officers in Vietnam, in America, some had to learn new skills to become engineers or assembly line workers, others became janitors and dishwashers, while some opened restaurants and grocery stores, some of which proliferated widely, like Lee’s Sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remembrances are important, especially for older generations, “to renew their friendship, to be in community together, to eat together, to cry together, to just to be in a space where they don’t have to explain to people how and why they feel the way that they feel,” Do said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11299999\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11299999\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pulitzer Prize-winning author Viet Thanh Nguyen signs copies of his new collection of short stories, “The Refugees.” Nguyen came to the United States with his family as a refugee from Vietnam after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Viet Thanh Nguyen, a Pulitzer Prize-winning author and professor who grew up in San José after fleeing Vietnam with his parents at a young age, also spoke of the difficulties Vietnamese Americans face in trying to ensure younger generations know the history of their elders and the war, while allowing them enough freedom from horrific experiences to create their own paths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He drew inspiration from the conclusion of Toni Morrison’s novel about slavery, Beloved, in which she wrote, “This is not a story to pass on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a story that we should avoid, but it’s also not a story that we should pass on to another generation. These two things are contradictory, but they exist simultaneously because we haven’t escaped from history yet,” Nguyen said. “And I think that’s true for the Vietnam War. It’s something that we should remember, but it’s also something that we shouldn’t pass on. How do we do that?” he said. “That’s a balancing act that I think is part of our challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is undeniable is the growth of the Vietnamese American community in Santa Clara County in political and cultural prominence, which may have been tough to see in the beginning years after the Fall of Saigon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From my childhood to my adulthood, something shifted at some point where now we were welcomed,” Duong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s night and day. I wish I could go back and tell my younger self that this world gets better, it changes. This life becomes more integrated and surrounded with joy and you would be proud to be Vietnamese American,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Half a century removed from the Fall of Saigon, Vietnamese American culture is woven into the fabric of San José. However, the group faced a rocky path in the South Bay as it grew in influence and political power. ",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12017754/meet-betty-duong-santa-clara-countys-first-vietnamese-american-supervisor\">Betty Duong\u003c/a> said that everyone she speaks with in her Vietnamese American community has a different feeling about April 30, 1975, when American soldiers pulled out of South Vietnam and the war officially ended. But they all agree on its significance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just two years after that day, Duong’s recently married mother fled Vietnam in the middle of the night with her husband on a fishing boat packed with people. She watched helplessly as her brother, who was on board a different vessel, was captured by pirates. Their survival was uncertain.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s still a very painful part of time in their lives, that I don’t know if they’ve completely gotten past or processed fully,” Duong, 44, said of her family.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For her parents’ generation, that day marks the loss of their home country and a day of mourning. Duong’s peers see it somewhat differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When I talk to my second-generation colleagues and counterparts, they say it was the beginning of our identity as a diaspora,” she said. “It’s how we end up here in America.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Duong stands as an example of the growth and influence of the Vietnamese American diaspora in San José. Beginning with the arrival of tens of thousands of refugees in the years after the war, the community has grown, along with its political power, spurred by a need for cultural understanding and by critical events, like the police killing of a Vietnamese American mother.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12034774\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12034774 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-20-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left, Betty Duong holding her daughter, Harper, and her marriage photo with her husband, Khai, are displayed in her office at the Santa Clara County Administration Building in San José on April 3, 2025. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Duong grew up in the city and attended local schools before going on to UC Berkeley and Davis. After graduating, she became an attorney and then began work in the public sector for the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Last November, she became the first Vietnamese American elected to the office of Santa Clara County Supervisor. Her success, some say, is rooted in her ability to connect with varied voting groups, developed through her own upbringing in the community and her reliance on public services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duong was born in San José after her parents arrived here with the help of Santa Clara County’s refugee resettlement program; her uncle, after escaping from the pirates, eventually ended up in Australia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She learned English in school, picking it up faster than her parents, and she often found herself translating for them at parent-teacher conferences, medical appointments and the DMV, an experience children of many immigrants and refugees are familiar with.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037737\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 400px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12037737 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/ECEFCE9F-8AED-48FC-8C07-64265BE40EB9_KQED-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"508\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/ECEFCE9F-8AED-48FC-8C07-64265BE40EB9_KQED-1.jpg 400w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/ECEFCE9F-8AED-48FC-8C07-64265BE40EB9_KQED-1-160x203.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Duong as a baby, being held by her father, Thông Dương, and her sister, Kathy, being held by her mother, Ngọc Từ, outside of San José State University. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Betty Duong)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“This was also during the time when police officers and first responders didn’t have a language line or language access, so when 911 was called, I was also volunteered to help translate these very serious situations,” Duong said, something she feels a child should never have to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Growing up in Section 8 housing in downtown San José, Duong thought the whole world looked like the five-block radius around her, made up largely of Vietnamese and Latino families, with doors left open all day in the warmer months for lack of air conditioning. Many families were reliant on county services to help make ends meet, put food on the table and access medical care.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duong sings the praises of the county for welcoming Vietnamese refugees with open arms and offering support to her family at a critical time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, her work in public service has been shaped by her family’s experience with poorly implemented or culturally insensitive safety net programs that didn’t consider the different ways people might need assistance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It always kind of fell short, and it always added a sense of chaos to the world,” she said of the services she received. “It was always somebody else’s call what we were going to eat, how we were going to eat, where we were going to live, how are we going to live and what that entailed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, Vietnamese American culture helps define San José and the region, and politicians have understood for many years the value of the group as a coveted voting bloc. About 122,000 residents identify as Vietnamese American, representing more than 10% of the city’s population, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Vietnamese Americans had to make major strides to overcome ignorance, racism, systemic exclusion and cultural and language access barriers along the way.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>“We weren’t wanted”\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>When Duong was growing up, her family experienced blunt racism and bigotry, with people directing slurs at her parents, or telling her father to learn English or go back to his country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vietnamese refugees arrived in America at a fraught time. The country was in an economic recession, and the war itself was causing division, according to Hien Duc Do, a professor of sociology and Asian American studies at San José State University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037728\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1600px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12037728 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1600\" height=\"1072\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2.jpeg 1600w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2-800x536.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2-1020x683.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2-160x107.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2025-03-19_151258-2-1536x1029.jpeg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1600px) 100vw, 1600px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Duong as a toddler with her mom, Ngọc Từ, standing outside an apartment complex on South Fifth Street where they lived at the time, across from San José State University. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Betty Duong)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“There were people who were happy with the refugees. There were people who weren’t happy with refugees,” said Do, who has written extensively about Vietnamese Americans. “ You have about 100,000 people or so coming from a war-torn country and a lot of them came literally without anything but the clothes on their backs. So for them, it was a very traumatic experience.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>President Gerald Ford, in his attempt to avoid “ghettoism,” ordered the initial waves of refugees from Vietnam to be dispersed into different areas in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do said that broke apart networks of extended families and people who had come to know each other in refugee camps, making it harder for them to find stability. Ford’s plan didn’t last long, as groups of refugees eventually coalesced around warm weather areas such as Orange County, the Bay Area, and Texas, according to the Immigration Policy Center.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There are all these laws that were passed against people like us when we first came, because we weren’t wanted, in the same way that every community had gone through that,” Do said. “And sometimes people tend to forget that. Sometimes, success breeds this idea that America is this land of meritocracy, it’s this open society, when in fact it is not. It could be, but it’s not quite there yet.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Government cheese\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Duong recalls how she and other low-income families received so-called “government cheese” from food banks. “But for a population that’s like 90% lactose intolerant, that was just not a viable option,” Duong said of her family and other Vietnamese Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s just one example of the sometimes ham-fisted approaches to public welfare that she experienced growing up. She learned that building effective safety net programs requires collective input and designing empathetically for the unique needs of people with different backgrounds and experiences.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037745\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2184px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12037745 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2184\" height=\"1536\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2.jpg 2184w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-800x563.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-1020x717.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-160x113.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-1536x1080.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-2048x1440.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/Photo_2024-11-02_190608_Original-2-1920x1350.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2184px) 100vw, 2184px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Duong’s parents, Thông Dương and Ngọc Từ, seen in front of the old Hammer Theater in San José. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Betty Duong)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>To receive health care, her mother often had to make elaborate public transit plans, seeing a primary doctor in one area of San José and then being sent to see a specialist across the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She wasn’t alone. Decades later, a 2012 county study showed that Vietnamese Americans still faced physical and mental health challenges, as well as intergenerational conflict and difficulty in navigating county services, according to the county.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>To help address those needs, former Santa Clara County Supervisors Dave Cortese and Cindy Chavez, for whom Duong served as chief of staff, helped spearhead the opening of the Vietnamese American Services Center in 2021 on Senter Road, close to Vietnamese American neighborhoods and businesses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The center is meant to be a one-stop shop, with culturally competent services for mental and behavioral health, a general health center, dental clinic, pharmacy, social services and nutrition programs for older adults. Duong was the project’s lead for the county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Why does it take this long for us to have this?” Duong said of equitable services and centers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There needs to be more Vietnamese representation. There needs to be more Latino representation. There needs to be more South Asian representation. Our elected bodies don’t look like our communities yet, quite yet,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For Duong and so much of the Vietnamese American community, the need for that representation became more urgent about two decades ago.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Police killing of Bich Cau Thi Tran\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the summer of 2003, Duong was attending De Anza College when she, like many others in the community, was shaken by the fatal police shooting of a Vietnamese American woman who was experiencing a mental health crisis in her San José home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bich Cau Thi Tran was a small woman weighing less than 100 pounds, and a mother of two young boys who struggled with her mental health. She was killed by San José Police Officer Chad Marshall when he responded to a call about a domestic concern at Tran’s apartment in the Northside neighborhood.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tran was holding a Vietnamese-style vegetable peeler, known as a dao bào. Marshall said later he thought it was a knife, and he thought she was going to kill him. Seconds after confronting Tran, he shot her in the chest, and she died on her kitchen floor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12034770\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12034770 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED.jpg 2000w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20240403_BETTYDUONG_GC-4-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2000px) 100vw, 2000px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Duong, Santa Clara County Supervisor, speaks to KQED reporter Joseph Geha for an interview at the Santa Clara County Administration Building in San José on April 3, 2025. \u003ccite>(Gina Castro/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When the story first broke, we were hearing on TV that this woman attacked the officer with a butcher knife,” Duong said. It was only through testimony in a rare open grand jury proceeding that more details were revealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“And then, when we saw that it was the same vegetable peeler that’s in every single Asian household … it was just really heartbreaking,” Duong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The killing touched off protests, marches and a reckoning within the community about how police treat residents in American communities. It helped propel Madison Nguyen into a San José City Council seat in 2005, becoming the first Vietnamese American person elected in the city.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tam Nguyen, a 45-year resident of San José, attorney and former council member, said before Tran’s killing, the Vietnamese American community was less engaged in local politics, and often treated as an afterthought by power brokers and the establishment in City Hall.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Because we were poor, we were busy earning a living, we didn’t know about politics or civic engagement. So out of ignorance, out of economic and cultural disadvantage, and also because of the system and how it was designed, to keep Asian people quiet,” Nguyen said. “That was the mentality, and how things were going during the 80s and 90s.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037760\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1804px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12037760 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1804\" height=\"1145\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497.jpg 1804w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497-800x508.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497-1020x647.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/GettyImages-1408373497-1536x975.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1804px) 100vw, 1804px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Protesters marched to the civic center about a mile away from Bich Cau Thi Tran’s home. The Vietnamese community and others from around the Santa Clara Valley turned out in force for a vigil and march on City Hall on July 16, 2003, in San José to denounce the fatal police shooting of the single mother. \u003ccite>(Paul Chinn/The San Francisco Chronicle via Getty Images)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>He recalls being on Mayor Tom McEnery’s Advisory Group on Minority Affairs, which amounted to monthly meetings where the mayor told the group things were going well, but didn’t seek their input.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1990s, Nguyen said the community began clamoring about the lack of Vietnamese American representation on the city council and in city staffing ranks, and the lack of a clear path to apply for city contracts or grants. In response, a city hall emissary was sent to tell the community they were being heard, but not to “burden yourself” by putting up a Vietnamese American candidate for office, and not to confuse “equal rights for equal representation,” Nguyen said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s always been that things don’t change until people speak out, get together and act with their votes,” he said. Tran’s killing “woke people up, that we need to stand up, we need to raise our voice, we need to get our act together, get our votes together.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Richard Konda, the executive director of the Asian Law Alliance, also helped form the Coalition for Justice and Accountability in the wake of Tran’s killing, calling for greater cultural sensitivity in San José’s policing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Konda said the shooting shifted the sole focus of many in the Vietnamese American community in San José away from the issues in their home country, which were still looming large in the collective consciousness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037773\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1999px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12037773\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1333\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed.jpg 1999w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/20230801-SJCityHall-04-JY_qed-1920x1280.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1999px) 100vw, 1999px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Flags at City Hall in San José, California, on Aug. 1, 2023. \u003ccite>(Juliana Yamada/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“For many of them, they weren’t really looking inward in terms of the politics of local or state government,” Konda said. “This may have been, I don’t know if you want to call it a triggering point, but something that maybe caused some people to kind of think about, ‘Hey, we need to maybe get more involved locally.’”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duong called Tran’s death a “defining moment” for herself and her community, and she still becomes emotional when speaking about her.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Ms. Tran’s killing — that was the first time that we were faced with this reality that, as a whole, as a community, it was really undeniable at that point that there is a problem, a challenge. There is a rift between police and community in this country,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duong, who translated for her community in police interactions as a child, said those experiences inspired her to help develop language access policies in 2014. The county built on that, establishing a dedicated language access unit in 2020.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She said it was a rare moment that she and her father saw eye to eye on law enforcement during that time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“My dad has been very, very, very pro-police, very pro-law and order,” Duong said. However, as more details emerged about the killing, “he and I really agreed that significant missteps, inherent biases, camouflaged racism — these were all at play.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>More representation\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Since then, the community has grown in power and influence, and for decades now, politicians and city and county officials have courted Vietnamese American voters. They often show up to celebrations or events near the Grand Century Mall and the Vietnam Town shopping center in Little Saigon to talk with residents. Some wear traditional Vietnamese clothing known as an ao dai, or carry the flag of South Vietnam, and learn short phrases in Vietnamese to show solidarity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But having a seat at the table is a recent accomplishment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Only five Vietnamese Americans have been elected to the San José City Council in 50 years, and Duong is the first to become a county supervisor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12037727\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1024px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12037727 size-full\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/IMG_9346.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/IMG_9346.jpg 1024w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/IMG_9346-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/IMG_9346-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/04/IMG_9346-160x120.jpg 160w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Duong family at Betty Duong’s Santa Clara County Supervisor swearing-in ceremony in January 2025. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Betty Duong)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Do, the San José State professor, credits Duong’s election victory to her ability to appeal to the common humanity across many different constituencies, not just Vietnamese Americans, which he said represents a maturation for politicians from the community.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“She was able to build this coalition that she’s not only seen as this great, amazing, young politician, but one that really understands how to work the system to benefit all of us, not just her own Vietnamese American community, because that would not have been enough to elect her,” he said. “She really can bridge a lot of these amazing stories from different communities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Looking forward, looking back\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>This year marks half a century as a Vietnamese American community for so many in San José. As the culture continues to change, newer generations keep the memories and feelings of their elders close at heart, but also hold different concerns, like how to best honor the past.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Duong, like so many Vietnamese Americans, said she faces a “constant negotiation” about how to share her Vietnamese American identity with her young, third-generation daughter, and what to reinforce and what to let go.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_12017798\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 2000px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12017798\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2024/12/Betty-and-Community-Member-scaled-e1745619585830.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"2000\" height=\"1334\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Betty Duong won the election to represent Santa Clara County’s District 2, which includes San José, Alum Rock and the East Foothills. \u003ccite>(Photo courtesy of Betty Duong)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Our ancestors, our heritage, why we eat certain foods, why we do certain things, our cultural traditions and ceremonies — that originated in a country called Vietnam,” she said, as she tells her daughter.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope that my daughter will learn as much as possible, know as much as I do about her grandparents’ journey to America and how that translates to why we need to take care of each other in community,” Duong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Do noted that over the decades, as groups hold annual remembrances for the Fall of Saigon, there has at times been tension between the generations, or a disconnect about what they experienced. He attributed that to a lack of education in American schools about the war, and that elders may sometimes be hesitant to share details about their trauma, guilt and memories because they want to protect youth from it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So many Vietnamese refugees who ended up in San José were forced to start over professionally, facing major setbacks. Even if they were business professionals, educators or high-ranking military officers in Vietnam, in America, some had to learn new skills to become engineers or assembly line workers, others became janitors and dishwashers, while some opened restaurants and grocery stores, some of which proliferated widely, like Lee’s Sandwiches.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The remembrances are important, especially for older generations, “to renew their friendship, to be in community together, to eat together, to cry together, to just to be in a space where they don’t have to explain to people how and why they feel the way that they feel,” Do said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11299999\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1920px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11299999\" src=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1280\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-1180x787.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-960x640.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-240x160.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-375x250.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/02/Viet-Thanh-Nguyen-1-520x347.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Pulitzer Prize-winning author Viet Thanh Nguyen signs copies of his new collection of short stories, “The Refugees.” Nguyen came to the United States with his family as a refugee from Vietnam after the end of the Vietnam War in 1975. \u003ccite>(Sasha Khokha/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Viet Thanh Nguyen, a Pulitzer Prize-winning author and professor who grew up in San José after fleeing Vietnam with his parents at a young age, also spoke of the difficulties Vietnamese Americans face in trying to ensure younger generations know the history of their elders and the war, while allowing them enough freedom from horrific experiences to create their own paths.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He drew inspiration from the conclusion of Toni Morrison’s novel about slavery, Beloved, in which she wrote, “This is not a story to pass on.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This is not a story that we should avoid, but it’s also not a story that we should pass on to another generation. These two things are contradictory, but they exist simultaneously because we haven’t escaped from history yet,” Nguyen said. “And I think that’s true for the Vietnam War. It’s something that we should remember, but it’s also something that we shouldn’t pass on. How do we do that?” he said. “That’s a balancing act that I think is part of our challenge.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What is undeniable is the growth of the Vietnamese American community in Santa Clara County in political and cultural prominence, which may have been tough to see in the beginning years after the Fall of Saigon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“From my childhood to my adulthood, something shifted at some point where now we were welcomed,” Duong said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s night and day. I wish I could go back and tell my younger self that this world gets better, it changes. This life becomes more integrated and surrounded with joy and you would be proud to be Vietnamese American,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"disqusTitle": "When Martin Luther King Jr. Spoke Out Against the Vietnam War",
"title": "When Martin Luther King Jr. Spoke Out Against the Vietnam War",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Why are you speaking about the war, Dr. King? Why are you joining the voices of dissent? Peace and civil rights don’t mix, they say. Aren’t you hurting the cause of your people, they ask.\" — Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute\u003c/a> is marking this coming Martin Luther King Jr. Day with a newly released recording of the most controversial speech he ever gave — against the war in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.']'We were taking the black, young men who had been crippled by our society and sending them 8,000 miles away to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem.'[/pullquote] For years, historians had to muddle through a \u003ca href=\"http://okra.stanford.edu/media/audio/1967_04_04_beyond_vietnam.mp3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recording\u003c/a> probably made too far away from the pulpit where the civil rights leader spoke. But then the \u003ca href=\"https://www.trcnyc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Riverside Church\u003c/a> in New York City digitized their audio archives, and found\u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/news/never-released-recordings-dr-king-riverside-church-1961-1967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> six clean recordings\u003c/a> of various speeches King gave at the church from 1961 to 1967.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other five recordings include: “Paul’s Letter to American Christians,” “The Dimensions of a Complete Life,” “A Knock at Midnight,” “The Man Who Was a Fool,” and “Transformed Nonconformist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Speech That Took a Stand\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>But arguably “Beyond Vietnam” was the most famous, and widely denounced, since it came before the Tet Offensive and the massacre at My Lai — which turned public opinion in the U.S. broadly against the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King, who anticipated those concerns and addressed them preemptively in his speech, didn't see the cause of civil rights as separate from the cause of peace — for a few reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, it was clear to him, (and ultimately \u003ca href=\"https://www.vietnamwar50th.com/assets/1/7/African_Americans_in_the_Vietnam_War.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">proven\u003c/a> by research) that African American men were dying at disproportionate rates to defend a country that wasn’t doing right by them at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>We were taking the black, young men who had been crippled by our society and sending them 8,000 miles away to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem. So, we have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools. So, we watch them in brutal solidarity burning the huts of a poor village, but we realize that they would hardly live on the same block in Chicago.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>King also remarked on the way the nation's budget for war abroad gutted its budget at home for struggling Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor, both black and white, through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam, and I watched this program broken and eviscerated as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war. And I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic, destructive suction tube. So, I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But King’s concerns ranged far beyond Vietnam. Speaking with what he called “the fierce urgency of now,” he decried \"a deeper malady within the American spirit.\" Specifically, he saw a series of presidential administrations embroiling themselves in armed conflicts across the globe for the wrong reason, which he defined as corporate profit at the expense of human life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When machines and computers, profit motives and property rights, are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, extreme materialism and militarism are incapable of being conquered,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clayborne Carson, who directs the Stanford Institute, said: \"He was concerned less about the war itself. More about what it said about our priorities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think he’s telling us if those resources could be devoted to making American society more just, more democratic, that would mean so much more to the security of the United States than anything that we could do abroad,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11719450\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1186px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11719450\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/01/e0e81fb2-screen-shot-2019-01-15-at-8.46.17-pm.png\" alt=\"Martin Luther King Jr. at Stanford on April 14, 1967. The University is now home to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, which has released recently discovered recordings of his speeches at Riverside Church in New York City.\" width=\"1186\" height=\"672\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/01/e0e81fb2-screen-shot-2019-01-15-at-8.46.17-pm.png 1186w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/01/e0e81fb2-screen-shot-2019-01-15-at-8.46.17-pm-160x91.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/01/e0e81fb2-screen-shot-2019-01-15-at-8.46.17-pm-800x453.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/01/e0e81fb2-screen-shot-2019-01-15-at-8.46.17-pm-1020x578.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1186px) 100vw, 1186px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Martin Luther King Jr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11719386/remembering-martin-luther-king-jr-s-fight-against-poverty-and-the-vietnam-war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at Stanford\u003c/a> on April 14, 1967. The university is now home to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, which has released recently discovered recordings of his speeches at Riverside Church in New York City. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Stanford University Libraries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Negative Reaction, Even From His Allies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In an editorial titled “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/07/archives/dr-kings-error.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. King’s Error,\u003c/a>” The New York Times wrote, “There are no simple or easy answers to the war in Vietnam or to racial injustice in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Times, like other papers, took issue with King's fusing of the two problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size='medium' align='right' citation='Clayborne Carson, director of Stanford’s Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute']'He was concerned less about the war itself. More about what it said about our priorities.'[/pullquote]\"By drawing them together, Dr. King has done a disservice to both. The moral issues in Vietnam are less clear-cut than he suggests; the political strategy of uniting the peace movement and the civil rights movement could very well be disastrous for both causes,\" the Times wrote.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King was also attacked by civil rights groups, including the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/11/archives/naacp-decries-stand-of-dr-king-on-vietnam-calls-it-a-serious.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NAACP.\u003c/a> As reported by The New York Times, the organization's 60-member board voted unanimously to issue a resolution condemning the speech, calling it \"a serious tactical mistake.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside tag='martin-luther-king-jr' label='More Coverage']\"We are, of course, for a just peace. But there already exist dedicated organizations whose No. 1 task is to work for peace, just as our No. 1 job is to work for civil rights,\" the group said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They felt he was doing harm to the movement,\" Carson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it should have come as no surprise to King's allies that he was deeply troubled by the Vietnam War: He made multiple casual comments in the two years previous to \"Beyond Vietnam.\" His wife, Coretta Scott King, also spoke publicly against the war and was active in \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/king-coretta-scott\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Women's Strike for Peace\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To some degree, he was a latecomer,\" Carson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What prompted King to finally \"come out\" about his feelings towards the war? A photo essay in \u003ca href=\"https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/ChildrenOfVietnam.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ramparts Extra\u003c/a> magazine in early 1967, according to Carson. \"He realized at that point that he just had to speak out — simply seeing what napalm does to children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\"Why are you speaking about the war, Dr. King? Why are you joining the voices of dissent? Peace and civil rights don’t mix, they say. Aren’t you hurting the cause of your people, they ask.\" — Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stanford’s \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute\u003c/a> is marking this coming Martin Luther King Jr. Day with a newly released recording of the most controversial speech he ever gave — against the war in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp> For years, historians had to muddle through a \u003ca href=\"http://okra.stanford.edu/media/audio/1967_04_04_beyond_vietnam.mp3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">recording\u003c/a> probably made too far away from the pulpit where the civil rights leader spoke. But then the \u003ca href=\"https://www.trcnyc.org\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Riverside Church\u003c/a> in New York City digitized their audio archives, and found\u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/news/never-released-recordings-dr-king-riverside-church-1961-1967\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> six clean recordings\u003c/a> of various speeches King gave at the church from 1961 to 1967.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The other five recordings include: “Paul’s Letter to American Christians,” “The Dimensions of a Complete Life,” “A Knock at Midnight,” “The Man Who Was a Fool,” and “Transformed Nonconformist.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Speech That Took a Stand\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>But arguably “Beyond Vietnam” was the most famous, and widely denounced, since it came before the Tet Offensive and the massacre at My Lai — which turned public opinion in the U.S. broadly against the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King, who anticipated those concerns and addressed them preemptively in his speech, didn't see the cause of civil rights as separate from the cause of peace — for a few reasons.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>First, it was clear to him, (and ultimately \u003ca href=\"https://www.vietnamwar50th.com/assets/1/7/African_Americans_in_the_Vietnam_War.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">proven\u003c/a> by research) that African American men were dying at disproportionate rates to defend a country that wasn’t doing right by them at home.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>We were taking the black, young men who had been crippled by our society and sending them 8,000 miles away to guarantee liberties in Southeast Asia which they had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem. So, we have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching Negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools. So, we watch them in brutal solidarity burning the huts of a poor village, but we realize that they would hardly live on the same block in Chicago.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>King also remarked on the way the nation's budget for war abroad gutted its budget at home for struggling Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>It seemed as if there was a real promise of hope for the poor, both black and white, through the poverty program. There were experiments, hopes, new beginnings. Then came the buildup in Vietnam, and I watched this program broken and eviscerated as if it were some idle political plaything of a society gone mad on war. And I knew that America would never invest the necessary funds or energies in rehabilitation of its poor so long as adventures like Vietnam continued to draw men and skills and money like some demonic, destructive suction tube. So, I was increasingly compelled to see the war as an enemy of the poor and to attack it as such.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But King’s concerns ranged far beyond Vietnam. Speaking with what he called “the fierce urgency of now,” he decried \"a deeper malady within the American spirit.\" Specifically, he saw a series of presidential administrations embroiling themselves in armed conflicts across the globe for the wrong reason, which he defined as corporate profit at the expense of human life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"When machines and computers, profit motives and property rights, are considered more important than people, the giant triplets of racism, extreme materialism and militarism are incapable of being conquered,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clayborne Carson, who directs the Stanford Institute, said: \"He was concerned less about the war itself. More about what it said about our priorities.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I think he’s telling us if those resources could be devoted to making American society more just, more democratic, that would mean so much more to the security of the United States than anything that we could do abroad,\" he added.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11719450\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 1186px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-11719450\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/01/e0e81fb2-screen-shot-2019-01-15-at-8.46.17-pm.png\" alt=\"Martin Luther King Jr. at Stanford on April 14, 1967. The University is now home to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, which has released recently discovered recordings of his speeches at Riverside Church in New York City.\" width=\"1186\" height=\"672\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/01/e0e81fb2-screen-shot-2019-01-15-at-8.46.17-pm.png 1186w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/01/e0e81fb2-screen-shot-2019-01-15-at-8.46.17-pm-160x91.png 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/01/e0e81fb2-screen-shot-2019-01-15-at-8.46.17-pm-800x453.png 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2019/01/e0e81fb2-screen-shot-2019-01-15-at-8.46.17-pm-1020x578.png 1020w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1186px) 100vw, 1186px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Martin Luther King Jr. \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11719386/remembering-martin-luther-king-jr-s-fight-against-poverty-and-the-vietnam-war\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">at Stanford\u003c/a> on April 14, 1967. The university is now home to the Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, which has released recently discovered recordings of his speeches at Riverside Church in New York City. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Stanford University Libraries)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>Negative Reaction, Even From His Allies\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In an editorial titled “\u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/1967/04/07/archives/dr-kings-error.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Dr. King’s Error,\u003c/a>” The New York Times wrote, “There are no simple or easy answers to the war in Vietnam or to racial injustice in this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Times, like other papers, took issue with King's fusing of the two problems.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\"We are, of course, for a just peace. But there already exist dedicated organizations whose No. 1 task is to work for peace, just as our No. 1 job is to work for civil rights,\" the group said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"They felt he was doing harm to the movement,\" Carson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But it should have come as no surprise to King's allies that he was deeply troubled by the Vietnam War: He made multiple casual comments in the two years previous to \"Beyond Vietnam.\" His wife, Coretta Scott King, also spoke publicly against the war and was active in \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/king-coretta-scott\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Women's Strike for Peace\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"To some degree, he was a latecomer,\" Carson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>What prompted King to finally \"come out\" about his feelings towards the war? A photo essay in \u003ca href=\"https://ratical.org/ratville/JFK/ChildrenOfVietnam.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ramparts Extra\u003c/a> magazine in early 1967, according to Carson. \"He realized at that point that he just had to speak out — simply seeing what napalm does to children.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Martin Luther King Jr.'s stands on human rights issues including poverty were not as well known as his civil rights issues, but have been well worth noting in remembrance of him, an expert on King's achievements told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clayborn Carson, Stanford history professor and founding director of the university’s \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute\u003c/a>, said King visited the San Francisco Bay Area numerous times to speak on human rights issues in the last years of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1985, when he was chosen by Coretta Scott King to edit and publish the papers of her late husband, Carson has devoted most of his professional life to the study of King and the movements he inspired. The \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/about-papers-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">King Papers Project\u003c/a> has produced seven \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/publications/king-papers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">volumes\u003c/a>, and Carson has edited four additional books on King.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carson said King was always a social gospel minister, concerned with human rights as much as civil rights. \"He felt that basic citizenship rights were essential, but not sufficient,\" said Carson. \"Education, health care, employment: Those are basic concerns of most people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King's visits to \u003ca href=\"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/231146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=so8kSH8IwIA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a> are well known but less so his 1967 talk at Stanford, entitled \"The Other America.” His speech focused primarily on the evils of systemic racism and economic inequality. \"Millions of young people grow up in the sunlight of opportunity, but tragically and unfortunately there is another America,\" said King. \"This other America has a daily ugliness about it that constantly transforms the buoyancy of hope into the fatigue of despair,\" he told a rapt audience of students and faculty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYK9xGALPrU]While the Vietnam War was not the main subject of this speech, he had been talking about the conflict in \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/beyond-vietnam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">others\u003c/a> across the county, and the long-time progressive could not help but turn to it again as he neared the end of his remarks. “I submit, if we spend $35 billion a year to fight an ill-considered war in Vietnam and $20 billion to put a man on the moon, our nation can spend billions of dollars to put God's children on their own two feet right here on earth,\" said King.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carson said King saw the Vietnam War as a costly distraction, both in terms of human lives and resources that could have been devoted to President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society programs. \"When we look back, I think King thought that was the great mistake of the 1960s, not focusing on these kinds of issues that are still troubling us now,\" Carson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King also showed up to support others protesting the Vietnam War, including local folk singer \u003ca href=\"http://www.joanbaez.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joan Baez\u003c/a>. She was a vocal critic of the war and the draft, and she was arrested with dozens of others in 1967 for blocking the entrance to an armed forces induction center in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King went to visit her in jail and made a few extemporaneous remarks to a crowd of her supporters outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, when you go to jail for a righteous cause, you can accept the inconveniences of jail with a kind of innocence of calm and an inner sense of peace,\" said King. \"I want to make it very clear that I'm going to continue with all of my might, with all of my energy, and with all of my action, to oppose that abominable evil unjust war in Vietnam.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[youtube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hhru_jN8M4E]King added: \"People ask me from time to time, aren’t you getting out of your field? Aren’t you supposed to be working in civil rights? They go on to say the two issues ought not to be mixed. My only answer is I have been working too long and too hard now to end up at this stage of my life segregating my moral concerns.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He would go on mixing his moral concerns until he was assassinated a few months later in Memphis, Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Martin Luther King Jr.'s stands on human rights issues including poverty were not as well known as his civil rights issues, but have been well worth noting in remembrance of him, an expert on King's achievements told KQED.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Clayborn Carson, Stanford history professor and founding director of the university’s \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute\u003c/a>, said King visited the San Francisco Bay Area numerous times to speak on human rights issues in the last years of his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since 1985, when he was chosen by Coretta Scott King to edit and publish the papers of her late husband, Carson has devoted most of his professional life to the study of King and the movements he inspired. The \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/about-papers-project\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">King Papers Project\u003c/a> has produced seven \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/publications/king-papers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">volumes\u003c/a>, and Carson has edited four additional books on King.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carson said King was always a social gospel minister, concerned with human rights as much as civil rights. \"He felt that basic citizenship rights were essential, but not sufficient,\" said Carson. \"Education, health care, employment: Those are basic concerns of most people.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King's visits to \u003ca href=\"https://diva.sfsu.edu/collections/sfbatv/bundles/231146\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UC Berkeley\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=so8kSH8IwIA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Francisco\u003c/a> are well known but less so his 1967 talk at Stanford, entitled \"The Other America.” His speech focused primarily on the evils of systemic racism and economic inequality. \"Millions of young people grow up in the sunlight of opportunity, but tragically and unfortunately there is another America,\" said King. \"This other America has a daily ugliness about it that constantly transforms the buoyancy of hope into the fatigue of despair,\" he told a rapt audience of students and faculty.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/cYK9xGALPrU'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/cYK9xGALPrU'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>While the Vietnam War was not the main subject of this speech, he had been talking about the conflict in \u003ca href=\"https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/king-papers/documents/beyond-vietnam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">others\u003c/a> across the county, and the long-time progressive could not help but turn to it again as he neared the end of his remarks. “I submit, if we spend $35 billion a year to fight an ill-considered war in Vietnam and $20 billion to put a man on the moon, our nation can spend billions of dollars to put God's children on their own two feet right here on earth,\" said King.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Carson said King saw the Vietnam War as a costly distraction, both in terms of human lives and resources that could have been devoted to President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society programs. \"When we look back, I think King thought that was the great mistake of the 1960s, not focusing on these kinds of issues that are still troubling us now,\" Carson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King also showed up to support others protesting the Vietnam War, including local folk singer \u003ca href=\"http://www.joanbaez.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Joan Baez\u003c/a>. She was a vocal critic of the war and the draft, and she was arrested with dozens of others in 1967 for blocking the entrance to an armed forces induction center in Oakland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>King went to visit her in jail and made a few extemporaneous remarks to a crowd of her supporters outside.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"You know, when you go to jail for a righteous cause, you can accept the inconveniences of jail with a kind of innocence of calm and an inner sense of peace,\" said King. \"I want to make it very clear that I'm going to continue with all of my might, with all of my energy, and with all of my action, to oppose that abominable evil unjust war in Vietnam.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/Hhru_jN8M4E'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/Hhru_jN8M4E'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>King added: \"People ask me from time to time, aren’t you getting out of your field? Aren’t you supposed to be working in civil rights? They go on to say the two issues ought not to be mixed. My only answer is I have been working too long and too hard now to end up at this stage of my life segregating my moral concerns.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He would go on mixing his moral concerns until he was assassinated a few months later in Memphis, Tennessee.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "how-a-teen-and-a-marine-resisted-the-vietnam-war-and-racism-at-home",
"title": "How a Teen and a Marine Resisted the Vietnam War and Racism at Home",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on Oct. 17, 2017.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Vietnam War era was a period of struggle on many fronts. As the war dragged on with mounting casualties, the nation was torn apart over what many came to see as an unjust campaign. At home, there were bitterly fought battles in the fight for civil rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Injustice at home and abroad became the rallying cry for a movement that formed within the ranks of active-duty GIs to protest the war and racism in the military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key to the organizing were the coffeehouses, gathering places near military bases that anti-war activists established to help the GIs resist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, GIs could talk openly about their feelings, drink coffee, listen to music and read underground newspapers lampooning military commanders who they said were lying about the war and fostering a racist culture, rife with abuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”inLMKDrNjzGrrlNTj2uQdTLTsAvmkm5b”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That movement of anti-war activists and military personnel grew to include active rebellion from GIs across the country, some refusing to sail ships, others refusing to go into combat or going on strike at their bases. Some service members threw their medals from Vietnam on the steps of the U.S. Capitol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing members of the military openly protest helped turn the tide of public opinion against the Vietnam War. Yet this activism from within the ranks has almost been erased from the historical narrative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio src=\"https://www.kqed.org/.stream/anon/radio/tcrmag/2017/09/TCRMag20170929aGreenMachine.mp3\" Image=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/CerdaMansker-1920x1341.jpg\" Title=\"A Teen, A Marine and ‘The Green Machine’: Resisting the Vietnam War and Racism at Home\" program=\"The California Report\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the GI coffeehouses was operating in the shadow of Camp Pendleton. It was called The Green Machine, and it’s where two people with very different backgrounds and personal histories became best friends and organizers in a fight for justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cliff Mansker was a 17-year-old Marine Corps recruit, filled with pride in the military when he was shipped out to Camp Pendleton in 1967. His dreams of honor were shattered by the reality of a racist military culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mansker says he was beaten and subjected to racial epithets by his commanding officers. His growing anger at the racism within the military made him and other black GIs start to question the whole point of the war in Vietnam, where so many black and brown GIs were dying on the front lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">[BlackUnity]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The GI anti-war movement was closely tied to the Black Power movement. Eventually, black GIs published their own underground newspaper. A front page from 1970 (see page 10) features Cliff Mansker, after he was locked up in the base jail and court-martialed for disobeying orders — wearing a Black Unity band and challenging his superiors.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teresa Cerda was an earnest 16-year-old high school student, the daughter of a farmworker. She started working with the anti-war group Movement for a Democratic Military because she wanted to stand up for her working-class community in Oceanside, where she saw so many of her black and Latino classmates drafted and then killed in the war in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11620180 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff and Teresa lost touch after the war. After KQED found him on Facebook, he returned to Oceanside to see Teresa again after 42 years. They reminisce at the Oceanside pier, home of a historic anti-war march in 1969. GIs openly protesting the Vietnam War led the march. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11620185 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At age 16, Teresa Cerda got involved with Movement for a Democratic Military, organizing GIs to stand up against the war. More than 40 years later, she stands on the same corner where she used to leaflet Marines in downtown Oceanside, standing in front of strip joints and bars. She would dress in jeans, boots and army fatigues to downplay her gender. She was trying to convince them to come to The Green Machine coffeehouse, where they could read underground newspapers and talk with peace activists. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11624138\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11624138 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-800x700.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff Mansker was one of very few African-American Marines sent to “cook school” at Camp Lejeune N.C. He returned to Pendleton to feed thousands of Marines returning from Vietnam, or waiting to be shipped out. He was never sent to Vietnam, despite repeatedly volunteering. His brother was serving in Vietnam, and according to military policy, two siblings couldn’t be sent into active combat. But on base, Cliff found himself fighting a different battle, standing up to racism within the Marines. \" width=\"800\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-800x700.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-1020x893.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-1180x1033.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-960x841.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-375x328.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-520x455.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff Mansker was one of very few African-American Marines sent to “cook school” at Camp Lejeune, N.C. He returned to Camp Pendleton to feed thousands of Marines returning from Vietnam, or waiting to be shipped out. He was never sent to Vietnam, despite repeatedly volunteering. His brother was serving in Vietnam, and according to military policy, two siblings couldn’t be sent into active combat. But on base, Cliff found himself fighting a different battle, standing up to racism within the Marines. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Cliff Mansker)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620191\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11620191 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Suzie Racho/KQED\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> Cliff Mansker and Teresa Cerda today. He’s a Christian pastor in Moreno Valley, with two grown children. She remained in the Oceanside area, and is raising four grandchildren. She says her experience at The Green Machine coffeehouse, listening to Marines share their wartime trauma, led her to a 30-career as a college counselor, working with low-income students. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11620192 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-800x1071.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-800x1071.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-160x214.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-240x321.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-375x502.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-520x696.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut.jpg 956w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesse Woodard, a young Marine who was shot when the house that served as The Green Machine headquarters in Oceanside was machine-gunned one evening in 1970. He was injured and put in a body cast, but survived. He’s standing in front of the picture window in the front of the house, with the bullet holes still visible. The anti-war activists and GIs opposing the war were vulnerable in Oceanside, a heavily military town where many supported the Vietnam War. Following the attack, organizers fortified the house with sandbags and barbed wire, and took turns on patrol. The Marines involved with the movement taught high schooler Teresa Cerda how to shoot a gun, in case she needed it to defend the house. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Tom Hurwitz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11620194 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Suzie Racho/KQED\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff Mansker and Teresa Cerda say goodbye after spending the day driving around Oceanside, sharing their memories of the GI anti-war movement. Many GIs ended up publicly opposing the Vietnam War. In Cliff and Teresa’s case, they forged a bond that’s lasted decades. “You can be a patriot and an activist as well,” says Cliff, who’s still a proud Marine. “I see the fire in him still, and the gentleness in him,” says Teresa. “I see the fire in his soul.” \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You’ll find all of KQED’s stories about the many ways the Vietnam War affected people in the Bay Area and throughout California at \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.kqed.org/vietnamwar\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was originally published on Oct. 17, 2017.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Vietnam War era was a period of struggle on many fronts. As the war dragged on with mounting casualties, the nation was torn apart over what many came to see as an unjust campaign. At home, there were bitterly fought battles in the fight for civil rights.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Injustice at home and abroad became the rallying cry for a movement that formed within the ranks of active-duty GIs to protest the war and racism in the military.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Key to the organizing were the coffeehouses, gathering places near military bases that anti-war activists established to help the GIs resist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There, GIs could talk openly about their feelings, drink coffee, listen to music and read underground newspapers lampooning military commanders who they said were lying about the war and fostering a racist culture, rife with abuses.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That movement of anti-war activists and military personnel grew to include active rebellion from GIs across the country, some refusing to sail ships, others refusing to go into combat or going on strike at their bases. Some service members threw their medals from Vietnam on the steps of the U.S. Capitol.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seeing members of the military openly protest helped turn the tide of public opinion against the Vietnam War. Yet this activism from within the ranks has almost been erased from the historical narrative.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One of the GI coffeehouses was operating in the shadow of Camp Pendleton. It was called The Green Machine, and it’s where two people with very different backgrounds and personal histories became best friends and organizers in a fight for justice.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Cliff Mansker was a 17-year-old Marine Corps recruit, filled with pride in the military when he was shipped out to Camp Pendleton in 1967. His dreams of honor were shattered by the reality of a racist military culture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mansker says he was beaten and subjected to racial epithets by his commanding officers. His growing anger at the racism within the military made him and other black GIs start to question the whole point of the war in Vietnam, where so many black and brown GIs were dying on the front lines.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"aligncenter\">[BlackUnity]\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The GI anti-war movement was closely tied to the Black Power movement. Eventually, black GIs published their own underground newspaper. A front page from 1970 (see page 10) features Cliff Mansker, after he was locked up in the base jail and court-martialed for disobeying orders — wearing a Black Unity band and challenging his superiors.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teresa Cerda was an earnest 16-year-old high school student, the daughter of a farmworker. She started working with the anti-war group Movement for a Democratic Military because she wanted to stand up for her working-class community in Oceanside, where she saw so many of her black and Latino classmates drafted and then killed in the war in Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620180\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11620180 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27097_Cliff-and-Teresa-soundcloud-image-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff and Teresa lost touch after the war. After KQED found him on Facebook, he returned to Oceanside to see Teresa again after 42 years. They reminisce at the Oceanside pier, home of a historic anti-war march in 1969. GIs openly protesting the Vietnam War led the march. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620185\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 768px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11620185 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"768\" height=\"1024\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut.jpg 768w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut-160x213.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut-240x320.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut-375x500.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27115_Teresa-leafletting-qut-520x693.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">At age 16, Teresa Cerda got involved with Movement for a Democratic Military, organizing GIs to stand up against the war. More than 40 years later, she stands on the same corner where she used to leaflet Marines in downtown Oceanside, standing in front of strip joints and bars. She would dress in jeans, boots and army fatigues to downplay her gender. She was trying to convince them to come to The Green Machine coffeehouse, where they could read underground newspapers and talk with peace activists. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11624138\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11624138 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-800x700.jpg\" alt=\"Cliff Mansker was one of very few African-American Marines sent to “cook school” at Camp Lejeune N.C. He returned to Pendleton to feed thousands of Marines returning from Vietnam, or waiting to be shipped out. He was never sent to Vietnam, despite repeatedly volunteering. His brother was serving in Vietnam, and according to military policy, two siblings couldn’t be sent into active combat. But on base, Cliff found himself fighting a different battle, standing up to racism within the Marines. \" width=\"800\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-800x700.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-160x140.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-1020x893.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-1180x1033.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-960x841.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-240x210.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-375x328.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/10/TeenMarineArchive-520x455.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff Mansker was one of very few African-American Marines sent to “cook school” at Camp Lejeune, N.C. He returned to Camp Pendleton to feed thousands of Marines returning from Vietnam, or waiting to be shipped out. He was never sent to Vietnam, despite repeatedly volunteering. His brother was serving in Vietnam, and according to military policy, two siblings couldn’t be sent into active combat. But on base, Cliff found himself fighting a different battle, standing up to racism within the Marines. \u003ccite>(Courtesy of Cliff Mansker)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620191\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11620191 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Suzie Racho/KQED\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27098_Cliff-and-Teresa-today-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\"> Cliff Mansker and Teresa Cerda today. He’s a Christian pastor in Moreno Valley, with two grown children. She remained in the Oceanside area, and is raising four grandchildren. She says her experience at The Green Machine coffeehouse, listening to Marines share their wartime trauma, led her to a 30-career as a college counselor, working with low-income students. \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620192\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11620192 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-800x1071.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1071\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-800x1071.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-160x214.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-240x321.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-375x502.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut-520x696.jpg 520w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27071_JesseWoodard-qut.jpg 956w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Jesse Woodard, a young Marine who was shot when the house that served as The Green Machine headquarters in Oceanside was machine-gunned one evening in 1970. He was injured and put in a body cast, but survived. He’s standing in front of the picture window in the front of the house, with the bullet holes still visible. The anti-war activists and GIs opposing the war were vulnerable in Oceanside, a heavily military town where many supported the Vietnam War. Following the attack, organizers fortified the house with sandbags and barbed wire, and took turns on patrol. The Marines involved with the movement taught high schooler Teresa Cerda how to shoot a gun, in case she needed it to defend the house. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Tom Hurwitz)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11620194\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11620194 size-medium\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"Suzie Racho/KQED\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-1180x885.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-960x720.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-240x180.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-375x281.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2017/09/RS27099_Cliff-and-Teresa-say-goodbye-qut-520x390.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cliff Mansker and Teresa Cerda say goodbye after spending the day driving around Oceanside, sharing their memories of the GI anti-war movement. Many GIs ended up publicly opposing the Vietnam War. In Cliff and Teresa’s case, they forged a bond that’s lasted decades. “You can be a patriot and an activist as well,” says Cliff, who’s still a proud Marine. “I see the fire in him still, and the gentleness in him,” says Teresa. “I see the fire in his soul.” \u003ccite>(Suzie Racho/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>You’ll find all of KQED’s stories about the many ways the Vietnam War affected people in the Bay Area and throughout California at \u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/arts/programs/vietnamwar/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">www.kqed.org/vietnamwar\u003c/a>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>The Hmong people fought alongside American soldiers against Communist forces during the Vietnam War. When the U.S. pulled out of the region, their Hmong allies were left to fend for themselves. Knowing that staying in Laos meant their deaths, many fled across the Mekong River into Thailand before immigrating to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never dreamt that I would be here in the United States,” said Cheruchia Vang, a Hmong veteran. “It suddenly happened. United States pulls out its troops from Asia and then we have no choice. We never thought that we should be here and my children would not be born here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vang served as a paymaster during the war, traveling to the front lines to pay soldiers. One of his worst memories, and a frequent nightmare, is the day he was captured by North Vietnamese forces. He was able to escape, but the experiences are always with him. Vang said he and other Laotian veterans deserve to be honored for their service during the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We contributed. We sacrificed our life on behalf of the United States soldier,” Vang said. “So they should treat us the same way as they treat American soldier here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11641114\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11641114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-800x510.jpg\" alt=\"Peter Vang, Mao Vang, Mouying Her and Cheruchia Vang (L-R) are calling on Congress to honor Hmong veterans with the right to be buried in national cemeteries.\" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-800x510.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-1020x651.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-1180x753.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-960x613.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-240x153.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-375x239.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-520x332.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Vang, Mao Vang, Mouying Her and Cheruchia Vang (L-R) are calling on Congress to honor Hmong veterans with the right to be buried in national cemeteries. \u003ccite>(Katrina Schwartz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vang is one of the thousands of Hmong veterans asking Congress to pass a bill introduced by Central Valley congressman Jim Costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/4716?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.+4716%22%5D%7D&r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hmong Veterans’ Service Recognition Act\u003c/a> would give Hmong veterans the right to be buried in national cemeteries. Along with that benefit would come some assistance with burial costs and grave maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The financial burden for anyone preparing for a funeral is a big deal,” said another Hmong veteran, Mao Vang, through an interpreter. (Vang is a common name in the Hmong community, but none of the Vangs in this story are related by blood.) “Those who are elder, it’s a big burden to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Costa has introduced similar measures four other times, but this time the legislation has bipartisan support in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[contextly_sidebar id=”U1cR0riHWTeohZRrwF7Gdw3gCm96gdtd”]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hmong veterans in Fresno say they lost their friends, family and homeland. Their numbers are dwindling as veterans die from old age and war wounds. Those who survive desperately want to be recognized for their service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t know how hard it is,” said Peter Vang, executive director of Lao Veterans of America. “You came here. You don’t speak the language. You don’t know the culture. You suffer every day, not to mention all the war trauma you went through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Vang is not a veteran himself, but he immigrated to the U.S. at 15 with his father, who was a veteran. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.laoveterans.org/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lao Veterans of America\u003c/a>, he advocates on behalf of veterans and helps connect them to services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He still remembers life during the war, when he never knew if his father would walk in the door, alive and well, or if he’d come home in a body bag. Now his father is aging and doesn’t want to die before he knows he’ll be honored in the same way as his American brothers.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>The Hmong people fought alongside American soldiers against Communist forces during the Vietnam War. When the U.S. pulled out of the region, their Hmong allies were left to fend for themselves. Knowing that staying in Laos meant their deaths, many fled across the Mekong River into Thailand before immigrating to the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I never dreamt that I would be here in the United States,” said Cheruchia Vang, a Hmong veteran. “It suddenly happened. United States pulls out its troops from Asia and then we have no choice. We never thought that we should be here and my children would not be born here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vang served as a paymaster during the war, traveling to the front lines to pay soldiers. One of his worst memories, and a frequent nightmare, is the day he was captured by North Vietnamese forces. He was able to escape, but the experiences are always with him. Vang said he and other Laotian veterans deserve to be honored for their service during the war.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We contributed. We sacrificed our life on behalf of the United States soldier,” Vang said. “So they should treat us the same way as they treat American soldier here.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11641114\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11641114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-800x510.jpg\" alt=\"Peter Vang, Mao Vang, Mouying Her and Cheruchia Vang (L-R) are calling on Congress to honor Hmong veterans with the right to be buried in national cemeteries.\" width=\"800\" height=\"510\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-800x510.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-160x102.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-1020x651.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-1180x753.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-960x613.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-240x153.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-375x239.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/HmongVets-520x332.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Peter Vang, Mao Vang, Mouying Her and Cheruchia Vang (L-R) are calling on Congress to honor Hmong veterans with the right to be buried in national cemeteries. \u003ccite>(Katrina Schwartz/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Vang is one of the thousands of Hmong veterans asking Congress to pass a bill introduced by Central Valley congressman Jim Costa.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The \u003ca href=\"https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/4716?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22H.R.+4716%22%5D%7D&r=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hmong Veterans’ Service Recognition Act\u003c/a> would give Hmong veterans the right to be buried in national cemeteries. Along with that benefit would come some assistance with burial costs and grave maintenance.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The financial burden for anyone preparing for a funeral is a big deal,” said another Hmong veteran, Mao Vang, through an interpreter. (Vang is a common name in the Hmong community, but none of the Vangs in this story are related by blood.) “Those who are elder, it’s a big burden to them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Rep. Costa has introduced similar measures four other times, but this time the legislation has bipartisan support in both the House of Representatives and the Senate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Hmong veterans in Fresno say they lost their friends, family and homeland. Their numbers are dwindling as veterans die from old age and war wounds. Those who survive desperately want to be recognized for their service.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You don’t know how hard it is,” said Peter Vang, executive director of Lao Veterans of America. “You came here. You don’t speak the language. You don’t know the culture. You suffer every day, not to mention all the war trauma you went through.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter Vang is not a veteran himself, but he immigrated to the U.S. at 15 with his father, who was a veteran. At \u003ca href=\"http://www.laoveterans.org/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lao Veterans of America\u003c/a>, he advocates on behalf of veterans and helps connect them to services.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He still remembers life during the war, when he never knew if his father would walk in the door, alive and well, or if he’d come home in a body bag. Now his father is aging and doesn’t want to die before he knows he’ll be honored in the same way as his American brothers.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"headTitle": "The California Report | KQED News",
"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a series called \"Faces of the Vietnam War.\" KQED recently asked our audience to submit their stories about the Vietnam War. We heard from refugees, military veterans, journalists, activists and more. This story comes from Oakland resident Sonny Lê, who was born in South Vietnam during the war.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I grew up in the Mekong Delta. You could say that's the deep, deep south. Back in the days, it would take you about six hours to travel from Saigon, or Ho Chi Minh City, to the Mekong Delta region along the coast bordering Cambodia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the southern hideout area of the National Liberation Front, or Viet Cong. We used to have a saying: “Day and night.” We literally meant who was who. So daytime belonged to the Republicans -- that would be the U.S.-backed regime, South Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nighttime was when it belonged to the National Liberation Front guerrillas. At night, they came home to see their wives, their kids. And then during the day they disappeared again. I mean, you couldn't tell who the enemies were. Basically the American soldier couldn’t, even the Vietnamese couldn't tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout my childhood the war was the backdrop, because my father was working for the government. He was a communications officer for the U.S. and for the Vietnamese military. So the war was always part of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until 1975, Vietnam wasn't at peace for centuries. By the time the U.S. got involved in Vietnam, it was called the Second Indochinese War. The first one was with the French. In Vietnam, at that point, we were so inured to the sounds of war that we simply said, “Yeah, but it's over there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11624400\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11624400\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-800x459.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-800x459.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-160x92.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-1020x585.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-1920x1102.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-1180x677.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-960x551.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-240x138.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-375x215.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-520x298.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the left is the house where Sonny Lê lived with his family in 1975. On the right, a Cao Đài Buddhist temple founded by his grandmother, photographed in 2015. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sonny Lê)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For kids, war is a lot of fun. We helped carry these shells for fun because, within these shells, you have these gunpowder pellets. They look just like fish feed pellets and they were fantastic! You take a little bit of aluminum foil, you wrap it around, you light it up and whoosh! It's like the gunpowder pellets were out of firecrackers and fireworks. The soldiers would give them to us, the kids, to play with. That was our reward for helping the soldiers carrying those shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'The worst thing about artillery is that they land where they land.'\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Sonny Lê, Vietnamese refugee\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>April 30 is considered the day that the country was reunified. That night, we heard on the radio that the national radio broadcast was cut off -- radio silence. South Vietnam had lost; the country basically was gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The night of April 30, we heard sporadic gunfire. Back in those days, nearly every house had a bomb shelter. It was basically a big earthen pot underneath the ground and we all got in there, under the bed. We were hiding in that pot and we heard footsteps running back and forth on the road and then we heard sounds of tires screeching -- the former South Vietnamese soldiers running away, or being chased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You thought, “We're going to die,” because the biggest fear at that point was bombings or artillery. The worst thing about artillery is that they land where they land. They don't have names on those shells and so they just could land anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't think my father came home until a week later. We thought he either died or [was] captured during the chaos. The very people who came to relieve my father were his drinking buddies, but they were undercover commies. On May 1, he was their captive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My dad's brothers-in-law -- two of them were commies, too, and we didn't know until after the war. One of them was a high-ranking member. The other was running guns for the National Liberation Front. The Vietnam War divided families and family members were fighting on both sides, sometimes against each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I left I was going on 17, so I was that close to drafting age. Vietnam was fighting two wars: in the north with China, in the south with Cambodia. At the time Vietnam was broken, economically speaking, and Vietnam was in a panic. So any Vietnamese, even northerners, had to flee for their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11624407\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11624407\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-1020x1516.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"951\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-1020x1516.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-160x238.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-800x1189.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-960x1427.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-240x357.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-375x557.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-520x773.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sonny Lê's father (center) and uncles. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sonny Lê)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My boat left in 1980, with some cousins, and then subsequently there was another boat planned for 1981 that would have been my uncles and possibly my family, but that boat got caught. They got busted, and so they went to jail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people went to jail and [got] tortured pretty good, but thankfully some of our family members were part of the communist regime so they rescued their own brothers-in-law. So that's how I ended up here without my family. That wasn't intentional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing is that most refugees who fled by boat had no idea where we were headed. I mean, if you look on the map, in theory you could see the other side, right? I mean, on a map it looks hella small! If we keep going we're going to hit shore, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you have no idea how vast the ocean is. It's scary vast and when you go out, so far out when there is no land, the depth of the ocean is as far as the eye can see. You’re scared, but you stop being scared because you know death was imminent. When your death [is] imminent, you’re just trying to reconcile with death. We made it by praying to everybody. If Prince was around, I would have prayed to him, too!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our boat had 302 people on board and it was steaming hot. And we hired a captain who claimed to have traveled the high seas and he had seen the other side -- of course, he fibbed. By the second day we snuck out of the river mouth, heading for the South China Sea. That was on the night of the 19th of May, 1980. That night was pitch black, no moon. It was low tide, but we didn't know we ran into fishing nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishermen would string these big nets in the river mouth to catch the fish going out. The boat kept going in a circle, because the nets kept drawing us back. So we put the engine pedal to the metal, to the point that we broke the nets. But we also cracked the hull of the boat and broke the engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'We didn't think we'd make it.'\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Sonny Lê, Vietnamese refugee\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By the morning we were already adrift at sea. The thing about [being] adrift at sea is that you begin to see debris, and that's when we saw the debris of all the boats that may have sunk. And then we saw some bodies floating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't think we'd make it. It's like 100 degrees -- sun, humidity, stifling heat in the boat. The smell of sweat, urine, vomit and fecal matter together. It smells horrible and I can still smell that in my nostrils. I call it the stench of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then towards the morning of the sixth day, there was this gigantic ship -- turned out to be an oil tanker. That was the George F. Getty II. We're screaming at the top of our lungs. We would strip our clothes down all the way and we burned them in this big old pot on top of the deck of the boat. Hopefully, we [could] raise hell and people [would] see and turn around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11624396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 285px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11624396 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/1Css9jgkQb48dd8UZSFwZuw.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"285\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/1Css9jgkQb48dd8UZSFwZuw.jpeg 285w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/1Css9jgkQb48dd8UZSFwZuw-160x225.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/1Css9jgkQb48dd8UZSFwZuw-240x337.jpeg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 285px) 100vw, 285px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The author in a refugee camp in Singapore, May 1980. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sonny Lê)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All of a sudden, it stopped and made a U-turn. But that was even scarier, when that little tiny wooden boat [was] next to the ship -- it makes quite an impression. Our boat nearly sank because of the waves in the wake of that ship. About 5 a.m., the ship dropped these ladders down to our boat. That's when we knew that we were safe: when the ladders came down and the deckhands of the oil tanker came down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a Filipino crew and the ship captain was Italian. The next day we had our spaghetti with meatballs on that ship! They turned the tanker around and it dropped us off in Singapore the next morning, on the sixth day after we had left Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some of us didn't make it. A lot of people, when they were adrift at sea for so long, they resorted to cannibalism. A lot of Vietnamese refugees ate each other to survive. And the most harrowing experience was the women were being raped by pirates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The war not only decimated lives and livelihoods, but also it forced people to come up with different narratives for their own lives. Many of us were farmers, fishers, nobodies. So when we landed in America we had a chance to reinvent who we were. A lot of Vietnamese families have these stories that haven't been told. Whoever they were before the war and during the war -- to their kids, they're different people. The war made them want to forget what it was like. This is understandable, but it's history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Bert Johnson and Bianca Taylor produced this report. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This piece was taken from an interview with Lê, which has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>This story is part of a series called \"Faces of the Vietnam War.\" KQED recently asked our audience to submit their stories about the Vietnam War. We heard from refugees, military veterans, journalists, activists and more. This story comes from Oakland resident Sonny Lê, who was born in South Vietnam during the war.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I grew up in the Mekong Delta. You could say that's the deep, deep south. Back in the days, it would take you about six hours to travel from Saigon, or Ho Chi Minh City, to the Mekong Delta region along the coast bordering Cambodia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That was the southern hideout area of the National Liberation Front, or Viet Cong. We used to have a saying: “Day and night.” We literally meant who was who. So daytime belonged to the Republicans -- that would be the U.S.-backed regime, South Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nighttime was when it belonged to the National Liberation Front guerrillas. At night, they came home to see their wives, their kids. And then during the day they disappeared again. I mean, you couldn't tell who the enemies were. Basically the American soldier couldn’t, even the Vietnamese couldn't tell.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Throughout my childhood the war was the backdrop, because my father was working for the government. He was a communications officer for the U.S. and for the Vietnamese military. So the war was always part of us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Up until 1975, Vietnam wasn't at peace for centuries. By the time the U.S. got involved in Vietnam, it was called the Second Indochinese War. The first one was with the French. In Vietnam, at that point, we were so inured to the sounds of war that we simply said, “Yeah, but it's over there.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11624400\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-11624400\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-800x459.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-800x459.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-160x92.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-1020x585.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-1920x1102.jpg 1920w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-1180x677.jpg 1180w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-960x551.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-240x138.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-375x215.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/temple-520x298.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">On the left is the house where Sonny Lê lived with his family in 1975. On the right, a Cao Đài Buddhist temple founded by his grandmother, photographed in 2015. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sonny Lê)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For kids, war is a lot of fun. We helped carry these shells for fun because, within these shells, you have these gunpowder pellets. They look just like fish feed pellets and they were fantastic! You take a little bit of aluminum foil, you wrap it around, you light it up and whoosh! It's like the gunpowder pellets were out of firecrackers and fireworks. The soldiers would give them to us, the kids, to play with. That was our reward for helping the soldiers carrying those shells.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'The worst thing about artillery is that they land where they land.'\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Sonny Lê, Vietnamese refugee\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>April 30 is considered the day that the country was reunified. That night, we heard on the radio that the national radio broadcast was cut off -- radio silence. South Vietnam had lost; the country basically was gone.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The night of April 30, we heard sporadic gunfire. Back in those days, nearly every house had a bomb shelter. It was basically a big earthen pot underneath the ground and we all got in there, under the bed. We were hiding in that pot and we heard footsteps running back and forth on the road and then we heard sounds of tires screeching -- the former South Vietnamese soldiers running away, or being chased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You thought, “We're going to die,” because the biggest fear at that point was bombings or artillery. The worst thing about artillery is that they land where they land. They don't have names on those shells and so they just could land anywhere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't think my father came home until a week later. We thought he either died or [was] captured during the chaos. The very people who came to relieve my father were his drinking buddies, but they were undercover commies. On May 1, he was their captive.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My dad's brothers-in-law -- two of them were commies, too, and we didn't know until after the war. One of them was a high-ranking member. The other was running guns for the National Liberation Front. The Vietnam War divided families and family members were fighting on both sides, sometimes against each other.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When I left I was going on 17, so I was that close to drafting age. Vietnam was fighting two wars: in the north with China, in the south with Cambodia. At the time Vietnam was broken, economically speaking, and Vietnam was in a panic. So any Vietnamese, even northerners, had to flee for their lives.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11624407\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg class=\"size-large wp-image-11624407\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-1020x1516.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"951\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-1020x1516.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-160x238.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-800x1189.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-960x1427.jpg 960w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-240x357.jpg 240w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-375x557.jpg 375w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1-520x773.jpg 520w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/SCAN0037-1.jpg 1152w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Sonny Lê's father (center) and uncles. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sonny Lê)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>My boat left in 1980, with some cousins, and then subsequently there was another boat planned for 1981 that would have been my uncles and possibly my family, but that boat got caught. They got busted, and so they went to jail.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A lot of people went to jail and [got] tortured pretty good, but thankfully some of our family members were part of the communist regime so they rescued their own brothers-in-law. So that's how I ended up here without my family. That wasn't intentional.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another thing is that most refugees who fled by boat had no idea where we were headed. I mean, if you look on the map, in theory you could see the other side, right? I mean, on a map it looks hella small! If we keep going we're going to hit shore, right?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But you have no idea how vast the ocean is. It's scary vast and when you go out, so far out when there is no land, the depth of the ocean is as far as the eye can see. You’re scared, but you stop being scared because you know death was imminent. When your death [is] imminent, you’re just trying to reconcile with death. We made it by praying to everybody. If Prince was around, I would have prayed to him, too!\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our boat had 302 people on board and it was steaming hot. And we hired a captain who claimed to have traveled the high seas and he had seen the other side -- of course, he fibbed. By the second day we snuck out of the river mouth, heading for the South China Sea. That was on the night of the 19th of May, 1980. That night was pitch black, no moon. It was low tide, but we didn't know we ran into fishing nets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The fishermen would string these big nets in the river mouth to catch the fish going out. The boat kept going in a circle, because the nets kept drawing us back. So we put the engine pedal to the metal, to the point that we broke the nets. But we also cracked the hull of the boat and broke the engine.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">'We didn't think we'd make it.'\u003cbr>\n\u003ccite>Sonny Lê, Vietnamese refugee\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>By the morning we were already adrift at sea. The thing about [being] adrift at sea is that you begin to see debris, and that's when we saw the debris of all the boats that may have sunk. And then we saw some bodies floating.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We didn't think we'd make it. It's like 100 degrees -- sun, humidity, stifling heat in the boat. The smell of sweat, urine, vomit and fecal matter together. It smells horrible and I can still smell that in my nostrils. I call it the stench of death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And then towards the morning of the sixth day, there was this gigantic ship -- turned out to be an oil tanker. That was the George F. Getty II. We're screaming at the top of our lungs. We would strip our clothes down all the way and we burned them in this big old pot on top of the deck of the boat. Hopefully, we [could] raise hell and people [would] see and turn around.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11624396\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 285px\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-11624396 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/1Css9jgkQb48dd8UZSFwZuw.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"285\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/1Css9jgkQb48dd8UZSFwZuw.jpeg 285w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/1Css9jgkQb48dd8UZSFwZuw-160x225.jpeg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2018/10/1Css9jgkQb48dd8UZSFwZuw-240x337.jpeg 240w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 285px) 100vw, 285px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The author in a refugee camp in Singapore, May 1980. \u003ccite>(Courtesy Sonny Lê)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>All of a sudden, it stopped and made a U-turn. But that was even scarier, when that little tiny wooden boat [was] next to the ship -- it makes quite an impression. Our boat nearly sank because of the waves in the wake of that ship. About 5 a.m., the ship dropped these ladders down to our boat. That's when we knew that we were safe: when the ladders came down and the deckhands of the oil tanker came down.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was a Filipino crew and the ship captain was Italian. The next day we had our spaghetti with meatballs on that ship! They turned the tanker around and it dropped us off in Singapore the next morning, on the sixth day after we had left Vietnam.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But some of us didn't make it. A lot of people, when they were adrift at sea for so long, they resorted to cannibalism. A lot of Vietnamese refugees ate each other to survive. And the most harrowing experience was the women were being raped by pirates.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The war not only decimated lives and livelihoods, but also it forced people to come up with different narratives for their own lives. Many of us were farmers, fishers, nobodies. So when we landed in America we had a chance to reinvent who we were. A lot of Vietnamese families have these stories that haven't been told. Whoever they were before the war and during the war -- to their kids, they're different people. The war made them want to forget what it was like. This is understandable, but it's history.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED's Bert Johnson and Bianca Taylor produced this report. \u003c/em>\u003cem>This piece was taken from an interview with Lê, which has been edited for length and clarity.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
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"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"radiolab": {
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},
"rightnowish": {
"id": "rightnowish",
"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"info": "Science Friday is a weekly science talk show, broadcast live over public radio stations nationwide. Each week, the show focuses on science topics that are in the news and tries to bring an educated, balanced discussion to bear on the scientific issues at hand. Panels of expert guests join host Ira Flatow, a veteran science journalist, to discuss science and to take questions from listeners during the call-in portion of the program.",
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"title": "Snap Judgment",
"tagline": "Real stories with killer beats",
"info": "The Snap Judgment radio show and podcast mixes real stories with killer beats to produce cinematic, dramatic radio. Snap's musical brand of storytelling dares listeners to see the world through the eyes of another. This is storytelling... with a BEAT!! Snap first aired on public radio stations nationwide in July 2010. Today, Snap Judgment airs on over 450 public radio stations and is brought to the airwaves by KQED & PRX.",
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