Juneteenth, the Newest Federal Holiday, Is Gaining Awareness
The Hidden Roots of Memorial Day
Brown Signs Bill Banning State Sale or Display of Confederate Flag
Ken Burns Wants You to Learn the Gettysburg Address
Bay Area Connections to the Civil War
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"content": "\u003cp>Americans have been celebrating \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2021/06/18/1008095439/juneteenth-is-a-federal-holiday-now-but-what-that-means-for-workers-varies-widel\">Juneteenth\u003c/a> this weekend, the third year since the holiday was given federal status by President Biden in 2021.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The date commemorates the \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/20/1105911785/the-new-juneteenth-federal-holiday-traces-its-roots-to-galveston-texas\">fall of slavery in Galveston, Texas\u003c/a>, two years after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued in 1863 to free enslaved Black people held in the Confederacy.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>News of Union troops’ victory over the Confederates spread slowly across the South, eventually reaching the shores of Galveston in 1865.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We are not celebrating the history of Juneteenth. We are celebrating the symbolism of Juneteenth,” said Leslie Wilson, professor of history at Montclair State University in New Jersey.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“The symbolism of Juneteenth is the transition from slavery to freedom.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[aside postID=arts_13976970 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/06/20240619_JuneteenthCookout_GC-5_qed-1020x680.jpg']\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Celebrations of the holiday started out regionally in Texas, but as Black Americans spread out across the United States, they brought their traditions with them, including remembrances for one of the final vestiges of chattel slavery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could say that Juneteenth had a renaissance, largely because when World War II was over and soldiers came home, it was the second Great Migration. People started traveling from various points in the South to points in the North and points in the West,” Wilson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, with civil rights and also with the Black Power movement, Juneteenth became a symbol of strength as well as a symbol of triumph for African Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Widespread recognition of the holiday was slow moving. For years, it was a relatively obscure holiday celebrated among Black people with little acknowledgment or understanding from outside cultures and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sure there’s a ton I’m totally unaware of on African American history in the U.S.,” said Alex Markle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markle and his fiancée were visiting the National Mall in Washington, D.C., during the long holiday weekend and said it wasn’t until he was in his 40s that he learned about Black history events like Juneteenth, Black Wall Street and the Tulsa Race Massacre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was kind of shocking that like a big piece of American history was something that I had never learned about and was unaware of that much of my life.”[aside postID=news_12044169 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2025/06/GettyImages-2210191440.jpg']Markle’s experience is not unique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, when the holiday gained federal recognition, just 37% of American adults said they knew at least something about Juneteenth, according to polling by \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/393755/public-understanding-juneteenth-grown-2021.aspx\">Gallup\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a year later, that number would spike to nearly 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the holiday has grown in popularity, many Black people have celebrated the idea that African American history would be more widely recognized as part of the fabric of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a Black person, it means a lot to me to celebrate everybody who was free because it’s like so many people don’t know,” said Precious Williams, a Dallas native who was visiting Washington, D.C., over the holiday weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We celebrate everything in America, you know. So those Black holidays, it’s like everybody should know about Juneteenth because it’s a part of our history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are also concerns that corporate money-grabs taking advantage of the day could potentially weaken the gravity of such a historic event.[aside postID=arts_13977525 hero='https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/06/20240619_JuneteenthCookout_GC-6_qed.jpg']“The significance of it becoming an official holiday is really the fact that it raised awareness of Juneteenth beyond communities that had [already] been commemorating Juneteenth. Beyond that, it seems that the significance, unfortunately, also brings with it some commodification of that day and sort of commercialization of that day as well,” said Amara Enyia, a public policy expert in Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last year, big-box retailers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/20/1106193407/celebrate-juneteenth-the-right-way\">like Walmart\u003c/a> came \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/17/1101017257/juneteenth-products-companies-problematic\">under fire\u003c/a> for a spread of Juneteenth-themed products deemed tasteless and appropriative by many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And politically, the holiday has been weaponized by some Republicans as part of an ongoing culture war that claims truthful acknowledgments of race and racism are a ploy to demonize white Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these controversies, for many Monday is an opportunity to reflect on America and its history, as well as consider what the future might hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Juneteenth celebrations are a chance for this country, for the United States to rethink not only its origins, but the relationship of everybody who lives in this country to each other,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.howard.edu/greg-carr\">Greg Carr\u003c/a>, associate professor of Africana Studies at Howard University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In many ways, Juneteenth symbolically becomes a litmus test for the possibilities of this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Celebrations of the holiday started out regionally in Texas, but as Black Americans spread out across the United States, they brought their traditions with them, including remembrances for one of the final vestiges of chattel slavery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“You could say that Juneteenth had a renaissance, largely because when World War II was over and soldiers came home, it was the second Great Migration. People started traveling from various points in the South to points in the North and points in the West,” Wilson said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“During the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, with civil rights and also with the Black Power movement, Juneteenth became a symbol of strength as well as a symbol of triumph for African Americans.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Widespread recognition of the holiday was slow moving. For years, it was a relatively obscure holiday celebrated among Black people with little acknowledgment or understanding from outside cultures and communities.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I’m sure there’s a ton I’m totally unaware of on African American history in the U.S.,” said Alex Markle.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Markle and his fiancée were visiting the National Mall in Washington, D.C., during the long holiday weekend and said it wasn’t until he was in his 40s that he learned about Black history events like Juneteenth, Black Wall Street and the Tulsa Race Massacre.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“That was kind of shocking that like a big piece of American history was something that I had never learned about and was unaware of that much of my life.”\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>Markle’s experience is not unique.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 2021, when the holiday gained federal recognition, just 37% of American adults said they knew at least something about Juneteenth, according to polling by \u003ca href=\"https://news.gallup.com/poll/393755/public-understanding-juneteenth-grown-2021.aspx\">Gallup\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just a year later, that number would spike to nearly 60%.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As the holiday has grown in popularity, many Black people have celebrated the idea that African American history would be more widely recognized as part of the fabric of the United States.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“As a Black person, it means a lot to me to celebrate everybody who was free because it’s like so many people don’t know,” said Precious Williams, a Dallas native who was visiting Washington, D.C., over the holiday weekend.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“We celebrate everything in America, you know. So those Black holidays, it’s like everybody should know about Juneteenth because it’s a part of our history.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there are also concerns that corporate money-grabs taking advantage of the day could potentially weaken the gravity of such a historic event.\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>“The significance of it becoming an official holiday is really the fact that it raised awareness of Juneteenth beyond communities that had [already] been commemorating Juneteenth. Beyond that, it seems that the significance, unfortunately, also brings with it some commodification of that day and sort of commercialization of that day as well,” said Amara Enyia, a public policy expert in Chicago.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Just last year, big-box retailers \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/20/1106193407/celebrate-juneteenth-the-right-way\">like Walmart\u003c/a> came \u003ca href=\"https://www.npr.org/2022/06/17/1101017257/juneteenth-products-companies-problematic\">under fire\u003c/a> for a spread of Juneteenth-themed products deemed tasteless and appropriative by many.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And politically, the holiday has been weaponized by some Republicans as part of an ongoing culture war that claims truthful acknowledgments of race and racism are a ploy to demonize white Americans.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Despite these controversies, for many Monday is an opportunity to reflect on America and its history, as well as consider what the future might hold.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Juneteenth celebrations are a chance for this country, for the United States to rethink not only its origins, but the relationship of everybody who lives in this country to each other,” said \u003ca href=\"https://profiles.howard.edu/greg-carr\">Greg Carr\u003c/a>, associate professor of Africana Studies at Howard University.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“In many ways, Juneteenth symbolically becomes a litmus test for the possibilities of this country.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "The Hidden Roots of Memorial Day",
"title": "The Hidden Roots of Memorial Day",
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"content": "\u003cp>Memorial Day was born out of the collective trauma of the Civil War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1868, the head of a major veterans association, declared that the 30th of May would be dedicated to “strewing with flowers or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades” who had died fighting for the Union. Nearly 5,000 people attended an official ceremony that year at the newly established Arlington National Cemetery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice spread, and many northern states designated Memorial Day (or Decoration Day, as it was originally called) an official holiday. Civic groups in the South also gathered to honor the Confederate dead, often on the birthday of Confederate leader Jefferson Davis (June 3) or the day marking the death of legendary commander Stonewall Jackson (May 10).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/30/opinion/30blight.html\">Yale historian David Blight\u003c/a> has evidence that suggests a notably different Memorial Day story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to popular belief, he argues, the holiday actually stemmed from a ceremony performed in 1865, by recently freed blacks in the smoldering city of Charleston, S.C. In researching his book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://anthony-fatato-cvq1.squarespace.com/books/#race\" target=\"_blank\">Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American History\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, Professor Blight unearthed documents that, he claims, tells the story of the all-but-forgotten event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 620,000 soldiers (Union and Confederate) are commonly believed to have been killed during the Civil War (although \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html\">a recent analysis\u003c/a> suggests the complete death toll was closer to 750,000)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far more Americans died in the Civil War than in any other. The war claimed roughly six times more lives than World War II, America's second deadliest conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">' What you have there is black Americans recently freed from slavery announcing to the world with their flowers, and their feet, and their songs, what the war had been about.'\u003ccite>David Blight\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the war's aftermath, shell-shocked communities throughout the country didn't know what to do with so many bodies, writes historian Drew Gilpin Faust, author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17957712\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War.\u003c/em> \u003c/a>When the fighting began, there were no national cemeteries and few reliable systems to track deaths. Nearly half of the war dead were unidentified at burial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Spring of 1865, most Confederate supporters had already fled the now Union-occupied city of Charleston, and the city's remaining inhabitants were primarily recently freed blacks. It must have been a strange time: rubble in the streets, azaleas blooming, the shock and euphoria of the war’s end and the cautious embrace of freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22204\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 493px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/05/UnionGravesEdited_650x650.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-22204 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/05/UnionGravesEdited_650x650.jpg\" alt=\"Union soldiers' graves at Washington Racecourse, 1865.\" width=\"493\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/05/UnionGravesEdited_650x650.jpg 493w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/05/UnionGravesEdited_650x650-400x474.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union soldiers' graves at Washington Racecourse, 1865. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some point during this period, a group of black workmen walked through the ruined city to the Washington Race Course and Jockey Club, which the Confederate army had converted during the war into a open air prison for captured Union soldiers. Hundreds of prisoners there had died of disease and exposure and were buried in a mass grave behind the grandstand. The workers dug up the mass graves and reinterred each unidentified body in proper graves. They also built a fence around the site, identifying it as a cemetery. Over the entrance, they raised an arch inscribed with the words “Martyrs of the Race Track.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Blight, ten thousand mostly black residents gathered at the racetrack on May 1, to honor the fallen Union prisoners and celebrate their own nascent freedom. Children carried armfuls of roses; women brought crosses and wreaths to decorate the graves. A children’s choir sang “The Star-Spangled Banner,” and ministers read from the Bible. Black men marched alongside black and white Union soldiers singing “John Brown’s Body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-119/lecture-19\" target=\"_blank\">recent lecture\u003c/a> on the topic, Blight describes the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"This was the first Memorial Day. African-Americans invented Memorial Day in Charleston, South Carolina ... What you have there is black Americans recently freed from slavery announcing to the world with their flowers, and their feet, and their songs, what the war had been about. What they basically were creating was the Independence Day of a Second American Revolution. That story got lost for more than a century. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blight notes that during his research, he contacted archives and libraries in Charleston to find out more about the ceremony only to discover the event had been pretty much wiped from the local historical record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It showed the power of the lost cause in the wake of the war to erase the story,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further digging, though, unearthed more evidence of the event, including a drawing of the cemetery in a 1867 issue of Harper's Weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the physical evidence of that first Memorial Day has all but disappeared. The bodies of the prisoners were dug up again in the 1880s and reinterred yet again in another cemetery seventy miles away. The grandstand is gone and the site is now a public park, ironically renamed after Wade Hampton, the former Confederate Civil War general and white supremacist governor of South Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/thomasn528/4661977250/in/photostream%22\" target=\"_blank\">One small plaque, \u003c/a>recently installed at the site, is the only recognition of that first momentous Memorial Day celebration more than 150 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Memorial Day was born out of the collective trauma of the Civil War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By 1868, the head of a major veterans association, declared that the 30th of May would be dedicated to “strewing with flowers or otherwise decorating the graves of comrades” who had died fighting for the Union. Nearly 5,000 people attended an official ceremony that year at the newly established Arlington National Cemetery.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The practice spread, and many northern states designated Memorial Day (or Decoration Day, as it was originally called) an official holiday. Civic groups in the South also gathered to honor the Confederate dead, often on the birthday of Confederate leader Jefferson Davis (June 3) or the day marking the death of legendary commander Stonewall Jackson (May 10).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/30/opinion/30blight.html\">Yale historian David Blight\u003c/a> has evidence that suggests a notably different Memorial Day story.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Contrary to popular belief, he argues, the holiday actually stemmed from a ceremony performed in 1865, by recently freed blacks in the smoldering city of Charleston, S.C. In researching his book \u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://anthony-fatato-cvq1.squarespace.com/books/#race\" target=\"_blank\">Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American History\u003c/a>\u003c/em>, Professor Blight unearthed documents that, he claims, tells the story of the all-but-forgotten event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Some 620,000 soldiers (Union and Confederate) are commonly believed to have been killed during the Civil War (although \u003ca href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/03/science/civil-war-toll-up-by-20-percent-in-new-estimate.html\">a recent analysis\u003c/a> suggests the complete death toll was closer to 750,000)\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Far more Americans died in the Civil War than in any other. The war claimed roughly six times more lives than World War II, America's second deadliest conflict.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignright\">' What you have there is black Americans recently freed from slavery announcing to the world with their flowers, and their feet, and their songs, what the war had been about.'\u003ccite>David Blight\u003c/cite>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>In the war's aftermath, shell-shocked communities throughout the country didn't know what to do with so many bodies, writes historian Drew Gilpin Faust, author of \u003ca href=\"http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17957712\" target=\"_blank\">\u003cem>This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War.\u003c/em> \u003c/a>When the fighting began, there were no national cemeteries and few reliable systems to track deaths. Nearly half of the war dead were unidentified at burial.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By Spring of 1865, most Confederate supporters had already fled the now Union-occupied city of Charleston, and the city's remaining inhabitants were primarily recently freed blacks. It must have been a strange time: rubble in the streets, azaleas blooming, the shock and euphoria of the war’s end and the cautious embrace of freedom.\u003c/p>\n\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_22204\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" style=\"max-width: 493px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/05/UnionGravesEdited_650x650.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"wp-image-22204 size-full\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/lowdown/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2015/05/UnionGravesEdited_650x650.jpg\" alt=\"Union soldiers' graves at Washington Racecourse, 1865.\" width=\"493\" height=\"584\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/05/UnionGravesEdited_650x650.jpg 493w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/26/2015/05/UnionGravesEdited_650x650-400x474.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 493px) 100vw, 493px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Union soldiers' graves at Washington Racecourse, 1865. \u003ccite>(Library of Congress)\u003c/cite>\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>At some point during this period, a group of black workmen walked through the ruined city to the Washington Race Course and Jockey Club, which the Confederate army had converted during the war into a open air prison for captured Union soldiers. Hundreds of prisoners there had died of disease and exposure and were buried in a mass grave behind the grandstand. The workers dug up the mass graves and reinterred each unidentified body in proper graves. They also built a fence around the site, identifying it as a cemetery. Over the entrance, they raised an arch inscribed with the words “Martyrs of the Race Track.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>According to Blight, ten thousand mostly black residents gathered at the racetrack on May 1, to honor the fallen Union prisoners and celebrate their own nascent freedom. Children carried armfuls of roses; women brought crosses and wreaths to decorate the graves. A children’s choir sang “The Star-Spangled Banner,” and ministers read from the Bible. Black men marched alongside black and white Union soldiers singing “John Brown’s Body.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In a \u003ca href=\"http://oyc.yale.edu/history/hist-119/lecture-19\" target=\"_blank\">recent lecture\u003c/a> on the topic, Blight describes the event.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\"This was the first Memorial Day. African-Americans invented Memorial Day in Charleston, South Carolina ... What you have there is black Americans recently freed from slavery announcing to the world with their flowers, and their feet, and their songs, what the war had been about. What they basically were creating was the Independence Day of a Second American Revolution. That story got lost for more than a century. \u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Blight notes that during his research, he contacted archives and libraries in Charleston to find out more about the ceremony only to discover the event had been pretty much wiped from the local historical record.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It showed the power of the lost cause in the wake of the war to erase the story,\" he said.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Further digging, though, unearthed more evidence of the event, including a drawing of the cemetery in a 1867 issue of Harper's Weekly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Today, the physical evidence of that first Memorial Day has all but disappeared. The bodies of the prisoners were dug up again in the 1880s and reinterred yet again in another cemetery seventy miles away. The grandstand is gone and the site is now a public park, ironically renamed after Wade Hampton, the former Confederate Civil War general and white supremacist governor of South Carolina.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.flickr.com/photos/thomasn528/4661977250/in/photostream%22\" target=\"_blank\">One small plaque, \u003c/a>recently installed at the site, is the only recognition of that first momentous Memorial Day celebration more than 150 years ago.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Brown Signs Bill Banning State Sale or Display of Confederate Flag",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_148777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-148777\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"The Confederate battle flag waves at a 2000 protest at the South Carolina state Capitol in Columbia. (Erik Perel/AFP)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645-640x480.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645-1028x771.jpg 1028w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Confederate battle flag waves at a 2000 protest at the South Carolina state Capitol in Columbia. (Erik Perel/AFP)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has signed a bill that bars state agencies from selling or displaying the Confederate battle flag or any other items that bear the Civil War-era insignia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor signed \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB2444\" target=\"_blank\">the bill, AB2444\u003c/a>, by \u003ca href=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a64/\" target=\"_blank\">Assemblyman Isadore Hall (D-Compton\u003c/a>), without comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall reportedly was inspired to propose the measure after his mother saw replica Confederate currency for sale at a state Capitol gift shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall, who is African American, \u003ca href=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a64/news-room/press-releases/assemblymember-hall-legislation-to-ban-state-sale-display-of-confederate-flag-approved-by-senate\" target=\"_blank\">has described the flag\u003c/a> as \"a symbol of racism, exclusion, oppression and violence towards many Americans. Its symbolism and history is directly linked to the enslavement, torture and murder of millions of Americans through the mid-19th century.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall's bill passed easily in both the Assembly and Senate. Assemblyman Tim Donnelly (R-Twin Peaks), a tea party conservative, cast the only \"no\" vote in the lower house, saying the proposal would violate the First Amendment guarantee of free speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm a strict Constitutionalist,\" Donnelly said after the vote,\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-confederate-flag-bill-20140820-story.html\" target=\"_blank\"> according to the Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>. \"It's painful and lonely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two Republicans voted no in the state Senate -- Steve Knight of Palmdale and Joel Anderson of Alpine -- both citing concerns similar to Donnelly's. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-steve-knight-flag-20140827-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">L.A. Times notes\u003c/a> that Knight's \"no\" vote has become an issue in his campaign for Congress:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>... Knight said he saw free-speech issues with the bill that could pose problems for private vendors who operate gift shops on state sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that I condone the Confederate flag, but I believe there are constitutional issues,\" Knight said in an interview Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that his office is looking into asking the governor's staff to develop a comprehensive policy that could achieve the bill's goal without what he sees as its downsides.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall has said that AB2444 doesn't violate the First Amendment because it applies only to government activities and not individuals -- for instance, protesters on state property -- who wish to display the battle flag.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_148777\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"max-width: 640px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645.jpg\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-148777\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645-640x480.jpg\" alt=\"The Confederate battle flag waves at a 2000 protest at the South Carolina state Capitol in Columbia. (Erik Perel/AFP)\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645-640x480.jpg 640w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645-1028x771.jpg 1028w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/10/2014/09/51966645.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Confederate battle flag waves at a 2000 protest at the South Carolina state Capitol in Columbia. (Erik Perel/AFP)\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Gov. Jerry Brown has signed a bill that bars state agencies from selling or displaying the Confederate battle flag or any other items that bear the Civil War-era insignia.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The governor signed \u003ca href=\"http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB2444\" target=\"_blank\">the bill, AB2444\u003c/a>, by \u003ca href=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a64/\" target=\"_blank\">Assemblyman Isadore Hall (D-Compton\u003c/a>), without comment.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall reportedly was inspired to propose the measure after his mother saw replica Confederate currency for sale at a state Capitol gift shop.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall, who is African American, \u003ca href=\"http://asmdc.org/members/a64/news-room/press-releases/assemblymember-hall-legislation-to-ban-state-sale-display-of-confederate-flag-approved-by-senate\" target=\"_blank\">has described the flag\u003c/a> as \"a symbol of racism, exclusion, oppression and violence towards many Americans. Its symbolism and history is directly linked to the enslavement, torture and murder of millions of Americans through the mid-19th century.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall's bill passed easily in both the Assembly and Senate. Assemblyman Tim Donnelly (R-Twin Peaks), a tea party conservative, cast the only \"no\" vote in the lower house, saying the proposal would violate the First Amendment guarantee of free speech.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I'm a strict Constitutionalist,\" Donnelly said after the vote,\u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-confederate-flag-bill-20140820-story.html\" target=\"_blank\"> according to the Los Angeles Times\u003c/a>. \"It's painful and lonely.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Two Republicans voted no in the state Senate -- Steve Knight of Palmdale and Joel Anderson of Alpine -- both citing concerns similar to Donnelly's. The \u003ca href=\"http://www.latimes.com/local/political/la-me-pc-steve-knight-flag-20140827-story.html\" target=\"_blank\">L.A. Times notes\u003c/a> that Knight's \"no\" vote has become an issue in his campaign for Congress:\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>... Knight said he saw free-speech issues with the bill that could pose problems for private vendors who operate gift shops on state sites.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"It's not that I condone the Confederate flag, but I believe there are constitutional issues,\" Knight said in an interview Wednesday.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>He added that his office is looking into asking the governor's staff to develop a comprehensive policy that could achieve the bill's goal without what he sees as its downsides.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Hall has said that AB2444 doesn't violate the First Amendment because it applies only to government activities and not individuals -- for instance, protesters on state property -- who wish to display the battle flag.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"single-video\">\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/QLyImyVqMkk?list=UU0FISFbEaHFc5ccrIgkZ3mg\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>It was just over 150 years ago that Abraham Lincoln visited the site of one of the Civil War's bloodiest battles to help dedicate a cemetery for soldiers who had perished in the fighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Four score and seven years ago,\" \u003ca href=\"http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm\" target=\"_blank\">his brief address\u003c/a> began, \"our fathers brought forth, upon this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Gettysburg Address is recited annually at various places around the country, including at a tiny boys school in Putney, Vt., not far from where filmmaker Ken Burns lives. Memorizing the speech can be a daunting challenge for the students, who struggle with learning differences such as dyslexia, ADHD and dysgraphia. But the boys persevere.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I was so moved, I mean tears just ran down my cheeks, and I said, 'Somebody should make a film of this,' \" Burns told Scott Shafer in an interview for \"KQED Newsroom.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That inspiration turned into a 90-minute documentary, \"\u003ca href=\"http://www.pbs.org/kenburns/the-address/home/\">The Address\u003c/a>,\" slated to air on PBS this spring. The film weaves together the context and importance of Lincoln's speech with the stories of the boys at the \u003ca href=\"http://www.greenwood.org/\">Greenwood School\u003c/a> as they embark on their annual mission.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some can memorize it right away but are scared. Some take forever to do it because of certain issues with reading or memorization,\" Burns said. \"They bring meaning to it, and it’s so expressive and moving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"left noborder\">\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/LO-jRBSj6vI\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"320\" height=\"169\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Burns was so taken with the kids in Putney that he set out to do more than make a film: He embarked on his own mission to encourage everyone in the United States to learn and recite the Gettysburg Address. At the website dedicated to that mission, \u003ca href=\"http://www.learntheaddress.org/\" target=\"_blank\">learntheaddress.org\u003c/a>, you will find the speech read by President Obama, former President George W. Bush, singer Taylor Swift, comic/pundit Stephen Colbert and thousands of Americans who have uploaded their own YouTube videos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his speech, Lincoln noted the horrors of the Civil War and called on his fellow citizens to rededicate themselves to the nation's founding principles of freedom and equality. To Burns, this message rings true today in a society that divides itself by political philosophy, geography or demographic categories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We often do best as a country when we’ve got our oars in the water at the same time, pulling in the same direction,\" Burns said. \"And we don’t do this now. ... We’re red state or we’re blue state. We’re male or female. We’re gay or straight, young or old, black or white, North or South, East or West. We always want to make a distinction about the other. But what if we realize what we share?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also airing on PBS later this year is a Burns documentary about the intertwined lives of Theodore, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. In the interview, Shafer asked the filmmaker if California Gov. Jerry Brown and his father, the late Gov. Pat Brown, might make for an interesting documentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Absolutely. You know, if I were given a thousand years to live, I wouldn't run out of topics in American history,\" Burns said. \"You think about the way about which the Brown family has superimposed their lives and struggles and paralleled the life and struggles of California. It’d be a terrific film.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scott Shafer reported on this story for \"KQED Newsroom,\" which is a weekly news magazine program on television, radio and online. Watch Fridays at 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM and watch on demand \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>. \" The Address\" is scheduled to air on April 15 at 9 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Some can memorize it right away but are scared. Some take forever to do it because of certain issues with reading or memorization,\" Burns said. \"They bring meaning to it, and it’s so expressive and moving.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"left noborder\">\u003ciframe src=\"//www.youtube.com/embed/LO-jRBSj6vI\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"320\" height=\"169\">\u003c/iframe>\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Burns was so taken with the kids in Putney that he set out to do more than make a film: He embarked on his own mission to encourage everyone in the United States to learn and recite the Gettysburg Address. At the website dedicated to that mission, \u003ca href=\"http://www.learntheaddress.org/\" target=\"_blank\">learntheaddress.org\u003c/a>, you will find the speech read by President Obama, former President George W. Bush, singer Taylor Swift, comic/pundit Stephen Colbert and thousands of Americans who have uploaded their own YouTube videos.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In his speech, Lincoln noted the horrors of the Civil War and called on his fellow citizens to rededicate themselves to the nation's founding principles of freedom and equality. To Burns, this message rings true today in a society that divides itself by political philosophy, geography or demographic categories.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We often do best as a country when we’ve got our oars in the water at the same time, pulling in the same direction,\" Burns said. \"And we don’t do this now. ... We’re red state or we’re blue state. We’re male or female. We’re gay or straight, young or old, black or white, North or South, East or West. We always want to make a distinction about the other. But what if we realize what we share?\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Also airing on PBS later this year is a Burns documentary about the intertwined lives of Theodore, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt. In the interview, Shafer asked the filmmaker if California Gov. Jerry Brown and his father, the late Gov. Pat Brown, might make for an interesting documentary.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"Absolutely. You know, if I were given a thousand years to live, I wouldn't run out of topics in American history,\" Burns said. \"You think about the way about which the Brown family has superimposed their lives and struggles and paralleled the life and struggles of California. It’d be a terrific film.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Scott Shafer reported on this story for \"KQED Newsroom,\" which is a weekly news magazine program on television, radio and online. Watch Fridays at 8 p.m. on KQED Public Television 9, listen on Sundays at 6 p.m. on KQED Public Radio 88.5 FM and watch on demand \u003ca href=\"http://www.kqed.org/tv/programs/newsroom/\" target=\"_blank\">here\u003c/a>. \" The Address\" is scheduled to air on April 15 at 9 p.m.\u003cbr>\n\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"disqusTitle": "Bay Area Connections to the Civil War",
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"content": "\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23525\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2011/04/FortPointBarbetteTier0412.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2011/04/FortPointBarbetteTier0412.jpg\" alt=\"Cannon stand ready on the barbette tier in 1870.\" title=\"FortPointBarbetteTier0412\" width=\"298\" height=\"198\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23525\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cannons stand ready on the barbette tier at Fort Point in 1870. Courtesy Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tuesday marks 150 years since the Civil War began when Confederates in Charleston, S.C., opened their bombardment of \u003ca href=\"http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/fort-sumter.html\">Fort Sumter\u003c/a>. You might think of it as a years-long fight of North and South, but as it turns out the West played a vital role as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of Anglos from Tennessee and Louisiana had moved out to (Southern) California,\" says St. Mary's College History Professor Carl Guarneri. \"Some had brought their slaves with them, (and they) had been given a grace period to keep them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern California, however, was generally pro-Union and anti-slavery. Its population included a lot of northern Yankees who had moved west. Although there weren't any major Civil War battles in California, the tension was there. Of course, California was a long way from Fort Sumter, and it took 12 days for news of the opening shot to arrive via Pony Express.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Civil War truly was a fight among countrymen, including in San Francisco. Hard feelings between Democratic Sen. David Broderick and state Chief Justice David Terry ended in a pistol duel in September 1859. Terry supported slavery; Broderick did not. Terry fatally wounded Broderick, who died a few days after being shot. (Some excellent background on the Broderick-Terry duel: from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/broderick-terry-duel.htm\" target=\"_blank\">National Park Service,\u003c/a> the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/broderick.html\" target=\"_blank\">Virtual Museum of San Francisco\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.anchorbrewing.com/san_francisco/duel.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Anchor Brewing Company\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That may have been the first shot of the Civil War in California, was this duel that signaled the break-up of the Democratic Party over the slavery issue,\" Guarneri said, \"and by extension, over whether they were going to support the Union or the Confederacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay Area had a few big benefits for the Union Army: gold and men. Guarneri says that roughly $185 million in federally-held gold was shipped through the Golden Gate back east to support the Union. Civilian money also went to the United States Sanitary Commission, a charity that provided humanitarian aid to Union soldiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the men, many of them didn't go east to fight in the Civil War, but rather took the place of federal soldiers stationed in California to man tribal outposts. Californians stayed behind to keep an eye on native tribes that were being colonized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guarneri says the state supplied about 16,000 men out of a population of 400,000 people. Three-fourths of them stayed behind at tribal forts. California's distance from the war fronts exempted it from the draft, but 400 soldiers volunteered with a Massachusetts regiment in exchange for a free ride back east. They fought in more than 50 battles, and more than 250 died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confederates suffered from a lack of funds; the Union was much better stocked. Some Confederate supporters hoped California would remain more or less neutral, like Kentucky. Still, they had ambitions on capturing what are now Arizona and New Mexico hoping to build a corridor to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(The Confederacy) had a lot of sympathizers there,\" said Guarneri. \"They had planned to build a transcontinental railroad through that territory... and they figured that this might be a way for them to move all the way to the West Coast, so the Confederacy would stretch, like the Union, from coast to coast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civil War history remains visible in the Bay Area, if you know where to look. San Francisco's Union Square \u003ca href=\"http://www.unionsquaresf.net/history.htm\">named just before war broke out\u003c/a> in support of the Union cause. The Army built \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/fort-point.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Point\u003c/a> immediately prior to the war, though it never saw battle. Guarneri says Angel Island in San Francisco Bay has the remnants of a Civil War-era training camp. Occasionally \u003ca href=\"http://angelisland.com/blog/index.php/2011/04/02/ready-set-fire/\">it also hosts re-enactments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some big names passed through California, too. Future Northern heroes \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist9/usgrant.html\" target=\"_blank\">Ulysses S. Grant\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/bio/sherman.html\" target=\"_blank\">William Tecumseh Sherman\u003c/a> both saw Army service here. On the Southern side, \u003ca href=\"http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/Albert_Sidney_Johnston\" target=\"_blank\">Albert Sidney Johnston\u003c/a>, killed while leading Confederate troops against Grant and Sherman at the 1862 battle of Shiloh, was the federal commander on the West Coast and based in San Francisco. General Irwin McDowell, who led Union forces at the first battle of Bull Run, is buried at the Presidio, Guarneri says, as is Oregon \u003ca href=\"http://ehistory.osu.edu/uscw/features/regimental/pennsylvania/union/71stPennsylvania/eb.cfm\">Senator Edward Baker\u003c/a>, who died in the 1861 battle of Ball's Bluff. Union Cemetery in Redwood City also has a section of graves of Civil War soldiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But of course, the living history of the Civil War carries on with re-enactment groups. Several operate in California. You'll find two of them \u003ca href=\"http://acwa.org/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.racw.org/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cfigure id=\"attachment_23525\" class=\"wp-caption alignleft\" style=\"max-width: 298px\">\u003ca href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2011/04/FortPointBarbetteTier0412.jpg\">\u003cimg src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2011/04/FortPointBarbetteTier0412.jpg\" alt=\"Cannon stand ready on the barbette tier in 1870.\" title=\"FortPointBarbetteTier0412\" width=\"298\" height=\"198\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23525\">\u003c/a>\u003cfigcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cannons stand ready on the barbette tier at Fort Point in 1870. Courtesy Golden Gate National Recreation Area\u003c/figcaption>\u003c/figure>\n\u003cp>Tuesday marks 150 years since the Civil War began when Confederates in Charleston, S.C., opened their bombardment of \u003ca href=\"http://www.civilwar.org/battlefields/fort-sumter.html\">Fort Sumter\u003c/a>. You might think of it as a years-long fight of North and South, but as it turns out the West played a vital role as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"A lot of Anglos from Tennessee and Louisiana had moved out to (Southern) California,\" says St. Mary's College History Professor Carl Guarneri. \"Some had brought their slaves with them, (and they) had been given a grace period to keep them.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Northern California, however, was generally pro-Union and anti-slavery. Its population included a lot of northern Yankees who had moved west. Although there weren't any major Civil War battles in California, the tension was there. Of course, California was a long way from Fort Sumter, and it took 12 days for news of the opening shot to arrive via Pony Express.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The Civil War truly was a fight among countrymen, including in San Francisco. Hard feelings between Democratic Sen. David Broderick and state Chief Justice David Terry ended in a pistol duel in September 1859. Terry supported slavery; Broderick did not. Terry fatally wounded Broderick, who died a few days after being shot. (Some excellent background on the Broderick-Terry duel: from the \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/broderick-terry-duel.htm\" target=\"_blank\">National Park Service,\u003c/a> the \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/broderick.html\" target=\"_blank\">Virtual Museum of San Francisco\u003c/a>, and the \u003ca href=\"http://www.anchorbrewing.com/san_francisco/duel.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Anchor Brewing Company\u003c/a>.) \u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>",
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"content": "\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"That may have been the first shot of the Civil War in California, was this duel that signaled the break-up of the Democratic Party over the slavery issue,\" Guarneri said, \"and by extension, over whether they were going to support the Union or the Confederacy.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The San Francisco Bay Area had a few big benefits for the Union Army: gold and men. Guarneri says that roughly $185 million in federally-held gold was shipped through the Golden Gate back east to support the Union. Civilian money also went to the United States Sanitary Commission, a charity that provided humanitarian aid to Union soldiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>As for the men, many of them didn't go east to fight in the Civil War, but rather took the place of federal soldiers stationed in California to man tribal outposts. Californians stayed behind to keep an eye on native tribes that were being colonized.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Guarneri says the state supplied about 16,000 men out of a population of 400,000 people. Three-fourths of them stayed behind at tribal forts. California's distance from the war fronts exempted it from the draft, but 400 soldiers volunteered with a Massachusetts regiment in exchange for a free ride back east. They fought in more than 50 battles, and more than 250 died.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Confederates suffered from a lack of funds; the Union was much better stocked. Some Confederate supporters hoped California would remain more or less neutral, like Kentucky. Still, they had ambitions on capturing what are now Arizona and New Mexico hoping to build a corridor to Southern California.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"(The Confederacy) had a lot of sympathizers there,\" said Guarneri. \"They had planned to build a transcontinental railroad through that territory... and they figured that this might be a way for them to move all the way to the West Coast, so the Confederacy would stretch, like the Union, from coast to coast.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Civil War history remains visible in the Bay Area, if you know where to look. San Francisco's Union Square \u003ca href=\"http://www.unionsquaresf.net/history.htm\">named just before war broke out\u003c/a> in support of the Union cause. The Army built \u003ca href=\"http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/fort-point.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Fort Point\u003c/a> immediately prior to the war, though it never saw battle. Guarneri says Angel Island in San Francisco Bay has the remnants of a Civil War-era training camp. Occasionally \u003ca href=\"http://angelisland.com/blog/index.php/2011/04/02/ready-set-fire/\">it also hosts re-enactments\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And some big names passed through California, too. Future Northern heroes \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist9/usgrant.html\" target=\"_blank\">Ulysses S. Grant\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.sfmuseum.org/bio/sherman.html\" target=\"_blank\">William Tecumseh Sherman\u003c/a> both saw Army service here. On the Southern side, \u003ca href=\"http://blueandgraytrail.com/event/Albert_Sidney_Johnston\" target=\"_blank\">Albert Sidney Johnston\u003c/a>, killed while leading Confederate troops against Grant and Sherman at the 1862 battle of Shiloh, was the federal commander on the West Coast and based in San Francisco. General Irwin McDowell, who led Union forces at the first battle of Bull Run, is buried at the Presidio, Guarneri says, as is Oregon \u003ca href=\"http://ehistory.osu.edu/uscw/features/regimental/pennsylvania/union/71stPennsylvania/eb.cfm\">Senator Edward Baker\u003c/a>, who died in the 1861 battle of Ball's Bluff. Union Cemetery in Redwood City also has a section of graves of Civil War soldiers.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But of course, the living history of the Civil War carries on with re-enactment groups. Several operate in California. You'll find two of them \u003ca href=\"http://acwa.org/\">here\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.racw.org/\">here\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>",
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"soldout": {
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"title": "SOLD OUT: Rethinking Housing in America",
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"info": "Tech Nation is a weekly public radio program, hosted by Dr. Moira Gunn. Founded in 1993, it has grown from a simple interview show to a multi-faceted production, featuring conversations with noted technology and science leaders, and a weekly science and technology-related commentary.",
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