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"bio": "\u003ca href=\"http://www.MarkFiore.com\">MarkFiore.com\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/markfiore\">Follow on Twitter\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Mark-Fiore-Animated-Political-Cartoons/94451707396?ref=bookmarks\">Facebook\u003c/a> | \u003ca href=\"mailto:mark@markfiore.com\">email\u003c/a>\r\n\r\nPulitzer Prize-winner, Mark Fiore, who the Wall Street Journal has called “the undisputed guru of the form,” creates animated political cartoons in San Francisco, where his work has been featured regularly on the San Francisco Chronicle’s web site, SFGate.com. His work has appeared on Newsweek.com, Slate.com, CBSNews.com, MotherJones.com, DailyKos.com and NPR’s web site. Fiore’s political animation has appeared on CNN, Frontline, Bill Moyers Journal, Salon.com and cable and broadcast outlets across the globe.\r\n\r\nBeginning his professional life by drawing traditional political cartoons for newspapers, Fiore’s work appeared in publications ranging from the Washington Post to the Los Angeles Times. In the late 1990s, he began to experiment with animating political cartoons and, after a short stint at the San Jose Mercury News as their staff cartoonist, Fiore devoted all his energies to animation.\r\nGrowing up in California, Fiore also spent a good portion of his life in the backwoods of Idaho. It was this combination that shaped him politically. Mark majored in political science at Colorado College, where, in a perfect send-off for a cartoonist, he received his diploma in 1991 as commencement speaker Dick Cheney smiled approvingly.\r\nMark Fiore was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for political cartooning in 2010, a Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award in 2004 and has twice received an Online Journalism Award for commentary from the Online News Association (2002, 2008). Fiore has received two awards for his work in new media from the National Cartoonists Society (2001, 2002), and in 2006 received The James Madison Freedom of Information Award from The Society of Professional Journalists.",
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"content": "\u003cp>Lawsuits filed Monday in California seek potential class-action damages from Dow Chemical and its successor company over a widely used bug killer linked to brain damage in children.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chlorpyrifos is approved for use on more than 80 crops, including oranges, berries, grapes, soybeans, almonds and walnuts, though California banned sales of the pesticide last year and spraying of it this year. Some other states, including New York, have moved to ban it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stuart Calwell, lead attorney in the lawsuits, argued that its effects linger in Central Valley agricultural communities contaminated by chlorpyrifos during decades of use, with measurable levels still found in his clients’ homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawyers project that at least 100,000 homes in California may need to dispose of most of their belongings because they are contaminated with the pesticide.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Stuart Calwell, lead attorney\"]‘We have found it in the houses, we have found it in carpet, in upholstered furniture, we found it in a teddy bear, and we found it on the walls and surfaces. Then a little child picks up a teddy bear and holds on to it.’[/pullquote]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We have found it in the houses, we have found it in carpet, in upholstered furniture, we found it in a teddy bear, and we found it on the walls and surfaces,” Calwell said. “Then a little child picks up a teddy bear and holds on to it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>All that needs to be cleaned up, he says, because “it’s not going away on its own.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>State records show 61 million pounds of the pesticide were applied from 1974 through 2017 in four counties where the lawsuits were filed, Calwell said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Officials with Dow and its affiliated Corteva Inc. did not immediately respond to telephone and email requests seeking comment.\u003cbr>\n[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Corteva stopped producing the pesticide last year. The Delaware-based company was created after a merger of Dow Chemical and DuPont and had been the world’s largest manufacturer of chlorpyrifos. The company has said it believes the product is safe and said it stopped production because of declining sales.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientific studies have shown that chlorpyrifos damages the brains of fetuses and children. It was first used in 1965 but was banned for household use in 2001.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is weighing whether to ban the product or declare it safe, including for infants and children. The 9th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in April ordered the EPA to make a decision after studying the product for more than a decade. The Trump administration had halted the rule-making process. [aside tag=\"pesticide\" label=\"More Related Stories\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The lawsuits were filed on behalf of people in Fresno, Kings, Madera and Tulare counties, though Calwell said they are a precursor to seeking class-action status. Aside from Dow-related companies, they name various farming companies they say applied the chemical near the plaintiffs’ homes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In each case, the plaintiffs are parents suing on behalf of children who suffer from severe neurological injuries that the lawsuits blame on their exposure to the chemical while they were in the womb or when they were very young.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Aside from nearby spraying, the lawsuits say the parent, relatives or others in frequent contact with the child worked in the fields or packing plants and became contaminated with the chemical that they passed on to the child.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calwell filed related lawsuits last fall on behalf of farmworkers who his firm said “spent years marinating in the pesticide.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The first of those related lawsuits blames chlorpyrifos for causing autism, cognitive and intellectual disabilities in a now-teenager born in 2003.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The teen’s father worked spraying pesticides on farm fields, and his mother packed what the lawsuit says was chlorpyrifos-covered produce in a facility surrounded by fields treated with the pesticide, often applied by aerial spraying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Calwell similarly sued Monsanto for damages he alleged it caused to homes in Nitro, West Virginia, with its use of dioxin to make the defoliant known during the Vietnam War era as Agent Orange.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That case settled for $93 million, with Monsanto paying to decontaminate 4,500 homes, a fraction of those that he alleges in California will require more extensive decontamination followed by medical monitoring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cp>Agricultural chemical giant Monsanto is on trial yet again in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just one day after a federal jury decided that Monsanto must pay $80 million in damages to a Santa Rosa man, and less than a year after a state jury awarded $300 million in damages to a Vallejo groundskeeper in a similar case, opening statements were delivered Thursday in a new trial involving Monsanto in Alameda County Superior Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, it’s the case of Alva and Alberta Pilliod, a Livermore couple in their 70s who used Monsanto’s herbicide Roundup on their three Northern California properties for more than 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a relatively common form of cancer. Their diagnoses came four years apart, in 2011 and 2015 respectively. After aggressive chemotherapy treatments, both are currently in remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the plaintiffs in the previous two trials against Monsanto, the Pilliods used Roundup for weed control. It wasn’t until they saw a television commercial in 2017 that the Pilliods learned Roundup may be a carcinogen, their attorney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto denies that its product causes cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new case is the first to go to trial in a grouping of 150 similar cases, and there are more than 760 lawsuits pending in U.S. District Court in San Francisco. According to the advocacy group U.S. Right to Know, there are more than 11,000 cases against Monsanto in the broader United States, alleging that Roundup exposure causes non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roundup first came on the market in 1974 and is still sold today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his opening statement Thursday, the couple's lead attorney Brent Wisner told a 12-person jury that the likelihood of both of his clients being diagnosed with the same type of lymphoma, in this case a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, is 1 in 20,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisner estimated that the Pilliods sprayed 1,500 gallons of Roundup over the course of 35 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto keeps telling the world that this is stuff is safe, that it doesn't cause cancer,” Wisner said. “When you look at the evidence objectively, no one agrees with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto’s counsel, Tarek Ismail, argued in his opening statement that both of the Pilliods had serious prior health risks: A history of prior cancer, autoimmune diseases and years of smoking. He said these risk factors make it impossible to determine the cause of the couple's cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A debate has continued for years about whether or not the active ingredient in Roundup, glyphosate, is carcinogenic. Regulatory bodies worldwide, including the federal Environmental Protection Agency, Health Canada and the European Food Safety Authority have said that glyphosate does not cause cancer. However, in 2015 the International Agency for Research on Cancer, part of the World Health Organization, categorized the substance as a “probable carcinogen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden will rest on Wisner and his team to prove that Roundup can cause cancer and that the weed killer was a contributing factor in the development of the Pilliods’ cancer. In opening statements that lasted more than two and a half hours, Wisner outlined how the plaintiffs would maneuver the science-heavy trial. His approach was similar to the approach of plaintiffs in the other two cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prove that Roundup is carcinogenic, Wisner said he would highlight studies done on rodents, cell studies and epidemiological evidence. Monsanto’s attorneys said that the company and independent researchers have done many studies to verify that glyphosate and the Roundup formulation are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial is expected to last about a month. Witness testimony begins April 2.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Agricultural chemical giant Monsanto is on trial yet again in the Bay Area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just one day after a federal jury decided that Monsanto must pay $80 million in damages to a Santa Rosa man, and less than a year after a state jury awarded $300 million in damages to a Vallejo groundskeeper in a similar case, opening statements were delivered Thursday in a new trial involving Monsanto in Alameda County Superior Court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, it’s the case of Alva and Alberta Pilliod, a Livermore couple in their 70s who used Monsanto’s herbicide Roundup on their three Northern California properties for more than 30 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Both were diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, a relatively common form of cancer. Their diagnoses came four years apart, in 2011 and 2015 respectively. After aggressive chemotherapy treatments, both are currently in remission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like the plaintiffs in the previous two trials against Monsanto, the Pilliods used Roundup for weed control. It wasn’t until they saw a television commercial in 2017 that the Pilliods learned Roundup may be a carcinogen, their attorney said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto denies that its product causes cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The new case is the first to go to trial in a grouping of 150 similar cases, and there are more than 760 lawsuits pending in U.S. District Court in San Francisco. According to the advocacy group U.S. Right to Know, there are more than 11,000 cases against Monsanto in the broader United States, alleging that Roundup exposure causes non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Roundup first came on the market in 1974 and is still sold today.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his opening statement Thursday, the couple's lead attorney Brent Wisner told a 12-person jury that the likelihood of both of his clients being diagnosed with the same type of lymphoma, in this case a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, is 1 in 20,500.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Wisner estimated that the Pilliods sprayed 1,500 gallons of Roundup over the course of 35 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Monsanto keeps telling the world that this is stuff is safe, that it doesn't cause cancer,” Wisner said. “When you look at the evidence objectively, no one agrees with them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto’s counsel, Tarek Ismail, argued in his opening statement that both of the Pilliods had serious prior health risks: A history of prior cancer, autoimmune diseases and years of smoking. He said these risk factors make it impossible to determine the cause of the couple's cancers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A debate has continued for years about whether or not the active ingredient in Roundup, glyphosate, is carcinogenic. Regulatory bodies worldwide, including the federal Environmental Protection Agency, Health Canada and the European Food Safety Authority have said that glyphosate does not cause cancer. However, in 2015 the International Agency for Research on Cancer, part of the World Health Organization, categorized the substance as a “probable carcinogen.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The burden will rest on Wisner and his team to prove that Roundup can cause cancer and that the weed killer was a contributing factor in the development of the Pilliods’ cancer. In opening statements that lasted more than two and a half hours, Wisner outlined how the plaintiffs would maneuver the science-heavy trial. His approach was similar to the approach of plaintiffs in the other two cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To prove that Roundup is carcinogenic, Wisner said he would highlight studies done on rodents, cell studies and epidemiological evidence. Monsanto’s attorneys said that the company and independent researchers have done many studies to verify that glyphosate and the Roundup formulation are safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial is expected to last about a month. Witness testimony begins April 2.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Sonoma County Man Awarded $80 Million in Lawsuit Claiming Roundup Weed Killer Caused His Cancer",
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"content": "\u003cp>A U.S. jury on Wednesday awarded $80 million in damages to a North Bay resident who blamed Roundup weed killer for his cancer, in a case that his attorneys say could help determine the fate of hundreds of similar lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six-person jury in a San Francisco federal court returned its verdict in favor of Edwin Hardeman, 70, who said he used Roundup products to treat poison oak, overgrowth and weeds on his Sonoma County property for years, and was never adequately warned of its potential dangers. The same jury previously found, in a unanimous verdict, that Roundup was a substantial factor in Hardeman's non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto said it would appeal the jury award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agribusiness giant Monsanto, which was purchased last year by Bayer AG for $63 billion, says studies have established that the active ingredient in its widely used weed killer, glyphosate, is safe. The company said it will appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Monsanto in Court\" tag=\"monsanto\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are disappointed with the jury's decision, but this verdict does not change the weight of over four decades of extensive science and the conclusions of regulators worldwide that support the safety of our glyphosate-based herbicides and that they are not carcinogenic,\" according to a statement from Bayer, which acquired Monsanto last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A different jury in August awarded another man $289 million, but a judge later reduced it to $78 million. Monsanto has appealed that award as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardeman's trial may be more significant than that case. U.S. Judge Vince Chhabria is overseeing hundreds of Roundup lawsuits and deemed Hardeman's case and two others \"bellwether trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome of such cases can help attorneys decide whether to keep fighting similar lawsuits or settle them. Legal experts said verdicts in favor of Hardeman and the other test plaintiffs would give their attorneys a strong bargaining position in any settlement talks for the remaining cases before Chhabria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between cancer and glyphosate. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that the chemical is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto developed glyphosate in the 1970s, and the weed killer is now sold in more than 160 countries and widely used in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the France-based International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, classified it as a \"probable human carcinogen\" in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits against Monsanto followed, and thousands are now pending nationwide. Another trial, beginning Thursday in Oakland, involves a Livermore couple in their mid-70s who were both diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma after using Roundup for about 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto has attacked the international research agency's opinion as an outlier. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for people when used in accordance with label directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Moore, one of Hardeman's attorneys, called the verdict history making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Today the jury sent a message loud and clear that companies should no longer put products on the market for anyone to buy without being truthful, without testing, and without warning if it causes cancer,\" she said. \"They chose not to tell the American public and they chose not to tell the world that their product was dangerous and today the jury held unanimously that that was wrong, it was deceitful and it was malicious.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A U.S. jury on Wednesday awarded $80 million in damages to a North Bay resident who blamed Roundup weed killer for his cancer, in a case that his attorneys say could help determine the fate of hundreds of similar lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The six-person jury in a San Francisco federal court returned its verdict in favor of Edwin Hardeman, 70, who said he used Roundup products to treat poison oak, overgrowth and weeds on his Sonoma County property for years, and was never adequately warned of its potential dangers. The same jury previously found, in a unanimous verdict, that Roundup was a substantial factor in Hardeman's non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto said it would appeal the jury award.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Agribusiness giant Monsanto, which was purchased last year by Bayer AG for $63 billion, says studies have established that the active ingredient in its widely used weed killer, glyphosate, is safe. The company said it will appeal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are disappointed with the jury's decision, but this verdict does not change the weight of over four decades of extensive science and the conclusions of regulators worldwide that support the safety of our glyphosate-based herbicides and that they are not carcinogenic,\" according to a statement from Bayer, which acquired Monsanto last year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A different jury in August awarded another man $289 million, but a judge later reduced it to $78 million. Monsanto has appealed that award as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardeman's trial may be more significant than that case. U.S. Judge Vince Chhabria is overseeing hundreds of Roundup lawsuits and deemed Hardeman's case and two others \"bellwether trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome of such cases can help attorneys decide whether to keep fighting similar lawsuits or settle them. Legal experts said verdicts in favor of Hardeman and the other test plaintiffs would give their attorneys a strong bargaining position in any settlement talks for the remaining cases before Chhabria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between cancer and glyphosate. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that the chemical is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto developed glyphosate in the 1970s, and the weed killer is now sold in more than 160 countries and widely used in the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the France-based International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, classified it as a \"probable human carcinogen\" in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits against Monsanto followed, and thousands are now pending nationwide. Another trial, beginning Thursday in Oakland, involves a Livermore couple in their mid-70s who were both diagnosed with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma after using Roundup for about 40 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto has attacked the international research agency's opinion as an outlier. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for people when used in accordance with label directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jennifer Moore, one of Hardeman's attorneys, called the verdict history making.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Today the jury sent a message loud and clear that companies should no longer put products on the market for anyone to buy without being truthful, without testing, and without warning if it causes cancer,\" she said. \"They chose not to tell the American public and they chose not to tell the world that their product was dangerous and today the jury held unanimously that that was wrong, it was deceitful and it was malicious.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/richard-g-bugs-stevens-159918\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Richard G. “Bugs” Stevens\u003c/a> is a professor at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine. He does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal jury in California has unanimously decided that the weedkiller Roundup was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/business/monsanto-roundup-cancer.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">a “substantial factor”\u003c/a> in causing the lymphoma of 70-year-old Edwin Hardeman, who had used Roundup on his property for many years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury deliberated on Tuesday whether or not Monsanto is liable and should pay damages to Hardeman. His attorneys argued Tuesday that Monsanto ignored findings that Roundup could cause cancer and deliberately didn’t disclose information to consumers. Monsanto’s attorneys argued that the agricultural company did not act recklessly, since no regulatory agency has ever declared the active ingredient in Roundup, ‘glyphosate,’ carcinogenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second such verdict in less than eight months. In August 2018 another jury concluded that groundskeeper DeWayne Johnson \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/jury-finds-monsanto-liable-in-the-first-roundup-cancer-trial-heres-what-could-happen-next-101433\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">developed cancer due to his exposure to Roundup\u003c/a>, and ordered Monsanto, the manufacturer, to pay Johnson nearly US$300 million in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In product liability cases like these, plaintiffs must prove that the product \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/does-monsantos-roundup-cause-cancer-the-law-says-yes-the-science-says-maybe-113998\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">was the “specific cause” of the harm done\u003c/a>. The law sets a very high bar, which may be unrealistic for harms such as a diagnosis of cancer. Nonetheless, two juries have now ruled against Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto’s lawyers insist that \u003ca href=\"https://monsanto.com/news-stories/statements/roundup-glyphosate-dewayne-johnson-trial/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Roundup is safe\u003c/a> and that the plaintiffs’ arguments in both cases were \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Monsanto-s-Roundup-found-by-jury-to-be-likely-13701218.php\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">scientifically flawed\u003c/a>. But jurors believed that they were shown enough evidence to meet the legal criteria for finding Roundup was the “specific cause” of cancer in both men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/113998/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced<https://counter.theconversation.com/content/113998/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced>%E2%80%9D%20alt=%E2%80%9DThe%20Conversation%E2%80%9D%20width=%E2%80%9D1%E2%80%B3%20height=%E2%80%9D1%E2%80%B3%20/></p>%0A<p>As%20a%20result%20of%20these%20high-profile%20trials,%20Los%20Angeles%20County%20has%20<a%20href=\" https: rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">halted use of Roundup by all of its departments until clearer evidence is available about its potential health and environmental effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although “proof” has a similar primary meaning in science and law – a consensus of experts – how it is achieved is often quite different. Most importantly, in science there is no deadline for a discovery, whereas in law, timeliness is paramount. The conundrum is that a legal decision may be required for a potentially dangerous product on the market before the science has been settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735505\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/file-20190322-36256-e7ymew-800x540.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"540\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11735505\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/file-20190322-36256-e7ymew-800x540.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/file-20190322-36256-e7ymew-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/file-20190322-36256-e7ymew-1020x689.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/file-20190322-36256-e7ymew.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DeWayne Johnson hugs one of his lawyers after hearing the verdict in his case against Monsanto in San Francisco on Aug. 10, 2018. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/Pool Photo via AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>What Is ‘Proof’?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Proof is an elusive concept. Do we need proof that our glimpse of stripes in the jungle is a tiger before we run? Do we need proof that the jet engines are reliable before clearing a plane to take off for London with 300 passengers on board?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can proof ever be absolute, or is it inherently a statement of probabilities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use proof to advance our understanding of nature. Science assumes that there is an objective reality underlying all of nature, which we can eventually understand. Nature has no moral compass: It is neither good nor bad – it simply is. Scientists are human, so they experience joy or disappointment depending on the outcome of an experiment, but those emotions do not alter the truths of nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, lawyers use proof to find justice for people. Law is built on the premise that there are widely accepted codes of human behavior, which should be rectified when they are violated. Ideally, justice under the law is a highly moral endeavor with fairness at its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Proof in Science\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists vigorously argue about whether an experiment proves a new detail in the vast tapestry of nature. Most scientists require that a new experimental finding is reproducible, statistically significant and plausible within the context of experiments that came before it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But often conventional wisdom, based on what had been proven in the past, is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, until the 1980s medical wisdom said the cause of stomach ulcers was too much acid secretion. Therefore, young doctors learned in medical school to treat ulcers with antacids, milk and a bland diet. Then in 1983 a couple of troublemaking Australians named Robin Warren and Barry Marshall suggested that \u003ca href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673683927198\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">a bacterium actually caused ulcers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this was not believed to be possible because no bacterium could survive in the highly acidic environment of the stomach. Marshall and Warren were widely ridiculed after their article appeared, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.csicop.org/si/show/bacteria_ulcers_and_ostracism_h._pylori_and_the_making_of_a_myth\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">heckled at conferences\u003c/a> where they presented the idea. However, other scientists became interested and started to investigate the alternative theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New evidence accumulated over the next decade and ultimately proved that Marshall and Warren were right. They received the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2005/press-release/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Nobel Prize in Medicine\u003c/a> in 2005. Today the bacterium, H. pylori, is believed not only to cause ulcers but also \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.28999\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">most stomach cancers worldwide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Proof in Law\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To reveal the facts of a legal dispute, lawyers engage in adversarial argument. Attorneys for each side argue from their client’s perspective, without claiming to be objective. In an ideal world, with diligent and honest attorneys on both sides, justice should prevail. Often, however, a case is not ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some product liability lawsuits it can be perfectly clear that a faulty product, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/business/takata-airbags-automakers-class-action.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">rupture-prone Takata airbags\u003c/a> that car manufacturers were forced to recall several years ago, caused a plaintiff’s injury. However, as I wrote in connection with the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/does-monsantos-roundup-cause-cancer-trial-highlights-the-difficulty-of-proving-a-link-100875\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">first Roundup lawsuit\u003c/a>, this is close to impossible to prove in cancer cases.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/BnU3sidMlls\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>DeWayne Johnson’s lawsuit against Monsanto turned on a 2015 scientific assessment from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an agency of the World Health Organization, classifying glyphosate – the active ingredient in Roundup – as a “2A: probable human carcinogen.” However, this finding does not mean that Roundup “probably” caused Johnson’s lymphoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Food Safety Authority, an equally authoritative deliberative body, also assessed glyphosate, concluding that it was \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00204-017-1962-5\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">unlikely to pose a cancer risk\u003c/a> and actual exposure levels did not represent a public health concern. This study considered much of the same evidence as the International Agency for Research on Cancer, but interpreted it differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, the jury concluded that Roundup had caused Johnson’s cancer and awarded $289 million in damages, which was reduced to $80 million on appeal. Clearly, in their view, there was sufficient “proof” for the case against Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Different Kinds of Expertise\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In science, proof can only be defined as a \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/does-monsantos-roundup-cause-cancer-trial-highlights-the-difficulty-of-proving-a-link-100875\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">consensus of experts\u003c/a> who agree that the facts overwhelmingly support a specific conclusion. In law the jury plays that role, with jurors expected to become experts in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means, of course, that what has been proven in science or in law can be unproven with new evidence or new experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many big questions in physics, geology and biology have taken centuries to answer, and scientists constantly re-evaluate those answers in light of new evidence. For example, in the 1930s physicists widely agreed that there were three fundamental particles: electrons, protons and neutrons. Today the \u003ca href=\"https://home.cern/science/physics/standard-model\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">standard model of physics\u003c/a> holds that there are at least a dozen elementary particles, with many others hypothesized but not yet proven to exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal judgments have much more immediate impacts – sometimes life or death. Justice delayed is justice denied, and jurors must agree on a final proof to deliver a verdict. But as history has painfully taught us, a rush to judgment can yield the opposite of equity. Glyphosate \u003ca href=\"https://www.glyphosate.eu/benefits\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">provides many benefits\u003c/a>, which must be weighed against the potential for harm.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>https://youtu.be/fMlN–8FhTY\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So, what is a juror in the next Roundup trial to do? As I have \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/does-monsantos-roundup-cause-cancer-trial-highlights-the-difficulty-of-proving-a-link-100875\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">argued previously\u003c/a>, “specific causation” for cancer can almost never be proved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that does not mean that a plaintiff has no case. If the formal standard in law were changed to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/faqspoc.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">probability of causation\u003c/a>” as used by the Centers for Disease Control for occupational cancers, then a jury could find a product guilty of substantially increasing the risk, and make an award for the plaintiff, potentially a large one. In my view, if this were the standard, future rulings like the two we have already seen would align law and science on this issue more closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Kate Wolffe contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/us\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "What is proof? In both law and science, it's basically a consensus of experts – but they work at very different speeds. That means juries may reach verdicts on an issue before the science is settled.",
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"title": "Does Monsanto’s Roundup Cause Cancer? The Law Says Yes, the Science Says Maybe | KQED",
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"nprByline": "\u003cstrong>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/richard-g-bugs-stevens-159918\">Richard G. \"Bugs\" Stevens\u003c/a>\u003cbr />The Conversation\u003c/strong>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/profiles/richard-g-bugs-stevens-159918\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Richard G. “Bugs” Stevens\u003c/a> is a professor at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine. He does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A federal jury in California has unanimously decided that the weedkiller Roundup was \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/19/business/monsanto-roundup-cancer.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">a “substantial factor”\u003c/a> in causing the lymphoma of 70-year-old Edwin Hardeman, who had used Roundup on his property for many years. \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The jury deliberated on Tuesday whether or not Monsanto is liable and should pay damages to Hardeman. His attorneys argued Tuesday that Monsanto ignored findings that Roundup could cause cancer and deliberately didn’t disclose information to consumers. Monsanto’s attorneys argued that the agricultural company did not act recklessly, since no regulatory agency has ever declared the active ingredient in Roundup, ‘glyphosate,’ carcinogenic.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This is the second such verdict in less than eight months. In August 2018 another jury concluded that groundskeeper DeWayne Johnson \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/jury-finds-monsanto-liable-in-the-first-roundup-cancer-trial-heres-what-could-happen-next-101433\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">developed cancer due to his exposure to Roundup\u003c/a>, and ordered Monsanto, the manufacturer, to pay Johnson nearly US$300 million in damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In product liability cases like these, plaintiffs must prove that the product \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/does-monsantos-roundup-cause-cancer-the-law-says-yes-the-science-says-maybe-113998\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">was the “specific cause” of the harm done\u003c/a>. The law sets a very high bar, which may be unrealistic for harms such as a diagnosis of cancer. Nonetheless, two juries have now ruled against Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto’s lawyers insist that \u003ca href=\"https://monsanto.com/news-stories/statements/roundup-glyphosate-dewayne-johnson-trial/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Roundup is safe\u003c/a> and that the plaintiffs’ arguments in both cases were \u003ca href=\"https://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Monsanto-s-Roundup-found-by-jury-to-be-likely-13701218.php\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">scientifically flawed\u003c/a>. But jurors believed that they were shown enough evidence to meet the legal criteria for finding Roundup was the “specific cause” of cancer in both men.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cimg decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://counter.theconversation.com/content/113998/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced<https://counter.theconversation.com/content/113998/count.gif?distributor=republish-lightbox-advanced>%E2%80%9D%20alt=%E2%80%9DThe%20Conversation%E2%80%9D%20width=%E2%80%9D1%E2%80%B3%20height=%E2%80%9D1%E2%80%B3%20/></p>%0A<p>As%20a%20result%20of%20these%20high-profile%20trials,%20Los%20Angeles%20County%20has%20<a%20href=\" https: rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">halted use of Roundup by all of its departments until clearer evidence is available about its potential health and environmental effects.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although “proof” has a similar primary meaning in science and law – a consensus of experts – how it is achieved is often quite different. Most importantly, in science there is no deadline for a discovery, whereas in law, timeliness is paramount. The conundrum is that a legal decision may be required for a potentially dangerous product on the market before the science has been settled.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11735505\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/file-20190322-36256-e7ymew-800x540.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"540\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11735505\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/file-20190322-36256-e7ymew-800x540.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/file-20190322-36256-e7ymew-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/file-20190322-36256-e7ymew-1020x689.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2019/03/file-20190322-36256-e7ymew.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">DeWayne Johnson hugs one of his lawyers after hearing the verdict in his case against Monsanto in San Francisco on Aug. 10, 2018. \u003ccite>(Josh Edelson/Pool Photo via AP)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003ch2>What Is ‘Proof’?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Proof is an elusive concept. Do we need proof that our glimpse of stripes in the jungle is a tiger before we run? Do we need proof that the jet engines are reliable before clearing a plane to take off for London with 300 passengers on board?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Can proof ever be absolute, or is it inherently a statement of probabilities?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Scientists use proof to advance our understanding of nature. Science assumes that there is an objective reality underlying all of nature, which we can eventually understand. Nature has no moral compass: It is neither good nor bad – it simply is. Scientists are human, so they experience joy or disappointment depending on the outcome of an experiment, but those emotions do not alter the truths of nature.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In contrast, lawyers use proof to find justice for people. Law is built on the premise that there are widely accepted codes of human behavior, which should be rectified when they are violated. Ideally, justice under the law is a highly moral endeavor with fairness at its core.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Proof in Science\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Scientists vigorously argue about whether an experiment proves a new detail in the vast tapestry of nature. Most scientists require that a new experimental finding is reproducible, statistically significant and plausible within the context of experiments that came before it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But often conventional wisdom, based on what had been proven in the past, is wrong.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For example, until the 1980s medical wisdom said the cause of stomach ulcers was too much acid secretion. Therefore, young doctors learned in medical school to treat ulcers with antacids, milk and a bland diet. Then in 1983 a couple of troublemaking Australians named Robin Warren and Barry Marshall suggested that \u003ca href=\"https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673683927198\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">a bacterium actually caused ulcers\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Of course, this was not believed to be possible because no bacterium could survive in the highly acidic environment of the stomach. Marshall and Warren were widely ridiculed after their article appeared, and \u003ca href=\"https://www.csicop.org/si/show/bacteria_ulcers_and_ostracism_h._pylori_and_the_making_of_a_myth\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">heckled at conferences\u003c/a> where they presented the idea. However, other scientists became interested and started to investigate the alternative theory.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New evidence accumulated over the next decade and ultimately proved that Marshall and Warren were right. They received the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2005/press-release/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Nobel Prize in Medicine\u003c/a> in 2005. Today the bacterium, H. pylori, is believed not only to cause ulcers but also \u003ca href=\"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ijc.28999\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">most stomach cancers worldwide\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Proof in Law\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>To reveal the facts of a legal dispute, lawyers engage in adversarial argument. Attorneys for each side argue from their client’s perspective, without claiming to be objective. In an ideal world, with diligent and honest attorneys on both sides, justice should prevail. Often, however, a case is not ideal.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In some product liability lawsuits it can be perfectly clear that a faulty product, such as the \u003ca href=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/business/takata-airbags-automakers-class-action.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">rupture-prone Takata airbags\u003c/a> that car manufacturers were forced to recall several years ago, caused a plaintiff’s injury. However, as I wrote in connection with the \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/does-monsantos-roundup-cause-cancer-trial-highlights-the-difficulty-of-proving-a-link-100875\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">first Roundup lawsuit\u003c/a>, this is close to impossible to prove in cancer cases.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/BnU3sidMlls'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/BnU3sidMlls'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>DeWayne Johnson’s lawsuit against Monsanto turned on a 2015 scientific assessment from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, an agency of the World Health Organization, classifying glyphosate – the active ingredient in Roundup – as a “2A: probable human carcinogen.” However, this finding does not mean that Roundup “probably” caused Johnson’s lymphoma.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The European Food Safety Authority, an equally authoritative deliberative body, also assessed glyphosate, concluding that it was \u003ca href=\"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00204-017-1962-5\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">unlikely to pose a cancer risk\u003c/a> and actual exposure levels did not represent a public health concern. This study considered much of the same evidence as the International Agency for Research on Cancer, but interpreted it differently.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Nonetheless, the jury concluded that Roundup had caused Johnson’s cancer and awarded $289 million in damages, which was reduced to $80 million on appeal. Clearly, in their view, there was sufficient “proof” for the case against Roundup.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Different Kinds of Expertise\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In science, proof can only be defined as a \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/does-monsantos-roundup-cause-cancer-trial-highlights-the-difficulty-of-proving-a-link-100875\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">consensus of experts\u003c/a> who agree that the facts overwhelmingly support a specific conclusion. In law the jury plays that role, with jurors expected to become experts in the case.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This means, of course, that what has been proven in science or in law can be unproven with new evidence or new experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many big questions in physics, geology and biology have taken centuries to answer, and scientists constantly re-evaluate those answers in light of new evidence. For example, in the 1930s physicists widely agreed that there were three fundamental particles: electrons, protons and neutrons. Today the \u003ca href=\"https://home.cern/science/physics/standard-model\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">standard model of physics\u003c/a> holds that there are at least a dozen elementary particles, with many others hypothesized but not yet proven to exist.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Legal judgments have much more immediate impacts – sometimes life or death. Justice delayed is justice denied, and jurors must agree on a final proof to deliver a verdict. But as history has painfully taught us, a rush to judgment can yield the opposite of equity. Glyphosate \u003ca href=\"https://www.glyphosate.eu/benefits\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">provides many benefits\u003c/a>, which must be weighed against the potential for harm.\u003c/p>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutube'>\n \u003cspan class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__embedYoutubeInside'>\n \u003ciframe\n loading='lazy'\n class='utils-parseShortcode-shortcodes-__youtubeShortcode__youtubePlayer'\n type='text/html'\n src='//www.youtube.com/embed/fMlN'\n title='//www.youtube.com/embed/fMlN'\n allowfullscreen='true'\n style='border:0;'>\u003c/iframe>\n \u003c/span>\n \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\u003cp>\u003cp>So, what is a juror in the next Roundup trial to do? As I have \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/does-monsantos-roundup-cause-cancer-trial-highlights-the-difficulty-of-proving-a-link-100875\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">argued previously\u003c/a>, “specific causation” for cancer can almost never be proved.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>However, that does not mean that a plaintiff has no case. If the formal standard in law were changed to “\u003ca href=\"https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ocas/faqspoc.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">probability of causation\u003c/a>” as used by the Centers for Disease Control for occupational cancers, then a jury could find a product guilty of substantially increasing the risk, and make an award for the plaintiff, potentially a large one. In my view, if this were the standard, future rulings like the two we have already seen would align law and science on this issue more closely.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>KQED’s Kate Wolffe contributed to this report.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This article was originally published on \u003ca href=\"https://theconversation.com/us\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>Roundup weed killer was a substantial factor in a California man's cancer, a jury determined Tuesday in the first phase of a trial that attorneys said could help determine the fate of hundreds of similar lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unanimous verdict by the six-person jury in federal court in San Francisco came in a lawsuit filed against Roundup's manufacturer, agribusiness giant Monsanto. Edwin Hardeman, 70, was the second plaintiff to go to trial out of thousands around the country who claim the weed killer causes cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto says studies have established that Roundup's active ingredient, glyphosate, is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A San Francisco jury in August awarded another man $289 million after determining Roundup caused his non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A judge later slashed the award to $78 million, and Monsanto has appealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside label=\"Monsanto in Court\" tag=\"monsanto\"]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardeman's trial is before a different judge and may be more significant. U.S. Judge Vince Chhabria is overseeing hundreds of Roundup lawsuits and has deemed Hardeman's case and two others \"bellwether trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome of such cases can help attorneys decide whether to keep fighting similar lawsuits or settle them. Legal experts said a jury verdict in favor of Hardeman and the other test plaintiffs would give their attorneys a strong bargaining position in any settlement talks for the remaining cases before Chhabria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge had split Hardeman's trial into two phases. Hardeman's attorneys first had to convince jurors that using Roundup was a significant factor in his cancer before they could make arguments for damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial will now proceed to the second phase to determine whether the company is liable and if so, for how much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardeman declined to comment outside court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has been a long time coming for Mr. Hardeman,\" said one of his attorneys, Jennifer Moore. \"He's very pleased he had his day in court, and we're looking forward to phase two.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between cancer and glyphosate. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that the chemical is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer, which acquired Monsanto last year, said in a statement after the verdict that it continues to \"believe firmly that the science confirms glyphosate-based herbicides do not cause cancer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are confident the evidence in phase two will show that Monsanto's conduct has been appropriate and the company should not be liable for Mr. Hardeman's cancer,\" it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto developed glyphosate in the 1970s, and the weed killer is now sold in more than 160 countries and widely used in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the France-based International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, classified it as a \"probable human carcinogen\" in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits against Monsanto followed. The company has attacked the international research agency's opinion as an outlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for people when used in accordance with label directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardeman started using Roundup products to treat poison oak, overgrowth and weeds on his Sonoma County property in the 1980s and continued using them through 2012, according to his attorneys. He was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Roundup weed killer was a substantial factor in a California man's cancer, a jury determined Tuesday in the first phase of a trial that attorneys said could help determine the fate of hundreds of similar lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The unanimous verdict by the six-person jury in federal court in San Francisco came in a lawsuit filed against Roundup's manufacturer, agribusiness giant Monsanto. Edwin Hardeman, 70, was the second plaintiff to go to trial out of thousands around the country who claim the weed killer causes cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto says studies have established that Roundup's active ingredient, glyphosate, is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A San Francisco jury in August awarded another man $289 million after determining Roundup caused his non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A judge later slashed the award to $78 million, and Monsanto has appealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardeman's trial is before a different judge and may be more significant. U.S. Judge Vince Chhabria is overseeing hundreds of Roundup lawsuits and has deemed Hardeman's case and two others \"bellwether trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome of such cases can help attorneys decide whether to keep fighting similar lawsuits or settle them. Legal experts said a jury verdict in favor of Hardeman and the other test plaintiffs would give their attorneys a strong bargaining position in any settlement talks for the remaining cases before Chhabria.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The judge had split Hardeman's trial into two phases. Hardeman's attorneys first had to convince jurors that using Roundup was a significant factor in his cancer before they could make arguments for damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial will now proceed to the second phase to determine whether the company is liable and if so, for how much.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardeman declined to comment outside court.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"This has been a long time coming for Mr. Hardeman,\" said one of his attorneys, Jennifer Moore. \"He's very pleased he had his day in court, and we're looking forward to phase two.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between cancer and glyphosate. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that the chemical is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Bayer, which acquired Monsanto last year, said in a statement after the verdict that it continues to \"believe firmly that the science confirms glyphosate-based herbicides do not cause cancer.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We are confident the evidence in phase two will show that Monsanto's conduct has been appropriate and the company should not be liable for Mr. Hardeman's cancer,\" it said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto developed glyphosate in the 1970s, and the weed killer is now sold in more than 160 countries and widely used in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the France-based International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, classified it as a \"probable human carcinogen\" in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits against Monsanto followed. The company has attacked the international research agency's opinion as an outlier.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for people when used in accordance with label directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardeman started using Roundup products to treat poison oak, overgrowth and weeds on his Sonoma County property in the 1980s and continued using them through 2012, according to his attorneys. He was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cp>A jury in federal court in San Francisco will decide whether Roundup weed killer caused a California man's cancer in a trial starting Monday. Plaintiffs' attorneys say the trial could help determine the fate of hundreds of similar lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Edwin Hardeman, 70, is the second plaintiff to go to trial of thousands around the United States who claim agribusiness giant Monsanto's weed killer causes cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto says studies have established that the active ingredient in Roundup, glyphosate, is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a mountain of evidence,\" Hardeman's attorney, Brent Wisner, said outside court. \"This company needs to get straight and be honest with its customers and say, listen, there is evidence it's associated with cancer and let people make a choice about whether or not they use the product.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A San Francisco jury in August \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927142/san-francisco-jury-to-rule-whether-monsanto-caused-bay-area-mans-cancer\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">awarded another man $289 million \u003c/a>after determining Roundup caused his non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A judge later slashed the award to $78 million, and Monsanto has appealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927142/san-francisco-jury-to-rule-whether-monsanto-caused-bay-area-mans-cancer\">Monsanto Found Guilty in Landmark Cancer Case Trial\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927142/san-francisco-jury-to-rule-whether-monsanto-caused-bay-area-mans-cancer\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-994931004-1180x824.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hardeman's trial is before a different judge and may be more significant. U.S. Judge Vince Chhabria is overseeing hundreds of Roundup lawsuits, and has deemed Hardeman's case and two others \"bellwether trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we are able to succeed here then it really sends a signal to Monsanto and specifically to Bayer that they have a real problem,\" Wisner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome of bellwether cases can help attorneys decide whether to continue fighting similar suits in court or settle them. A jury verdict in favor of Hardeman and the other test plaintiffs would give their attorneys a strong bargaining position in any settlement talks for the remaining cases before Chhabria, said David Levine, a professor at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law who has followed the Roundup litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/stateofhealth/361923/california-cracks-down-on-weed-killer-as-lawsuits-abound\">other Roundup lawsuits\u003c/a> are pending in state courts around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between cancer and glyphosate. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that the chemical is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto developed glyphosate in the 1970s, and the weed killer is now sold in more than 160 countries and widely used in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the France-based International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, classified it as a \"probable human carcinogen\" in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920399/us-judge-blocks-weed-killer-warning-label-in-california\">U.S. Judge Blocks Weed-Killer Warning Label in California\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920399/us-judge-blocks-weed-killer-warning-label-in-california\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1180x785.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits against Monsanto followed. Monsanto has attacked the international research agency's opinion as an outlier. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for people when used in accordance with label directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardeman started using Roundup products to treat poison oak, overgrowth and weeds on his 56-acre Sonoma County property in the 1980s and continued using them through 2012, according to his attorneys. He was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a setback for Hardeman, Chhabria issued a ruling last month breaking his trial up into two phases. Hardeman's attorneys will first have to convince jurors that his use of Roundup caused his non-Hodgkin's lymphoma before they can make arguments for punitive damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial is expected to last about a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>A jury in federal court in San Francisco will decide whether Roundup weed killer caused a California man's cancer in a trial starting Monday. Plaintiffs' attorneys say the trial could help determine the fate of hundreds of similar lawsuits.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Edwin Hardeman, 70, is the second plaintiff to go to trial of thousands around the United States who claim agribusiness giant Monsanto's weed killer causes cancer.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto says studies have established that the active ingredient in Roundup, glyphosate, is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There is a mountain of evidence,\" Hardeman's attorney, Brent Wisner, said outside court. \"This company needs to get straight and be honest with its customers and say, listen, there is evidence it's associated with cancer and let people make a choice about whether or not they use the product.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>A San Francisco jury in August \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927142/san-francisco-jury-to-rule-whether-monsanto-caused-bay-area-mans-cancer\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">awarded another man $289 million \u003c/a>after determining Roundup caused his non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. A judge later slashed the award to $78 million, and Monsanto has appealed.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927142/san-francisco-jury-to-rule-whether-monsanto-caused-bay-area-mans-cancer\">Monsanto Found Guilty in Landmark Cancer Case Trial\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1927142/san-francisco-jury-to-rule-whether-monsanto-caused-bay-area-mans-cancer\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/07/GettyImages-994931004-1180x824.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Hardeman's trial is before a different judge and may be more significant. U.S. Judge Vince Chhabria is overseeing hundreds of Roundup lawsuits, and has deemed Hardeman's case and two others \"bellwether trials.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"If we are able to succeed here then it really sends a signal to Monsanto and specifically to Bayer that they have a real problem,\" Wisner said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The outcome of bellwether cases can help attorneys decide whether to continue fighting similar suits in court or settle them. A jury verdict in favor of Hardeman and the other test plaintiffs would give their attorneys a strong bargaining position in any settlement talks for the remaining cases before Chhabria, said David Levine, a professor at the University of California, Hastings College of the Law who has followed the Roundup litigation.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Thousands of \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/stateofhealth/361923/california-cracks-down-on-weed-killer-as-lawsuits-abound\">other Roundup lawsuits\u003c/a> are pending in state courts around the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many government regulators have rejected a link between cancer and glyphosate. Monsanto has vehemently denied such a connection, saying hundreds of studies have established that the chemical is safe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Monsanto developed glyphosate in the 1970s, and the weed killer is now sold in more than 160 countries and widely used in the U.S.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The herbicide came under increasing scrutiny after the France-based International Agency for Research on Cancer, which is part of the World Health Organization, classified it as a \"probable human carcinogen\" in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"alignright\">\n\u003ch3>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920399/us-judge-blocks-weed-killer-warning-label-in-california\">U.S. Judge Blocks Weed-Killer Warning Label in California\u003c/a>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/science/1920399/us-judge-blocks-weed-killer-warning-label-in-california\">\u003cimg src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/2018/02/GettyImages-899547980-1180x785.jpg\" alt=\"\">\u003c/a>\u003c/figure>\n\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Lawsuits against Monsanto followed. Monsanto has attacked the international research agency's opinion as an outlier. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency says glyphosate is safe for people when used in accordance with label directions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hardeman started using Roundup products to treat poison oak, overgrowth and weeds on his 56-acre Sonoma County property in the 1980s and continued using them through 2012, according to his attorneys. He was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 2015.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a setback for Hardeman, Chhabria issued a ruling last month breaking his trial up into two phases. Hardeman's attorneys will first have to convince jurors that his use of Roundup caused his non-Hodgkin's lymphoma before they can make arguments for punitive damages.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The trial is expected to last about a month.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"possible": {
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"info": "Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.",
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"title": "Rightnowish",
"tagline": "Art is where you find it",
"info": "Rightnowish digs into life in the Bay Area right now… ish. Journalist Pendarvis Harshaw takes us to galleries painted on the sides of liquor stores in West Oakland. We'll dance in warehouses in the Bayview, make smoothies with kids in South Berkeley, and listen to classical music in a 1984 Cutlass Supreme in Richmond. Every week, Pen talks to movers and shakers about how the Bay Area shapes what they create, and how they shape the place we call home.",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
"tagline": "A new future for housing",
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"tech-nation": {
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"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
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"ted-radio-hour": {
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