Two Towns Battle For Title Of Tallest Christmas Tree
How a California Tribe Fought for Years to Get Their Ancestral Land Back in Eureka
Chinese Immigrants Were Forced Out of Eureka in 1885 — Here's How Locals Are Making That History Known
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"content": "\u003cp>\u003cb>Here are the morning’s top stories on Wednesday, November 27, 2024…\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Christmas is just around the corner. So let’s head to Eureka in Humboldt County, where Sequoia Park Zoo is preparing for the holidays with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.northcoastjournal.com/NewsBlog/archives/2024/11/18/sequoia-park-zoo-scores-tallest-living-lighted-christmas-tree\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a living Christmas tree\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that may just take the title of tallest in the nation from the neighboring town of Ferndale.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pacific Gas and Electric is asking the California Public Utilities Commission to approve \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12015942/pge-rates-could-go-up-again-as-it-aims-to-spend-more-on-connecting-new-customers\">another rate hike\u003c/a>. That’s meant to generate more than $3 billion to help connect customers to the grid and make capacity upgrades.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Two Humboldt County Communities Battle Over Christmas Tree Record\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Eureka in Humboldt County, the Sequoia Park Zoo is preparing to unveil what it’s calling the “tallest living lighted Christmas tree in the country.” Although zoo officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.northcoastjournal.com/NewsBlog/archives/2024/11/18/sequoia-park-zoo-scores-tallest-living-lighted-christmas-tree\">won’t disclose the exact height\u003c/a> of the massive tree, it’s set to be on display starting the second week of December.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Why is the height of a Christmas tree important? Because neighboring Ferndale has long held the title of “America’s Tallest Living Christmas Tree.” “The trees are part of the tourist draw,” said North Coast Journal reporter Jennifer Fumiko Cahill. “The Christmas time draw is very much Ferndale. If you wanted to go to a town that looked like the little miniature Christmas town that your grandma wouldn’t let you touch when she put it out for the holidays, that’s Ferndale. That’s what it looks like. And when they have this big tree lighting in the middle of town, everybody kind of comes down. They have hot cocoa. It’s a big event.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fumiko Cahill says there’s definitely a “friendly” rivalry between the two cities. And she reports that officials at Sequoia Park Zoo say they have an even bigger backup tree that’s waiting to be decked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"routes-Site-routes-Post-Title-__Title__title\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12015942/pge-rates-could-go-up-again-as-it-aims-to-spend-more-on-connecting-new-customers\">\u003cstrong>PG&E Rates Could Go Up Again As It Aims To Spend More On Connecting New Customers\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Electricity rates could be going up again if \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/pge\">PG&E’s\u003c/a> most recent request for a spending increase is accepted by California regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The request follows \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12004361/yet-another-pge-rate-hike-could-be-coming-if-california-regulators-give-the-ok\">three temporary rate increases\u003c/a> over the past year and a much larger general rate adjustment approved in 2023. PG&E’s rates have doubled over the past decade, which it says is the result of its heightened need to mitigate wildfires and handle repairs after increasingly severe storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, the company says it is seeking to raise the caps on its capital costs to connect more new users to the energy grid, which could mean an additional charge on customers’ bills depending on how much they spend.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"excerpt": "Ferndale and Eureka in Humboldt County both say they have the tallest living lighted Christmas tree in the country.",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003cb>Here are the morning’s top stories on Wednesday, November 27, 2024…\u003c/b>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Christmas is just around the corner. So let’s head to Eureka in Humboldt County, where Sequoia Park Zoo is preparing for the holidays with \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.northcoastjournal.com/NewsBlog/archives/2024/11/18/sequoia-park-zoo-scores-tallest-living-lighted-christmas-tree\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">a living Christmas tree\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that may just take the title of tallest in the nation from the neighboring town of Ferndale.\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli>Pacific Gas and Electric is asking the California Public Utilities Commission to approve \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12015942/pge-rates-could-go-up-again-as-it-aims-to-spend-more-on-connecting-new-customers\">another rate hike\u003c/a>. That’s meant to generate more than $3 billion to help connect customers to the grid and make capacity upgrades.\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003ch2>\u003cstrong>Two Humboldt County Communities Battle Over Christmas Tree Record\u003c/strong>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">In Eureka in Humboldt County, the Sequoia Park Zoo is preparing to unveil what it’s calling the “tallest living lighted Christmas tree in the country.” Although zoo officials \u003ca href=\"https://www.northcoastjournal.com/NewsBlog/archives/2024/11/18/sequoia-park-zoo-scores-tallest-living-lighted-christmas-tree\">won’t disclose the exact height\u003c/a> of the massive tree, it’s set to be on display starting the second week of December.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Why is the height of a Christmas tree important? Because neighboring Ferndale has long held the title of “America’s Tallest Living Christmas Tree.” “The trees are part of the tourist draw,” said North Coast Journal reporter Jennifer Fumiko Cahill. “The Christmas time draw is very much Ferndale. If you wanted to go to a town that looked like the little miniature Christmas town that your grandma wouldn’t let you touch when she put it out for the holidays, that’s Ferndale. That’s what it looks like. And when they have this big tree lighting in the middle of town, everybody kind of comes down. They have hot cocoa. It’s a big event.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Fumiko Cahill says there’s definitely a “friendly” rivalry between the two cities. And she reports that officials at Sequoia Park Zoo say they have an even bigger backup tree that’s waiting to be decked out.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2 class=\"routes-Site-routes-Post-Title-__Title__title\">\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12015942/pge-rates-could-go-up-again-as-it-aims-to-spend-more-on-connecting-new-customers\">\u003cstrong>PG&E Rates Could Go Up Again As It Aims To Spend More On Connecting New Customers\u003c/strong>\u003c/a>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Electricity rates could be going up again if \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/pge\">PG&E’s\u003c/a> most recent request for a spending increase is accepted by California regulators.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The request follows \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/12004361/yet-another-pge-rate-hike-could-be-coming-if-california-regulators-give-the-ok\">three temporary rate increases\u003c/a> over the past year and a much larger general rate adjustment approved in 2023. PG&E’s rates have doubled over the past decade, which it says is the result of its heightened need to mitigate wildfires and handle repairs after increasingly severe storms.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, the company says it is seeking to raise the caps on its capital costs to connect more new users to the energy grid, which could mean an additional charge on customers’ bills depending on how much they spend.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "how-a-california-tribe-fought-for-years-to-get-their-ancestral-land-back-in-eureka",
"title": "How a California Tribe Fought for Years to Get Their Ancestral Land Back in Eureka",
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"content": "\u003cp>In the winter of 1860, on Tuluwat, an island in the middle of northern California’s Humboldt Bay, a baby was wrapped up in his mother’s arms as she lay face-down, trying to protect him. Around them, the island was burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier that day, the Wiyots, an indigenous tribe who’ve lived in the Humboldt Bay region for thousands of years, held their sacred World Renewal Ceremony on the island west of Eureka. It sits in the center of Wiyot ancestral lands, and it’s the spiritual center of the universe for the tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The island is] where the Creator put us,” said Cheryl Seidner, former tribal chairwoman of the Wiyot Tribe. “That’s where we came from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Michelle Vassel, current tribal administrator, Wiyot Tribe\"]‘Wiyot people had always intended to go back to the island. I don’t think there was ever a generation in which that wasn’t happening.’[/pullquote]Nearly 150 years later, Tuluwat Island would become the focus of a successful effort to get indigenous land returned — long before today’s land back movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Brutal Massacre Targeting Women and Children\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In late February 1860, neighboring tribes joined the Wiyot people on Tuluwat Island for the weeklong World Renewal Ceremony, which featured singing, dancing and praying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Feb. 25, the sixth day of the ceremony, Wiyot dancers woke up before sunrise. They put on deer hides and headbands decorated with porcupine quills and eagle feathers. Their skirts sang as the abalone and clam shells adorning them rattled together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The baby’s father, a Wiyot leader known as Captain Jim, likely led the ceremony that day, starting with a dance to heal and balance out the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would jump on the ground and shake the ground so the bad spirits would go away and leave the good spirits,” Seidner said. “[The ceremony] is trying to bring balance to our world, which is out of balance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The singing and dancing continued through sunset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11963115\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED.jpg?ver=1696267594\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11963115\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A island sitting in a bay is seen.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tuluwat Island in the middle of Humboldt Bay on July 11, 2023. The island is the spiritual center of the Wiyot universe. \u003ccite>(Izzy Bloom/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By nightfall, the winter winds grew so strong that the women, children and elderly people at the ceremony hunkered down to spend the night. Meanwhile, Captain Jim and the rest of the Wiyot men climbed into dugouts and paddled through rough currents to the coast to gather food and supplies for the final ceremony the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once they’d left, another group of men arrived on the island. They were white men — some of the settlers who’d flooded into Humboldt during the gold rush — who called themselves the Humboldt Cavalry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using hatchets and clubs, they massacred the sleeping Wiyot women, children and elders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To my knowledge, they did not bring any guns because they didn’t want anybody to hear,” Seidner said. “You can hear a shot for miles, but you can’t hear anybody being clubbed to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=\"news_11911817,education_535779,news_11908716\" label=\"Related Stories\"]A young woman named Jane Sam, who survived the massacre by hiding in a trash pile, later \u003ca href=\"https://www.northcoastjournal.com/news/genocide-and-extortion-2130748\">recounted the events\u003c/a> of that night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“These white men took all things such as beads, baskets, fur, hide, bows, and arrows. All the property belonging to the dead that was not taken was destroyed by burning. Women and children were killed when they lay asleep.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The handful of survivors included the baby found cradled in his mother’s arms. She’d been struck down, and her body lay in a ditch, but the child still lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His name was Jerry James,” Seidner said. “He was my mother’s grandfather.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jerry James had no idea that his descendants would one day fight to reclaim the island where he almost lost his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Murderville’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Tuluwat massacre was by no means an anomaly in Gold Rush California. One of the first laws passed by the newly-formed state legislature allowed white people to \u003ca href=\"https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/IB.pdf\">take indigenous children as indentured servants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, these murders seized the nation’s attention, in large part, historians say, because those massacred were women and children from a peaceful tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the murders, a local journalist named Bret Harte \u003ca href=\"https://lostcoastoutpost.com/2023/jul/22/humboldt-history-bret-harte-versus-humboldt-times/\">published an account\u003c/a> of the aftermath in The Northern Californian newspaper, based in the city of Arcata, known then as Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Neither age or sex had been spared. Little children and old women were mercilessly stabbed and their skulls crushed with axes. When the bodies were landed at Union, a more shocking and revolting spectacle never was exhibited to the eyes of a Christian and civilized people. Old women, wrinkled and decrepit, lay weltering in blood, their brains dashed out and dabbled with their long gray hair. Infants scarce a span long, with their faces cloven with hatchets and their bodies ghastly with wounds.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt Cavalry carried out at least 10 more attacks on Wiyot villages elsewhere in Humboldt over the next week. Three hundred Native Americans were murdered — possibly \u003ca href=\"https://www.northcoastjournal.com/news/genocide-and-extortion-2130748\">several hundred more\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The closest city to Tuluwat, east of the island, is Eureka. After the massacres, newspapers in San Francisco and New York dubbed Eureka “Murderville.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locally, however, most people seemed to approve of what had happened, according to Humboldt historian and ethnographer Jerry Rohde.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The massacre perpetrators managed to get away scot-free,” Rohde said. “A couple of the people who helped organize the massacres ran for government office in the next election, and they were elected by wide majorities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Stolen Land, Loss of Federal Recognition\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After the massacres in 1860, U.S. troops corralled the surviving Wiyot people and moved them to a nearby military fort. White settlers quickly took over Wiyot land, including Tuluwat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seidner said her grandfather, Jerry James’ son, learned to hide his identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When he was growing up, it wasn’t good to know your language or know your culture because you got a spanking in school for speaking your language,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many traditions were also lost during this period, and celebrations like the World Renewal Ceremony ceased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11963116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11963116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A small building sits on the waterfront of a stretch of land covered in low growing vegetation.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 6-acre, 14-foot deep clamshell mound lifts the north end of Tuluwat Island above the bay on July 11, 2023. In 1860, the Wiyot Tribe celebrated their World Renewal Ceremony here. \u003ccite>(Izzy Bloom/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Michelle Vassel, the current tribal administrator, said Wiyot people never forgot what happened on Tuluwat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wiyot people had always intended to go back to the island,” Vassel said. “I don’t think there was ever a generation in which that wasn’t happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Jerry James’ great-grandson, Albert James, approached the Eureka city council and asked for the island back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His niece, Cheryl Seidner, was a teenager at the time and remembers him being turned away partly because their tribe wasn’t federally recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wiyots, along with \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/self-determination-without-termination\">more than a hundred other tribes\u003c/a> across the country, had \u003ca href=\"https://www.wiyot.us/148/Cultural\">lost their status in the ‘50s and ‘60s\u003c/a> under the federal “termination policy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under termination, the U.S. government dissolved treaties, dismantled tribal governments and eliminated reservations, seizing \u003ca href=\"https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country\">more than a million acres\u003c/a> of indigenous land. Termination policy continued until the 1970s when President Richard Nixon repealed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Albert James and the Wiyot Tribe spent six years fighting a lawsuit against the federal government to win its federal recognition back. They succeeded in 1981.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This little bitty tribe took on the giant of the world, that’s the U.S. government,” Seidner said. “And we won. Wow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reclaiming a Slice of Tuluwat\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Following her uncle’s success, Seidner picked up the fight for land back in the early 1990s. She and her older sister, Leona Wilkinson, began holding candlelight vigils on Woodley Island, right across the bay from Tuluwat, to commemorate the lives lost in the 1860 massacre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People from all over came to the vigils. It was a turning point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That group of people that came to those vigils became like a movement that really changed the history of Eureka,” Vassel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, a sliver of land on the island went up for sale. The plot sat on the northern end of the island, where the massacre had taken place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11963113\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11963113\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A person stands at the top of a hill over looking the ocean.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cheryl Seidner overlooks the South Jetty in Loleta on Sept. 22, 2023. \u003ccite>(Alexandra Hootnick for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seidner was determined to purchase the 1.5 acres of the island — despite the asking price of more than $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Wiyot tribe is a small tribe,” Vassel said. “We don’t have a casino. We don’t have any form of economic development. So we didn’t have the money for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Seidner was the tribal chairwoman. She took the proposition to her tribal council. They unanimously voted yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe sold T-shirts and Indian tacos, held concerts and art auctions. Seidner went on a speaking tour to raise money. Children from the local elementary school even had a bake sale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2000, they’d raised enough money to purchase the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was just a tiny fraction of the 280-acre island. But it was a start.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Story of #LandBack That’s Easy to Miss\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As communities and elected officials discuss reparations for historical wrongdoings, one of the big ways California has been making amends to Native Americans is by returning their sacred land. These days, indigenous land return is happening all over the state — and across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2022, Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11957413/100-million-grant-to-assist-california-native-tribes-with-buying-back-land\">set aside $100 million\u003c/a> to help Native American tribes buy back their ancestral lands. The allocation was part of his 30×30 conservation goal to preserve 30% of state lands and coastal waters by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The #LandBack movement that’s gained momentum \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/education/535779/land-back-the-indigenous-fight-to-reclaim-stolen-lands\">since 2016\u003c/a> tells a story about people trying to do the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the reality and process are a lot more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We purchased the property, and when we first got it, you literally couldn’t walk across it because it was just filled with this mass of tangled metals and chunks of wood,” Vassel said. “So if you were to walk on it, you’d get cut and have to get a tetanus shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuluwat Island hadn’t exactly landed in responsible hands in 1860. Its white owners let a company build a dry dock and shipyard so that over the next century, the island became a toxic wasteland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vassel recalled rusting vats of chemicals and even an entire seawall made of old marine boat batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every day, the tide’s coming in, it’s washing across the batteries, and then it’s going back out, and that’s all contaminating our local bay,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we see in a lot of the cases of land return is that people are returned lands that they have to restore and bring up to compliance with current environmental laws and policies,” said Cutcha Risling Baldy, department chair of Native American Studies at Cal Poly Humboldt, who has worked on land back projects across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oftentimes, they’re lands that also need a lot of rebuilding from things that have happened throughout colonization,” Risling Baldy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11963114\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11963114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The waterfront of a marshy island is seen.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tuluwat Island, the center of Wiyot ancestral lands and the tribe’s spiritual center of the universe, in Humboldt Bay on Sept. 27, 2023. \u003ccite>(Alexandra Hootnick for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Advocates and legal experts say indigenous groups often get land returned with all kinds of strings attached. This is the story of #LandBack that’s easy to miss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land donors can receive a tax deduction for donating land or selling at below-market value to an indigenous-led organization. But sometimes, that land is unproductive farmland or contaminated and can come with heavy financial burdens for the tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really does curtail their freedom to use it as they see fit,” said Janelle Orsi, co-founder of the Sustainable Economies Law Center. “But on the other hand, we don’t want the land to just get sold into the speculative market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cleaning Up Tuluwat Island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the case of Tuluwat, Wiyot tribal administrator Michelle Vassel said that even if it’s contaminated, the land has inherent value. It’s sacred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We fully knew purchasing that 1.5 acres that [it] was [an] environmental disaster site,” she said. “I don’t think we really cared at that time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vassel said that from an indigenous perspective, the goal is to restore the land’s health, regardless of how many years it takes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cleaning up Tuluwat took a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, it was mostly just Wiyot families and volunteers taking down two decrepit buildings and a water tower, then filling barges with more than 60 tons of iron and steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the cleanup wore on, it was impossible for Eurekans not to notice what was happening on Tuluwat, an area most non-indigenous locals used to call “Indian Island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s literally in the middle of the bay. Each time you’re driving around Eureka, you can see it,” Vassel said. “When people are out there with hazmat suits doing the soil remediation, people saw that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[pullquote size=\"medium\" align=\"right\" citation=\"Michelle Vassel, current tribal administrator, Wiyot Tribe\"]‘The people of Eureka really changed their history. They went from being the city that made worldwide headlines as ‘Murderville’ to being the first city that returned land back voluntarily to a tribe.’[/pullquote]Eventually, the broader Eureka community started to pitch in, removing tangled masses of metal and wood, or volunteering at fundraising events. A local seafood restaurant donated shells to build up the eroding shell mound, which contains not only centuries of discarded shells eaten by Wiyot people but also bits and pieces of tools, ceremonial items and even human burial remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it really changed whatever preconceived ideas people [in the broader Eureka community] have about tribes,” Vassel said. “They saw something different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reparations, With Strings Attached?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The tribe wanted to figure out how to get back more than just the 1.5 acres they purchased in 2002. About 245 acres of the 280-acre island was owned by the city of Eureka, and the rest by private landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years after the Wiyot tribe bought the initial slice of land, Eureka elected a new mayor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter LaVallee won the mayoral seat by a slim margin of just 42 votes. Right away, Seidner asked him to work with the city and tribal councils to return the city-owned portion of Tuluwat to the tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know that it was going to be a precedent setter, but I thought, ‘Oh my God, these people, they were decimated,’” LaVallee said. “We have an opportunity here to make a reparation for something really bad that happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LaVallee brought the issue to city council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the council, there was a lot of debate about, ‘well, if we give this back, what assurances will we have that they don’t build a casino out there?’ ” LaVallee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city council decided to create their own assurances. They told the Wiyot tribal council that the city would return 45 acres to the tribe, which would be contractually prohibited from building a casino on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Vassel was insulted. “What a rude thing to say,” she said. “Could you imagine if all your ancestors are buried in this one cemetery, and then you’re going to build a convenience store on top of that? That’s a rude thing that you would say about me and my family, that I would do something like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Casinos are a pretty big sticking point when it comes to the Land Back movement. Casino stipulations are often included in land return contracts across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11963117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11963117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two people inspect an object that one of them is holding in an outdoor setting.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hilanea Wilkinson (left) and Adam Canter, the Natural Resources Director for the Wiyot Tribe (right), examine animal bones on Tuluwat Island on July 11, 2023. \u003ccite>(Izzy Bloom/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2021, for example, CalTrans \u003ca href=\"https://mendovoice.com/2021/05/mcguire-sponsored-bill-would-give-172-acres-of-mendocino-oceanfront-back-to-tribes/\">returned 172 acres of Mendocino oceanfront, including the popular Blues Beach\u003c/a>, to a nonprofit run by three tribes — the Sherwood Valley Band of Pomo Indians, the Round Valley Indian Tribes and the Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians. The land was returned on the condition that they wouldn’t build a casino. The tribes are also required to use the land for conservation, or else it can revert to CalTrans ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contract for Tuluwat Island also prevented the Wiyot Tribe from putting the land into a federal trust, which would have made them eligible for federal funding to help with the cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that we as a sovereign nation don’t get to choose our fate is not preferable,” Vassel said. “The opportunity to make choices about what we do with the land in the future — it’s a sovereignty issue, a self-governance issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Return of the World Renewal Ceremony\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It took almost 15 years to clean up Tuluwat Island. In 2014, the \u003ca href=\"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/100001200.pdf\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> issued a clean bill of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the Wiyot Tribe could celebrate the return of their land on the island and complete the ceremony that had been interrupted in 1860.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, Eureka returned the remaining 200 city-owned acres to the tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, after hearing the tribe’s concerns, they returned the land without any strings attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the return of Tuluwat, the tribe has continued working on native plants and cultural restoration on the island, with the goal of holding the World Renewal Ceremony on the land every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people of Eureka really changed their history,” Vassel said. “They went from being the city that made worldwide headlines as ‘Murderville’ to being the first city that returned land back voluntarily to a tribe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was supported by the 11th Hour Food and Farming Journalism Fellowship. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Wiyot archival music in this story was used with permission from the California Language Archive and from Cheryl Seidner and the Wiyot Tribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Archival tape of Radio Free Alcatraz was used with permission from the Pacífica Radio Archives: Historic Recordings since 1949.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>In the winter of 1860, on Tuluwat, an island in the middle of northern California’s Humboldt Bay, a baby was wrapped up in his mother’s arms as she lay face-down, trying to protect him. Around them, the island was burning.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Earlier that day, the Wiyots, an indigenous tribe who’ve lived in the Humboldt Bay region for thousands of years, held their sacred World Renewal Ceremony on the island west of Eureka. It sits in the center of Wiyot ancestral lands, and it’s the spiritual center of the universe for the tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“[The island is] where the Creator put us,” said Cheryl Seidner, former tribal chairwoman of the Wiyot Tribe. “That’s where we came from.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "‘Wiyot people had always intended to go back to the island. I don’t think there was ever a generation in which that wasn’t happening.’",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Nearly 150 years later, Tuluwat Island would become the focus of a successful effort to get indigenous land returned — long before today’s land back movement.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>A Brutal Massacre Targeting Women and Children\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In late February 1860, neighboring tribes joined the Wiyot people on Tuluwat Island for the weeklong World Renewal Ceremony, which featured singing, dancing and praying.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>On Feb. 25, the sixth day of the ceremony, Wiyot dancers woke up before sunrise. They put on deer hides and headbands decorated with porcupine quills and eagle feathers. Their skirts sang as the abalone and clam shells adorning them rattled together.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The baby’s father, a Wiyot leader known as Captain Jim, likely led the ceremony that day, starting with a dance to heal and balance out the world.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“They would jump on the ground and shake the ground so the bad spirits would go away and leave the good spirits,” Seidner said. “[The ceremony] is trying to bring balance to our world, which is out of balance.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The singing and dancing continued through sunset.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11963115\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED.jpg?ver=1696267594\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11963115\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A island sitting in a bay is seen.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-04-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tuluwat Island in the middle of Humboldt Bay on July 11, 2023. The island is the spiritual center of the Wiyot universe. \u003ccite>(Izzy Bloom/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>By nightfall, the winter winds grew so strong that the women, children and elderly people at the ceremony hunkered down to spend the night. Meanwhile, Captain Jim and the rest of the Wiyot men climbed into dugouts and paddled through rough currents to the coast to gather food and supplies for the final ceremony the next day.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But once they’d left, another group of men arrived on the island. They were white men — some of the settlers who’d flooded into Humboldt during the gold rush — who called themselves the Humboldt Cavalry.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Using hatchets and clubs, they massacred the sleeping Wiyot women, children and elders.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“To my knowledge, they did not bring any guns because they didn’t want anybody to hear,” Seidner said. “You can hear a shot for miles, but you can’t hear anybody being clubbed to death.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>A young woman named Jane Sam, who survived the massacre by hiding in a trash pile, later \u003ca href=\"https://www.northcoastjournal.com/news/genocide-and-extortion-2130748\">recounted the events\u003c/a> of that night.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“These white men took all things such as beads, baskets, fur, hide, bows, and arrows. All the property belonging to the dead that was not taken was destroyed by burning. Women and children were killed when they lay asleep.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The handful of survivors included the baby found cradled in his mother’s arms. She’d been struck down, and her body lay in a ditch, but the child still lived.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“His name was Jerry James,” Seidner said. “He was my mother’s grandfather.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Jerry James had no idea that his descendants would one day fight to reclaim the island where he almost lost his life.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>‘Murderville’\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The Tuluwat massacre was by no means an anomaly in Gold Rush California. One of the first laws passed by the newly-formed state legislature allowed white people to \u003ca href=\"https://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/IB.pdf\">take indigenous children as indentured servants\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And yet, these murders seized the nation’s attention, in large part, historians say, because those massacred were women and children from a peaceful tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The day after the murders, a local journalist named Bret Harte \u003ca href=\"https://lostcoastoutpost.com/2023/jul/22/humboldt-history-bret-harte-versus-humboldt-times/\">published an account\u003c/a> of the aftermath in The Northern Californian newspaper, based in the city of Arcata, known then as Union.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>“Neither age or sex had been spared. Little children and old women were mercilessly stabbed and their skulls crushed with axes. When the bodies were landed at Union, a more shocking and revolting spectacle never was exhibited to the eyes of a Christian and civilized people. Old women, wrinkled and decrepit, lay weltering in blood, their brains dashed out and dabbled with their long gray hair. Infants scarce a span long, with their faces cloven with hatchets and their bodies ghastly with wounds.”\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Humboldt Cavalry carried out at least 10 more attacks on Wiyot villages elsewhere in Humboldt over the next week. Three hundred Native Americans were murdered — possibly \u003ca href=\"https://www.northcoastjournal.com/news/genocide-and-extortion-2130748\">several hundred more\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The closest city to Tuluwat, east of the island, is Eureka. After the massacres, newspapers in San Francisco and New York dubbed Eureka “Murderville.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Locally, however, most people seemed to approve of what had happened, according to Humboldt historian and ethnographer Jerry Rohde.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The massacre perpetrators managed to get away scot-free,” Rohde said. “A couple of the people who helped organize the massacres ran for government office in the next election, and they were elected by wide majorities.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Stolen Land, Loss of Federal Recognition\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>After the massacres in 1860, U.S. troops corralled the surviving Wiyot people and moved them to a nearby military fort. White settlers quickly took over Wiyot land, including Tuluwat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Seidner said her grandfather, Jerry James’ son, learned to hide his identity.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“When he was growing up, it wasn’t good to know your language or know your culture because you got a spanking in school for speaking your language,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Many traditions were also lost during this period, and celebrations like the World Renewal Ceremony ceased.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11963116\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11963116\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A small building sits on the waterfront of a stretch of land covered in low growing vegetation.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-05-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A 6-acre, 14-foot deep clamshell mound lifts the north end of Tuluwat Island above the bay on July 11, 2023. In 1860, the Wiyot Tribe celebrated their World Renewal Ceremony here. \u003ccite>(Izzy Bloom/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>But Michelle Vassel, the current tribal administrator, said Wiyot people never forgot what happened on Tuluwat.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Wiyot people had always intended to go back to the island,” Vassel said. “I don’t think there was ever a generation in which that wasn’t happening.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In the 1970s, Jerry James’ great-grandson, Albert James, approached the Eureka city council and asked for the island back.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>His niece, Cheryl Seidner, was a teenager at the time and remembers him being turned away partly because their tribe wasn’t federally recognized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Wiyots, along with \u003ca href=\"https://www.whitehousehistory.org/self-determination-without-termination\">more than a hundred other tribes\u003c/a> across the country, had \u003ca href=\"https://www.wiyot.us/148/Cultural\">lost their status in the ‘50s and ‘60s\u003c/a> under the federal “termination policy.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Under termination, the U.S. government dissolved treaties, dismantled tribal governments and eliminated reservations, seizing \u003ca href=\"https://www.apmreports.org/episode/2019/11/01/uprooted-the-1950s-plan-to-erase-indian-country\">more than a million acres\u003c/a> of indigenous land. Termination policy continued until the 1970s when President Richard Nixon repealed it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Meanwhile, Albert James and the Wiyot Tribe spent six years fighting a lawsuit against the federal government to win its federal recognition back. They succeeded in 1981.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“This little bitty tribe took on the giant of the world, that’s the U.S. government,” Seidner said. “And we won. Wow.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reclaiming a Slice of Tuluwat\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>Following her uncle’s success, Seidner picked up the fight for land back in the early 1990s. She and her older sister, Leona Wilkinson, began holding candlelight vigils on Woodley Island, right across the bay from Tuluwat, to commemorate the lives lost in the 1860 massacre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>People from all over came to the vigils. It was a turning point.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That group of people that came to those vigils became like a movement that really changed the history of Eureka,” Vassel said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1999, a sliver of land on the island went up for sale. The plot sat on the northern end of the island, where the massacre had taken place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11963113\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11963113\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"A person stands at the top of a hill over looking the ocean.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-02-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cheryl Seidner overlooks the South Jetty in Loleta on Sept. 22, 2023. \u003ccite>(Alexandra Hootnick for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Seidner was determined to purchase the 1.5 acres of the island — despite the asking price of more than $100,000.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The Wiyot tribe is a small tribe,” Vassel said. “We don’t have a casino. We don’t have any form of economic development. So we didn’t have the money for it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the time, Seidner was the tribal chairwoman. She took the proposition to her tribal council. They unanimously voted yes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The tribe sold T-shirts and Indian tacos, held concerts and art auctions. Seidner went on a speaking tour to raise money. Children from the local elementary school even had a bake sale.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 2000, they’d raised enough money to purchase the land.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It was just a tiny fraction of the 280-acre island. But it was a start.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Story of #LandBack That’s Easy to Miss\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>As communities and elected officials discuss reparations for historical wrongdoings, one of the big ways California has been making amends to Native Americans is by returning their sacred land. These days, indigenous land return is happening all over the state — and across the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2022, Gov. Gavin Newsom \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11957413/100-million-grant-to-assist-california-native-tribes-with-buying-back-land\">set aside $100 million\u003c/a> to help Native American tribes buy back their ancestral lands. The allocation was part of his 30×30 conservation goal to preserve 30% of state lands and coastal waters by 2030.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The #LandBack movement that’s gained momentum \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/education/535779/land-back-the-indigenous-fight-to-reclaim-stolen-lands\">since 2016\u003c/a> tells a story about people trying to do the right thing.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But the reality and process are a lot more complicated.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We purchased the property, and when we first got it, you literally couldn’t walk across it because it was just filled with this mass of tangled metals and chunks of wood,” Vassel said. “So if you were to walk on it, you’d get cut and have to get a tetanus shot.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Tuluwat Island hadn’t exactly landed in responsible hands in 1860. Its white owners let a company build a dry dock and shipyard so that over the next century, the island became a toxic wasteland.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vassel recalled rusting vats of chemicals and even an entire seawall made of old marine boat batteries.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Every day, the tide’s coming in, it’s washing across the batteries, and then it’s going back out, and that’s all contaminating our local bay,” she said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“What we see in a lot of the cases of land return is that people are returned lands that they have to restore and bring up to compliance with current environmental laws and policies,” said Cutcha Risling Baldy, department chair of Native American Studies at Cal Poly Humboldt, who has worked on land back projects across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Oftentimes, they’re lands that also need a lot of rebuilding from things that have happened throughout colonization,” Risling Baldy said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11963114\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11963114\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"The waterfront of a marshy island is seen.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-03-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Tuluwat Island, the center of Wiyot ancestral lands and the tribe’s spiritual center of the universe, in Humboldt Bay on Sept. 27, 2023. \u003ccite>(Alexandra Hootnick for KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Advocates and legal experts say indigenous groups often get land returned with all kinds of strings attached. This is the story of #LandBack that’s easy to miss.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Land donors can receive a tax deduction for donating land or selling at below-market value to an indigenous-led organization. But sometimes, that land is unproductive farmland or contaminated and can come with heavy financial burdens for the tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It really does curtail their freedom to use it as they see fit,” said Janelle Orsi, co-founder of the Sustainable Economies Law Center. “But on the other hand, we don’t want the land to just get sold into the speculative market.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Cleaning Up Tuluwat Island\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>In the case of Tuluwat, Wiyot tribal administrator Michelle Vassel said that even if it’s contaminated, the land has inherent value. It’s sacred.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We fully knew purchasing that 1.5 acres that [it] was [an] environmental disaster site,” she said. “I don’t think we really cared at that time.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Vassel said that from an indigenous perspective, the goal is to restore the land’s health, regardless of how many years it takes.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And cleaning up Tuluwat took a long time.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At first, it was mostly just Wiyot families and volunteers taking down two decrepit buildings and a water tower, then filling barges with more than 60 tons of iron and steel.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as the cleanup wore on, it was impossible for Eurekans not to notice what was happening on Tuluwat, an area most non-indigenous locals used to call “Indian Island.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s literally in the middle of the bay. Each time you’re driving around Eureka, you can see it,” Vassel said. “When people are out there with hazmat suits doing the soil remediation, people saw that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Eventually, the broader Eureka community started to pitch in, removing tangled masses of metal and wood, or volunteering at fundraising events. A local seafood restaurant donated shells to build up the eroding shell mound, which contains not only centuries of discarded shells eaten by Wiyot people but also bits and pieces of tools, ceremonial items and even human burial remains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I think it really changed whatever preconceived ideas people [in the broader Eureka community] have about tribes,” Vassel said. “They saw something different.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>Reparations, With Strings Attached?\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>The tribe wanted to figure out how to get back more than just the 1.5 acres they purchased in 2002. About 245 acres of the 280-acre island was owned by the city of Eureka, and the rest by private landowners.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two years after the Wiyot tribe bought the initial slice of land, Eureka elected a new mayor.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Peter LaVallee won the mayoral seat by a slim margin of just 42 votes. Right away, Seidner asked him to work with the city and tribal councils to return the city-owned portion of Tuluwat to the tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I didn’t know that it was going to be a precedent setter, but I thought, ‘Oh my God, these people, they were decimated,’” LaVallee said. “We have an opportunity here to make a reparation for something really bad that happened.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>LaVallee brought the issue to city council.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In the council, there was a lot of debate about, ‘well, if we give this back, what assurances will we have that they don’t build a casino out there?’ ” LaVallee said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The city council decided to create their own assurances. They told the Wiyot tribal council that the city would return 45 acres to the tribe, which would be contractually prohibited from building a casino on it.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Michelle Vassel was insulted. “What a rude thing to say,” she said. “Could you imagine if all your ancestors are buried in this one cemetery, and then you’re going to build a convenience store on top of that? That’s a rude thing that you would say about me and my family, that I would do something like that.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Casinos are a pretty big sticking point when it comes to the Land Back movement. Casino stipulations are often included in land return contracts across the state.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11963117\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003ca href=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED.jpg\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11963117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-800x533.jpg\" alt=\"Two people inspect an object that one of them is holding in an outdoor setting.\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-800x533.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-1020x680.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-160x107.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED-1920x1280.jpg 1920w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2023/10/231002-TULUWAT-ISLAND-06-KQED.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Hilanea Wilkinson (left) and Adam Canter, the Natural Resources Director for the Wiyot Tribe (right), examine animal bones on Tuluwat Island on July 11, 2023. \u003ccite>(Izzy Bloom/KQED)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>In 2021, for example, CalTrans \u003ca href=\"https://mendovoice.com/2021/05/mcguire-sponsored-bill-would-give-172-acres-of-mendocino-oceanfront-back-to-tribes/\">returned 172 acres of Mendocino oceanfront, including the popular Blues Beach\u003c/a>, to a nonprofit run by three tribes — the Sherwood Valley Band of Pomo Indians, the Round Valley Indian Tribes and the Coyote Valley Band of Pomo Indians. The land was returned on the condition that they wouldn’t build a casino. The tribes are also required to use the land for conservation, or else it can revert to CalTrans ownership.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The contract for Tuluwat Island also prevented the Wiyot Tribe from putting the land into a federal trust, which would have made them eligible for federal funding to help with the cleanup.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The idea that we as a sovereign nation don’t get to choose our fate is not preferable,” Vassel said. “The opportunity to make choices about what we do with the land in the future — it’s a sovereignty issue, a self-governance issue.”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>The Return of the World Renewal Ceremony\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>It took almost 15 years to clean up Tuluwat Island. In 2014, the \u003ca href=\"https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/100001200.pdf\">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency\u003c/a> issued a clean bill of health.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Finally, the Wiyot Tribe could celebrate the return of their land on the island and complete the ceremony that had been interrupted in 1860.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2019, Eureka returned the remaining 200 city-owned acres to the tribe.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>This time, after hearing the tribe’s concerns, they returned the land without any strings attached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Since the return of Tuluwat, the tribe has continued working on native plants and cultural restoration on the island, with the goal of holding the World Renewal Ceremony on the land every year.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The people of Eureka really changed their history,” Vassel said. “They went from being the city that made worldwide headlines as ‘Murderville’ to being the first city that returned land back voluntarily to a tribe.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>This story was supported by the 11th Hour Food and Farming Journalism Fellowship. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>The Wiyot archival music in this story was used with permission from the California Language Archive and from Cheryl Seidner and the Wiyot Tribe.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Archival tape of Radio Free Alcatraz was used with permission from the Pacífica Radio Archives: Historic Recordings since 1949.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"slug": "chinese-immigrants-were-forced-out-of-eureka-in-1885-heres-how-locals-are-making-that-history-known",
"title": "Chinese Immigrants Were Forced Out of Eureka in 1885 — Here's How Locals Are Making That History Known",
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"headTitle": "Chinese Immigrants Were Forced Out of Eureka in 1885 — Here’s How Locals Are Making That History Known | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cp>Chinese immigrants have played a pivotal role in shaping California throughout its history. During the mid-1860s, they built infrastructure like railroads and boosted economies with their businesses. Their efforts led to flourishing Chinatowns in cities like San Francisco and San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by 1882, anti-Chinese sentiment and policy \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11877801/san-jose-had-5-chinatowns-why-did-they-vanish\">forced many out of the communities\u003c/a> they helped build. In Humboldt County, nearly all Chinese residents of Eureka were expelled in 1885.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, in Eureka, a small California port town just south of the Oregon border, local Chinese Americans and their allies are fighting to bring a more complete local history to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There used to be a Chinatown here,” said Brieanne Mirjah D’Souza, the coordinator for the\u003ca href=\"https://hapihumboldt.org/Eureka-Chinatown-Project\"> Eureka Chinatown Project\u003c/a>. “Not only a Chinatown, but a thriving, vibrant Chinatown, and it’s no longer here. We don’t even talk about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D’Souza, who is Chinese American and West Indian, has been organizing to memorialize the city’s Chinatown. The historic block, which is bounded by F and E Streets, was home to hundreds of immigrants who came to work in Northern California before they were forced out by a mob of white settlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892110\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11892110\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of a Chinese vendor carrying his goods is displayed inside the Clarke Historical Museum. \u003ccite>(Photo by Héctor Alejandro Arzate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We just wanted to put up a plaque saying Chinatown was here,” D’Souza said. “We were here, and we helped build modern-day Humboldt County and Eureka as we know it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With support from the city and the local\u003ca href=\"http://www.clarkemuseum.org/\"> Clarke Historical Museum\u003c/a> the effort has grown way beyond a simple plaque, D’Souza said. In late August, the city unveiled a large mural, titled “Fowl,” to pay homage to its former Chinese residents. The work was painted by Oakland artist Dave Kim and features a large mandarin duck, the silhouette of the former Chinatown, and a portrait of Ben Chin, a Chinese American Army veteran who opened Eureka’s Canton Cafe in 1954.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Eureka plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On February 6, 1885, Eureka Councilmember David Kendall was walking near Chinatown when he was shot and killed in the crossfire of a shootout. Soon after, a crowd of about 300 mostly white people gathered at the city’s Centennial Hall. According to Katie Buesch, the director of the Clarke Historical Museum, the crowd grew angry and blamed Chinese “gangsters” for Kendall’s death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a precedent around the West to do things like burn down Chinatowns with the residents inside, running people out of town, boycotting Chinese businesses or employers who employed Chinese workers,” Buesch said. “Eureka went a different route.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892118\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11892118\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buesch reviews a modified Sanborn map from May 1886. The Sanborn Map Company made detailed maps of cities to determine risks for insuring businesses against fire. \u003ccite>(Photo by Héctor Alejandro Arzate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A local white businessman who owned most of the block pleaded with the mob to spare his buildings. Instead, the crowd formed a committee of fifteen local leaders, which ordered all Chinese residents to leave Eureka within 48 hours. They arranged for ships to take the entire community down to the port of San Francisco and threatened anybody who stayed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Buesch, the mob set up gallows nearby with signs that threatened to hang all who remained. She said they also hung effigies made to look like Chinese people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s called the ‘Eureka Plan,’ and it was replicated in many parts of Humboldt County and also in other areas around the West,” Buesch said. “It was touted as really successful, this ‘nonviolent’ way of removing people from places where they’ve lived for decades or many years, in some cases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892103\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11892103\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-800x541.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-1020x690.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-1536x1038.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-2048x1384.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-1920x1298.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A black and white photo of Eureka’s Chinatown after its residents were forced out in 1885. \u003ccite>(Photo provided by the Clarke Historical Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anti-Chinese expulsions and riots are well documented throughout the West, but Buesch said many of the details in Eureka have long been one-sided as a result of local newspapers celebrating the event for its nonviolence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a much deeper story and one that’s plagued with lots of issues around finding historical documents that really tell you the full accurate story,” Buesch said. “But how can it be nonviolent if you’re forcibly removing people?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Wing Hing v. Eureka\u003c/em>, and the legacy of Charlie Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892143\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 767px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11892143\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/WingHingpage1-e1634160892536.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"767\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/WingHingpage1-e1634160892536.png 767w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/WingHingpage1-e1634160892536-160x267.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 100vw, 767px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first page of Wing Hing v. The City of Eureka. The court case was brought on by 53 Chinese residents who were expelled from Eureka. \u003ccite>(Special Collections Digitized Publications at Humboldt State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the displaced Chinese residents were business owners who were forced to leave their property and savings behind, according to some historical documents. Rather than resign themselves to the financial loss, 53 residents filed a lawsuit for reparations — \u003ca href=\"https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/archivepub/11/\">Wing Hing v. Eureka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the first lawsuit for reparations filed by Chinese residents against a city, and it was a very big deal that it happened at all,” Buesch said. “The Chinese were found to not own any property because they weren’t legal citizens of the United States. So the case was thrown out against the city and the reparations were not made.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the lawsuit was unsuccessful, Buesch said the resistance made by Chinese immigrants throughout Humboldt County is a crucial part of history that’s often left out. Meanwhile, D’Souza said other individuals who stood their ground should be celebrated, including one man named Charlie Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He represents the Chinese people that stayed behind, that resisted and fought back in some way,” said D’Souza. “And that’s so important because this isn’t a victim story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many immigrants who moved to Humboldt County, Moon found work in manual labor during the late 1800s, earning his keep as a ranch hand for a man named Tom Bair nearby in Redwood Creek. But soon after the expulsion, some men got word that Moon was still in Humboldt County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Buesch, the men showed up to the ranch carrying weapons and demanded that Bair give Moon up. Bair stood up for Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The story goes that Tom Bair picks up a shotgun and said, ‘If you want, Charlie, you’ve got to get through me first,’” Buesch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie Moon never left Humboldt County. When Bair and his wife died, Moon raised the couple’s children. He married a Native Chilula woman named Minnie Tom. Many of their descendants, like Yolanda Latham, still live in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latham said her great-great-great-grandfather — and others like him — built Humboldt County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11892105\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0-800x1067.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0-800x1067.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0-1020x1360.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0.jpeg 1512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Moon poses for a photo. Date unknown. \u003ccite>(Photo provided by Yolanda Latham)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you look around Humboldt County or any county in California, you have to ask yourself, how did they get that?” Latham said. “That was on the backs of the Chinese and the workers and the Native Americans that they had to move out of the way or use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latham said she sees Moon as a survivor. Still, she can’t help but think of the hardships he and his family went through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would love to say Charlie Moon had an amazing story, but he worked hard and he probably saw a lot of hard things and had to go through a lot of difficult moments,” Latham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>69 years later, Ben Chin\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Latham commends the Eureka Chinatown Project for its effort to acknowledge the hard truths in Humboldt’s past. She said it’s an especially crucial story to tell at a time of renewed anti-Asian violence throughout the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a beaming light that needs to be put on Humboldt County and the counties around here,” Latham said. “I think we need to be honest about the history. We need to be truthful about it and accept it. What’s done is done, but at least acknowledge it and memorialize it so that it’s not dismissed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D’Souza said Humboldt County Chinese American history did not end after the expulsion. In 1954, a Chinese American Army veteran named Ben Chin moved to Eureka and opened up Canton Cafe. Although he wasn’t part of the group of residents who were forced out in 1885, he is thought to be the first Chinese American to settle in Eureka after nearly 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was the first to kind of come back and publicly say ‘I am Chinese, here is my Chinese restaurant and come and enjoy it,’” D’Souza said. “He did face a lot of discrimination when he came back. A lot of threats, a lot of just people badgering him, telling him to leave and close up shop. And he resisted. He stayed. That was a very courageous thing for him to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chin went on to open multiple restaurants in Eureka despite the hardships he faced. He died in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, less than three percent of Humboldt County identifies as Asian American. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/humboldtcountycalifornia,US/RHI425219\">latest census data\u003c/a>, that’s slightly fewer than 4,000 people in the entire county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11890341/san-jose-to-apologize-for-the-1887-burning-of-the-citys-chinatown\">San Jose, are apologizing for destroying Chinatowns\u003c/a> and displacing their residents. D’Souza said Eureka has not taken that action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve not received a formal apology in terms of the expulsion of 1885 and the decades of discrimination after that,” D’Souza said. “It’s so important to be able to see your culture and your history reflected in your community. And until this mural went up or until the Chinatown project really started, I can’t really say that I felt that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She sees the support she’s received from local leaders as a tangible step in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892117\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11892117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brieanne Mirjah D’Souza, project coordinator for the Eureka Chinatown Project, points at a map of Eureka. \u003ccite>(Photo by Héctor Alejandro Arzate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Eureka Chinatown Project plans on establishing a new monument on the block within the next year. They are also working with the city to rename the alley after Charlie Moon. Eventually, they want to implement Chinese history in the local school curriculum. As a new mother, D’Souza said she’s hopeful for what the future holds for her son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited for my son to be able to grow up one day and be able to come here and see this,” she said, “to feel included and to be part of the story being told in our community.”\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"title": "Chinese Immigrants Were Forced Out of Eureka in 1885 — Here's How Locals Are Making That History Known | KQED",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Chinese immigrants have played a pivotal role in shaping California throughout its history. During the mid-1860s, they built infrastructure like railroads and boosted economies with their businesses. Their efforts led to flourishing Chinatowns in cities like San Francisco and San Jose.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But by 1882, anti-Chinese sentiment and policy \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11877801/san-jose-had-5-chinatowns-why-did-they-vanish\">forced many out of the communities\u003c/a> they helped build. In Humboldt County, nearly all Chinese residents of Eureka were expelled in 1885.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, in Eureka, a small California port town just south of the Oregon border, local Chinese Americans and their allies are fighting to bring a more complete local history to the surface.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There used to be a Chinatown here,” said Brieanne Mirjah D’Souza, the coordinator for the\u003ca href=\"https://hapihumboldt.org/Eureka-Chinatown-Project\"> Eureka Chinatown Project\u003c/a>. “Not only a Chinatown, but a thriving, vibrant Chinatown, and it’s no longer here. We don’t even talk about it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D’Souza, who is Chinese American and West Indian, has been organizing to memorialize the city’s Chinatown. The historic block, which is bounded by F and E Streets, was home to hundreds of immigrants who came to work in Northern California before they were forced out by a mob of white settlers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892110\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11892110\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownDocuments-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A photo of a Chinese vendor carrying his goods is displayed inside the Clarke Historical Museum. \u003ccite>(Photo by Héctor Alejandro Arzate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“We just wanted to put up a plaque saying Chinatown was here,” D’Souza said. “We were here, and we helped build modern-day Humboldt County and Eureka as we know it.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>With support from the city and the local\u003ca href=\"http://www.clarkemuseum.org/\"> Clarke Historical Museum\u003c/a> the effort has grown way beyond a simple plaque, D’Souza said. In late August, the city unveiled a large mural, titled “Fowl,” to pay homage to its former Chinese residents. The work was painted by Oakland artist Dave Kim and features a large mandarin duck, the silhouette of the former Chinatown, and a portrait of Ben Chin, a Chinese American Army veteran who opened Eureka’s Canton Cafe in 1954.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>The Eureka plan\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>On February 6, 1885, Eureka Councilmember David Kendall was walking near Chinatown when he was shot and killed in the crossfire of a shootout. Soon after, a crowd of about 300 mostly white people gathered at the city’s Centennial Hall. According to Katie Buesch, the director of the Clarke Historical Museum, the crowd grew angry and blamed Chinese “gangsters” for Kendall’s death.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“There was a precedent around the West to do things like burn down Chinatowns with the residents inside, running people out of town, boycotting Chinese businesses or employers who employed Chinese workers,” Buesch said. “Eureka went a different route.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892118\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11892118\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/BueschePoints-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Buesch reviews a modified Sanborn map from May 1886. The Sanborn Map Company made detailed maps of cities to determine risks for insuring businesses against fire. \u003ccite>(Photo by Héctor Alejandro Arzate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>A local white businessman who owned most of the block pleaded with the mob to spare his buildings. Instead, the crowd formed a committee of fifteen local leaders, which ordered all Chinese residents to leave Eureka within 48 hours. They arranged for ships to take the entire community down to the port of San Francisco and threatened anybody who stayed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Buesch, the mob set up gallows nearby with signs that threatened to hang all who remained. She said they also hung effigies made to look like Chinese people.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s called the ‘Eureka Plan,’ and it was replicated in many parts of Humboldt County and also in other areas around the West,” Buesch said. “It was touted as really successful, this ‘nonviolent’ way of removing people from places where they’ve lived for decades or many years, in some cases.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892103\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11892103\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-800x541.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"541\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-800x541.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-1020x690.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-160x108.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-1536x1038.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-2048x1384.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/ChinatownLeft1885-1920x1298.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">A black and white photo of Eureka’s Chinatown after its residents were forced out in 1885. \u003ccite>(Photo provided by the Clarke Historical Museum)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Anti-Chinese expulsions and riots are well documented throughout the West, but Buesch said many of the details in Eureka have long been one-sided as a result of local newspapers celebrating the event for its nonviolence.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s a much deeper story and one that’s plagued with lots of issues around finding historical documents that really tell you the full accurate story,” Buesch said. “But how can it be nonviolent if you’re forcibly removing people?”\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>\u003cem>Wing Hing v. Eureka\u003c/em>, and the legacy of Charlie Moon\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892143\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 767px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-11892143\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/WingHingpage1-e1634160892536.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"767\" height=\"1279\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/WingHingpage1-e1634160892536.png 767w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/WingHingpage1-e1634160892536-160x267.png 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 767px) 100vw, 767px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The first page of Wing Hing v. The City of Eureka. The court case was brought on by 53 Chinese residents who were expelled from Eureka. \u003ccite>(Special Collections Digitized Publications at Humboldt State University)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Many of the displaced Chinese residents were business owners who were forced to leave their property and savings behind, according to some historical documents. Rather than resign themselves to the financial loss, 53 residents filed a lawsuit for reparations — \u003ca href=\"https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/archivepub/11/\">Wing Hing v. Eureka\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It was the first lawsuit for reparations filed by Chinese residents against a city, and it was a very big deal that it happened at all,” Buesch said. “The Chinese were found to not own any property because they weren’t legal citizens of the United States. So the case was thrown out against the city and the reparations were not made.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Although the lawsuit was unsuccessful, Buesch said the resistance made by Chinese immigrants throughout Humboldt County is a crucial part of history that’s often left out. Meanwhile, D’Souza said other individuals who stood their ground should be celebrated, including one man named Charlie Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He represents the Chinese people that stayed behind, that resisted and fought back in some way,” said D’Souza. “And that’s so important because this isn’t a victim story.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Like many immigrants who moved to Humboldt County, Moon found work in manual labor during the late 1800s, earning his keep as a ranch hand for a man named Tom Bair nearby in Redwood Creek. But soon after the expulsion, some men got word that Moon was still in Humboldt County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Buesch, the men showed up to the ranch carrying weapons and demanded that Bair give Moon up. Bair stood up for Moon.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The story goes that Tom Bair picks up a shotgun and said, ‘If you want, Charlie, you’ve got to get through me first,’” Buesch said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Charlie Moon never left Humboldt County. When Bair and his wife died, Moon raised the couple’s children. He married a Native Chilula woman named Minnie Tom. Many of their descendants, like Yolanda Latham, still live in the area.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latham said her great-great-great-grandfather — and others like him — built Humboldt County.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892105\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11892105\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0-800x1067.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"1067\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0-800x1067.jpeg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0-1020x1360.jpeg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0-160x213.jpeg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0-1152x1536.jpeg 1152w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/image0.jpeg 1512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Charlie Moon poses for a photo. Date unknown. \u003ccite>(Photo provided by Yolanda Latham)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>“When you look around Humboldt County or any county in California, you have to ask yourself, how did they get that?” Latham said. “That was on the backs of the Chinese and the workers and the Native Americans that they had to move out of the way or use.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Latham said she sees Moon as a survivor. Still, she can’t help but think of the hardships he and his family went through.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I would love to say Charlie Moon had an amazing story, but he worked hard and he probably saw a lot of hard things and had to go through a lot of difficult moments,” Latham said.\u003c/p>\n\u003ch3>\u003cstrong>69 years later, Ben Chin\u003c/strong>\u003c/h3>\n\u003cp>Latham commends the Eureka Chinatown Project for its effort to acknowledge the hard truths in Humboldt’s past. She said it’s an especially crucial story to tell at a time of renewed anti-Asian violence throughout the country.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“It’s like a beaming light that needs to be put on Humboldt County and the counties around here,” Latham said. “I think we need to be honest about the history. We need to be truthful about it and accept it. What’s done is done, but at least acknowledge it and memorialize it so that it’s not dismissed.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>D’Souza said Humboldt County Chinese American history did not end after the expulsion. In 1954, a Chinese American Army veteran named Ben Chin moved to Eureka and opened up Canton Cafe. Although he wasn’t part of the group of residents who were forced out in 1885, he is thought to be the first Chinese American to settle in Eureka after nearly 70 years.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“He was the first to kind of come back and publicly say ‘I am Chinese, here is my Chinese restaurant and come and enjoy it,’” D’Souza said. “He did face a lot of discrimination when he came back. A lot of threats, a lot of just people badgering him, telling him to leave and close up shop. And he resisted. He stayed. That was a very courageous thing for him to do.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Chin went on to open multiple restaurants in Eureka despite the hardships he faced. He died in 2019.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, less than three percent of Humboldt County identifies as Asian American. According to the \u003ca href=\"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/humboldtcountycalifornia,US/RHI425219\">latest census data\u003c/a>, that’s slightly fewer than 4,000 people in the entire county.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some cities, like \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/news/11890341/san-jose-to-apologize-for-the-1887-burning-of-the-citys-chinatown\">San Jose, are apologizing for destroying Chinatowns\u003c/a> and displacing their residents. D’Souza said Eureka has not taken that action.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We’ve not received a formal apology in terms of the expulsion of 1885 and the decades of discrimination after that,” D’Souza said. “It’s so important to be able to see your culture and your history reflected in your community. And until this mural went up or until the Chinatown project really started, I can’t really say that I felt that way.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She sees the support she’s received from local leaders as a tangible step in the right direction.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_11892117\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"max-width: 800px\">\u003cimg loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-11892117\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-800x600.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-800x600.jpg 800w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-1020x765.jpg 1020w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-160x120.jpg 160w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-2048x1536.jpg 2048w, https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2021/10/Brieanne-1920x1440.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\">\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Brieanne Mirjah D’Souza, project coordinator for the Eureka Chinatown Project, points at a map of Eureka. \u003ccite>(Photo by Héctor Alejandro Arzate)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>The Eureka Chinatown Project plans on establishing a new monument on the block within the next year. They are also working with the city to rename the alley after Charlie Moon. Eventually, they want to implement Chinese history in the local school curriculum. As a new mother, D’Souza said she’s hopeful for what the future holds for her son.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m excited for my son to be able to grow up one day and be able to come here and see this,” she said, “to feel included and to be part of the story being told in our community.”\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"info": "\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em>, which listeners will hear in the first part of the hour, has fearless and much-needed conversations about race. Hosted by journalists of color, the show tackles the subject of race head-on, exploring how it impacts every part of society — from politics and pop culture to history, sports and more.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em>, which will be in the second part of the hour, guides you through spaces and feelings no one prepares you for — from finances to mental health, from workplace microaggressions to imposter syndrome, from relationships to parenting. The show features experts with real world experience and shares their knowledge. Because everyone needs a little help being human.\u003cbr />\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510312/codeswitch\">\u003cem>Code Switch\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />\u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/lifekit\">\u003cem>Life Kit\u003c/em> offical site and podcast\u003c/a>\u003cbr />",
"airtime": "SUN 9pm-10pm",
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"meta": {
"site": "radio",
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},
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510312/podcast.xml"
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},
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"id": "commonwealth-club",
"title": "Commonwealth Club of California Podcast",
"info": "The Commonwealth Club of California is the nation's oldest and largest public affairs forum. As a non-partisan forum, The Club brings to the public airwaves diverse viewpoints on important topics. The Club's weekly radio broadcast - the oldest in the U.S., dating back to 1924 - is carried across the nation on public radio stations and is now podcasting. Our website archive features audio of our recent programs, as well as selected speeches from our long and distinguished history. This podcast feed is usually updated twice a week and is always un-edited.",
"airtime": "THU 10pm, FRI 1am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Commonwealth-Club-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.commonwealthclub.org/podcasts",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "Commonwealth Club of California"
},
"link": "/radio/program/commonwealth-club",
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jb21tb253ZWFsdGhjbHViLm9yZy9hdWRpby9wb2RjYXN0L3dlZWtseS54bWw",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/Commonwealth-Club-of-California-p1060/"
}
},
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"id": "forum",
"title": "Forum",
"tagline": "The conversation starts here",
"info": "KQED’s live call-in program discussing local, state, national and international issues, as well as in-depth interviews.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 9am-11am, 10pm-11pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Forum-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Forum with Mina Kim and Alexis Madrigal",
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 9
},
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"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5NTU3MzgxNjMz",
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},
"freakonomics-radio": {
"id": "freakonomics-radio",
"title": "Freakonomics Radio",
"info": "Freakonomics Radio is a one-hour award-winning podcast and public-radio project hosted by Stephen Dubner, with co-author Steve Levitt as a regular guest. It is produced in partnership with WNYC.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/freakonomicsRadio.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://freakonomics.com/",
"airtime": "SUN 1am-2am, SAT 3pm-4pm",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WNYC"
},
"link": "/radio/program/freakonomics-radio",
"subscribe": {
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/freakonomics-radio/id354668519",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/WNYC-Podcasts/Freakonomics-Radio-p272293/",
"rss": "https://feeds.feedburner.com/freakonomicsradio"
}
},
"fresh-air": {
"id": "fresh-air",
"title": "Fresh Air",
"info": "Hosted by Terry Gross, \u003cem>Fresh Air from WHYY\u003c/em> is the Peabody Award-winning weekday magazine of contemporary arts and issues. One of public radio's most popular programs, Fresh Air features intimate conversations with today's biggest luminaries.",
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"link": "/radio/program/fresh-air",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=214089682&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/381444908/podcast.xml"
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"id": "here-and-now",
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"info": "A live production of NPR and WBUR Boston, in collaboration with stations across the country, Here & Now reflects the fluid world of news as it's happening in the middle of the day, with timely, in-depth news, interviews and conversation. Hosted by Robin Young, Jeremy Hobson and Tonya Mosley.",
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"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Here-And-Now-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510051/podcast.xml"
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},
"hidden-brain": {
"id": "hidden-brain",
"title": "Hidden Brain",
"info": "Shankar Vedantam uses science and storytelling to reveal the unconscious patterns that drive human behavior, shape our choices and direct our relationships.",
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"airtime": "SUN 7pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "NPR"
},
"link": "/radio/program/hidden-brain",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510308/podcast.xml"
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},
"how-i-built-this": {
"id": "how-i-built-this",
"title": "How I Built This with Guy Raz",
"info": "Guy Raz dives into the stories behind some of the world's best known companies. How I Built This weaves a narrative journey about innovators, entrepreneurs and idealists—and the movements they built.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/05/howIBuiltThis.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/510313/how-i-built-this",
"airtime": "SUN 7:30pm-8pm",
"meta": {
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"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/how-i-built-this",
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"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/3zxy",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/how-i-built-this-with-guy-raz/id1150510297?mt=2",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510313/podcast.xml"
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},
"hyphenacion": {
"id": "hyphenacion",
"title": "Hyphenación",
"tagline": "Where conversation and cultura meet",
"info": "What kind of no sabo word is Hyphenación? For us, it’s about living within a hyphenation. Like being a third-gen Mexican-American from the Texas border now living that Bay Area Chicano life. Like Xorje! Each week we bring together a couple of hyphenated Latinos to talk all about personal life choices: family, careers, relationships, belonging … everything is on the table. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/Hyphenacion_FinalAssets_PodcastTile.png",
"imageAlt": "KQED Hyphenación",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
"meta": {
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"order": 15
},
"link": "/podcasts/hyphenacion",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/2p3Fifq96nw9BPcmFdIq0o?si=39209f7b25774f38",
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"amazon": "https://music.amazon.com/podcasts/6c3dd23c-93fb-4aab-97ba-1725fa6315f1/hyphenaci%C3%B3n",
"rss": "https://feeds.megaphone.fm/KQINC2275451163"
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},
"jerrybrown": {
"id": "jerrybrown",
"title": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"tagline": "Lessons from a lifetime in politics",
"info": "The Political Mind of Jerry Brown brings listeners the wisdom of the former Governor, Mayor, and presidential candidate. Scott Shafer interviewed Brown for more than 40 hours, covering the former governor's life and half-century in the political game – and Brown has some lessons he'd like to share. ",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/The-Political-Mind-of-Jerry-Brown-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED The Political Mind of Jerry Brown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 18
},
"link": "/podcasts/jerrybrown",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/id1492194549",
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}
},
"latino-usa": {
"id": "latino-usa",
"title": "Latino USA",
"airtime": "MON 1am-2am, SUN 6pm-7pm",
"info": "Latino USA, the radio journal of news and culture, is the only national, English-language radio program produced from a Latino perspective.",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/latinoUsa.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "http://latinousa.org/",
"meta": {
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},
"link": "/radio/program/latino-usa",
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"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=79681317&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory",
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"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510016/podcast.xml"
}
},
"marketplace": {
"id": "marketplace",
"title": "Marketplace",
"info": "Our flagship program, helmed by Kai Ryssdal, examines what the day in money delivered, through stories, conversations, newsworthy numbers and more. Updated Monday through Friday at about 3:30 p.m. PT.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 4pm-4:30pm, MON-WED 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Marketplace-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.marketplace.org/",
"meta": {
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"source": "American Public Media"
},
"link": "/radio/program/marketplace",
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"rss": "https://feeds.publicradio.org/public_feeds/marketplace-pm/rss/rss"
}
},
"masters-of-scale": {
"id": "masters-of-scale",
"title": "Masters of Scale",
"info": "Masters of Scale is an original podcast in which LinkedIn co-founder and Greylock Partner Reid Hoffman sets out to describe and prove theories that explain how great entrepreneurs take their companies from zero to a gazillion in ingenious fashion.",
"airtime": "Every other Wednesday June 12 through October 16 at 8pm (repeats Thursdays at 2am)",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Masters-of-Scale-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://mastersofscale.com/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "WaitWhat"
},
"link": "/radio/program/masters-of-scale",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "http://mastersofscale.app.link/",
"rss": "https://rss.art19.com/masters-of-scale"
}
},
"mindshift": {
"id": "mindshift",
"title": "MindShift",
"tagline": "A podcast about the future of learning and how we raise our kids",
"info": "The MindShift podcast explores the innovations in education that are shaping how kids learn. Hosts Ki Sung and Katrina Schwartz introduce listeners to educators, researchers, parents and students who are developing effective ways to improve how kids learn. We cover topics like how fed-up administrators are developing surprising tactics to deal with classroom disruptions; how listening to podcasts are helping kids develop reading skills; the consequences of overparenting; and why interdisciplinary learning can engage students on all ends of the traditional achievement spectrum. This podcast is part of the MindShift education site, a division of KQED News. KQED is an NPR/PBS member station based in San Francisco. You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/mindshift/",
"meta": {
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"source": "kqed",
"order": 12
},
"link": "/podcasts/mindshift",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast",
"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share",
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}
},
"morning-edition": {
"id": "morning-edition",
"title": "Morning Edition",
"info": "\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. Hosts Steve Inskeep, David Greene and Rachel Martin bring you the latest breaking news and features to prepare you for the day.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3am-9am",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Morning-Edition-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/programs/morning-edition/",
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"link": "/radio/program/morning-edition"
},
"onourwatch": {
"id": "onourwatch",
"title": "On Our Watch",
"tagline": "Deeply-reported investigative journalism",
"info": "For decades, the process for how police police themselves has been inconsistent – if not opaque. In some states, like California, these proceedings were completely hidden. After a new police transparency law unsealed scores of internal affairs files, our reporters set out to examine these cases and the shadow world of police discipline. On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "On Our Watch from NPR and KQED",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 11
},
"link": "/podcasts/onourwatch",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw",
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"spotify": "https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x",
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"stitcher": "https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"
}
},
"on-the-media": {
"id": "on-the-media",
"title": "On The Media",
"info": "Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. For one hour a week, the show tries to lift the veil from the process of \"making media,\" especially news media, because it's through that lens that we see the world and the world sees us",
"airtime": "SUN 2pm-3pm, MON 12am-1am",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/onTheMedia.png",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/otm",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "wnyc"
},
"link": "/radio/program/on-the-media",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/on-the-media/id73330715?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/On-the-Media-p69/",
"rss": "http://feeds.wnyc.org/onthemedia"
}
},
"pbs-newshour": {
"id": "pbs-newshour",
"title": "PBS NewsHour",
"info": "Analysis, background reports and updates from the PBS NewsHour putting today's news in context.",
"airtime": "MON-FRI 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/PBS-News-Hour-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "pbs"
},
"link": "/radio/program/pbs-newshour",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/pbs-newshour-full-show/id394432287?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/radio/PBS-NewsHour---Full-Show-p425698/",
"rss": "https://www.pbs.org/newshour/feeds/rss/podcasts/show"
}
},
"perspectives": {
"id": "perspectives",
"title": "Perspectives",
"tagline": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991",
"info": "KQED's series of daily listener commentaries since 1991.",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Perspectives_Tile_Final.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/perspectives/",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 14
},
"link": "/perspectives",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id73801135",
"npr": "https://www.npr.org/podcasts/432309616/perspectives",
"rss": "https://ww2.kqed.org/perspectives/category/perspectives/feed/",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly93dzIua3FlZC5vcmcvcGVyc3BlY3RpdmVzL2NhdGVnb3J5L3BlcnNwZWN0aXZlcy9mZWVkLw"
}
},
"planet-money": {
"id": "planet-money",
"title": "Planet Money",
"info": "The economy explained. Imagine you could call up a friend and say, Meet me at the bar and tell me what's going on with the economy. Now imagine that's actually a fun evening.",
"airtime": "SUN 3pm-4pm",
"imageSrc": "https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/planetmoney.jpg",
"officialWebsiteLink": "https://www.npr.org/sections/money/",
"meta": {
"site": "news",
"source": "npr"
},
"link": "/radio/program/planet-money",
"subscribe": {
"npr": "https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/M4f5",
"apple": "https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/planet-money/id290783428?mt=2",
"tuneIn": "https://tunein.com/podcasts/Business--Economics-Podcasts/Planet-Money-p164680/",
"rss": "https://feeds.npr.org/510289/podcast.xml"
}
},
"politicalbreakdown": {
"id": "politicalbreakdown",
"title": "Political Breakdown",
"tagline": "Politics from a personal perspective",
"info": "Political Breakdown is a new series that explores the political intersection of California and the nation. Each week hosts Scott Shafer and Marisa Lagos are joined with a new special guest to unpack politics -- with personality — and offer an insider’s glimpse at how politics happens.",
"airtime": "THU 6:30pm-7pm",
"imageSrc": "https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Political-Breakdown-2024-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg",
"imageAlt": "KQED Political Breakdown",
"officialWebsiteLink": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"meta": {
"site": "radio",
"source": "kqed",
"order": 5
},
"link": "/podcasts/politicalbreakdown",
"subscribe": {
"apple": "https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/political-breakdown/id1327641087",
"google": "https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM5Nzk2MzI2MTEx",
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