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"title": "The San Francisco Bay Once Teemed With Oysters. What Happened?",
"headTitle": "The San Francisco Bay Once Teemed With Oysters. What Happened? | KQED",
"content": "\u003cp>Oysters are a controversial food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people slurp them down by the dozen, while others would rather go hungry for days than be forced to eat a single slimy specimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one KQED staffer put it: “No matter how fresh they are, no matter where they come from, no matter what is put on them, it reminds me of being congested and having snot just slide down my throat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious listener Joseph Fletcher falls into the first category: The San Francisco resident loves oysters and has been wondering if he’ll ever get the chance to eat one grown in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will oysters ever make a comeback in the bay and return to the numbers they had back in the days before the Gold Rush?” Fletcher wanted to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857893 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Curious question asker and oyster lover Joseph Fletcher. \u003ccite>(Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Introducing the Bay’s Native Oyster\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one type of oyster that’s indigenous to the San Francisco Bay, and that’s the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida). It’s named after Olympia, Washington, though these small, tangy oysters can be found up and down the west coast from Alaska all the way down into central Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olympias — or Olys for short — can still be found in the San Francisco Bay today. But scientists say pollution from agricultural runoff is too high for commercial fishing. So instead, Olys sold in local restaurants and markets around here likely come from places farther afield, like Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857894\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857894 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A platter of oysters. To the right, native Olympia oysters; to the left, Pacific Miyagi oysters. The Olympias are comparatively small and they have a tangy flavor. \u003ccite>(Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For thousands of years, Olys grew in the San Francisco Bay in vast numbers. The shellmounds that can still be found in the East Bay are a testament to the importance of oysters and other shellfish in the diets of local tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriouspodcastinfo] \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would be eaten raw. They would also be cooked in earth ovens underneath the ground and eaten with sea lettuces and different types of seaweed, acorn soup,” said East Bay Ohlone chef and food activist Vincent Medina. Medina is the co-founder of \u003ca href=\"https://www.makamham.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mak-‘amham\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.makamham.com/cafeohlone/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cafe Ohlone\u003c/a> (temporarily closed), a local cultural organization and restaurant dedicated to preserving and promoting Native American culinary traditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Three generations back our family last were gathering oysters from the bay shore,” Medina said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oyster-Guzzling Settlers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlers who came to the Bay Area hungry for gold in the 1800s were \u003cem>also\u003c/em> hungry for oysters. They foraged aggressively for whatever the bay had to offer — oysters, crabs and clams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are differing opinions on just how plentiful the San Francisco Bay oyster population was when the Gold Rush began. Environmental historian \u003ca href=\"https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/nhc-new-vp-scholarly-programs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matthew Booker\u003c/a>, who has written \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520355569/down-by-the-bay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a book\u003c/a> all about the bay’s oyster-ful past, takes the more conservative view. He argues that by the 1840s, the Oly population had likely dwindled owing to thousands of years of slow sea level rise and melting Sierra glaciers that muddied the bay and destroyed the Olys native habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that native oysters existed in San Francisco Bay in the 1840s and they still exist today,” he said. “But I have not found evidence that they existed in large enough numbers to support any fishery at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Booker said it didn’t take long for local native oyster supplies to run out. So the oyster-guzzling gold miners were forced to look farther afield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the estuaries of the west coast are essentially mined for their oysters to satisfy this endless demand from San Francisco,” said Booker. “The most famous is Willapa Bay (in Washington state), which shipped huge numbers of oysters to San Francisco Bay before collapsing from over-harvesting in the late 19th century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Importing East Coast Oysters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Booker said the trade was unsustainable and essentially mined the wild native population until it disappeared. So entrepreneurs took to importing \u003cem>non-native\u003c/em> varieties from the east coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could capture baby oysters, barrel them up, put them on board schooners, and later on board unrefrigerated train cars, and ship them across the entire United States,” Booker said. “And then they would be placed into San Francisco Bay on privately owned tidelands and harvested as a crop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857896\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857896 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut-1020x1342.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"842\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut-1020x1342.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut-800x1053.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut-160x211.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut-1167x1536.jpg 1167w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut.jpg 1469w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area author Jack London wrote about his experiences as an oyster pirate in the San Francisco Bay. \u003ccite>(Public domain: originally published by L C Page and Company Boston 1903)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Demand for oysters at this point was so high, pirates frequently raided the oyster beds. Bay Area author and erstwhile oyster pirate Jack London glamorized the experience of stealing oysters from the San Francisco Bay by night and selling them in the Oakland markets the next morning in several of his literary works, including the autobiographical novel “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barleycorn_(novel)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John Barleycorn\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The winds of adventure blew the oyster pirate sloops up and down San Francisco Bay, from raided oyster-beds and fights at night on shoal and flat, to markets in the morning against city wharves, where peddlers and saloon-keepers came down to buy. Every raid on an oyster-bed was a felony. The penalty was State imprisonment, the stripes and the lockstep. And what of that? The men in stripes worked a shorter day than I at my machine. And there was vastly more romance in being an oyster pirate or a convict than in being a machine slave. And behind it all, behind all of me with youth abubble, whispered Romance, Adventure.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But even the imported oysters didn’t survive in San Francisco Bay for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic mining in the Sierra Nevada during the Gold Rush years churned up mud and sand that swept downriver to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Booker said growers moved their Atlantic oysters to the South Bay where mud was less of a problem. But the pollution in the bay from industry and human sewage worsened as the population grew and established itself. A rash of deaths connected to eating contaminated oysters put an end to the San Francisco Bay oyster industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the early 20th century, there are plenty of oysters in the bay,” Booker said. “But the people eating them are no longer so sure if this is the right food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1930s, oyster farming resumed in the cleaner waters of Drakes Bay and Tomales Bay north of San Francisco. But the focus, especially after World War II, was on Pacific oyster varieties from Japan — like the Miyagis and Kumamotos that are still popular here to this day. Interest in cultivating the native Olympia oyster as a food source dwindled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It still hasn’t really come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bringing Olys Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find Olympia oysters in restaurants and seafood markets in the Bay Area. The \u003ca href=\"https://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a> at the San Francisco Ferry Building is one of few Bay Area retailers that sells them to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hog Island started cultivating small amounts of the native Olys at the company’s facility in Tomales Bay. But the process is far from easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857898 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hog Island Oyster Company CEO and founder John Finger at the company’s San Francisco Ferry Building location. \u003ccite>(Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Olympias are very slow growing,” said Hog Island Oyster Company founder and CEO John Finger. “They only seem to have a really good bigger spawn every three to four years. That’s problematic, because if you have a bad year and you’re not going to have another spawn for three or four years, it really makes it hard to get the population to some sort of critical mass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of this, Finger said the Olys’ small size means they’re difficult to shuck. And their intense, coppery flavor makes them a bit of an acquired taste. “But certain people know them and appreciate them,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, Olys are definitely not a big seller. But reviving these indigenous oysters as a source of food isn’t a major priority for Finger. He’s among a growing number of Bay Area producers, scientists and community activists interested in bringing them back to the bay in large numbers for an entirely different reason — environmental conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we improve the overall habitat quality for all creatures in San Francisco Bay?” Finger said. “And one of the ways that people think they can do that is by creating more oyster reefs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857891 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild Oyster Project founder Linda Hunter and Bay Curious question asker Joseph Fletcher at Bay Natives in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One local nonprofit community group that’s working towards this goal is the \u003ca href=\"https://wildoysters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wild Oyster Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oysters have superpowers!” said Linda Hunter, founder and director of the Wild Oyster Project. “They have so many wonderful benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oysters help maintain the balance of a marine ecosystem by reducing excess algae and sediment that can contribute to low oxygen levels, causing other marine life to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One grown oyster can filter 50 gallons of water a day,” Hunter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oysters cluster on discarded shells, rocks, piers and other hard, submerged surfaces. They fuse together as they grow, forming rock-like reefs that make ideal homes for other marine animals and plants. “Oysters provide habitat for other critters,” Hunter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oyster reefs also protect coastal lands by reducing the impact of storm waves. “It’s been proven that oyster reefs attenuate the effects of rising tides caused by climate change,” Hunter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building Oyster Reefs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Natives is one of several local businesses the Wild Oyster Project partners with around the Bay Area. The nonprofit collects discarded oyster shells from local restaurants and piles them up at partner sites to dry out over several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857900\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857900 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oyster reef balls pictured at low tide at Point Pinole in Richmond. The hope is that these reef balls will provide a hard surface for oysters to grow and thrive. \u003ccite>(Jim Ratcliffe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hunter said eventually the shells will be built into oyster reefs and placed in the bay. The idea is for these reefs to attract native oysters, and, as a result, other wildlife — like eelgrass, salmon, crabs and egrets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hunter said her group has installed — or is working on installing — reefs at several locations including Alameda and Point Pinole in Richmond. She said even skeptics are starting to see the benefits of restoring oyster populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first oyster reef we built at Point Pinole, I got a phone call from a fisherman who was complaining that his fishing line had been snagged on one of our reef balls,” said Hunter. “And I said, ‘Hmm, have you noticed more fish?’ And he said, ‘Yes, I have! Thank you very much.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future of Oysters in the San Francisco Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though scientific research teams, oyster farms and community groups are working hard to reinvigorate the bay, it’s an uphill struggle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re so far below where we were historically,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/grosholz/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ted Grosholz\u003c/a>, an ecologist at UC Davis who studies marine biodiversity. “As long as we sort of just increase the populations, we’re moving in the right direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue is climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grosholz said rising air temperatures, especially in the warmer months, can be fatal to oysters exposed on reefs for hours at a time. He’s also worried about the heavy rainfalls we’ve been getting on and off in recent years. Rain increases the runoff from rivers into the bay and lowers the salinity to levels that kill oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We lost basically every oyster in the place two years ago to that big, huge rain and the atmospheric rivers that came along with it,” Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said it’s important to continue the work of restoring oyster populations, even if it’s slow-going. It could be several decades before the natural filtering system that comes with a healthy bay ecosystem has sufficiently cleaned out lingering pollutants. He estimates it will be at least 50 years before people can eat oysters out of the San Francisco Bay safely again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just remember that this oyster restoration is part of a living shoreline,” he said. “It’s not just restoring one species. It’s restoring all the species that oysters support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[baycuriousquestion]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n",
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"excerpt": "Reviving indigenous Olympia oysters as a source of food isn't a major priority for scientists and activists. Bringing them back is all about restoring the bay's ecosystem.",
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"description": "Reviving indigenous Olympia oysters as a source of food isn't a major priority for scientists and activists. Bringing them back is all about restoring the bay's ecosystem.",
"title": "The San Francisco Bay Once Teemed With Oysters. What Happened? | KQED",
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"headline": "The San Francisco Bay Once Teemed With Oysters. What Happened?",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Oysters are a controversial food.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some people slurp them down by the dozen, while others would rather go hungry for days than be forced to eat a single slimy specimen.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As one KQED staffer put it: “No matter how fresh they are, no matter where they come from, no matter what is put on them, it reminds me of being congested and having snot just slide down my throat.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Curious listener Joseph Fletcher falls into the first category: The San Francisco resident loves oysters and has been wondering if he’ll ever get the chance to eat one grown in San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Will oysters ever make a comeback in the bay and return to the numbers they had back in the days before the Gold Rush?” Fletcher wanted to know.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857893\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857893 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46965_IMG_4869-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Curious question asker and oyster lover Joseph Fletcher. \u003ccite>(Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Introducing the Bay’s Native Oyster\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There’s one type of oyster that’s indigenous to the San Francisco Bay, and that’s the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida). It’s named after Olympia, Washington, though these small, tangy oysters can be found up and down the west coast from Alaska all the way down into central Mexico.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olympias — or Olys for short — can still be found in the San Francisco Bay today. But scientists say pollution from agricultural runoff is too high for commercial fishing. So instead, Olys sold in local restaurants and markets around here likely come from places farther afield, like Washington state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857894\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857894 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46967_IMG_4939-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A platter of oysters. To the right, native Olympia oysters; to the left, Pacific Miyagi oysters. The Olympias are comparatively small and they have a tangy flavor. \u003ccite>(Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>For thousands of years, Olys grew in the San Francisco Bay in vast numbers. The shellmounds that can still be found in the East Bay are a testament to the importance of oysters and other shellfish in the diets of local tribes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003caside class=\"alignleft utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__bayCuriousPodcastShortcode__bayCurious\">\u003cimg src=https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/bayCuriousLogo.png alt=\"Bay Curious Podcast\" loading=\"lazy\" />\n \u003ca href=\"/news/series/baycurious\">Bay Curious\u003c/a> is a podcast that answers your questions about the Bay Area.\n Subscribe on \u003ca href=\"https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/bay-curious/id1172473406\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Apple Podcasts\u003c/a>,\n \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/podcasts/500557090/bay-curious\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NPR One\u003c/a> or your favorite podcast platform.\u003c/aside>\u003c/p>\u003cp> \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would be eaten raw. They would also be cooked in earth ovens underneath the ground and eaten with sea lettuces and different types of seaweed, acorn soup,” said East Bay Ohlone chef and food activist Vincent Medina. Medina is the co-founder of \u003ca href=\"https://www.makamham.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">mak-‘amham\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"https://www.makamham.com/cafeohlone/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cafe Ohlone\u003c/a> (temporarily closed), a local cultural organization and restaurant dedicated to preserving and promoting Native American culinary traditions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Three generations back our family last were gathering oysters from the bay shore,” Medina said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Oyster-Guzzling Settlers\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The settlers who came to the Bay Area hungry for gold in the 1800s were \u003cem>also\u003c/em> hungry for oysters. They foraged aggressively for whatever the bay had to offer — oysters, crabs and clams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There are differing opinions on just how plentiful the San Francisco Bay oyster population was when the Gold Rush began. Environmental historian \u003ca href=\"https://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/nhc-new-vp-scholarly-programs/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Matthew Booker\u003c/a>, who has written \u003ca href=\"https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520355569/down-by-the-bay\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">a book\u003c/a> all about the bay’s oyster-ful past, takes the more conservative view. He argues that by the 1840s, the Oly population had likely dwindled owing to thousands of years of slow sea level rise and melting Sierra glaciers that muddied the bay and destroyed the Olys native habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We know that native oysters existed in San Francisco Bay in the 1840s and they still exist today,” he said. “But I have not found evidence that they existed in large enough numbers to support any fishery at all.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Booker said it didn’t take long for local native oyster supplies to run out. So the oyster-guzzling gold miners were forced to look farther afield.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“All of the estuaries of the west coast are essentially mined for their oysters to satisfy this endless demand from San Francisco,” said Booker. “The most famous is Willapa Bay (in Washington state), which shipped huge numbers of oysters to San Francisco Bay before collapsing from over-harvesting in the late 19th century.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Importing East Coast Oysters\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Booker said the trade was unsustainable and essentially mined the wild native population until it disappeared. So entrepreneurs took to importing \u003cem>non-native\u003c/em> varieties from the east coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could capture baby oysters, barrel them up, put them on board schooners, and later on board unrefrigerated train cars, and ship them across the entire United States,” Booker said. “And then they would be placed into San Francisco Bay on privately owned tidelands and harvested as a crop.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857896\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857896 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut-1020x1342.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"842\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut-1020x1342.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut-800x1053.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut-160x211.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut-1167x1536.jpg 1167w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46973_Jack_London_young-qut.jpg 1469w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Bay Area author Jack London wrote about his experiences as an oyster pirate in the San Francisco Bay. \u003ccite>(Public domain: originally published by L C Page and Company Boston 1903)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Demand for oysters at this point was so high, pirates frequently raided the oyster beds. Bay Area author and erstwhile oyster pirate Jack London glamorized the experience of stealing oysters from the San Francisco Bay by night and selling them in the Oakland markets the next morning in several of his literary works, including the autobiographical novel “\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barleycorn_(novel)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">John Barleycorn\u003c/a>.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>“The winds of adventure blew the oyster pirate sloops up and down San Francisco Bay, from raided oyster-beds and fights at night on shoal and flat, to markets in the morning against city wharves, where peddlers and saloon-keepers came down to buy. Every raid on an oyster-bed was a felony. The penalty was State imprisonment, the stripes and the lockstep. And what of that? The men in stripes worked a shorter day than I at my machine. And there was vastly more romance in being an oyster pirate or a convict than in being a machine slave. And behind it all, behind all of me with youth abubble, whispered Romance, Adventure.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>But even the imported oysters didn’t survive in San Francisco Bay for long.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hydraulic mining in the Sierra Nevada during the Gold Rush years churned up mud and sand that swept downriver to San Francisco Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Booker said growers moved their Atlantic oysters to the South Bay where mud was less of a problem. But the pollution in the bay from industry and human sewage worsened as the population grew and established itself. A rash of deaths connected to eating contaminated oysters put an end to the San Francisco Bay oyster industry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“By the early 20th century, there are plenty of oysters in the bay,” Booker said. “But the people eating them are no longer so sure if this is the right food.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1930s, oyster farming resumed in the cleaner waters of Drakes Bay and Tomales Bay north of San Francisco. But the focus, especially after World War II, was on Pacific oyster varieties from Japan — like the Miyagis and Kumamotos that are still popular here to this day. Interest in cultivating the native Olympia oyster as a food source dwindled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It still hasn’t really come back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Bringing Olys Back\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s hard to find Olympia oysters in restaurants and seafood markets in the Bay Area. The \u003ca href=\"https://hogislandoysters.com/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hog Island Oyster Company\u003c/a> at the San Francisco Ferry Building is one of few Bay Area retailers that sells them to the public.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hog Island started cultivating small amounts of the native Olys at the company’s facility in Tomales Bay. But the process is far from easy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857898\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857898 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46960_IMG_4961-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hog Island Oyster Company CEO and founder John Finger at the company’s San Francisco Ferry Building location. \u003ccite>(Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“Olympias are very slow growing,” said Hog Island Oyster Company founder and CEO John Finger. “They only seem to have a really good bigger spawn every three to four years. That’s problematic, because if you have a bad year and you’re not going to have another spawn for three or four years, it really makes it hard to get the population to some sort of critical mass.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On top of this, Finger said the Olys’ small size means they’re difficult to shuck. And their intense, coppery flavor makes them a bit of an acquired taste. “But certain people know them and appreciate them,” he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In other words, Olys are definitely not a big seller. But reviving these indigenous oysters as a source of food isn’t a major priority for Finger. He’s among a growing number of Bay Area producers, scientists and community activists interested in bringing them back to the bay in large numbers for an entirely different reason — environmental conservation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Can we improve the overall habitat quality for all creatures in San Francisco Bay?” Finger said. “And one of the ways that people think they can do that is by creating more oyster reefs.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857891\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857891 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46966_IMG_4873-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Wild Oyster Project founder Linda Hunter and Bay Curious question asker Joseph Fletcher at Bay Natives in San Francisco. \u003ccite>(Chloe Veltman/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>One local nonprofit community group that’s working towards this goal is the \u003ca href=\"https://wildoysters.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Wild Oyster Project\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oysters have superpowers!” said Linda Hunter, founder and director of the Wild Oyster Project. “They have so many wonderful benefits.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oysters help maintain the balance of a marine ecosystem by reducing excess algae and sediment that can contribute to low oxygen levels, causing other marine life to die.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“One grown oyster can filter 50 gallons of water a day,” Hunter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oysters cluster on discarded shells, rocks, piers and other hard, submerged surfaces. They fuse together as they grow, forming rock-like reefs that make ideal homes for other marine animals and plants. “Oysters provide habitat for other critters,” Hunter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oyster reefs also protect coastal lands by reducing the impact of storm waves. “It’s been proven that oyster reefs attenuate the effects of rising tides caused by climate change,” Hunter said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Building Oyster Reefs\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bay Natives is one of several local businesses the Wild Oyster Project partners with around the Bay Area. The nonprofit collects discarded oyster shells from local restaurants and piles them up at partner sites to dry out over several years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11857900\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-11857900 size-large\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1020x765.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-800x600.jpg 800w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-160x120.jpg 160w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1832x1374.jpg 1832w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1376x1032.jpg 1376w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-1044x783.jpg 1044w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-632x474.jpg 632w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut-536x402.jpg 536w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/01/RS46958_IMG_4986-qut.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oyster reef balls pictured at low tide at Point Pinole in Richmond. The hope is that these reef balls will provide a hard surface for oysters to grow and thrive. \u003ccite>(Jim Ratcliffe)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Hunter said eventually the shells will be built into oyster reefs and placed in the bay. The idea is for these reefs to attract native oysters, and, as a result, other wildlife — like eelgrass, salmon, crabs and egrets.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hunter said her group has installed — or is working on installing — reefs at several locations including Alameda and Point Pinole in Richmond. She said even skeptics are starting to see the benefits of restoring oyster populations.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The first oyster reef we built at Point Pinole, I got a phone call from a fisherman who was complaining that his fishing line had been snagged on one of our reef balls,” said Hunter. “And I said, ‘Hmm, have you noticed more fish?’ And he said, ‘Yes, I have! Thank you very much.’ ”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>The Future of Oysters in the San Francisco Bay\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Even though scientific research teams, oyster farms and community groups are working hard to reinvigorate the bay, it’s an uphill struggle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’re so far below where we were historically,” said \u003ca href=\"http://www.des.ucdavis.edu/faculty/grosholz/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ted Grosholz\u003c/a>, an ecologist at UC Davis who studies marine biodiversity. “As long as we sort of just increase the populations, we’re moving in the right direction.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The issue is climate change.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Grosholz said rising air temperatures, especially in the warmer months, can be fatal to oysters exposed on reefs for hours at a time. He’s also worried about the heavy rainfalls we’ve been getting on and off in recent years. Rain increases the runoff from rivers into the bay and lowers the salinity to levels that kill oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We lost basically every oyster in the place two years ago to that big, huge rain and the atmospheric rivers that came along with it,” Grosholz said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But he said it’s important to continue the work of restoring oyster populations, even if it’s slow-going. It could be several decades before the natural filtering system that comes with a healthy bay ecosystem has sufficiently cleaned out lingering pollutants. He estimates it will be at least 50 years before people can eat oysters out of the San Francisco Bay safely again.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Just remember that this oyster restoration is part of a living shoreline,” he said. “It’s not just restoring one species. It’s restoring all the species that oysters support.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough — an estuary on the eastern shore of Monterey Bay next to Moss Landing, about halfway between Monterey and Santa Cruz — has been home to Olympia oysters for the last 8,000 years or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olympia oysters are the only native oyster species on the West Coast, and their population is suffering. They’ve already gone extinct in parts of California, including Big Lagoon, Bolinas Lagoon and Morro Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Elkhorn Slough, their population has been steadily declining since the 1920s. Back then, oystermen harvested them by the thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with the slough’s oyster population at risk of disappearing, scientists are trying to save them using a novel technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearing camouflage waders, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Lands/Places-to-Visit/Elkhorn-Slough-ER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elkhorn Slough Reserve\u003c/a> research biologist Susanne Fork trudges through the soft mud of the slough’s shore, counting the number of oysters living on rocks along the muddy bank. She holds a clicker in her hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of having to keep the number in your head, you can just click once each time you see or feel a living oyster,” says Fork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She counts about 200 at one spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really low. You can see many, many more that are gaping and open. So they’re dead,” Fork says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough Reserve research coordinator Kerstin Wasson has been working to save the slough’s Olympia oysters for over a decade. She says there are several factors why the population is so small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard for any population, once it drops below a few thousand, to find mates and reproduce successfully,” Wasson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters are also threatened by pollution and crabs, and can get buried in the mud and suffocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2012, Wasson and her team tried protecting baby oysters by deploying man-made habitats for them to settle on. But it only worked that year. It was the last time Wasson saw baby oysters in the slough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.mlml.calstate.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moss Landing Marine Laboratories\u003c/a> are trying something new. They’re attempting to restore the population through aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713707\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-800x616.jpg\" alt=\"Baby oysters grow on clamshells tied to wooden stakes. Researchers planted 20,000 new baby oysters at Elkhorn Slough.\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-800x616.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1020x785.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1200x924.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1180x908.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-960x739.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-520x400.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baby oysters grow on clamshells tied to wooden stakes. Researchers planted 20,000 new baby oysters at Elkhorn Slough. \u003ccite>(Erika Mahoney/KAZU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Essentially farming in water, aquaculture is often used to grow seafood, including oysters. But now — for the first time in California — it’s being used to restore native oysters to a wild habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Gossard, a graduate student at Moss Landing Marine Labs, spent the summer raising baby Olympia oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many species that we normally wouldn’t think play an important role in our environment actually do. Oysters, for example, they play an important role in cleaning up water and increasing water quality,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oysters help keep the water clean by filtering it through their gills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, researchers took 50 adult oysters from the slough and helped them reproduce in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These oysters are smaller than what you would think of as the oyster that you eat. The oyster is rigid, it’s very bumpy. It’s a little bit of a coppery-green color,” Gossard says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713705\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713705\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Daniel Gossard holds an adult Olympia oyster in his hand. Researchers took 50 adults out of Elkhorn Slough and brought them to a lab to reproduce. The adult stock will stay at the lab to reproduce again in the future.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-1020x767.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-1200x902.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster.jpg 1863w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Daniel Gossard holds an adult Olympia oyster in his hand. Researchers took 50 adults out of Elkhorn Slough and brought them to a lab to reproduce. The adult stock will stay at the lab to reproduce again in the future. \u003ccite>(Erika Mahoney/KAZU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These adults created thousands of babies who got a pampered start to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers fed them an ideal diet. They ate micro-algae that researchers grew in the lab. They also gave them habitats made out of clamshells to settle on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in late October, volunteers transferred the young oysters to Elkhorn Slough. Wasson has been monitoring them closely. The hope is that this new generation of native Olympia oysters survives and reproduces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope everyone out there has a chance to see an Olympia oyster one day because they’re a native species really special to our coast that people have been interacting with for thousands of years,” Wasson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this project works, she says it could become a model for restoring Olympia oyster populations along the California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some good news? Wasson and Fork checked on the oysters again in early December. Wasson says although the smaller ones are struggling to survive, the bigger baby oysters are doing very well, and that they had about a 90 percent survival rate so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough — an estuary on the eastern shore of Monterey Bay next to Moss Landing, about halfway between Monterey and Santa Cruz — has been home to Olympia oysters for the last 8,000 years or so.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Olympia oysters are the only native oyster species on the West Coast, and their population is suffering. They’ve already gone extinct in parts of California, including Big Lagoon, Bolinas Lagoon and Morro Bay.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In Elkhorn Slough, their population has been steadily declining since the 1920s. Back then, oystermen harvested them by the thousands.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, with the slough’s oyster population at risk of disappearing, scientists are trying to save them using a novel technique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wearing camouflage waders, \u003ca href=\"https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Lands/Places-to-Visit/Elkhorn-Slough-ER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elkhorn Slough Reserve\u003c/a> research biologist Susanne Fork trudges through the soft mud of the slough’s shore, counting the number of oysters living on rocks along the muddy bank. She holds a clicker in her hand.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Instead of having to keep the number in your head, you can just click once each time you see or feel a living oyster,” says Fork.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She counts about 200 at one spot.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s really low. You can see many, many more that are gaping and open. So they’re dead,” Fork says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Elkhorn Slough Reserve research coordinator Kerstin Wasson has been working to save the slough’s Olympia oysters for over a decade. She says there are several factors why the population is so small.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s hard for any population, once it drops below a few thousand, to find mates and reproduce successfully,” Wasson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The oysters are also threatened by pollution and crabs, and can get buried in the mud and suffocate.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Back in 2012, Wasson and her team tried protecting baby oysters by deploying man-made habitats for them to settle on. But it only worked that year. It was the last time Wasson saw baby oysters in the slough.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Now, researchers at \u003ca href=\"https://www.mlml.calstate.edu/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moss Landing Marine Laboratories\u003c/a> are trying something new. They’re attempting to restore the population through aquaculture.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713707\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713707\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-800x616.jpg\" alt=\"Baby oysters grow on clamshells tied to wooden stakes. Researchers planted 20,000 new baby oysters at Elkhorn Slough.\" width=\"800\" height=\"616\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-800x616.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-160x123.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1020x785.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1200x924.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-1180x908.jpg 1180w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-960x739.jpg 960w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-240x185.jpg 240w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-375x289.jpg 375w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/OysterStick-520x400.jpg 520w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Baby oysters grow on clamshells tied to wooden stakes. Researchers planted 20,000 new baby oysters at Elkhorn Slough. \u003ccite>(Erika Mahoney/KAZU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Essentially farming in water, aquaculture is often used to grow seafood, including oysters. But now — for the first time in California — it’s being used to restore native oysters to a wild habitat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Daniel Gossard, a graduate student at Moss Landing Marine Labs, spent the summer raising baby Olympia oysters.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Many species that we normally wouldn’t think play an important role in our environment actually do. Oysters, for example, they play an important role in cleaning up water and increasing water quality,” he says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oysters help keep the water clean by filtering it through their gills.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In June, researchers took 50 adult oysters from the slough and helped them reproduce in the lab.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“These oysters are smaller than what you would think of as the oyster that you eat. The oyster is rigid, it’s very bumpy. It’s a little bit of a coppery-green color,” Gossard says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11713705\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11713705\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-800x601.jpg\" alt=\"Researcher Daniel Gossard holds an adult Olympia oyster in his hand. Researchers took 50 adults out of Elkhorn Slough and brought them to a lab to reproduce. The adult stock will stay at the lab to reproduce again in the future.\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-800x601.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-1020x767.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster-1200x902.jpg 1200w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/12/Oyster.jpg 1863w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Researcher Daniel Gossard holds an adult Olympia oyster in his hand. Researchers took 50 adults out of Elkhorn Slough and brought them to a lab to reproduce. The adult stock will stay at the lab to reproduce again in the future. \u003ccite>(Erika Mahoney/KAZU)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>These adults created thousands of babies who got a pampered start to life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Researchers fed them an ideal diet. They ate micro-algae that researchers grew in the lab. They also gave them habitats made out of clamshells to settle on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Then, in late October, volunteers transferred the young oysters to Elkhorn Slough. Wasson has been monitoring them closely. The hope is that this new generation of native Olympia oysters survives and reproduces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I hope everyone out there has a chance to see an Olympia oyster one day because they’re a native species really special to our coast that people have been interacting with for thousands of years,” Wasson says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>If this project works, she says it could become a model for restoring Olympia oyster populations along the California Coast.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some good news? Wasson and Fork checked on the oysters again in early December. Wasson says although the smaller ones are struggling to survive, the bigger baby oysters are doing very well, and that they had about a 90 percent survival rate so far.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Drake's Bay Oyster Co. Appeals Pt. Reyes Eviction Ruling",
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"content": "\u003cp>SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — The owners of a Northern California oyster farm that is scheduled to be removed from Point Reyes National Seashore are appealing a judge's refusal to allow it to stay open while its lawsuit against the government proceeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88515\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/07/drakes-bay-oyster-co-appeals-ruling-to-evict-it-from-pt-reyes/oysters-at-drakes-bay-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-88515\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-88515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/02/oysters-at-Drakes-Bay-quest.jpg\" alt=\"Oysters at Drake's Bay (Quest/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oysters at Drake's Bay (Quest/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drakes Bay Oyster Co. on Wednesday filed an appeal with the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company wants the court to allow the facility to stay open while its case is heard, a request a lower court judge denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oyster farm owner Kevin Lunny said he is committed to fighting Interior Secretary Ken Salazar's refusal to renew the farm's lease in the national park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salazar said the waters of Drakes Estero should return to wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department refused to comment on the ongoing legal case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More on the legal aspects\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal maneuvering can be a little confusing, so here it is in an oyster shell: The oyster farm's lease has expired. The U.S. Interior Department, which manages the land for the U.S. government, has told the company it has to go by March 15. The company filed a lawsuit to overturn that ruling. But since lawsuits take a long time to work their way through the courts, the oyster farm asked a judge to let it stay at Point Reyes until the lawsuit is decided. A U.S. District Court denied that request. Now the farm is appealing to a higher court, still hoping it can stay in place until the lawsuit is decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Still more from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_22533514/lunny-appeal-decision-shut-down-west-marin-oyster\">Marin Independent Journal\u003c/a>:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"We are committed to fighting against government abuse and overreach to keep the Lunny family in business, and are taking all the necessary legal steps to appeal this ruling,\" said Amber Abbasi, chief counsel for regulatory affairs at Cause of Action, a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neal Desai, associate director of the National Parks Conservation Association Pacific Region, stood by Judge Rogers' ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think the District Court got it right when it decided that the secretary had discretion to let the lease expire and that the oyster company was not at all convincing that it could win its lawsuit,\" he said. \"It's time to move on and allow Americans to enjoy their national park wilderness.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"description": "SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — The owners of a Northern California oyster farm that is scheduled to be removed from Point Reyes National Seashore are appealing a judge's refusal to allow it to stay open while its lawsuit against the government proceeds. Drakes Bay Oyster Co. on Wednesday filed an appeal with the Ninth U.S. Circuit",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>SAN FRANCISCO (AP) — The owners of a Northern California oyster farm that is scheduled to be removed from Point Reyes National Seashore are appealing a judge's refusal to allow it to stay open while its lawsuit against the government proceeds.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_88515\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2013/02/07/drakes-bay-oyster-co-appeals-ruling-to-evict-it-from-pt-reyes/oysters-at-drakes-bay-quest/\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-88515\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-88515\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2013/02/oysters-at-Drakes-Bay-quest.jpg\" alt=\"Oysters at Drake's Bay (Quest/KQED)\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Oysters at Drake's Bay (Quest/KQED)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Drakes Bay Oyster Co. on Wednesday filed an appeal with the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The company wants the court to allow the facility to stay open while its case is heard, a request a lower court judge denied.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Oyster farm owner Kevin Lunny said he is committed to fighting Interior Secretary Ken Salazar's refusal to renew the farm's lease in the national park.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Salazar said the waters of Drakes Estero should return to wilderness.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department refused to comment on the ongoing legal case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>More on the legal aspects\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The legal maneuvering can be a little confusing, so here it is in an oyster shell: The oyster farm's lease has expired. The U.S. Interior Department, which manages the land for the U.S. government, has told the company it has to go by March 15. The company filed a lawsuit to overturn that ruling. But since lawsuits take a long time to work their way through the courts, the oyster farm asked a judge to let it stay at Point Reyes until the lawsuit is decided. A U.S. District Court denied that request. Now the farm is appealing to a higher court, still hoping it can stay in place until the lawsuit is decided.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Still more from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinij.com/marinnews/ci_22533514/lunny-appeal-decision-shut-down-west-marin-oyster\">Marin Independent Journal\u003c/a>:\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\"We are committed to fighting against government abuse and overreach to keep the Lunny family in business, and are taking all the necessary legal steps to appeal this ruling,\" said Amber Abbasi, chief counsel for regulatory affairs at Cause of Action, a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit organization.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Neal Desai, associate director of the National Parks Conservation Association Pacific Region, stood by Judge Rogers' ruling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We think the District Court got it right when it decided that the secretary had discretion to let the lease expire and that the oyster company was not at all convincing that it could win its lawsuit,\" he said. \"It's time to move on and allow Americans to enjoy their national park wilderness.\"\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>by Laird Harrison and Jon Brooks\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The owners of an oyster farm at Point Reyes National Seashore are suing to stop the federal government from putting them out of business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_81968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2012/12/drakesoysterfarm20121129.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-81968\" title=\"Oyster Fisherman Battles National Park Service Over Harvest Rights\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2012/12/drakesoysterfarm20121129-300x193.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Strings of mother shells that will contain baby oysters to be farmed are seen at the Drakes Bay Oysterf Co., 2007 in Point Reyes Station. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Interior Secretary Kenneth Salazar \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/11/29/feds-deny-oyster-farm-lease-renewal/\">denied the Lunny family's request\u003c/a> for a 10-year extension of their lease to operate \u003ca href=\"http://www.drakesbayoyster.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Drakes Bay Oyster Co\u003c/a>. on the federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their lawsuit, the Lunny family doesn't deny that their lease expired, but rather alleges that the government did not follow proper procedures in making its decision -- such as giving notice of an environmental impact report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To represent it in the case, the Lunny family has engaged \u003ca href=\"http://causeofaction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Cause of Action\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization that describes itself as investigating and exposing “federal government corruption, waste, cronyism, and fraud.\" \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of the oyster farm on the bay are in dispute. The Lunny family says the operation has had a \"positive impact,\" while the California Coastal Commission \u003ca href=\"http://www.savepointreyeswilderness.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/CCC-ltr-to-DBOC-re-noncompliance-Feb-1-2012.pdf\">has complained \u003c/a>that the farm littered the water with plastic and disturbed harbor seals with motorboats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Cause of Action sent out a \u003ca href=\"http://www.drakesbayoyster.com/files/121203%20DBOC%20press%20statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">press release\u003c/a> with the following statement from Kevin Lunny:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>We have been a dedicated small family farm for four generations in the West Marin community and when we purchased Drakes Bay Oyster Company seven years ago, we saw an opportunity to revive a part of our community that would provide local jobs, sustainable products for local businesses, and a positive long-term impact on the Bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service has not just shut down our business, but has misrepresented the law, our contracts with the State of California, and the results of scientific studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our family business is not going to sit back and let the government steam roll our community, which has been incredibly supportive of us. We are exploring possible responses to the National Park Service and will be taking legal action against them soon. We are not walking away, instead we are fighting for our community, our employees, and our family against a federal government that seems to value lies over the truth and special interests over the welfare of a community.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And last Friday, KQED Science's Lauren Sommer talked to Kevin Lunny, who said the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're devastated, we're horribly disappointed. I was at the farm when I received a call from the Secretary of the Interior. Secretary Salazar told me of his decision… We had to deliver that message to our 30+ workers... To think that this is the end of an 80+ year tradition of producing food for the Bay Area, hosting visitors as a destination, the history and the culture of a coastal community coming to an end, losing these people in our schools and our churches…they're losing they're homes, too. …this is a devastating blow that will resound for a very long time in West Marin.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about the fact that he bought the operation knowing that renewal of the lease wasn't guaranteed, he said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did our due diligence, and we saw that authorities that we were working under expired in 2012, just like any lease or any agreement has a beginning and ending date; but it's explicitly renewable… We had hoped that we could show this could be done right and they could exercise their right of renewal. We knew that it was possible they would do something like this, but we really didn't think it could actually happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2012/12/lunnydecision1.mp3\">listen to more from the edited interview here\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[audio:http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2012/12/lunnydecision1.mp3|titles=lunnydecision]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department responded to the filing of the lawsuit today with this brief statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The Secretary made his decision after careful consideration of the applicable law and policy. The Department will carefully review the complaint and any related materials that may be filed. The Department does not comment on litigation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/secretary-salazar-issues-decision-on-point-reyes-national-seashore-permit.cfm\">original press release\u003c/a>, the department said it was fulfilling the original intention of Congress in designating the seashore as wilderness:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Carrying out steps set in motion by the United States Congress over three decades ago, we are taking the final step to recognize this pristine area as wilderness,” said Salazar. “The Estero is one of our nation’s crown jewels, and today we are fulfilling the vision to protect this special place for generations to come.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For more details on the department's legal reasoning, you can read \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=332286\">this memo.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a good \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinmagazine.com/Marin-Magazine/November-2008/The-Oyster-War/\" target=\"_blank\">background piece on the early years of the dispute\u003c/a> from Marin Magazine in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the full text of the lawsuit filed today...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"View DBOC Complaint on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/115478606/DBOC-Complaint\">Drakes Bay Oyster Company Complaint\u003c/a>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/115478606/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-16lk7mqjit85t6wy65m6\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"update\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update\u003c/em>: The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/11/29/feds-deny-oyster-farm-lease-renewal/\" target=\"_blank\">story on Ken Salazar's decision to not renew the lease\u003c/a> received a lot of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/11/29/feds-deny-oyster-farm-lease-renewal/#comment-722939786\" target=\"_blank\">comments\u003c/a>. Just a few...\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>I was born and raised in San Francisco. As a child I went to Point Reyes long before it was \"federalized\". The \"National Seashore\" designation made great sense when it included the existing agricultural uses. This notion that it must be returned to some imagined wilderness is so narrow minded as to turn me into a red-neck, right wing mindless Republican! First the PETA people take away our foie gras and now Salazar takes away our oysters. Can chocolate and wine be far behind?\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Sad...I've been going up there from the Bay Area for over 50 years and always loved picking up some oysters. As has been noted, the oyster is the \"canary in the coalmine\" and one of the best indicators that something is out of whack environmentally. The entire hydroenvironment of Pt. Reyes is one of the healthiest on earth, and there is no impact on harbour, elephant or any other seals that can be pinned on the oyster farm. Furthermore, dozens of people have just lost their jobs, and we'll be importing oysters from elsewhere on the west coast, and using valuable resources to do it. Greeeeat thinking there, Salazar.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>I think some of you are missing the bigger issue. Lunny bought the \"farm\" five years ago knowing that the lease was going to expire at the end of the month. This has nothing to do with oysters as a food source, or how good they are for the economy, or the environment. Oysters as a food source is B.S. how many people rely on oysters to feed there families? The price he paid for the farm reflected the fact that the business was only viable for five years. He is the one that decided to fight to extended the permit, which forced the government to waist all the money on the EIS and related studies. If the oyster farm is so important why did they give it a 40 year lease? Why didn't they write it into the law to allow it to exist forever? I'm surprised we have not heard from Lunny's lawyers about the inevitable law suit…\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Well, well, well, looks like Norcal \"progressives\" are reaping what they sow. Centralized power and control is great until they inevitably start taking decisions that you do not agree with. Hopefully the majority of commenters on this blog are realizing that it usually sucks when big government takes over local decisions. Oakland's marijuana dispensaries will soon go the way of the Pt. Reyes oysters - who cares what the People of California want - after all, Big Brother Washington DC knows better than you.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[T]his is the right decision. This isnt the radical new environmental movement destroying tradition, it is simply a contract being fulfilled\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>The local environmental forces that have contributed to the destruction of this wonderful operation have completely lost my support. I have donated money in the past to some of them, but never again. There has to be a balanced voice in all these things, and clearly the people who pushed for this have no sense of balance, and no sense of shame. Well, shame on them, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Thank you Ken Salazar for making a difficult and honest decision. I enjoy oysters more, eat more oysters, and definitely cook better oysters than probably any of you other commenters. Frankly though, it was time for this business to shut itself down and allow the estuary to return to nature as had been intended by the original designers of the Pt. Reyes National Seashore - to whom we should all feel indebted.\n\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>by Laird Harrison and Jon Brooks\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The owners of an oyster farm at Point Reyes National Seashore are suing to stop the federal government from putting them out of business.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_81968\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 300px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2012/12/drakesoysterfarm20121129.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-81968\" title=\"Oyster Fisherman Battles National Park Service Over Harvest Rights\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2012/12/drakesoysterfarm20121129-300x193.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"193\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Strings of mother shells that will contain baby oysters to be farmed are seen at the Drakes Bay Oysterf Co., 2007 in Point Reyes Station. (Justin Sullivan/Getty Images)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Last Thursday, Interior Secretary Kenneth Salazar \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/11/29/feds-deny-oyster-farm-lease-renewal/\">denied the Lunny family's request\u003c/a> for a 10-year extension of their lease to operate \u003ca href=\"http://www.drakesbayoyster.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Drakes Bay Oyster Co\u003c/a>. on the federal land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In their lawsuit, the Lunny family doesn't deny that their lease expired, but rather alleges that the government did not follow proper procedures in making its decision -- such as giving notice of an environmental impact report.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To represent it in the case, the Lunny family has engaged \u003ca href=\"http://causeofaction.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Cause of Action\u003c/a>, a nonprofit organization that describes itself as investigating and exposing “federal government corruption, waste, cronyism, and fraud.\" \u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The effects of the oyster farm on the bay are in dispute. The Lunny family says the operation has had a \"positive impact,\" while the California Coastal Commission \u003ca href=\"http://www.savepointreyeswilderness.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/CCC-ltr-to-DBOC-re-noncompliance-Feb-1-2012.pdf\">has complained \u003c/a>that the farm littered the water with plastic and disturbed harbor seals with motorboats.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Monday, Cause of Action sent out a \u003ca href=\"http://www.drakesbayoyster.com/files/121203%20DBOC%20press%20statement.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">press release\u003c/a> with the following statement from Kevin Lunny:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>We have been a dedicated small family farm for four generations in the West Marin community and when we purchased Drakes Bay Oyster Company seven years ago, we saw an opportunity to revive a part of our community that would provide local jobs, sustainable products for local businesses, and a positive long-term impact on the Bay itself.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The National Park Service has not just shut down our business, but has misrepresented the law, our contracts with the State of California, and the results of scientific studies.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Our family business is not going to sit back and let the government steam roll our community, which has been incredibly supportive of us. We are exploring possible responses to the National Park Service and will be taking legal action against them soon. We are not walking away, instead we are fighting for our community, our employees, and our family against a federal government that seems to value lies over the truth and special interests over the welfare of a community.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>And last Friday, KQED Science's Lauren Sommer talked to Kevin Lunny, who said the following:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're devastated, we're horribly disappointed. I was at the farm when I received a call from the Secretary of the Interior. Secretary Salazar told me of his decision… We had to deliver that message to our 30+ workers... To think that this is the end of an 80+ year tradition of producing food for the Bay Area, hosting visitors as a destination, the history and the culture of a coastal community coming to an end, losing these people in our schools and our churches…they're losing they're homes, too. …this is a devastating blow that will resound for a very long time in West Marin.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>When asked about the fact that he bought the operation knowing that renewal of the lease wasn't guaranteed, he said:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We did our due diligence, and we saw that authorities that we were working under expired in 2012, just like any lease or any agreement has a beginning and ending date; but it's explicitly renewable… We had hoped that we could show this could be done right and they could exercise their right of renewal. We knew that it was possible they would do something like this, but we really didn't think it could actually happen.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>You can \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2012/12/lunnydecision1.mp3\">listen to more from the edited interview here\u003c/a>:\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Interior Department responded to the filing of the lawsuit today with this brief statement:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>The Secretary made his decision after careful consideration of the applicable law and policy. The Department will carefully review the complaint and any related materials that may be filed. The Department does not comment on litigation.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>In its \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/secretary-salazar-issues-decision-on-point-reyes-national-seashore-permit.cfm\">original press release\u003c/a>, the department said it was fulfilling the original intention of Congress in designating the seashore as wilderness:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Carrying out steps set in motion by the United States Congress over three decades ago, we are taking the final step to recognize this pristine area as wilderness,” said Salazar. “The Estero is one of our nation’s crown jewels, and today we are fulfilling the vision to protect this special place for generations to come.”\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>For more details on the department's legal reasoning, you can read \u003ca href=\"http://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/loader.cfm?csModule=security/getfile&pageid=332286\">this memo.\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Here's a good \u003ca href=\"http://www.marinmagazine.com/Marin-Magazine/November-2008/The-Oyster-War/\" target=\"_blank\">background piece on the early years of the dispute\u003c/a> from Marin Magazine in 2008.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And here's the full text of the lawsuit filed today...\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca title=\"View DBOC Complaint on Scribd\" href=\"http://www.scribd.com/doc/115478606/DBOC-Complaint\">Drakes Bay Oyster Company Complaint\u003c/a>\u003ciframe src=\"http://www.scribd.com/embeds/115478606/content?start_page=1&view_mode=scroll&access_key=key-16lk7mqjit85t6wy65m6\" frameborder=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\" width=\"100%\" height=\"600\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca name=\"update\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Update\u003c/em>: The \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/11/29/feds-deny-oyster-farm-lease-renewal/\" target=\"_blank\">story on Ken Salazar's decision to not renew the lease\u003c/a> received a lot of \u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2012/11/29/feds-deny-oyster-farm-lease-renewal/#comment-722939786\" target=\"_blank\">comments\u003c/a>. Just a few...\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\n\u003cp>I was born and raised in San Francisco. As a child I went to Point Reyes long before it was \"federalized\". The \"National Seashore\" designation made great sense when it included the existing agricultural uses. This notion that it must be returned to some imagined wilderness is so narrow minded as to turn me into a red-neck, right wing mindless Republican! First the PETA people take away our foie gras and now Salazar takes away our oysters. Can chocolate and wine be far behind?\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Sad...I've been going up there from the Bay Area for over 50 years and always loved picking up some oysters. As has been noted, the oyster is the \"canary in the coalmine\" and one of the best indicators that something is out of whack environmentally. The entire hydroenvironment of Pt. Reyes is one of the healthiest on earth, and there is no impact on harbour, elephant or any other seals that can be pinned on the oyster farm. Furthermore, dozens of people have just lost their jobs, and we'll be importing oysters from elsewhere on the west coast, and using valuable resources to do it. Greeeeat thinking there, Salazar.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>I think some of you are missing the bigger issue. Lunny bought the \"farm\" five years ago knowing that the lease was going to expire at the end of the month. This has nothing to do with oysters as a food source, or how good they are for the economy, or the environment. Oysters as a food source is B.S. how many people rely on oysters to feed there families? The price he paid for the farm reflected the fact that the business was only viable for five years. He is the one that decided to fight to extended the permit, which forced the government to waist all the money on the EIS and related studies. If the oyster farm is so important why did they give it a 40 year lease? Why didn't they write it into the law to allow it to exist forever? I'm surprised we have not heard from Lunny's lawyers about the inevitable law suit…\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Well, well, well, looks like Norcal \"progressives\" are reaping what they sow. Centralized power and control is great until they inevitably start taking decisions that you do not agree with. Hopefully the majority of commenters on this blog are realizing that it usually sucks when big government takes over local decisions. Oakland's marijuana dispensaries will soon go the way of the Pt. Reyes oysters - who cares what the People of California want - after all, Big Brother Washington DC knows better than you.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>[T]his is the right decision. This isnt the radical new environmental movement destroying tradition, it is simply a contract being fulfilled\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>The local environmental forces that have contributed to the destruction of this wonderful operation have completely lost my support. I have donated money in the past to some of them, but never again. There has to be a balanced voice in all these things, and clearly the people who pushed for this have no sense of balance, and no sense of shame. Well, shame on them, anyway.\u003c/p>\n\u003chr>\n\u003cp>Thank you Ken Salazar for making a difficult and honest decision. I enjoy oysters more, eat more oysters, and definitely cook better oysters than probably any of you other commenters. Frankly though, it was time for this business to shut itself down and allow the estuary to return to nature as had been intended by the original designers of the Pt. Reyes National Seashore - to whom we should all feel indebted.\n\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"mindshift": {
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"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
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"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
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"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
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"possible": {
"id": "possible",
"title": "Possible",
"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm",
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"source": "Possible"
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"link": "/radio/program/possible",
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"pri-the-world": {
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"title": "PRI's The World: Latest Edition",
"info": "Each weekday, host Marco Werman and his team of producers bring you the world's most interesting stories in an hour of radio that reminds us just how small our planet really is.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 2pm-3pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-World-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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},
"radiolab": {
"id": "radiolab",
"title": "Radiolab",
"info": "A two-time Peabody Award-winner, Radiolab is an investigation told through sounds and stories, and centered around one big idea. In the Radiolab world, information sounds like music and science and culture collide. Hosted by Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich, the show is designed for listeners who demand skepticism, but appreciate wonder. WNYC Studios is the producer of other leading podcasts including Freakonomics Radio, Death, Sex & Money, On the Media and many more.",
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},
"reveal": {
"id": "reveal",
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