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FM","link":"/"}},"mindshift_60905":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_60905","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"60905","score":null,"sort":[1675162821000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"theres-no-such-thing-as-a-bad-test-taker-but-anxiety-is-real","title":"There’s no such thing as a bad test taker, but anxiety is real","publishDate":1675162821,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/latintechtools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maureen Lamb\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a teacher at Kingswood Oxford School in Connecticut, can see the telltale signs of test anxiety the moment her students enter the classroom. “They're flustered,” she said. “And there's a lot of negative self-talk as they walk in, like, ‘I don't know anything. I can't do this.’” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Getting nervous at exam time \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is normal\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. But test anxiety becomes a problem when students’ cognitive skills are “short-circuited by the worry,” said Dr. Ellen Utley, a psychiatrist and an advisor at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://jedfoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Jed Foundation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit that focuses on suicide prevention and young people's emotional health. High anxiety can impair students’ performance by impacting the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/executive-function/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">executive function skills\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that enable them to focus attention and access memory, Utley explained.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To support students who are prone to being overwhelmed by tests, Utley recommended that schools urge students to avoid all-nighters and marathon study sessions in favor of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://quizlet.com/en-us/content/examiety-resource-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">healthy habits\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “Schools can really message around good nutrition [and] good exercise as having a positive correlation with doing well academically,” she said. “So they're not just focusing on good grades or studying as the only way to do well.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When it comes to test preparation, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6524999/#:~:text=Changing%20study%20habits%2C%20active%20learning,schedule%20can%20reduce%20test%20anxiety.&text=Students%20who%20suffer%20from%20test,problems%20in%20preparing%20for%20exams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">which can reduce students’ feeling of test anxiety\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, teachers have a role to play. “When students feel like they are prepared for an assessment, they are far more likely to do well and not have their stress reach that level where they won't perform as well as they had hoped,” said Lamb, the high school teacher. She offered advice on how to design assessments and assignments that reduce students’ unease and help them put their best foot forward. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“A lot of them won't ask for help in managing this type of stress. They'll just try to push forward,” Lamb said. “Giving students the tools they need for preparation is really one of the best things I can do.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Three Fs of Assessments\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When it comes to giving out assessments, Lamb makes sure to satisfy her three Fs: familiar, focused and flexible. This framework can support learners in preparing for tests and developing a better relationship to testing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Familiar\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When an assessment is familiar, students are not blindsided by the test’s content or format. Homework assignments are a low stakes way to prepare students for test content. “It's just students getting that practice in to make sure they're familiarized with the materials,” said Lamb. She \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58155/grades-have-huge-impact-but-are-they-effective\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no longer grades homework\u003c/a>, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">but she gives students what she calls “the playlist” every \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">night. The playlist includes an ungraded set of optional assignments like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://quizlet.com/en-us/content/examiety-resource-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quizlet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> online flashcards, a quiz, a review video or a game related to the material they are covering. “They can spend their time how they think it would be most effective,” Lamb said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the past two years, Lamb has given her students an optional practice test before every graded test. Although it has different questions from the graded test, students who take the practice version get an opportunity to hone the skills that will be assessed and get familiar with the test format. Lamb found that practice tests remove students' fear of the unknown and make it easier to study without feeling completely overwhelmed. “A tiny bit of stress \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60603/project-based-learning-can-make-students-anxious-and-thats-not-always-a-bad-thing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can be a motivator\u003c/a>,” she said. “When it's too much stress, I find that students shut down. So as much as possible, I try to keep students from shutting down by managing expectations.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Focused\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Overly broad assessments can confound learners because their brains have to go in many directions to access the information they need. A focused assessment concentrates on checking students’ competency in a handful of skills at one time. “Clarity is kindness,” said Lamb, who only tests students on two or three skills per assessment. For example, she might give her students a test that covers just reading comprehension and writing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Narrowing the focus also makes practice tests more useful because they target the same skills as the graded tests. When students receive feedback on practice tests it gives them information about where they need to study more. Additionally, Lamb leaves comments on practice and graded tests to help students \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/53412/how-building-in-time-for-exam-review-supports-advances-in-student-learning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">identify learning gaps\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Timely feedback makes a huge difference in whether or not students understand how they did and why they [performed] that way,” she said. Whether it's after a practice test or after a graded exam, students can schedule time with her to talk through any feedback and figure out where they need more support. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Flexible\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lamb offers students an optional retake exam with different questions from the original. Because Lamb provides prompt feedback, retakes can be scheduled during the week following the test so that students don’t feel like they’re falling behind.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perfectionism and high stakes can contribute to test anxiety, so providing students with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/53524/how-revising-math-exams-turns-students-into-learners-not-processors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another chance to show what they know\u003c/a> can give them agency over their assessment and reduce pressure. Also, Lamb knows that students have lives outside of class that can affect their test performance. “Sometimes students are going to be able to come in and give their best work. Sometimes that's not going to happen,” Lamb said. “Sometimes they are just coming from a math test [or they’re participating in] two sports.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many teachers may balk at the thought of creating practice, graded and retake assessments – a total of three tests per unit, but Lamb said it’s time well spent. “I make [all the assessments] together at the same time,” she said. “It does take more time, but it is so worth it to have students feel better about the testing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, Lamb includes three ungraded questions at the end of her assessments so students can reflect on their test-taking experience and communicate any important information to her. She asks students:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What did you find success with?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What did you find challenging?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What do you want your teacher to know?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Students have used the questions, particularly the third one, to inform Lamb about life events like a death in their family or that they had a test in another class on the same day. Once in a while she’ll read an answer unrelated to the test. “One student told me that they don’t like my shoes,” Lamb said. But criticism from students doesn't keep her from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60120/helicopter-teaching-how-using-student-feedback-can-help-with-that\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">seeking their feedback\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> so she can find better ways to assess their learning.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We're asking our students to do things that are challenging and scary every day,” Lamb said. “Putting ourselves in an opportunity to have a growth mindset as teachers – just like we want our students to have a growth mindset – is really important.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Teachers who want to reduce students’ test anxiety can design assessments and assignments that help them put their best foot forward. ","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1675200243,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":1192},"headData":{"title":"There’s no such thing as a bad test taker, but anxiety is real | KQED","description":"Anxiety before a big test is normal. Here are tips for teachers who want to reduce students' test anxiety.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"There’s no such thing as a bad test taker, but anxiety is real","datePublished":"2023-01-31T11:00:21.000Z","dateModified":"2023-01-31T21:24:03.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"excludeFromSiteSearch":"Include","articleAge":"0","path":"/mindshift/60905/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-bad-test-taker-but-anxiety-is-real","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/latintechtools\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Maureen Lamb\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a teacher at Kingswood Oxford School in Connecticut, can see the telltale signs of test anxiety the moment her students enter the classroom. “They're flustered,” she said. “And there's a lot of negative self-talk as they walk in, like, ‘I don't know anything. I can't do this.’” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Getting nervous at exam time \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">is normal\u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. But test anxiety becomes a problem when students’ cognitive skills are “short-circuited by the worry,” said Dr. Ellen Utley, a psychiatrist and an advisor at \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://jedfoundation.org/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Jed Foundation\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, a nonprofit that focuses on suicide prevention and young people's emotional health. High anxiety can impair students’ performance by impacting the \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/executive-function/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">executive function skills\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> that enable them to focus attention and access memory, Utley explained.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">To support students who are prone to being overwhelmed by tests, Utley recommended that schools urge students to avoid all-nighters and marathon study sessions in favor of \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://quizlet.com/en-us/content/examiety-resource-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">healthy habits\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. “Schools can really message around good nutrition [and] good exercise as having a positive correlation with doing well academically,” she said. “So they're not just focusing on good grades or studying as the only way to do well.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When it comes to test preparation, \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6524999/#:~:text=Changing%20study%20habits%2C%20active%20learning,schedule%20can%20reduce%20test%20anxiety.&text=Students%20who%20suffer%20from%20test,problems%20in%20preparing%20for%20exams\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">which can reduce students’ feeling of test anxiety\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">, teachers have a role to play. “When students feel like they are prepared for an assessment, they are far more likely to do well and not have their stress reach that level where they won't perform as well as they had hoped,” said Lamb, the high school teacher. She offered advice on how to design assessments and assignments that reduce students’ unease and help them put their best foot forward. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“A lot of them won't ask for help in managing this type of stress. They'll just try to push forward,” Lamb said. “Giving students the tools they need for preparation is really one of the best things I can do.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch2>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">The Three Fs of Assessments\u003c/span>\u003c/h2>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When it comes to giving out assessments, Lamb makes sure to satisfy her three Fs: familiar, focused and flexible. This framework can support learners in preparing for tests and developing a better relationship to testing.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Familiar\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">When an assessment is familiar, students are not blindsided by the test’s content or format. Homework assignments are a low stakes way to prepare students for test content. “It's just students getting that practice in to make sure they're familiarized with the materials,” said Lamb. She \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/58155/grades-have-huge-impact-but-are-they-effective\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">no longer grades homework\u003c/a>, \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">but she gives students what she calls “the playlist” every \u003c/span>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">night. The playlist includes an ungraded set of optional assignments like \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://quizlet.com/en-us/content/examiety-resource-guide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Quizlet\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> online flashcards, a quiz, a review video or a game related to the material they are covering. “They can spend their time how they think it would be most effective,” Lamb said.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">For the past two years, Lamb has given her students an optional practice test before every graded test. Although it has different questions from the graded test, students who take the practice version get an opportunity to hone the skills that will be assessed and get familiar with the test format. Lamb found that practice tests remove students' fear of the unknown and make it easier to study without feeling completely overwhelmed. “A tiny bit of stress \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60603/project-based-learning-can-make-students-anxious-and-thats-not-always-a-bad-thing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">can be a motivator\u003c/a>,” she said. “When it's too much stress, I find that students shut down. So as much as possible, I try to keep students from shutting down by managing expectations.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Focused\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Overly broad assessments can confound learners because their brains have to go in many directions to access the information they need. A focused assessment concentrates on checking students’ competency in a handful of skills at one time. “Clarity is kindness,” said Lamb, who only tests students on two or three skills per assessment. For example, she might give her students a test that covers just reading comprehension and writing. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Narrowing the focus also makes practice tests more useful because they target the same skills as the graded tests. When students receive feedback on practice tests it gives them information about where they need to study more. Additionally, Lamb leaves comments on practice and graded tests to help students \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/53412/how-building-in-time-for-exam-review-supports-advances-in-student-learning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">identify learning gaps\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“Timely feedback makes a huge difference in whether or not students understand how they did and why they [performed] that way,” she said. Whether it's after a practice test or after a graded exam, students can schedule time with her to talk through any feedback and figure out where they need more support. \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003ch4>\u003cstrong>Flexible\u003c/strong>\u003c/h4>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Lamb offers students an optional retake exam with different questions from the original. Because Lamb provides prompt feedback, retakes can be scheduled during the week following the test so that students don’t feel like they’re falling behind.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Perfectionism and high stakes can contribute to test anxiety, so providing students with \u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/53524/how-revising-math-exams-turns-students-into-learners-not-processors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">another chance to show what they know\u003c/a> can give them agency over their assessment and reduce pressure. Also, Lamb knows that students have lives outside of class that can affect their test performance. “Sometimes students are going to be able to come in and give their best work. Sometimes that's not going to happen,” Lamb said. “Sometimes they are just coming from a math test [or they’re participating in] two sports.” \u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Many teachers may balk at the thought of creating practice, graded and retake assessments – a total of three tests per unit, but Lamb said it’s time well spent. “I make [all the assessments] together at the same time,” she said. “It does take more time, but it is so worth it to have students feel better about the testing.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Additionally, Lamb includes three ungraded questions at the end of her assessments so students can reflect on their test-taking experience and communicate any important information to her. She asks students:\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cul>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What did you find success with?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What did you find challenging?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003cli style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">What do you want your teacher to know?\u003c/span>\u003c/li>\n\u003c/ul>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">Students have used the questions, particularly the third one, to inform Lamb about life events like a death in their family or that they had a test in another class on the same day. Once in a while she’ll read an answer unrelated to the test. “One student told me that they don’t like my shoes,” Lamb said. But criticism from students doesn't keep her from \u003c/span>\u003ca href=\"https://www.kqed.org/mindshift/60120/helicopter-teaching-how-using-student-feedback-can-help-with-that\">\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">seeking their feedback\u003c/span>\u003c/a>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\"> so she can find better ways to assess their learning.\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cspan style=\"font-weight: 400\">“We're asking our students to do things that are challenging and scary every day,” Lamb said. “Putting ourselves in an opportunity to have a growth mindset as teachers – just like we want our students to have a growth mindset – is really important.”\u003c/span>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/60905/theres-no-such-thing-as-a-bad-test-taker-but-anxiety-is-real","authors":["11721"],"categories":["mindshift_21280"],"tags":["mindshift_20589","mindshift_108","mindshift_21074","mindshift_21110","mindshift_563","mindshift_20865","mindshift_20925","mindshift_21541","mindshift_291","mindshift_21094"],"featImg":"mindshift_60907","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_54054":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_54054","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"54054","score":null,"sort":[1565594291000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"how-testing-kids-for-skills-hurts-those-lacking-knowledge","title":"How Testing Kids For Skills Can Hurt Those Lacking Knowledge","publishDate":1565594291,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Excerpted from \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/547653/the-knowledge-gap-by-natalie-wexler/\">THE KNOWLEDGE GAP\u003c/a> by Natalie Wexler, published by Avery, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House, LLC. Copyright © 2019 by Natalie Wexler.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Natalie Wexler\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1987, two researchers in Wisconsin, Donna Recht and Lauren Leslie, constructed a miniature baseball field and installed it in an empty classroom in a junior high school. They peopled it with four-inch wooden baseball players arranged to simulate the beginning of a game. Then they brought in sixty-four seventh- and eighth-grade students who had been tested both for their general reading ability and their knowledge of baseball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to determine to what extent a child’s ability to understand a text depended on her prior knowledge of the topic. Recht and Leslie chose baseball because they figured lots of kids in junior high school who weren’t great readers nevertheless knew a fair amount about the subject. Each student was asked to read a text\u003cbr>\ndescribing half an inning of a fictional baseball game and move the wooden figures around the board to reenact the action described.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Churniak swings and hits a slow bouncing ball toward the shortstop, the passage began. Haley comes in, fields it, and throws to first, but too late. Churniak is on first with a single, Johnson stayed on third. The next batter is Whitcomb, the Cougars’ left-fielder.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that prior knowledge of baseball made a huge difference in students’ ability to understand the text—more of a difference than their supposed reading level. The kids who knew little about baseball, including the “good” readers, all did poorly. And among those who knew a lot about baseball, the “good” readers and the “bad” readers all did well. In fact, the bad readers who knew a lot about baseball outperformed the good readers who didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another study, researchers read preschoolers from mixed socioeconomic backgrounds a book about birds, a subject they had determined the higher-income kids already knew more about. When they tested comprehension, the wealthier children did significantly better. But then they read a story about a subject neither group knew anything about: made-up animals called \u003cem>wugs\u003c/em>. When prior knowledge was equalized, comprehension was essentially the same. In other words, the gap in comprehension wasn’t a gap in skills. It was a gap in knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The implication is clear: abstract “reading ability” is largely a mirage constructed by reading tests. A student’s ability to comprehend a text will vary depending on his familiarity with the subject; no degree of “skill” will help if he lacks the knowledge to understand it. While instruction in the early grades has focused on “learning to read” rather than “reading to learn,” educators have overlooked the fact that part of “learning to read” is acquiring knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/547653/the-knowledge-gap-by-natalie-wexler/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-54059 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/08/THE-KNOWLEDGE-GAP-cover-art-2-e1565030189581.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"453\">\u003c/a>Research has established that one aspect of reading does need to be taught and practiced as a set of skills, much like math: decoding, the part that involves matching sounds to letters. The problem is that the other aspect of reading—comprehension—is also being taught that way. While there’s plenty of evidence that \u003cem>some\u003c/em> instruction in \u003cem>some\u003c/em> comprehension strategies can be helpful for \u003cem>some\u003c/em> children, there’s no reason to believe it can turn struggling readers into accomplished ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s particularly true when it comes to nonfiction, which generally assumes more specialized background knowledge. To acquire the knowledge and vocabulary that will help them understand nonfiction, children need to do more than read a single book on a topic before skipping to another one while practicing how to identify text features or determine text structure. They need to stick with a topic for days or weeks, encountering the same vocabulary and concepts repeatedly so they will stick. Knowing how to identify a caption in a book about sea mammals is unlikely to help them understand a book about the solar system or the Civil War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not so much that particular bits of information are vital in and of themselves—although some certainly are. It’s more that people need to have enough facts in their heads to have what one commentator has called “a knowledge party”—a bunch of accumulated associations that will enable them to absorb, retain, and analyze new information. Education certainly shouldn’t \u003cem>end\u003c/em> with facts. But if it doesn’t begin there, many students will never acquire the knowledge and analytical abilities they need to thrive both in school and in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of wealthier and more educated parents may not be gaining much knowledge of the world at school, but they typically acquire more of it \u003cem>outside\u003c/em> school than their disadvantaged peers. And that often boosts their performance on tests. In countries that have a national curriculum, standardized tests can focus on the content required at each grade level. But in the United States, where schools are all teaching different things, test designers try to assess general reading ability by presenting students with passages on a range of subjects and asking multiple-choice questions. Many of these questions mirror the American approach to literacy\u003cbr>\ninstruction: What’s the main idea? What’s the author’s purpose? What inferences can you make?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Test designers also attempt to compensate for the inevitable variation in students’ background knowledge. Students living in the West might happen to know more about the Rocky Mountains, while those in the South might know more about hurricanes. So the tests might include one passage on each topic. But kids with less overall knowledge and vocabulary are always at a disadvantage. While the tests purport to measure skills, it’s impossible for students to demonstrate those skills if they haven’t understood the text in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is that the test-score gap is, at its heart, a knowledge gap. The theory behind skills-focused instruction is that if students read enough, diligently practicing their skills, they will gradually advance from one level to the next, and their test scores will improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s little evidence to support that theory. Often, difficulties begin to emerge in fourth grade, when children are confronted with nonfiction and texts that use more sophisticated vocabulary. At high-poverty schools, it’s not unusual to find eleventh- and twelfth-graders reading at fifth- or sixth- grade levels. In many cases, they continue to be assigned texts at their individual levels rather than at the levels expected for their grade—the levels that most of their more affluent peers have reached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Leveled texts,” one reading expert has observed, “lead to leveled lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that educators are unaware of the importance of knowledge and vocabulary. One frequently taught reading comprehension strategy is “activating prior knowledge.” If the story is about a trip on an airplane, for example, the teacher might ask kids if they’ve ever taken one. And if a text assumes knowledge many students don’t have, he might quickly supply it. But that kind of on the spot injection of information is unlikely to stick without reinforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teachers are more likely to be aware of the need to build students’ vocabulary rather than their knowledge; those gaps are more obvious, and more research has been done on the importance of vocabulary to comprehension. To be sure, it’s important to focus on words that are used frequently in academic writing but are unlikely to be acquired through spoken language—words like \u003cem>merchant\u003c/em>, \u003cem>fortunate\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>benevolent\u003c/em>. But it’s impossible to equip children with all the vocabulary they need by teaching it to them directly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first several years of schooling, children add eight words a day to their vocabularies, on average; the only way to expand vocabulary that quickly is to expand knowledge. A single word is often just the tip of an iceberg of concepts and meanings, inseparable from the knowledge in which it is embedded. If you understand the word \u003cem>oar\u003c/em>, for example, you’re probably also familiar with the concepts of rowboats and paddling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But building knowledge is trickier than teaching vocabulary. Teachers sometimes overestimate what children already know: I watched a class of second-graders struggle for half an hour through a text about slavery before their teacher realized they didn’t understand the word \u003cem>slavery\u003c/em>. Kindergarteners in one low-income community had an average score in the fifth percentile on a vocabulary test, which reflected their inability to identify pictures showing the meanings of words like \u003cem>penguin\u003c/em>, \u003cem>sewing\u003c/em>, or \u003cem>parachute\u003c/em>, and educators have told me of students who don’t know simple words like \u003cem>behind\u003c/em> and \u003cem>bead\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, teachers can \u003cem>underestimate\u003c/em> students’ capabilities. In addition to limiting children to books at their supposed levels, they may explain an entire text in simple language before reading it aloud, thus depriving students of the chance to wrest meaning from complex language themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe what everybody believes,” said one fifth grade teacher at a high-poverty school in Nevada. “I don’t mean to believe it, but it gets into you—this idea that certain learners are less capable of engaging with certain content. And I think that we’ve been making a lot of mistakes based in compassion for our students . . . We make this great effort to smooth the road for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After experimenting with a text she was sure would be too challenging for her students—and being surprised by how well they did—she came to realize that she’d been doing them a disservice. “Unless they learn to navigate the bumps,” she said, “we’re not teaching them to be thinkers or readers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad floatright]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://nataliewexler.com/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-54056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/08/Natalie-Wexler-author-photo-c-Nina-Subin--e1565030862253.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"273\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/08/Natalie-Wexler-author-photo-c-Nina-Subin--e1565030862253.jpeg 273w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/08/Natalie-Wexler-author-photo-c-Nina-Subin--e1565030862253-160x189.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\">Natalie Wexler\u003c/a> is an education journalist whose work has appeared in the New York Times, The Atlantic, The Washington Post and other publications. She coauthor, with Judith C. Hochman, of\u003ca href=\"https://nataliewexler.com/the-writing-revolution/\"> The Writing Revolution: A Guide to Advancing Thinking Through Writing in All Subjects and Grades.\u003c/a> You can follow her at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/natwexler\">@natwexler\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"The effort to teach kids skills hasn't adequately addressed the knowledge kids need to make sense of those skills. Journalist Natalie Wexler describes how achievement is tied to knowledge that isn't necessarily taught in schools.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1565594729,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":25,"wordCount":1746},"headData":{"title":"How Testing Kids For Skills Can Hurt Those Lacking Knowledge | KQED","description":"The effort to teach kids skills hasn't adequately addressed the knowledge kids need to make sense of those skills. Journalist Natalie Wexler describes how achievement is tied to knowledge that isn't necessarily taught in schools.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"How Testing Kids For Skills Can Hurt Those Lacking Knowledge","datePublished":"2019-08-12T07:18:11.000Z","dateModified":"2019-08-12T07:25:29.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"54054 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=54054","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2019/08/12/how-testing-kids-for-skills-hurts-those-lacking-knowledge/","disqusTitle":"How Testing Kids For Skills Can Hurt Those Lacking Knowledge","path":"/mindshift/54054/how-testing-kids-for-skills-hurts-those-lacking-knowledge","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp class=\"p1\">\u003cem>\u003cspan class=\"s1\">Excerpted from \u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/547653/the-knowledge-gap-by-natalie-wexler/\">THE KNOWLEDGE GAP\u003c/a> by Natalie Wexler, published by Avery, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House, LLC. Copyright © 2019 by Natalie Wexler.\u003c/span>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cstrong>By Natalie Wexler\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In 1987, two researchers in Wisconsin, Donna Recht and Lauren Leslie, constructed a miniature baseball field and installed it in an empty classroom in a junior high school. They peopled it with four-inch wooden baseball players arranged to simulate the beginning of a game. Then they brought in sixty-four seventh- and eighth-grade students who had been tested both for their general reading ability and their knowledge of baseball.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The goal was to determine to what extent a child’s ability to understand a text depended on her prior knowledge of the topic. Recht and Leslie chose baseball because they figured lots of kids in junior high school who weren’t great readers nevertheless knew a fair amount about the subject. Each student was asked to read a text\u003cbr>\ndescribing half an inning of a fictional baseball game and move the wooden figures around the board to reenact the action described.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>Churniak swings and hits a slow bouncing ball toward the shortstop, the passage began. Haley comes in, fields it, and throws to first, but too late. Churniak is on first with a single, Johnson stayed on third. The next batter is Whitcomb, the Cougars’ left-fielder.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It turned out that prior knowledge of baseball made a huge difference in students’ ability to understand the text—more of a difference than their supposed reading level. The kids who knew little about baseball, including the “good” readers, all did poorly. And among those who knew a lot about baseball, the “good” readers and the “bad” readers all did well. In fact, the bad readers who knew a lot about baseball outperformed the good readers who didn’t.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>In another study, researchers read preschoolers from mixed socioeconomic backgrounds a book about birds, a subject they had determined the higher-income kids already knew more about. When they tested comprehension, the wealthier children did significantly better. But then they read a story about a subject neither group knew anything about: made-up animals called \u003cem>wugs\u003c/em>. When prior knowledge was equalized, comprehension was essentially the same. In other words, the gap in comprehension wasn’t a gap in skills. It was a gap in knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The implication is clear: abstract “reading ability” is largely a mirage constructed by reading tests. A student’s ability to comprehend a text will vary depending on his familiarity with the subject; no degree of “skill” will help if he lacks the knowledge to understand it. While instruction in the early grades has focused on “learning to read” rather than “reading to learn,” educators have overlooked the fact that part of “learning to read” is acquiring knowledge.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/547653/the-knowledge-gap-by-natalie-wexler/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignright wp-image-54059 size-full\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/08/THE-KNOWLEDGE-GAP-cover-art-2-e1565030189581.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"453\">\u003c/a>Research has established that one aspect of reading does need to be taught and practiced as a set of skills, much like math: decoding, the part that involves matching sounds to letters. The problem is that the other aspect of reading—comprehension—is also being taught that way. While there’s plenty of evidence that \u003cem>some\u003c/em> instruction in \u003cem>some\u003c/em> comprehension strategies can be helpful for \u003cem>some\u003c/em> children, there’s no reason to believe it can turn struggling readers into accomplished ones.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>That’s particularly true when it comes to nonfiction, which generally assumes more specialized background knowledge. To acquire the knowledge and vocabulary that will help them understand nonfiction, children need to do more than read a single book on a topic before skipping to another one while practicing how to identify text features or determine text structure. They need to stick with a topic for days or weeks, encountering the same vocabulary and concepts repeatedly so they will stick. Knowing how to identify a caption in a book about sea mammals is unlikely to help them understand a book about the solar system or the Civil War.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not so much that particular bits of information are vital in and of themselves—although some certainly are. It’s more that people need to have enough facts in their heads to have what one commentator has called “a knowledge party”—a bunch of accumulated associations that will enable them to absorb, retain, and analyze new information. Education certainly shouldn’t \u003cem>end\u003c/em> with facts. But if it doesn’t begin there, many students will never acquire the knowledge and analytical abilities they need to thrive both in school and in life.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Children of wealthier and more educated parents may not be gaining much knowledge of the world at school, but they typically acquire more of it \u003cem>outside\u003c/em> school than their disadvantaged peers. And that often boosts their performance on tests. In countries that have a national curriculum, standardized tests can focus on the content required at each grade level. But in the United States, where schools are all teaching different things, test designers try to assess general reading ability by presenting students with passages on a range of subjects and asking multiple-choice questions. Many of these questions mirror the American approach to literacy\u003cbr>\ninstruction: What’s the main idea? What’s the author’s purpose? What inferences can you make?\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Test designers also attempt to compensate for the inevitable variation in students’ background knowledge. Students living in the West might happen to know more about the Rocky Mountains, while those in the South might know more about hurricanes. So the tests might include one passage on each topic. But kids with less overall knowledge and vocabulary are always at a disadvantage. While the tests purport to measure skills, it’s impossible for students to demonstrate those skills if they haven’t understood the text in the first place.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The bottom line is that the test-score gap is, at its heart, a knowledge gap. The theory behind skills-focused instruction is that if students read enough, diligently practicing their skills, they will gradually advance from one level to the next, and their test scores will improve.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But there’s little evidence to support that theory. Often, difficulties begin to emerge in fourth grade, when children are confronted with nonfiction and texts that use more sophisticated vocabulary. At high-poverty schools, it’s not unusual to find eleventh- and twelfth-graders reading at fifth- or sixth- grade levels. In many cases, they continue to be assigned texts at their individual levels rather than at the levels expected for their grade—the levels that most of their more affluent peers have reached.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“Leveled texts,” one reading expert has observed, “lead to leveled lives.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It’s not that educators are unaware of the importance of knowledge and vocabulary. One frequently taught reading comprehension strategy is “activating prior knowledge.” If the story is about a trip on an airplane, for example, the teacher might ask kids if they’ve ever taken one. And if a text assumes knowledge many students don’t have, he might quickly supply it. But that kind of on the spot injection of information is unlikely to stick without reinforcement.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Teachers are more likely to be aware of the need to build students’ vocabulary rather than their knowledge; those gaps are more obvious, and more research has been done on the importance of vocabulary to comprehension. To be sure, it’s important to focus on words that are used frequently in academic writing but are unlikely to be acquired through spoken language—words like \u003cem>merchant\u003c/em>, \u003cem>fortunate\u003c/em>, and \u003cem>benevolent\u003c/em>. But it’s impossible to equip children with all the vocabulary they need by teaching it to them directly.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>During the first several years of schooling, children add eight words a day to their vocabularies, on average; the only way to expand vocabulary that quickly is to expand knowledge. A single word is often just the tip of an iceberg of concepts and meanings, inseparable from the knowledge in which it is embedded. If you understand the word \u003cem>oar\u003c/em>, for example, you’re probably also familiar with the concepts of rowboats and paddling.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But building knowledge is trickier than teaching vocabulary. Teachers sometimes overestimate what children already know: I watched a class of second-graders struggle for half an hour through a text about slavery before their teacher realized they didn’t understand the word \u003cem>slavery\u003c/em>. Kindergarteners in one low-income community had an average score in the fifth percentile on a vocabulary test, which reflected their inability to identify pictures showing the meanings of words like \u003cem>penguin\u003c/em>, \u003cem>sewing\u003c/em>, or \u003cem>parachute\u003c/em>, and educators have told me of students who don’t know simple words like \u003cem>behind\u003c/em> and \u003cem>bead\u003c/em>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>At the same time, teachers can \u003cem>underestimate\u003c/em> students’ capabilities. In addition to limiting children to books at their supposed levels, they may explain an entire text in simple language before reading it aloud, thus depriving students of the chance to wrest meaning from complex language themselves.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>“I believe what everybody believes,” said one fifth grade teacher at a high-poverty school in Nevada. “I don’t mean to believe it, but it gets into you—this idea that certain learners are less capable of engaging with certain content. And I think that we’ve been making a lot of mistakes based in compassion for our students . . . We make this great effort to smooth the road for them.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>After experimenting with a text she was sure would be too challenging for her students—and being surprised by how well they did—she came to realize that she’d been doing them a disservice. “Unless they learn to navigate the bumps,” she said, “we’re not teaching them to be thinkers or readers.”\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"floatright"},"numeric":["floatright"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003ca href=\"https://nataliewexler.com/\">\u003cimg class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-54056\" src=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2019/08/Natalie-Wexler-author-photo-c-Nina-Subin--e1565030862253.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"273\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/08/Natalie-Wexler-author-photo-c-Nina-Subin--e1565030862253.jpeg 273w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2019/08/Natalie-Wexler-author-photo-c-Nina-Subin--e1565030862253-160x189.jpeg 160w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 273px) 100vw, 273px\">Natalie Wexler\u003c/a> is an education journalist whose work has appeared in the New York Times, The Atlantic, The Washington Post and other publications. She coauthor, with Judith C. Hochman, of\u003ca href=\"https://nataliewexler.com/the-writing-revolution/\"> The Writing Revolution: A Guide to Advancing Thinking Through Writing in All Subjects and Grades.\u003c/a> You can follow her at \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/natwexler\">@natwexler\u003c/a>.\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/54054/how-testing-kids-for-skills-hurts-those-lacking-knowledge","authors":["4354"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_179","mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_550","mindshift_21128","mindshift_21254","mindshift_883","mindshift_291"],"featImg":"mindshift_54061","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_51680":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_51680","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"51680","score":null,"sort":[1531808833000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"heat-making-you-lethargic-research-shows-it-can-slow-your-brain-too","title":"Heat Making You Lethargic? Research Shows It Can Slow Your Brain, Too","publishDate":1531808833,"format":"standard","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cp>Can't cool off this summer? Heat waves can slow us down in ways we may not realize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research suggests heat stress can muddle our thinking, making simple math a little harder to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's evidence that our brains are susceptible to temperature abnormalities,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/joseph-allen/\">Joe Allen\u003c/a>, co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/\">Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment\u003c/a> at Harvard University. And as the climate changes, temperatures spike and \u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/6/\">heat waves are more frequent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about how the heat influences young, healthy adults, Allen and his colleagues studied college students living in dorms during a summer heat wave in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the students lived in buildings with central AC, where the indoor air temperature averaged 71 degrees. The other half lived in dorms with no AC, where air temperatures averaged almost 80 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the morning, when they woke up, we pushed tests out to their cellphones,\" explains Allen. The students took two tests a day for 12 consecutive days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One test, which included basic addition and subtraction, measured cognitive speed and memory. A second test assessed attention and processing speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found that the students who were in the non-air-conditioned buildings actually had slower reaction times: 13 percent lower performance on basic arithmetic tests, and nearly a 10 percent reduction in the number of correct responses per minute,\" Allen explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results, \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002605\">published in PLOS Medicine\u003c/a>, may come as a surprise. \"I think it's a little bit akin to the frog in the boiling water,\" Allen says. There's a \"slow, steady — largely imperceptible — rise in temperature, and you don't realize it's having an impact on you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings add to a growing body of evidence that documents the effect of heat on mental performance, both in schools and workplaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, a 2006 study from researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab found that when office temperatures rise above the mid-70s, \u003ca href=\"https://indoor.lbl.gov/publications/effect-temperature-task-performance\">workers' performance begins to drop off\u003c/a>. Researchers reviewed multiple studies that evaluated performance on common office tasks\u003cem>.\u003c/em> The study found that worker productivity is highest at about 72 degrees. When temperatures exceeded the mid-80s, worker productivity decreased by about 9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132316304723\">more recent study\u003c/a> compared worker performance in green-certified buildings and typical office buildings. They found a dip in cognitive function linked to conditions in the indoor environment, including higher indoor temperatures and poor lighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, when it comes to performance in the classroom, a study funded by the Harvard Environmental Economics Program finds that taking a standardized test on a very hot day is\u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jisungpark/files/paper_nyc_aejep.pdf\"> linked to poorer performance\u003c/a>. The study includes an analysis of test scores from students in New York City who take a series of high-school exams called the Regents Exams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The author, R. Jisung Park, assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, writes that compared with a 72-degree day, \"taking an exam on a 90◦F day leads to a 10.9 percent lower likelihood of passing a particular subject (e.g. Algebra), which in turn affects probability of graduation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a lot to learn about how our brains and bodies respond to heat. \"We all tend to think we can compensate, we can do just fine\" during heat waves says Allen. But he says the \"evidence shows that the indoor temperature can have a dramatic impact on our ability to be productive and learn.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Heat+Making+You+Lethargic%3F+Research+Shows+It+Can+Slow+Your+Brain%2C+Too&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":"Hot weather can influence cognitive performance, according to new research. Young adults living in non-air-conditioned dorms during a heat wave performed worse on math and attention tests.","status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1531808833,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":17,"wordCount":589},"headData":{"title":"Heat Making You Lethargic? Research Shows It Can Slow Your Brain, Too | KQED","description":"Hot weather can influence cognitive performance, according to new research. Young adults living in non-air-conditioned dorms during a heat wave performed worse on math and attention tests.","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Heat Making You Lethargic? Research Shows It Can Slow Your Brain, Too","datePublished":"2018-07-17T06:27:13.000Z","dateModified":"2018-07-17T06:27:13.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"51680 https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=51680","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2018/07/16/heat-making-you-lethargic-research-shows-it-can-slow-your-brain-too/","disqusTitle":"Heat Making You Lethargic? Research Shows It Can Slow Your Brain, Too","nprImageCredit":"Marcus Butt ","nprByline":"Allison Aubrey","nprImageAgency":" Ikon/Getty Images","nprStoryId":"628521596","nprApiLink":"http://api.npr.org/query?id=628521596&apiKey=MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004","nprHtmlLink":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2018/07/16/628521596/heat-making-you-lethargic-research-shows-it-can-slow-your-brain-too?ft=nprml&f=628521596","nprRetrievedStory":"1","nprPubDate":"Mon, 16 Jul 2018 12:56:00 -0400","nprStoryDate":"Mon, 16 Jul 2018 05:09:00 -0400","nprLastModifiedDate":"Mon, 16 Jul 2018 10:37:06 -0400","nprAudio":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/07/20180716_me_heat_making_you_lethargic_research_shows_it_can_slow_your_brain_too.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=629393286&d=241&p=3&story=628521596&ft=nprml&f=628521596","nprAudioM3u":"http://api.npr.org/m3u/1629362049-259269.m3u?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=629393286&d=241&p=3&story=628521596&ft=nprml&f=628521596","path":"/mindshift/51680/heat-making-you-lethargic-research-shows-it-can-slow-your-brain-too","audioUrl":"https://ondemand.npr.org/anon.npr-mp3/npr/me/2018/07/20180716_me_heat_making_you_lethargic_research_shows_it_can_slow_your_brain_too.mp3?orgId=1&topicId=1128&aggIds=629393286&d=241&p=3&story=628521596&ft=nprml&f=628521596","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cp>Can't cool off this summer? Heat waves can slow us down in ways we may not realize.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>New research suggests heat stress can muddle our thinking, making simple math a little harder to do.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"There's evidence that our brains are susceptible to temperature abnormalities,\" says \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/joseph-allen/\">Joe Allen\u003c/a>, co-director of the \u003ca href=\"https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/c-change/\">Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment\u003c/a> at Harvard University. And as the climate changes, temperatures spike and \u003ca href=\"https://science2017.globalchange.gov/chapter/6/\">heat waves are more frequent\u003c/a>.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>To learn more about how the heat influences young, healthy adults, Allen and his colleagues studied college students living in dorms during a summer heat wave in Boston.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Half of the students lived in buildings with central AC, where the indoor air temperature averaged 71 degrees. The other half lived in dorms with no AC, where air temperatures averaged almost 80 degrees.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"In the morning, when they woke up, we pushed tests out to their cellphones,\" explains Allen. The students took two tests a day for 12 consecutive days.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One test, which included basic addition and subtraction, measured cognitive speed and memory. A second test assessed attention and processing speed.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We found that the students who were in the non-air-conditioned buildings actually had slower reaction times: 13 percent lower performance on basic arithmetic tests, and nearly a 10 percent reduction in the number of correct responses per minute,\" Allen explains.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The results, \u003ca href=\"http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002605\">published in PLOS Medicine\u003c/a>, may come as a surprise. \"I think it's a little bit akin to the frog in the boiling water,\" Allen says. There's a \"slow, steady — largely imperceptible — rise in temperature, and you don't realize it's having an impact on you.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The findings add to a growing body of evidence that documents the effect of heat on mental performance, both in schools and workplaces.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>For instance, a 2006 study from researchers at the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab found that when office temperatures rise above the mid-70s, \u003ca href=\"https://indoor.lbl.gov/publications/effect-temperature-task-performance\">workers' performance begins to drop off\u003c/a>. Researchers reviewed multiple studies that evaluated performance on common office tasks\u003cem>.\u003c/em> The study found that worker productivity is highest at about 72 degrees. When temperatures exceeded the mid-80s, worker productivity decreased by about 9 percent.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Another, \u003ca href=\"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132316304723\">more recent study\u003c/a> compared worker performance in green-certified buildings and typical office buildings. They found a dip in cognitive function linked to conditions in the indoor environment, including higher indoor temperatures and poor lighting.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>And, when it comes to performance in the classroom, a study funded by the Harvard Environmental Economics Program finds that taking a standardized test on a very hot day is\u003ca href=\"https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jisungpark/files/paper_nyc_aejep.pdf\"> linked to poorer performance\u003c/a>. The study includes an analysis of test scores from students in New York City who take a series of high-school exams called the Regents Exams.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The author, R. Jisung Park, assistant professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, writes that compared with a 72-degree day, \"taking an exam on a 90◦F day leads to a 10.9 percent lower likelihood of passing a particular subject (e.g. Algebra), which in turn affects probability of graduation.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>There's still a lot to learn about how our brains and bodies respond to heat. \"We all tend to think we can compensate, we can do just fine\" during heat waves says Allen. But he says the \"evidence shows that the indoor temperature can have a dramatic impact on our ability to be productive and learn.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cdiv class=\"fullattribution\">Copyright 2018 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.\u003cimg src=\"https://www.google-analytics.com/__utm.gif?utmac=UA-5828686-4&utmdt=Heat+Making+You+Lethargic%3F+Research+Shows+It+Can+Slow+Your+Brain%2C+Too&utme=8(APIKey)9(MDAxOTAwOTE4MDEyMTkxMDAzNjczZDljZA004)\">\u003c/div>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/51680/heat-making-you-lethargic-research-shows-it-can-slow-your-brain-too","authors":["byline_mindshift_51680"],"categories":["mindshift_192"],"tags":["mindshift_767","mindshift_20784","mindshift_1040","mindshift_883","mindshift_291","mindshift_21094"],"featImg":"mindshift_51681","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_10697":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_10697","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"10697","score":null,"sort":[1303320503000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"one-moms-quest-to-ace-the-sat-alongside-her-son","title":"One Mom's Quest to Ace the SAT Alongside Her Son","publishDate":1303320503,"format":"aside","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_10698\" class=\"module image center mceTemp\" style=\"width: 500px;\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-10698\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/04/one-moms-quest-to-ace-the-sat-alongside-her-son/204163563_cac6984a30/\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp>\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-10698\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/04/one-moms-quest-to-ace-the-sat-alongside-her-son/204163563_cac6984a30/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10698\" title=\"204163563_cac6984a30\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2011/04/204163563_cac6984a30.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2011/04/204163563_cac6984a30.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2011/04/204163563_cac6984a30-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2011/04/204163563_cac6984a30-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"credit\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp class=\"caption\">\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Test prep is a massive, multi-billion dollar industry. That’s no surprise, considering the significance we place on testing. Say what you want about SATs and GREs and MCATs failing to fully represent a student’s skills or college readiness. Say what you want about schools looking at other factors when deciding who to accept. Tests still matter. And parents and schools spend a lot of money in order to prepare students to do well.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The project has given her a lot of insight into what teens have to go through in order to make time for something that is notoriously boring.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Debbie Stier has been thinking a lot about this, especially in relation to her high-school age son. Last summer, the two of them agreed to take practice tests together, and it launched her first SAT flashback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stier didn't do well when she took the test back in 1982, and her score hampered her efforts to get into certain universities -- and she doesn't want her kids to have those same restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Stier decided to do something else, too: She's going to study alongside her son. She's going to retake the SAT. And she's going to get a perfect score.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made this vow at the beginning of the year, and she's chronicling her efforts nearly on a daily basis on \u003ca href=\"http://perfectscoreproject.com/\">The Perfect Score Project\u003c/a> blog. Compared to her baseline score of the test she took in January, she plans to retake the SAT each time it's officially offered (that's seven four-hour tests in total).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each month, Stier is trying out a new methodology or service. So far, she's taken \u003ca href=\"http://www.collegeboard.org/\">College Board\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaplan.com/pages/default.aspx\">Kaplan\u003c/a> courses (in both online and in book formats). She's also tried watching \u003ca href=\"http://khanacademy.org\">Khan Academy\u003c/a> videos. Next month, she's going to sign up for \u003ca href=\"http://www.grockit.com\">Grockit\u003c/a>, and she plans to eventually hire individual tutoring services as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been almost 30 years since Stier first took the SAT, and even if her scores had once been stellar, time chips away at our test-taking skills and at our mastery of math and vocabulary. Having worked in the publishing industry, Stier wasn't too concerned about the latter. But brushing up on -- and learning -- the necessary material to ace the math portion of the test is another thing altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://perfectscoreproject.com\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10699\" title=\"debbiestier\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2011/04/debbiestier.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's teaching herself primarily, with some support from online material and books. And she has her son to help her too, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True, she's learning a lot about her own knowledge and learning process. But that teaching and learning relationship with her son might be the most important lesson here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have a weird understanding what he's going through,\" she says, noting that she's recognized how hard it is for him to carve out the time for studying, particularly after an already full day of school and homework. Describing her own limited \"think hours,\" she says that the Perfect Score Project has given her a lot of insight into what teens have to go through in order to make time for something that is notoriously boring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By going through the study process with her son, she says she's found a way to keep both of them motivated. They study together and run through practice tests together. They help each other troubleshoot wrong answers. Comparing scores on quizzes is akin to Scrabble she says, as the two of them engage in a friendly competition. \"That's the most powerful message,\" she says, \"work with your kid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as it's about her own quest for a perfect score on the SAT, Stier is paying attention to more than just studying alongside her son. Stier is monitoring her own learning and progress like a hawk. She's also able to recognize that she \u003ca href=\"http://perfectscoreproject.com/2011/04/when-it-comes-to-learning-i-prefer-books-to-videos/\">studies better with books\u003c/a> and learns better when she handwrites things than she does with computer-mediated studying and test-taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Book: I'm Excited. Can't wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Online Video: Dread. Drudgery. How much longer does this go on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One exception to the video versus book preference: When I need a solution, I don't feel the same \"video dread.\" I'm happy to go in, learn what I need to, then leave.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She interviews herself about the experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Does your son feel more pressure to get the perfect score now that you are doing this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> A.\u003c/strong> I wish. No, he doesn't. That said, he has become more interested in the SATs now that I've climbed into the trenches with him. In fact, he said to me last night \"Mom, when can we do SAT work again?\" (I swear to you. This is an honest to god quote from April 10, 2011)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Stier speaks out about \u003ca href=\"http://perfectscoreproject.com/2011/04/heres-whats-wrong-with-online-learning-kaplan-a-case-study/\">unsatisfactory experiences\u003c/a> with online test prep courses, for example, when teens would likely remain quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>You can't get to the answers until you finish the entire (and extremely long, I might add) \"quiz.\" When you finally get the answers, they come without the questions. I realize that memory starts going in your 40s, but can anyone remember question #2 by the time they finish #50?\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She's approaching all of this with a great deal of self-reflection, a depth of analysis and a list of demands that a teenager studying for the SATs would unlikely have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when she aces the SAT test -- and I'm sure she will -- it won't just be a matter of what Stier has mastered. It's also what the rest of us might be able to learn about the world of test prep as well.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1303333061,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":26,"wordCount":959},"headData":{"title":"One Mom's Quest to Ace the SAT Alongside Her Son | KQED","description":"Test prep is a massive, multi-billion dollar industry. That’s no surprise, considering the significance we place on testing. Say what you want about SATs and GREs and MCATs failing to fully represent a student’s skills or college readiness. Say what you want about schools looking at other factors when deciding who to accept. Tests still","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"One Mom's Quest to Ace the SAT Alongside Her Son","datePublished":"2011-04-20T17:28:23.000Z","dateModified":"2011-04-20T20:57:41.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"10697 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=10697","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/04/20/one-moms-quest-to-ace-the-sat-alongside-her-son/","disqusTitle":"One Mom's Quest to Ace the SAT Alongside Her Son","path":"/mindshift/10697/one-moms-quest-to-ace-the-sat-alongside-her-son","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003cdiv id=\"attachment_10698\" class=\"module image center mceTemp\" style=\"width: 500px;\">\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-10698\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/04/one-moms-quest-to-ace-the-sat-alongside-her-son/204163563_cac6984a30/\">\u003c/a>\n\u003cp>\u003ca rel=\"attachment wp-att-10698\" href=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/04/one-moms-quest-to-ace-the-sat-alongside-her-son/204163563_cac6984a30/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10698\" title=\"204163563_cac6984a30\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2011/04/204163563_cac6984a30.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2011/04/204163563_cac6984a30.jpg 500w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2011/04/204163563_cac6984a30-400x300.jpg 400w, https://ww2.kqed.org/app/uploads/sites/23/2011/04/204163563_cac6984a30-320x240.jpg 320w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp class=\"credit\">\n\u003c/p>\u003cp class=\"caption\">\n\u003c/p>\u003c/div>\n\u003cp>Test prep is a massive, multi-billion dollar industry. That’s no surprise, considering the significance we place on testing. Say what you want about SATs and GREs and MCATs failing to fully represent a student’s skills or college readiness. Say what you want about schools looking at other factors when deciding who to accept. Tests still matter. And parents and schools spend a lot of money in order to prepare students to do well.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">The project has given her a lot of insight into what teens have to go through in order to make time for something that is notoriously boring.\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>Debbie Stier has been thinking a lot about this, especially in relation to her high-school age son. Last summer, the two of them agreed to take practice tests together, and it launched her first SAT flashback.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Stier didn't do well when she took the test back in 1982, and her score hampered her efforts to get into certain universities -- and she doesn't want her kids to have those same restrictions.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But Stier decided to do something else, too: She's going to study alongside her son. She's going to retake the SAT. And she's going to get a perfect score.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She made this vow at the beginning of the year, and she's chronicling her efforts nearly on a daily basis on \u003ca href=\"http://perfectscoreproject.com/\">The Perfect Score Project\u003c/a> blog. Compared to her baseline score of the test she took in January, she plans to retake the SAT each time it's officially offered (that's seven four-hour tests in total).\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Each month, Stier is trying out a new methodology or service. So far, she's taken \u003ca href=\"http://www.collegeboard.org/\">College Board\u003c/a> and \u003ca href=\"http://www.kaplan.com/pages/default.aspx\">Kaplan\u003c/a> courses (in both online and in book formats). She's also tried watching \u003ca href=\"http://khanacademy.org\">Khan Academy\u003c/a> videos. Next month, she's going to sign up for \u003ca href=\"http://www.grockit.com\">Grockit\u003c/a>, and she plans to eventually hire individual tutoring services as well.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's been almost 30 years since Stier first took the SAT, and even if her scores had once been stellar, time chips away at our test-taking skills and at our mastery of math and vocabulary. Having worked in the publishing industry, Stier wasn't too concerned about the latter. But brushing up on -- and learning -- the necessary material to ace the math portion of the test is another thing altogether.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://perfectscoreproject.com\">\u003cimg class=\"size-full wp-image-10699\" title=\"debbiestier\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2011/04/debbiestier.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"240\" height=\"360\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>She's teaching herself primarily, with some support from online material and books. And she has her son to help her too, she says.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>True, she's learning a lot about her own knowledge and learning process. But that teaching and learning relationship with her son might be the most important lesson here.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"I have a weird understanding what he's going through,\" she says, noting that she's recognized how hard it is for him to carve out the time for studying, particularly after an already full day of school and homework. Describing her own limited \"think hours,\" she says that the Perfect Score Project has given her a lot of insight into what teens have to go through in order to make time for something that is notoriously boring.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>By going through the study process with her son, she says she's found a way to keep both of them motivated. They study together and run through practice tests together. They help each other troubleshoot wrong answers. Comparing scores on quizzes is akin to Scrabble she says, as the two of them engage in a friendly competition. \"That's the most powerful message,\" she says, \"work with your kid.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>But as it's about her own quest for a perfect score on the SAT, Stier is paying attention to more than just studying alongside her son. Stier is monitoring her own learning and progress like a hawk. She's also able to recognize that she \u003ca href=\"http://perfectscoreproject.com/2011/04/when-it-comes-to-learning-i-prefer-books-to-videos/\">studies better with books\u003c/a> and learns better when she handwrites things than she does with computer-mediated studying and test-taking.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>Book: I'm Excited. Can't wait.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Online Video: Dread. Drudgery. How much longer does this go on.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>One exception to the video versus book preference: When I need a solution, I don't feel the same \"video dread.\" I'm happy to go in, learn what I need to, then leave.\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She interviews herself about the experience.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>\u003cstrong>Q. Does your son feel more pressure to get the perfect score now that you are doing this?\u003c/strong>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong> A.\u003c/strong> I wish. No, he doesn't. That said, he has become more interested in the SATs now that I've climbed into the trenches with him. In fact, he said to me last night \"Mom, when can we do SAT work again?\" (I swear to you. This is an honest to god quote from April 10, 2011)\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>Stier speaks out about \u003ca href=\"http://perfectscoreproject.com/2011/04/heres-whats-wrong-with-online-learning-kaplan-a-case-study/\">unsatisfactory experiences\u003c/a> with online test prep courses, for example, when teens would likely remain quiet.\u003c/p>\n\u003cblockquote>\u003cp>You can't get to the answers until you finish the entire (and extremely long, I might add) \"quiz.\" When you finally get the answers, they come without the questions. I realize that memory starts going in your 40s, but can anyone remember question #2 by the time they finish #50?\u003c/p>\u003c/blockquote>\n\u003cp>She's approaching all of this with a great deal of self-reflection, a depth of analysis and a list of demands that a teenager studying for the SATs would unlikely have.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>So when she aces the SAT test -- and I'm sure she will -- it won't just be a matter of what Stier has mastered. It's also what the rest of us might be able to learn about the world of test prep as well.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/10697/one-moms-quest-to-ace-the-sat-alongside-her-son","authors":["4352"],"categories":["mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_108","mindshift_463","mindshift_464","mindshift_291"],"featImg":"mindshift_10698","label":"mindshift"},"mindshift_6835":{"type":"posts","id":"mindshift_6835","meta":{"index":"posts_1591205157","site":"mindshift","id":"6835","score":null,"sort":[1295892018000]},"guestAuthors":[],"slug":"shmoops-online-content-focuses-on-fun","title":"Shmoop's Online Content Focuses on Fun","publishDate":1295892018,"format":"aside","headTitle":"MindShift | KQED News","labelTerm":{"site":"mindshift"},"content":"\u003ch5>\n\u003c/h5>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/hygienematters/4275577335/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-6976\" title=\"HygieneMatters\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2011/01/HygieneMatters1-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003ch4>\u003cem>Learning Poetry through Bob Dylan and the Beatles\u003c/em>\u003c/h4>\n\u003ch5>By Sara Bernard\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>Students, schools, and homeschooling parents are on a perpetual hunt for high-quality, vetted, free (or cheap) educational materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.shmoop.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Shmoop\u003c/a>, a growing collection of study guides and teacher resources on everything from SAT prep to the Civil War, is attempting to fill that need. It's mostly free of charge, with some nominal fees for test prep and a few other features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're horrified at how much money is often charged to schools for this kind of thing. We try to make it inexpensive,\" said Ellen Siminoff, Shmoop's president and CEO. And last year, she says, Shmoop offered their test-prep materials for free to ten disadvantaged school districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shmoop isn't crowdsourced -- the company and its authors own the content; it's not edited by its user community -- but the site is still going through a beta phase, with all the requests and recommendations from users. Shmoop is funded primarily through advertising and small licensing fees, and all of the content is produced by PhDs, K-12 teachers, and other subject-area experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>[ad fullwidth]\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The requirement is that it has to be great content and authors have to know the material,\" says Siminoff, \"but it has to be funny and interesting, too. You can't just know \u003cem>Ulysses\u003c/em>, you have to like \u003cem>Ulysses\u003c/em>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Siminoff a few questions about the Silicon Valley-based company and how it works. Shmoop's mantra: If content producers love their subjects, students and teachers will, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Q: Why Shmoop? How did it start?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband and I were looking at educational resources online for our own kids. We became quite angry at what was on the Web. It was reductive, it talked down to kids. So much was about how to cheat. We wanted to build something that encouraged students to learn. Anyone who loves any subject loves it because their favorite teachers taught it to them -- often, those were teachers who loved their subjects, too. We wanted to do that.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site has been up for a little over two years, although we thought about it a lot before we put it up. We started out by building content related to literature. We wrote everything in a very colloquial tone. Students liked the approach and teachers liked it too, but it was librarians, actually, who were the first to use us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Q. Who uses Shmoop now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly students, teachers, and parents. We have a big homeschool parent audience. I don't know if you've ever tried to teach a young child, but you often notice that you've forgotten what you used to know! We have a whole teacher area with teacher resources, too, that help make teaching the Civil War, civics, \u003cem>Hamlet\u003c/em>, and so on, interactive and fun using the Web. We've put up some test prep areas, for SAT, AP, and ACT. We now have multiple million users per month. We've licensed a lot of material to entire school districts, such as Pittsburgh and Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A lot of teachers say, \"What a great way to open a poetry unit, to talk about music!\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Q: What kind of content does Shmoop have? How is it growing?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't sleep at night because of all the stuff we have to do! We started out with literature and then we expanded into poetry. I hated poetry until I read Shmoop poetry. I realized I didn't understand poetry -- that was my problem. One of the most fun sections for us was all the stuff we did related to music. One of the things we were talking about was who our favorite poets were, and Bob Dylan came up as one of our favorite poets. So we \"Shmooped\" \u003cem>All Along the Watchtower\u003c/em>. We've since done Bruce Springsteen, Eminem, Kanye West, the Beatles. A lot of teachers say, \"What a great way to open a poetry unit, to talk about music!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're now expanding into math and science, too. We have Pre-Algebra and are going to put up AP Calculus in a month or so, and are working on a lot more in math and science. It's feedback that drives us; everyone sends us notes and tells us what we're missing. That's why I put \"beta\" on the site -- I never feel we're done. What's great about this platform is you never have to wait until the next publishing cycle to add something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Q: Why do online materials like Shmoop work? \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's our real belief that learning doesn't have to be linear. [\u003cem>On Shmoop\u003c/em>], you can bounce around, you don't have to read something straight through. We guide you a little, but part of it is getting great epiphanies about something you didn't know about. You can be reading \u003cem>Huck Finn \u003c/em>and get curious about the Civil War; you can be reading a piece of poetry and wonder who Emily Dickinson really was. That's the beauty of the Web. And even if we don't have it on Shmoop, we link to it. We have a \"Best of the Web\" area, a whole photo area, and link to audio and video and a bunch of other things.\u003c/p>\n\n","blocks":[],"excerpt":null,"status":"publish","parent":0,"modified":1295846853,"stats":{"hasAudio":false,"hasVideo":false,"hasChartOrMap":false,"iframeSrcs":[],"hasGoogleForm":false,"hasGallery":false,"hasHearkenModule":false,"hasPolis":false,"paragraphCount":19,"wordCount":884},"headData":{"title":"Shmoop's Online Content Focuses on Fun | KQED","description":"Learning Poetry through Bob Dylan and the Beatles By Sara Bernard Students, schools, and homeschooling parents are on a perpetual hunt for high-quality, vetted, free (or cheap) educational materials. Shmoop, a growing collection of study guides and teacher resources on everything from SAT prep to the Civil War, is attempting to fill that need. It's","ogTitle":"","ogDescription":"","ogImgId":"","twTitle":"","twDescription":"","twImgId":"","schema":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Article","headline":"Shmoop's Online Content Focuses on Fun","datePublished":"2011-01-24T18:00:18.000Z","dateModified":"2011-01-24T05:27:33.000Z","image":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/KQED-OG-Image@1x.png"}},"disqusIdentifier":"6835 http://blogs.kqed.org/mindshift/?p=6835","disqusUrl":"https://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/2011/01/24/shmoops-online-content-focuses-on-fun/","disqusTitle":"Shmoop's Online Content Focuses on Fun","path":"/mindshift/6835/shmoops-online-content-focuses-on-fun","audioTrackLength":null,"parsedContent":[{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003ch5>\n\u003c/h5>\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.flickr.com/photos/hygienematters/4275577335/\">\u003cimg class=\"size-medium wp-image-6976\" title=\"HygieneMatters\" src=\"http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/wp-content/uploads/sites/23/2011/01/HygieneMatters1-300x199.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"199\">\u003c/a>\u003c/p>\n\n\u003ch4>\u003cem>Learning Poetry through Bob Dylan and the Beatles\u003c/em>\u003c/h4>\n\u003ch5>By Sara Bernard\u003c/h5>\n\u003cp>Students, schools, and homeschooling parents are on a perpetual hunt for high-quality, vetted, free (or cheap) educational materials.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003ca href=\"http://www.shmoop.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Shmoop\u003c/a>, a growing collection of study guides and teacher resources on everything from SAT prep to the Civil War, is attempting to fill that need. It's mostly free of charge, with some nominal fees for test prep and a few other features.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"We're horrified at how much money is often charged to schools for this kind of thing. We try to make it inexpensive,\" said Ellen Siminoff, Shmoop's president and CEO. And last year, she says, Shmoop offered their test-prep materials for free to ten disadvantaged school districts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Shmoop isn't crowdsourced -- the company and its authors own the content; it's not edited by its user community -- but the site is still going through a beta phase, with all the requests and recommendations from users. Shmoop is funded primarily through advertising and small licensing fees, and all of the content is produced by PhDs, K-12 teachers, and other subject-area experts.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\u003c/div>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}},{"type":"component","content":"","name":"ad","attributes":{"named":{"label":"fullwidth"},"numeric":["fullwidth"]}},{"type":"contentString","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"post-body\">\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\"The requirement is that it has to be great content and authors have to know the material,\" says Siminoff, \"but it has to be funny and interesting, too. You can't just know \u003cem>Ulysses\u003c/em>, you have to like \u003cem>Ulysses\u003c/em>.\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I asked Siminoff a few questions about the Silicon Valley-based company and how it works. Shmoop's mantra: If content producers love their subjects, students and teachers will, too.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Q: Why Shmoop? How did it start?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>My husband and I were looking at educational resources online for our own kids. We became quite angry at what was on the Web. It was reductive, it talked down to kids. So much was about how to cheat. We wanted to build something that encouraged students to learn. Anyone who loves any subject loves it because their favorite teachers taught it to them -- often, those were teachers who loved their subjects, too. We wanted to do that.\u003c!--more-->\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>The site has been up for a little over two years, although we thought about it a lot before we put it up. We started out by building content related to literature. We wrote everything in a very colloquial tone. Students liked the approach and teachers liked it too, but it was librarians, actually, who were the first to use us.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Q. Who uses Shmoop now?\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>Mostly students, teachers, and parents. We have a big homeschool parent audience. I don't know if you've ever tried to teach a young child, but you often notice that you've forgotten what you used to know! We have a whole teacher area with teacher resources, too, that help make teaching the Civil War, civics, \u003cem>Hamlet\u003c/em>, and so on, interactive and fun using the Web. We've put up some test prep areas, for SAT, AP, and ACT. We now have multiple million users per month. We've licensed a lot of material to entire school districts, such as Pittsburgh and Philadelphia.\u003c/p>\n\u003caside class=\"pullquote alignleft\">A lot of teachers say, \"What a great way to open a poetry unit, to talk about music!\"\u003c/aside>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Q: What kind of content does Shmoop have? How is it growing?\u003cbr>\n\u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>I don't sleep at night because of all the stuff we have to do! We started out with literature and then we expanded into poetry. I hated poetry until I read Shmoop poetry. I realized I didn't understand poetry -- that was my problem. One of the most fun sections for us was all the stuff we did related to music. One of the things we were talking about was who our favorite poets were, and Bob Dylan came up as one of our favorite poets. So we \"Shmooped\" \u003cem>All Along the Watchtower\u003c/em>. We've since done Bruce Springsteen, Eminem, Kanye West, the Beatles. A lot of teachers say, \"What a great way to open a poetry unit, to talk about music!\"\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>We're now expanding into math and science, too. We have Pre-Algebra and are going to put up AP Calculus in a month or so, and are working on a lot more in math and science. It's feedback that drives us; everyone sends us notes and tells us what we're missing. That's why I put \"beta\" on the site -- I never feel we're done. What's great about this platform is you never have to wait until the next publishing cycle to add something.\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003cem>\u003cstrong>Q: Why do online materials like Shmoop work? \u003c/strong>\u003c/em>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>\u003c/p>\n\u003cp>It's our real belief that learning doesn't have to be linear. [\u003cem>On Shmoop\u003c/em>], you can bounce around, you don't have to read something straight through. We guide you a little, but part of it is getting great epiphanies about something you didn't know about. You can be reading \u003cem>Huck Finn \u003c/em>and get curious about the Civil War; you can be reading a piece of poetry and wonder who Emily Dickinson really was. That's the beauty of the Web. And even if we don't have it on Shmoop, we link to it. We have a \"Best of the Web\" area, a whole photo area, and link to audio and video and a bunch of other things.\u003c/p>\n\n\u003c/div>\u003c/p>","attributes":{"named":{},"numeric":[]}}],"link":"/mindshift/6835/shmoops-online-content-focuses-on-fun","authors":["4351"],"categories":["mindshift_193"],"tags":["mindshift_289","mindshift_287","mindshift_122","mindshift_290","mindshift_286","mindshift_288","mindshift_291"],"featImg":"mindshift_6976","label":"mindshift"}},"programsReducer":{"possible":{"id":"possible","title":"Possible","info":"Possible is hosted by entrepreneur Reid Hoffman and writer Aria Finger. Together in Possible, Hoffman and Finger lead enlightening discussions about building a brighter collective future. The show features interviews with visionary guests like Trevor Noah, Sam Altman and Janette Sadik-Khan. Possible paints an optimistic portrait of the world we can create through science, policy, business, art and our shared humanity. It asks: What if everything goes right for once? How can we get there? Each episode also includes a short fiction story generated by advanced AI GPT-4, serving as a thought-provoking springboard to speculate how humanity could leverage technology for good.","airtime":"SUN 2pm","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Possible-Podcast-Tile-360x360-1.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://www.possible.fm/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"Possible"},"link":"/radio/program/possible","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/possible/id1677184070","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/730YpdUSNlMyPQwNnyjp4k"}},"1a":{"id":"1a","title":"1A","info":"1A is home to the national conversation. 1A brings on great guests and frames the best debate in ways that make you think, share and engage.","airtime":"MON-THU 11pm-12am","imageSrc":"https://ww2.kqed.org/radio/wp-content/uploads/sites/50/2018/04/1a.jpg","officialWebsiteLink":"https://the1a.org/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"npr"},"link":"/radio/program/1a","subscribe":{"npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/RBrW","apple":"https://itunes.apple.com/WebObjects/MZStore.woa/wa/viewPodcast?s=143441&mt=2&id=1188724250&at=11l79Y&ct=nprdirectory","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/1A-p947376/","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510316/podcast.xml"}},"all-things-considered":{"id":"all-things-considered","title":"All Things Considered","info":"Every weekday, \u003cem>All Things Considered\u003c/em> hosts Robert Siegel, Audie Cornish, Ari Shapiro, and Kelly McEvers present the program's trademark mix of news, interviews, commentaries, reviews, and offbeat features. 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You can also visit the MindShift website for episodes and supplemental blog posts or tweet us \u003ca href=\"https://twitter.com/MindShiftKQED\">@MindShiftKQED\u003c/a> or visit us at \u003ca href=\"/mindshift\">MindShift.KQED.org\u003c/a>","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Mindshift-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"KQED MindShift: How We Will Learn","officialWebsiteLink":"/mindshift/","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"2"},"link":"/podcasts/mindshift","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/mindshift-podcast/id1078765985","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5tZWdhcGhvbmUuZm0vS1FJTkM1NzY0NjAwNDI5","npr":"https://www.npr.org/podcasts/464615685/mind-shift-podcast","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/kqed/stories-teachers-share","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0MxSpNYZKNprFLCl7eEtyx"}},"morning-edition":{"id":"morning-edition","title":"Morning Edition","info":"\u003cem>Morning Edition\u003c/em> takes listeners around the country and the world with multi-faceted stories and commentaries every weekday. 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On Our Watch brings listeners into the rooms where officers are questioned and witnesses are interrogated to find out who this system is really protecting. Is it the officers, or the public they've sworn to serve?","imageSrc":"https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/On-Our-Watch-Podcast-Tile-703x703-1.jpg","imageAlt":"On Our Watch from NPR and KQED","officialWebsiteLink":"/podcasts/onourwatch","meta":{"site":"news","source":"kqed","order":"1"},"link":"/podcasts/onourwatch","subscribe":{"apple":"https://podcasts.apple.com/podcast/id1567098962","google":"https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9mZWVkcy5ucHIub3JnLzUxMDM2MC9wb2RjYXN0LnhtbD9zYz1nb29nbGVwb2RjYXN0cw","npr":"https://rpb3r.app.goo.gl/onourwatch","spotify":"https://open.spotify.com/show/0OLWoyizopu6tY1XiuX70x","tuneIn":"https://tunein.com/radio/On-Our-Watch-p1436229/","stitcher":"https://www.stitcher.com/show/on-our-watch","rss":"https://feeds.npr.org/510360/podcast.xml"}},"on-the-media":{"id":"on-the-media","title":"On The Media","info":"Our weekly podcast explores how the media 'sausage' is made, casts an incisive eye on fluctuations in the marketplace of ideas, and examines threats to the freedom of information and expression in America and abroad. 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